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Rye (Secale cereale L.) is the most important crop in Russia, its grain quality depends on the content of water-soluble pentosans. The grain of rye cultivars with high content of water-soluble pentosans has good baking properties, but low fodder qualities. Methods of marker-assisted selection for this trait in rye remain undeveloped. For Triticeae, the content of pentosans in grain may be associated with the GT47 glycosyltransferase genes, but the genes of this family have not been identified in rye. The aim of this study was amplification, sequencing, and search for single nucleotide substitutions or other mutations in the GT47 gene in various rye cultivars differing in the content of water-soluble pentosans in their grain and the viscosity of their aqueous extract. DNA from rye leaves was isolated by the standard CTAB method. Based on the nucleotide sequences of the bread wheat and barley GT47 genes, universal primers were selected, then a fragment of the open reading frames of the studied gene was amplified, and the nucleotide sequences were determined by automatic capillary sequencing.The population cultivars of rye, ‘Chulpan 7’ and ‘Podarok’, and F1 hybrids ‘KVS Aviator’, ‘KVS Magnifico’ and ‘KVS Eterno’ were analyzed. The highest content of pentosans and the highest kinematic viscosity of the aqueous extract were found in cv. ‘Chulpan 7’. The lowest values of these indicators were shown by the hybrid cv. ‘KVS Aviator’. The analysis of the nucleotide sequences of the GT47 gene revealed the presence of single-nucleotide substitutions in seven loci, in which the studied rye cultivars differed. Of these, the high-pentosan cv. ‘Chulpan 7’ and the low-pentosan cv, ‘KVS Aviator’ differed in three nucleotide substitutions: 159 (G/A), 204 (C/T), and 327 (G/A). It is suggested that these SNPs can be used for genotyping rye cultivars for the content of water-soluble pentosans in grain.

The article represents the results of study of baking quality of popular varieties ‘Chulpan 7’ and hybrids F1 of winter rye. It’s shown that baking traits of grain hybrids are the same or a bit better of the variety ‘Chulpan 7’. Grain falling number of the hybrids was higher compared with the variety ‘Chulpan 7’. The hybrid ‘Guttino’ possessed the greatest grain falling number. The varieties ‘Picasso’ and ‘Chulpan 7’ possess the same amount of water soluble pentosans in grain. Among studies hybrids the hybrid ‘Guttino’ had the largest amount of water soluble pentosans in grain, but the hybrid ‘Brasetto’ had the smallest one. It was shown that a content of water soluble pentosans in winter rye grain had a significant effect on dimensional stability of bread. The larger amount of water soluble pentosans in grain increases dimensional stability of bread. The amount of the effect of water soluble pentosans on dimensional stability of bread is given in figures. If the amount of water soluble pentosans in grain is up to 1%, dimensional stability of bread is up to 0,102. Water soluble pentosans in grain of the hybrids have a slight negative effect on the volume of bread. Grain of the hybrid ‘Guttino’ possesses a comparatively high kinetic viscosity of aqueous extraction, but the hybrid ‘Brasetto’ possesses a low one. Increase of viscosity of aqueous extraction in grain increases dimensional stability of bread. It is shown a possibility to use viscosity of aqueous extraction for quantitative assessment of an amount of water soluble pentosans and baking traits of winter rye hybrids F1. Bread quality of the studied rye hybrids differ from the popular variety ‘Chulpan 7’ and among themselves in some traits. Among the hybrids ‘Brasetto’ possesses the smallest dimensional stability of bread. The hybrid ‘Visello’ has the largest loaf volume; the hybrids ‘Picasso’ and ‘Chulpan 7’ have the smallest one. Crust of bread baked from the grain of the hybrid ‘Picasso’ is smooth, without large cracks, the variety ‘Chulpan 7’ has a smooth, without large cracks crust. The bread crust of the hybrid ‘Picasso’ is of dark brown color, that of the hibrid ‘Chulpan 7’ and the others is from light brown to dark brown. Bread made from all these hybrids is of proper, round, not vague form. Bread baked from the hybrid ‘Picasso’ possesses a uniform porosity with small voids; bread of the variety ‘Chulpan 7’ is uniform, without any voids.

The article presents the results of research of kinematic viscosity, falling number, protein content, starch and phosphorus in the grain of winter rye shoots of a different order of formation. The coefficient of variation of the parameters of grain quality within a single plant depending on the manner of formation of shoot was only 2.91-36.60%. A reduction in grain mass from 38.2 to 11.2 mg, the falling number from 201 (main shoot) to 130 (VI shoot) was established with increasing of formation order of shoot. The contents of water-soluble pentosans varied from 4.133% (main shoot) to 4.590% (shoot of VI order of formation), the viscosity of an aqueous extract on the shoots by formation order within the plant was changed from of 54.8 to 107.5 cCt (coefficient of variation - 26.81%). Protein content in grain had relatively less variations in the shoots of different order of formation within the plants (coefficient of variation - 2.91%). The starch content in the grain of the shoots of a different order of formation was changed from 47.7 up to 49.7 % (coefficient of variation - 1.81 %). Thus, with increasing of order of formation there is a decrease in the grain mass, a decrease in the falling number of grain and starch content, and increase in viscosity of the water extract, in content of grain protein and soluble pentosan. Ash content, phosphorus, potassium and calcium in the grain of the shoots of a different order of formation did not differ significantly (coefficient of variation -5.21, 2.91, 8.47, 3.37, and 8.56 % respectively).

There has been an increase in the survival rates of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in recent decades.Objective: to determine the survival rates of SLE patients in the Republic of Tatarstan.Subjects and methods. The records of SLE inpatients treated at the Nephrology and Rheumatology Departments of the Republican Clinical Hospital in 2004 to 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. Demographic data (gender, age at onset of the first signs of the disease, age at diagnosis of SLE, its duration, labor activity, and disability), clinical manifestations of the disease (damage to the musculoskeletal system, skin and mucous membranes, kidneys, as well as serositis, neuropsychological disorders), and 5-, 10- and 15-year survival rates were analyzed. A hierarchical cluster analysis was used to group patients on the basis of the similarity in the measured characteristics.Results and discussion. A total of 256 SLE patients (230 females and 26 males) were followed up. The median age at onset of the first symptoms of the disease for females and males was 29.0 [21.0; 38.0] and 25.5 [18.0; 37.0] years, respectively; the age at SLE diagnosis was 30.0 [23.0; 41.0] and 25.5 [18.0; 37.0] years. The main clinical manifestations of the disease were damages to the musculoskeletal system (n=199 (77%)), skin and mucous membranes (n=168 (66%)), and kidneys (n=155 (61%)), neurological disorders (n=39 (15%)) and serositis (n=83 (32%)). In the above period, 29 patients died in the study group; there are no data on 10 patients. The 5-, 10-, and 15-year survival rates of patients in our group were 93.7, 90.8, and 86.4%, respectively; those in patients with lupus nephritis (LN) were 90.4, 86.6, and 82.1%; those in hypertensive patients were 89.5, 84.6, and 79.3%. A cluster analysis identified four clusters. The most important criteria for grouping the patients into clusters were the presence of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), LN, and hypertension. Cluster 1 included patients with LN and hypertension; Cluster 2 comprised those with APS, LN, and hypertension. Cluster 3 consisted of patients having hypertension only; Cluster 4 included those with LN only. In Cluster 2, the 10- and 15-year patient survival rates decreased to 77.9 and 70.1%, respectively.Conclusion. In our study, 5-, 10-, and 15-year patient survival rates were 93.7, 90.8, and 86.4%, respectively. Gender and age at SLE diagnosis did not affect death rates. The risk of death was significantly higher in patients with LN and hypertension.

Reactions of 1,2,3- or 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene with isobutyraldehyde and ethyl cyanoacetate (ECA) or reactions of the corresponding 1-aryl-2-methylpropan-1-ols with ECA afforded isomeric 3,3,5,6,7-, 3,3,6,7,8-, 3,3,5,7,8-, and 3,3,5,6,8-pentamethyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolines. Isomerization is explained as the ring opening of a spiran intermediate in two possible ways followed by the Jacobsen rearrangement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]