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As numerous studies of scientists show, the genotype for prolactin (PRL) and somatotropin (GH) genes of cows affects the milk productivity and the quality of their milk. In this regard, the purpose of this study was to study the milk productivity and qualitative composition of milk in Tatarstan-type cows with different genotypes of prolactin and somatotropin in the conditions of the Republic of Tatarstan. The analysis of the milk productivity of the first heifers of the Tatarstan type with different genotypes according to the loci of the prolactin and somatotropin genes showed that the highest indicators for milk yield, the amount of milk fat and protein had the genotypes PRL/AA, GH/LL and GH/LV compared with analogues of other genotypes.

Introduction. Numerous molecular genetic studies have revealed a correlation between the polymorphism of milk protein genes and the technological properties of milk raw materials. DNA analysis, in particular, initiated research into the influence of allelic variants of κ-casein (CSN3) on thermal stability and cheese suitability of milk. This gives relevance to our study that compares the results of genotypic identification of lactating cows by the κ-casein gene, using raw and processed milk samples. Study objects and methods. Our study used raw and reconstituted milk samples from first-calf cows of the black motley breed with the AA and BB genotypes of the κ-casein gene. The samples were analyzed by standardized and generally accepted chemical engineering methods, as well as by capillary electrophoresis and PCR-RFLP analysis. Results and discussion. We compared the results of tests on thermal stability and cheese suitability of raw and reconstituted milk samples from cows with the AA and BB genotypes of the κ-casein gene. We tried out an integrated approach to monitoring milk raw materials based on the most relevant technological criteria and correlating the data with the associated CSN3 gene identification parameters. The PCR-RFLP analysis revealed reproducible results for both raw and dried milk samples in relation to the genotypical identification by the A- and B- allelic variants of the CSN3 gene. The tests showed higher thermal stability in the reconstituted milk from the BB genotype cow and better cheese suitability in the AA genotype sample. Conclusion. We developed a system for evaluating milk raw materials based on the most important technological parameters in combination with their genotypic characteristics. Our research procedure can unify the accumulation of experimental data and contribute to the formation of bioinformatics algorithms. This approach can be used in mathematical modeling of criteria to evaluate the compliance of the technological properties of milk with the recommended indicators.

The most important task of the dairy cattle industry is to obtain high quality raw milk. To achieve it, a set of measures is required, including aimed at increasing the biological safety of produced raw materials. The aim of the study was to create a scientific and methodological basis for the Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) gene diagnostics in a combined format of pathogen indication and identification. This required updating the strategy of BLV PCR-RFLP genotyping, consistent with its phylogenetic classification, taking into account the growing knowledge about the genetic diversity of 11 genotypes of the studied viral pathogen. When staging nested PCR, oligonucleotide primers were used, which initiate at the final stage of the reaction the production of a 444 bp env-gene fragment of the pathogen. Five restriction endonucleases were used in PCR-RFLP BLV genotyping of: PvuII, SspI, AsuHPI, HaeIII, and BstX2I. As a result of verification of the developed Bovine leukemia virus method for gene identification with an updated genotyping strategy, a technical result was obtained, expressed in the ability to identify all 11 BLV genotypes discovered to date by interpreting the generated 58 genotype-associated combinations of PCR-RFLP profiles.

The main goal of the study was to develop and test an effective technology for cattle genotyping by the CSN3 gene based on real-time PCR with hybridization-fluorescence detection. There was developed a method for real-time PCR for cattle genotyping by A and B alleles of the CSN3 gene in the format of hybridization-fluorescence detection, involving the use of two 5/-fluorescence-labeled forward allele-specific primers, one reverse common primer, and one anti-primer labeled with a fluorescence quencher at the 3/-end of the oligonucleotide. As a result of practical studies aimed at testing the developed method, we obtained the technical result provided by the proposed technology, expressed in the effective identification of the desired genotypes due to correct interpretation of these curves of increasing fluorescence intensity, the results reliability of which was also confirmed by the well-known PCR-RFLP analysis technique for Bos taurus genotyping for similar allelic variants of the kappa-casein gene.

The paper deals with the theory of fuzzy sets as applied to food industry products. The fuzzy indicator function is shown as a criterion for determining the properties of the product. We compared the approach of fuzzy and probabilistic classifiers, their fundamental differences and areas of applicability. As an example, a linear fuzzy classifier of the product according to one-dimensional criterion was given and an algorithm for its origination as well as approximation is considered, the latter being sufficient for the food industry for the most common case with one truth interval where the indicator function takes the form of a trapezoid. The results section contains exhaustive, reproducible, sequentially stated examples of fuzzy logic methods application for properties authentication and group affiliation of food products. Exemplified by measurements of the criterion with an error, we gave recommendations for determining the boundaries of interval identification for foods of mixed composition. Harrington’s desirability function is considered as a suitable indicator function of determining deterioration rate of a food product over time. Applying the fuzzy logic framework, identification areas of a product for the safety index by the time interval in which the counterparty selling this product should send it for processing, hedging their possible risks connected with the expiry date expand. In the example of multi-criteria evaluation of a food product consumer attractiveness, Harrington’s desirability function, acting as a quality function, was combined with Weibull probability density function, accounting for the product’s taste properties. The convex combination of these two criteria was assumed to be the decision-making function of the seller, by which identification areas of the food product are established.

Beer DNA authentication is the process of authentication by identification of barley malt Hordeum vulgare or its substitutes, as well as hops and yeast. The method is based on molecular genetic analysis of residual quantities of nucleic acids extracted from the cellular debris of the final product. The aim of the study was to analyse scientific and methodical approaches to extraction of residual quantities of beer raw materials nucleic acids and beer DNA authentication for their later application in determining brewing products authenticity. The technological level discloses the method of DNA extraction from wines, modified for extraction of nucleic acids from beer samples. The method includes the following characteristic peculiarities: stage enzymatic hydrolysis of polysaccharides and polypeptides of dissolved lyophilisate, multiple sedimentation and resursuspension of nucleoproteid complex, RNA removal followed by DNA extraction by organic solvents, and additional DNA purification by magnetic particle adsorption. This review presents the analysis of genetic targets used as molecular markers for gene identification of malting barley varieties and beer DNA authentication. We also provided the interpretation of PCR analysis of Hordeum vulgare varieties and samples of commercial beer. Data on SSR- and SNP-markers of Hordeum vulgare nuclear DNA, used for barley varieties identification and potentially suitable for beer DNA authentication, are also presented. We also analysed genetic targets used in malting barley substitute detection, as well as hops and yeast identification in beer. Data on correlation of amplified DNA targets with beer quality indicators were systematised.

DNA authentication of wines is a process of verifying their authenticity by genetic identification of the main plant component. The sample preparation of experimental and commercial wines was carried out by precipitation of wine debris by centrifugation with preliminary exposure with precipitators and co-precipitators, including developed macro- and micro- volume methods applicable to white or red wines, using polyvinylpyrrolidone as a co-precipitator. Addition of 2-mercaptoethanol and proteinase K to the lysing solution made it possible to adapt the technology for DNA extraction from the precipitated wine debris. The additionally tested technique of DNA extraction from wine debris by dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) lysis had fewer stages and, consequently, a lower risk of contamination. The results of further testing of one of the designed primer pairs (UFGT-F1 and UFGT-R1) in conjunction with the tested methods of wine material sample preparation and nucleic acid extraction, showed the advantage in the given set of oligonucleotides over previously used ones in terms of sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility. The developing strategy for genetic identification of grape varieties and DNA authentication of wines produced from them based on direct sequencing of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products is implemented by interpreting the detected polymorphic positions of variable Vitis vinifera L. UFGT gene locus with distribution and split into 13 UFGT gene-associated groups.

The aim of the study is to analyze the obtained data on the effect of complex genotypes of the somatotropin (GH) and prolactin (PRL) genes on the milk productivity of cows, on the amount and mass fraction of fat and protein in milk, that is, on the quality indicators of dairy raw materials. The study was conducted on a sampling consisting of 158 cows at first calving of Holsteinized black-and-white breed of pedigree breeding unit, “Dusym” LLC of the Atninsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan. As a result of molecular genetic studies (PCR-RFLP technique), the livestock was divided into groups taking into account the complex genotype of the GH / PRL hormone genes. The proposed evaluation of cows with different complex genotypes of the GH and PRL genes by animals selection and matching will further increase the amount of high-quality dairy raw materials.

The facultative aerobic bacteria isolated from the mucosa of rectum in patients with colorectal cancer in the zone of malignant tumor and neighboring normal mucosa was studied using molecular-genetic methods. The species attribution of bacteria was implemented using the cultural-morphological analysis and sequencing of the 16S rRNA locus. The microorganisms with the intraepithelial invasion to rectal mucosa isolated were identified as representatives of the adherent-invasive (AIEC) subgroup of Escherichia coli and species Klebsiella pneumonia. The molecular analysis by genetic determinants controlling adhesive, hemolytic, and toxigenic activity revealed that some bacterial isolates were able to produce toxins with potential cancerogenic activity (e.g., colibactin and cytotoxic necrotic factor I). Certain bacterial species isolated from malignant and normal rectum epithelium of the same patient demonstrated no difference between analyzed factors of toxigenicity.

The interaction of terbium acetylacetonate Tb(acac)3 · H2O with Et2AlCl in toluene was studied by spectroscopic techniques (photoluminescence, IR, and UV-visible spectroscopy) with the use of GLC, volumetric, and chemical analysis.

The reactions of lanthanide acetylacetonates Ln(acac)3 · H2O (Ln = Nd, Tb, Ho, Lu) with Et3Al in toluene were studied by spectral methods (photoluminescence; taumetry; NMR, IR, and UV-vis spectroscopy) using GLC, volumetry, and chemical analysis.

Results of molecular genetic research on typical specimens of the genus Chlamydophila, the family Chlamydiaceae, which were provided by the Federal Center of Toxicological and Radiation Safety of Animals from its collection of microorganisms, are presented in this paper as to their taxonomic attribution on the basis of a comparative analysis of the omp1, omp2, 16S rRNA and 23S rRNA genes with the corresponding genomic fragments of officially registered species of chlamydiae and the presence of an extrachromosomal plasmid. According to the results of the omp1-restriction-fragment-length-polymorphism (RFLP)-AluI-profile analysis, the strains Rostinovo-70, 250, PP-87 and KC-93 are distinguished by the characteristic of a novel chlamydial genotype, earlier unstudied, G, by our designation. In the course of comparative omp2-gene analysis in the strains Rostinovo-70, 250, PP-87, and KC-93, a new, previously undescribed, omp2-RFLP-AluI profile of chlamydiae was described. According to the chlamydial species identification by genetic and ecological criteria, the Rostinovo-70, 250, PP-87, and KC-93 strains can be classified as a new species of Chlamydiaceae—Chlamydophila parapsittaci sp. nov. It is also suggested to combine into a new species the following Chlamydophila psittaci strains: WC, NJ1, 92-1293, TT3, 7344/2, GD, CT1, Par1, 84/2334, R54, VS225, 777B15, and Prk/Daruma.

The interaction of LnCl3 · 6H2O (Ln = Pr, Nd, and Tb) with the alkoxy derivatives of aluminum (RO)nAlCl3−n (where R = Et or iso-Bu; n = 1–3) in organic solvents was studied. It was found that the reaction of the crystal water of LnCl3 · 6H2O with (RO)nAlCl3−n resulted in the partial dehydration of the crystal hydrates with the formation of an alcohol (ROH) and the LnCl3 · 3H2O · 3(RO)mAl(OH)Cl2−m complex (m = 1, 2). The solid colloidal particles of this complex and a solvent form a lanthanide-containing gel. The physicochemical (including luminescence) and catalytic properties of the complex in butadiene polymerization and 1,1-gem-dibromo-2-phenylcyclopropane dehalogenation were studied.

A new approach to the preparation of lanthanide catalysts for the synthesis of nitrogen heterocycles (exemplified by 2-propyl-3-ethylquinoline) was developed based on the reactions of LnCl3 · 6H2O crystalline hydrates with alkylaluminums. It was found that the interaction of LnCl3 · 6H2O (Ln = Ce, Pr, Tb, and Eu) with iso-Bu3Al in aromatic solvents (20°C) resulted in the formation of soluble (isobutane and the alumoxane (iso-Bu2Al)2O) and insoluble products (with the empirical formula LnCl3 · xH2O · y(iso-Bu2Al)2O (x = 0.4–0.7; y = 0.04–0.07)). The physiochemical properties of LnCl3 · xH2O · y(iso-Bu2Al)2O were studied, and these compounds were found to be highly efficient catalysts for the reaction of aniline condensation with butyraldehyde to form 2-propyl-3-ethylquinoline.

The aim of this study was investigation of polymorphism in somatotropin (GH), prolactin (PRL), leptin (LEP), and thyreoglobulin (TG) genes in thoroughbred and crossbred with Holstein breed bulls. Our results are in agreement with previously published literature data, and we found allele frequencies in bulls including 0.86 (L) and 0.14 (V) for the GH gene, 0.87 (A) and 0.13 (B) for the PRL gene, 0.59 (C) and 0.41 (T) for the LEP gene, and 0.81 (C) and 0.19 (T) for the TG gene.

Changes in the luminescence characteristics of Tb3+ and Ce3+ lanthanide ions in the interaction of LnCl3 · 3(BuO)3PO complexes with iso-Bu3Al in the absence and presence of piperylene were studied. As a result, a new luminescence approach was proposed to study reaction mechanisms in the synthesis of lanthanide catalysts for diene polymerization.

Triboluminescence of Ln(acac)3·H2O (Ln = Tb, Eu, Pr, Ce, Gd) was found. The UV radiation was detected for the first time as narrow bands caused by the emission of the adsorbed N2* molecules (transitions 3∏u → 3∏g) in the study of triboluminescence of lanthanide compounds. The emission of Ln3+* (ionic triboluminescence) was observed only for Tb3+* (λmax/nm: 490 (5D4-7F6), 545 (5D4-7F5), 580 (5D4-7F4)) and Eu3+* (λ?max/nm: 613, 614 (5D2-7F3)). The generation of N2* occurs due to the energy of electric fields appeared upon the destruction of crystalline samples of Ln(acac)3·H2O. The Tb3+* and Eu3+* ions are formed due to the energy transfer from the triplet level of the ligand (acacT1), which is excited by the light emitted from the N2* molecule.

The results of molecular-genetic study of typical specimens of the genus Chlamydophila of the family Chlamydiaceae from the FSE FCTRSA collection of microorganisms are considered for the purpose of their taxonomy based on comparative analysis by the omp1-, omp2-, 16S rRNA-, and 23S rRNA-genes and by the presence of extrachromosomal plasmid with corresponding fragments of the genomes officially registered species of chlamydiae. According to the omp1-RFLP-AluI-profile, the Rostinovo-70, 250, PP-87, and KC-93 strains were characterized by new genotype of chlamydiae (genotype G). The new omp2-RFLP-AluI-profile of chlamydiae on carrying out the comparative analysis of Rostinovo-70, 250, PP-87 and KC-93 strains by omp2-gene was characterized. On the basis of the species identification of chlamydiae by genetical and ecological criteria, the chlamydia strains Rostinovo-70, 250, PP-87, and KC-93 can be included in the new chlamydia species Chlamydophila parapsittaci sp. nov. It was suggested to combine into a new species the following strains of Chlamydophila psittaci: WC, NJ1, 92-1293, TT3, 7344/2, GD, CT1, Par1, 84/2334, R54, VS225, 777B15, and Prk/Daruma.

Phylogenetic analysis of the sequenced segments of the env gene locus of the BLV provirus and the PCR-RFLP genotyping strategy proposed in our works that is consistent with phylogenetic classification of this pathogenic agent allowed the taxonomic identification of BLV isolates identified in cattle in Tatarstan (Russian Federation) as representatives of BLV genotypes 4, 7, and 8. Of the 100 isolates identified, 64 were attributed to BLV genotype 4; 28 BLV representatives belong to the cluster of genotype 7; and the remaining 8 samples of the provirus belong to new genotype 8 of the pathogenic agent. The strategy of BLV PCR-RFLP genotyping proposed in our work on the basis of five restriction endonucleases (PvuII, SspI, HphI, HaeIII, and BstYI) allowed for correct genotyping identification of the viral pathogen.