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In recent years, the incidence of early colon cancer (ECC) in China showed a rising trend. Accurate definition of ECC is of great significance for disease assessment, treatment decision-making and prognosis judgment. Although endoscopic resection has become an option in the treatment of ECC, surgical intervention is still needed for tumor residue and high risk pT1 tumors in order to prevent recurrence and metastasis. There is no consensus on indication, timing, radical resection range and tumor location of ECC surgery. The innovation of laparoscopic surgical techniques strongly promoted the progress of ECC minimally invasive surgery. Postoperative follow-up should be systematic, standardized and individualized, based on the stratification of ECC recurrence risk factors.我国早期结肠癌检出率逐年增加，明确早期结肠癌的定义对于病情评估、治疗决策及预后判断具有重要意义。尽管内镜切除已成为早期结肠癌治疗的可选方案，对肿瘤残留、高复发风险pT1期结肠癌，仍需及时外科干预以降低复发率和转移率。针对早期结肠癌外科手术的治疗时机、根治范围和肿瘤定位等关键问题，目前国内外尚未形成明确、统一的共识，腹腔镜手术技术的革新则有力推动了早期结肠癌微创外科的进步。外科手术后的随访应基于早期结肠癌的定义特征和复发风险因素，对早期结肠癌患者进行系统、规范和个体化的全程管理。.

Wheat refers to a critical grain crop in China, and ensuring the stable, high quality, high yielding production of wheat is of significance to China’s food security. Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS), i.e., amino-oligosaccharide, is a bio-pesticide readily absorbed by crop plants, capable of improving nutrient absorption and reproductive growth. This study aimed to determine the effects of COS on promoting wheat growth and its effect on the accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as common antioxidant enzymes frequently related to plant tolerance. As indicated from the results, COS treatment (50–800 μg/mL) led to the significant (P < 0.05) increase in the height, root length, fresh and dry weight of all the tested wheat cultivars (Bainong 4199, Zhengyu 11 and Bainong 207). Moreover, the physiological analysis indicated that the activity of four antioxidant enzymes, i.e., catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in leaves, achieved the similar improvements, and MDA accumulation was reduced significantly (P < 0.05). The above results confirmed that COS can significantly promote the growth of wheat, and under the condition of increased antioxidant enzyme activity, it can reduce lipid peroxidation and may also improve stress resistance. Thus, using COS in commercial wheat production may be noticeably conducive to sustaining future wheat yields and food security in China.

AIDS/HIV is a serious life-threatening and public health problem that urges for new antiviral drugs to control. A bis-indole alkaloid voacamine has been isolated from Voacanga africana Stapf. In this study, voacamine 1H and 13C chemical shift assignments were redetermined using 1D and 2D NMR; 1H NMR and 13C NMR chemical shifts were accurately assigned. Absolute configuration was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis with Cu Kα radiation, and in vitro antiviral activity against HIV via effecting the binding affinity with gp120 based on SPRi experiment was testified. This study supports the potential value of voacamine as a natural agent against AIDS/HIV.

Scar formation is the abnormal healing process of skin after being damaged. The mechanism of scar formation is not clear, and many studies have shown that it is affected by many factors. Based on the over deposition of collagen in scars, many researchers have carried out studies on the mechanism, pathological manifestation, and treatment method of scars. In the treatment aspect of scar, the combination of traditional and new treatment methods has been well accepted and achieved good results. To understand the new advances of scar research and combine it with clinical treatment transformation could lead to the development of more effective prophylactic and therapeutic strategies for scar treatment in the future.瘢痕形成是皮肤在受到损伤之后的异常愈合过程。瘢痕形成的机制尚未明确，且多项研究表明其受多种因素影响。基于瘢痕中存在的胶原过度沉积，众多学者展开了包括瘢痕机制、病理表现、治疗方法等多方面的研究。在瘢痕治疗方面，多种传统治疗方法与新型治疗方法的结合成为一种趋势，并取得了良好效果。了解瘢痕研究的新进展，并将其与临床治疗转化结合，有利于在工作中更好地制订预防瘢痕形成的策略和治疗方案。.

In this paper, an indirect decoupling method is established to simulate the physical process of an electromagnetic launch considering electromagnetic force, thermo-softening of metallic material, and melting interface layer effects. The dynamic responses of cambered surface rail and armature under electromagnetic and thermal loads are analyzed and a simulation method is provided for the engineering applications of electromagnetic launch technology.

In this study, the effects of lanthanum were investigated on contents of pigments, chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence, antioxidative enzymes, and biomass of maize seedlings under salt stress. The results showed that salt stress significantly decreased the contents of Chl and carotenoids, maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm), photochemical quenching (qP), and quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry (ΦPSII), net photosynthetic rate (P N), and biomass. Salt stress increased nonphotochemical quenching (qN), the activities of ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and the contents of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide compared with control. Pretreatment with lanthanum prior to salt stress significantly enhanced the contents of Chl and carotenoids, Fv/Fm, qP, qN, ΦPSII, P N, biomass, and activities of the above antioxidant enzymes compared with the salt-stressed plants. Pretreatment with lanthanum also significantly reduced the contents of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide induced by salt stress. Our results suggested that lanthanum can improve salt tolerance of maize seedlings by enhancing the function of photosynthetic apparatus and antioxidant capacity.

Latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) systems using phase change material (PCM) have received significant research attention in numerous engineering fields. The transient heat transfer phenomenon inside a vertical LHTES unit is numerically investigated, with the paraffin as the PCM and water as the heat transfer fluid (HTF). As a performance enhancement technique, the metal foam insert is applied in both the HTF and PCM sides. The conjugate thermal model for the HTF/foam-wall-PCM/foam system is built, considering the non-equilibrium effect between the solid and fluid phases with two-temperature energy equation and the natural convection inside the PCM with Boussinesq approximation. The enthalpy-based method is employed to account for the solid-liquid phase change problem. The overall performance is compared with other three cases: no foam insert, foam insert in HTF side and foam insert in PCM side. Besides, parametric study is also conducted on the melting features, including the foam structural parameters and inlet conditions of HTF. The results show that foam insert in both sides accelerates the PCM melting effectively. The foam porosity and HTF inlet temperature play important roles in the overall heat transfer, whereas the pore density and HTF inlet velocity have limited effects on the melting rate. The findings can provide referential information for the design of a LHTES system.

Long-term variability of the mesosphere/lower thermosphere (lower E region ionosphere) since 1970 has been analyzed using wind data series obtained at Collm (52° N, 15° E) using the LF drift method and at Obninsk (55° N, 37° E) applying VHF meteor radar. Applying piecewise linear trend analysis with a priori unknown number and positions of breakpoints shows that trend models with breakpoints are generally to be preferred against straight lines. There is a strong indication for a change of trends in wind parameters around 1975–1980. Similar changes are also found in the lower atmosphere, e.g., in tropospheric temperatures. This indicates a coupling between atmospheric layers at time scales of decades.

We present time series of January–May mean mesosphere/lower thermosphere (MLT) mean winds and planetary wave (PW) proxies over Europe together with stratospheric stationary planetary waves (SPW) at 50°N and time series of European ozone laminae occurrence. The MLT winds are connected with stratospheric PW and laminae at time scales of several years to decades. There is a tendency for increased wave activity after 1990, together with more ozone laminae and stronger MLT zonal winds. However, possible coupling processes are not straightforward. While mean MLT winds before the 1990s show similar interannual variations than stratospheric PW at 100 hPa, later a tendency towards a connection of the MLT with the middle stratosphere SPW is registered. There is also a tendency for a change in the correlation between lower and middle stratosphere SPW, indicating that coupling processes involving the European middle atmosphere from the lower stratosphere to the mesopause region have changed.

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to provide a new wafer prealigning robot for the photo‐etching facility during the manufacturing of IC products.Design/methodology/approachThe shape center is measured by a reflection‐style laser sensor in the wafer's radial direction, and the position is measured by a penetration‐style laser sensor. A dynamic error compensation is applied to eliminate the radial runout and wobble of the rotary stage, which have effects on the measurement of the wafer's shape center.FindingsIt is found that the new wafer prealigning robot can satisfy the accuracy requirement.Research limitations/implicationsThe robot requires that the shape center can be accurately calculated.Practical implicationsThe robot is applicable to wafer prealigning for the photo‐etching facility.Originality/valueA wafer prealigning robot based on the shape center calculation method has been developed and is described in the paper.

The binding of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) to the type-1 TNF receptor (TNFRc1) plays an important role in inflammation. Despite the clinical success of biologics (antibodies, soluble receptors) for treating TNF-based autoimmune conditions, no potent small molecule antagonists have been developed. Our screening of chemical libraries revealed that N -alkyl 5-arylidene-2-thioxo-1,3-thiazolidin-4-ones were antagonists of this protein–protein interaction. After chemical optimization, we discovered IW927, which potently disrupted the binding of TNF-α to TNFRc1 (IC 50 = 50 nM) and also blocked TNF-stimulated phosphorylation of Iκ-B in Ramos cells (IC 50 = 600 nM). This compound did not bind detectably to the related cytokine receptors TNFRc2 or CD40, and did not display any cytotoxicity at concentrations as high as 100 μM. Detailed evaluation of this and related molecules revealed that compounds in this class are “photochemically enhanced” inhibitors, in that they bind reversibly to the TNFRc1 with weak affinity ( ca. 40–100 μM) and then covalently modify the receptor via a photochemical reaction. We obtained a crystal structure of IV703 (a close analog of IW927) bound to the TNFRc1. This structure clearly revealed that one of the aromatic rings of the inhibitor was covalently linked to the receptor through the main-chain nitrogen of Ala-62, a residue that has already been implicated in the binding of TNF-α to the TNFRc1. When combined with the fact that our inhibitors are reversible binders in light-excluded conditions, the results of the crystallography provide the basis for the rational design of nonphotoreactive inhibitors of the TNF-α–TNFRc1 interaction.

As a key part of the photo-etching facility, the wafer prealigner uses mechanical or optical aligning method to save the time and guarantee the quality of manufacturing. In this paper, a new wafer prealigner is proposed based on the mass center calculation method. The mass center is measured by a reflection-style laser sensor from the wafer’s radial direction, and the position is measured by the notch angle detection using the penetration-style laser senor. A dynamic error compensation method is applied to eliminate the radial runout and wobble of the rotary stage, which have effects on measuring the wafer’s mass center. The accuracy is improved through two steps: firstly, a coarse alignment is made by adjusting the mass center; secondly, a precise alignment is processed by aligning the wafer’s notch. Experiments show that the accuracy of the wafer prealigner satisfied the system requirement

To explore the normal vocal acoustic parameters and electroglottographic (EGG) parameters and their differences in normal children of the Han, the Naxi, the Bai nationality.By using computer and Dr. speech software, We studied six parameters of voice acoustic and the E.G.G. in 951 children (Han 342, Naxi 224, Bai 385), aged 4-8 years old. We also examined 30 cases who suffered from vocal nodule and local proliferation.The major parameters 1. Jitter, 2. Shimmer, 3. Mean F0, 4. SD F0, 5. NNE) of the voice acoustic and E.G.G. of the three nationality.1. All parameters in Han nationality school-age children and preschool children were not different in years old. But Naxi and Bai nationality school-age children's Mean F0 and SD F0 were different from preschool children. The parameters(Mean F0, SD F0) of school-age children in Han, Naxi and Bai nationality were significant different. 2. The tested parameters were significant different between normal children of the Han nationality and the vocal nodule patients.

A pharmacophore model of the P1' site, specific for aggrecanase, was defined using the specificity studies of the matrix metalloproteinases and the similar biological activity of aggrecanase and MMP-8. Incorporation of the side chain of a tyrosine residue into compound 1 as the P1' group provided modest selectivity for aggrecanase over MMP-1, -2, and -9. A cis-(1S)(2R)-amino-2-indanol scaffold was incorporated as a tyrosine mimic (P2') to conformationally constrain 2. Further optimization resulted in compound 11, a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable inhibitor of aggrecanase.

Chromosomal homologies were established between human and Francois' monkey (Semnopithecus francoisi, 2n = 44) by chromosome painting with chromosome-specific DNA probes of all human chromosomes except the Y. Except for human chromosome 1, 2, 6, 16 and 19 probes which gave signals on two nonhomologous S. francoisi chromosomes respectively, all other probes each hybridized to a single chromosome. Only two S. francoisi chromosomes (No. 12 and No. 21) were each labelled by two separate probes (14 and 15, 21 and 22, respectively). In total, 23 human chromosome-specific probed detected 30 homologous chromosomes and chromosomal segments in the haploid S. francoisi genome. The results indicated a high degree of conservation of chromosomal synteny between human and this langur. Only some chromosomal rearrangements occurred in this langur. Comparison of the hybridization patterns of human painting probes on this langur with the data on other primates suggested that Asian langurs were karyotypically more closely related to each other than to African langurs.

An investigation was carried out among 6,000 persons aged 15-70 to explore the prevalence of cigarette smoking and its risk factors in urban and suburban areas of Beijing. Results showed that 39.07% of Beijing residents were smokers (58.95% male, 17.42% female) who started smoking at an average age of 19.52% and over 2/3 of them admitted their initiafion of smoking was mainly due to curiosity and pressure from social intercourse. Results of polychotomas regression analysis demonstrated that the risk factors of smoking were related to sex, poor education, unhappy marriage, and lacking of knowledge on the negative health outcome of smoking. It is suggested that the program on smoking of control should be strengthened in Beijing.

Random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs) were used to investigate genetic relationships of eight raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonopides). Using 28 arbitrary primers (10 bp), about 130 RAPD markers were observed in each individual. The average, maximum, and minimum genetic distance among 8 raccoon dogs are 11.20%, 14.93%, and 2.94% respectively. Our molecular phylogenetic trees constructed by UPGMA and NJ methods suggest that those 8 Chinese raccoon dogs may be divided into 4 clusters: (1) Guangxi raccoon dog, (2) Anhui raccoon dog, (3) Shaanxi raccoon dog, (4) Yunnan and Vietnam raccoon dog. Guangxi raccoon dog is more closely related to Anhui raccoon dog than to Yunnan-Vietnam raccoon dog. If the Yunnan-Vietnam cluster is a valid subspecies, it is reasonable to give the Guangxi, Anhui and Shaanxi clusters the same classification status as that of the Yunnan-Vietnam Cluster.

The reactions of a beef heart cytochrome c1 preparation containing the hinge protein with horse cytochrome c derivatives labeled at specific lysine amino groups with (dicarboxybipyridine)(bisbipyridine)ruthenium(II) (Ru(II)) were studied by flash photolysis. All of the ruthenium-cytochrome c derivatives formed complexes with cytochrome c1 in low ionic strength buffer (5 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7). Excitation of Ru(II) to Ru(II*) with a 0.4-microseconds laser flash resulted in rapid electron transfer to the ferric heme group in cytochrome c, followed by electron transfer from the ferrous heme group of cytochrome c to the ferric heme group of cytochrome c1. The kinetic difference spectra displayed maxima at 546 nm and minima at 554 nm characteristic of electron transfer between the two cytochromes. The rate constants were independent of concentration at low ionic strength, indicating intracomplex electron transfer. The rate constants were 4,800, 6,800, 22,000, and 22,000 s-1 for cytochrome c derivatives modified at lysines 13, 27, 25, and 72, respectively. The observed rate constants were independent of ionic strength up to about 50 nM and then decreased progressively with further increases in ionic strength indicating dissociation of the complex. Second-order kinetics were observed at 310 mM ionic strength, with rate constants of 1.0 x 10(6), 1.6 x 10(7), 1.2 x 10(8), and 3.0 x 10(7) M-1 s-1 for the derivatives modified at lysines 13, 27, 25, and 72, respectively. The ionic strength dependence of the second-order rate constants is comparable to that involving native horse cytochrome c and is consistent with electron transfer reactions between oppositely charged proteins.