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Aim. To evaluate the treatment outcomes of patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer by using transurethral resection alone, transurethral resection combined with electrovaporization and transurethral resection with preliminary tumor fulguration. Methods. The analysis of the treatment outcomes of 81 patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (TaT1N0M0) in the urological clinic of Kazan State Medical University between the period 2000 and 2016 was carried out. The mean age was 6310.8 years. The patients were divided into 3 groups. The first group included 28 patients who underwent transurethral resection as monotherapy, the second group 26 patients underwent transurethral resection combined with electrovaporization, and the third group 27 patients underwent transurethral resection with preliminary tumor fulguration. Results. In the group of patients who underwent transurethral resection only, recurrences outside the resection zone occurred in 8 (28.57%) patients, recurrences in the resection zone were detected in 6 (21.43%) patients, and tumor progression was diagnosed in 3 (10.71%) patients. In the group of patients who underwent transurethral resection combined with vaporization, recurrences outside the resection zone were diagnosed in 6 (23.08%) patients, recurrences in the resection zone were detected in 4 (15.38%) cases, and tumor progression was detected in 2 (7.69%) patients. In the group of patients who underwent transurethral resection with preliminary tumor fulguration, recurrences outside the resection zone were diagnosed in 4 (14.81%) patients, in the resection zone in 6 (22.22%) patients, tumor progression in 2 (7.41%) cases. Conclusion. Transurethral resection alone is not a radical treatment of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer; transurethral resection combined with vaporization slightly increases the radicality of treatment; transurethral resection with preliminary fulguration reduces the recurrence rate, ensuring the prevention of implant recurrence.

Aim To evaluate the efficiency of additional methods of intraoperative control during transurethral resection (TUR) for the treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Material and methods A total of 138 patients (92 men and 46 women) with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (Ta-T1N0M0) were treated in the urological clinic of Kazan State Medical University. The median age was 59 years. In 28 patients TUR was performed as monotherapy, in 28 patients TUR with photodynamic therapy (PDD) was done and other 26 patients undergone TUR under dynamic transurethral ultrasound control. In 29 patients, TUR was combined with a single intravesical instillation of a chemotherapy drug, and in 27 patients, TUR was combined with long-term intravesical chemotherapy. The frequency and type of relapses was evaluated depending on the treatment method during five-year follow-up period. Analysis of postoperative complications and their severity was performed according to the Clavien-Dindo classification. Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistica 7.0 and Microsoft Excel 2003 software package. Survival was assessed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Differences in survival between groups were determined using a log-rang test. Results The total 5-years recurrence rate in the group 1 was 60.71% (n=17). There were 6 recurrences in the resection area (21.43%) and 8 recurrences outside the resection area (28.57%). The progression rate was 10.71% (n=3). In the group 2, the overall recurrence rate was 25% (n=7), including 2 (7.14%) and 4 (14.29%) recurrences in and outside resection area, respectively. The progression rate was 3.57% (n=1). In the group 3, where TUR was performed in combination with transurethral ultrasound, 7 recurrences were diagnosed over a five-year period (26.92%), including 1 recurrence in the resection area (3.84%) and 6 recurrences in other parts of bladder (23.07%). There was no progression of bladder cancer. In the group of patients who received a single intravenous chemotherapy after TUR, there were no significant differences with the group of patients where TUR was performed as monotherapy. The total number of recurrences was 55.16% (n=16). There were 4 recurrences in the resection area (13.79%) and 9 recurrences in other parts of bladder (31.03%), as well as 3 case of disease progression (10.34%). At the same time, in the group of patients where prolonged course of adjuvant intravesical chemotherapy was performed, a significant decrease in the recurrences rate in the resection area (7.4%; n=2) and progression (3.7%, n=1) was found. The number of recurrences outside the resection area was comparable with the group 1 (22.22%; n=6). Conclusions According to our data, we recommend to perform TUR in combination with PDD and transurethral ultrasound in order to improve the oncological results. Long-term intravesical chemotherapy is an effective alternative in case of inability to use additional intraoperative control and it should be included in the treatment scheme of patients with a high risk of recurrence.

The review describes the modern approaches to open and endoscopic surgery, chemo- and radiotherapy in organ-saving treatment of invasive bladder cancer. Bladder cancer nowadays ranks the second among urological malignancies. Incidence of bladder cancer in Russia has increased by 58.6% over the past 10 years, with the share of invasive tumors reaching 30%. According to the European Association of Urology guidelines, the radical cystectomy with ureterocolonic diversion is the standard treatment of muscle-invasive bladder cancer. However, the extensive surgical trauma, comorbidities and exhaustion of patients, disability and social adaptation failure as well as the high mortality rate restrict the use of cystectomy. Thereby, taking into account the dynamic development of chemo- and radiotherapy allowing to reduce the recurrence rate, more and more experts are inclined to use organ-saving treatment of invasive bladder cancer. Organ-saving treatment has several advantages: it is less complicated and costly, preserves sexual function, decreases the risk of kidney damage and provides a good quality of life. Still, scanty publications are comparing results of cystectomy and organ-saving treatments of invasive bladder cancer, causing controversial opinions and highlighting the need for further studies.

The surface morphology of n- and p-type epitaxial films of lead manganese selenide (Pb1−xMnxSe (x = 0.01)) on barium fluoride substrates of the (111) orientation in the initial state and after exposure to gamma-radiation is studied by atomic force microscopy. It is shown that the surface relief undergoes modification in the absorbed dose region of 5 ≤ Dγ ≤ 35 kGy. The p⇔n conductivity inversion at 10 ≤ Dγ ≤ 25 kGy is found from the characteristics of the surface structures and confirmed by the electrophysical measurements. It is revealed that the radiation resistance of these films is violated at a dose above 35 kGy.

Conclusions: -The QI-PP technologies are employed in Sakhalin Energy for several purposes, e.g.: o For seismic 4D monitoring in regards to changes in pressure (depletion/ injection), or in saturation or fluid types (water front, gas cap presence/extension). Therefore, the elastic rock properties were defined to predict the seismic response away from well control, and 1D and 2D synthetics were generated and studied for important reservoir settings. o For fluid type appraisal, e.g. oil-water contacts in development targets or for thin oil rim detectability. -Sakhalin Energy Petrophysicists are receiving training on the QI-PP-technologies by the in-house QI-PP specialist. That training is intended to allow the Petrophysicists to conduct QI-PP technologies by themselves in the future (co-assess the feasibility of upcoming 4D campaigns and support the 4D-interpretation and de-risking of Sakhalin Energy’s development targets). Some results: The geomechanical analysis on recently acquired cores in both the Lunskoye and Astokh assets allows defining how effective pressures alter the seismic velocities. These results will be included to support predicting the effects of pressure changes by injection and depletion on seismic data, quantitatively. Recent QI-PP studies demonstrated that residual or migrating gas is present in the LUN aquifers and that the oil rim is seismically barely visible.

Objective: to enhance the efficiency of combined treatment for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer ((NMIBC) and to assess the results of its treatment using transurethral resection (TUR) as monotherapy and in combination with intravesical adjuvant chemotherapy (CT).Subjects and methods. The results of treatment were analyzed in 59 patients with NMIBC. Twenty-two patients underwent TUR in Group 1; TUR and single intravesical injection of drugs were performed in 19 patients in Group 2; 18 patients had TUR and long-term intravesical CT.Results and discussion. The recurrence rates were 59.1, 57.9, and 38.89 % in Groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Intravesical CT was found to appreciably affect the prevention of recurrence in the area of resection. The rate of this recurrence was 31.81, 26.32, and 5.56 % in Groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Conclusion. Adjuvant intravesical chemotherapy CT is an effective method to prevent recurrent bladder cancer.

This paper presents results of 82 patients treated for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. 28 patients underwent transurethral resection of bladder cancer (TURB) as a monotherapy, 28 - TURB with photodynamic control, 26 - TURB with dynamic transurethral sonography. Analysis of the 5-year recurrence rate, pattern and timing of recurrence depending on the modality of intraoperative control of TURB effectiveness was performed. The overall recurrence rate in the first group was 60.71%, of them local recurrence in the resection area occurred in 21.43% of cases, outside of the region of resection - in 28.57% of cases, and progression - in 10.71%. In the second group the overall recurrence rate was 25%, recurrence in the resection area was diagnosed in 7.14% of patients, outside of the region of resection - in 14.29% and progression - in 3.57%. In the third group of patients over a 5-year period local recurrence in the resection area was identified in 3.84% of cases, outside of the region of resection - in 23.07% of cases and no cases of disease progression were observed. The results showed that TURB without additional intraoperative imaging of surgery effectiveness was not a radical treatment for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Photodynamic control increases the surgery effectiveness by preventing recurrences outside the resection region. It allows identifying microscopic modified urothelium clones, but does not affect the rate of disease progression. Intraoperative transurethral ultrasound guidance increases TURB effectiveness by preventing both relapse in the area of resection and disease progression.

Taraxasteryl acetate was isolated for the first time from Scotch thistle Onopordum acanthium. Its crystal and molecular structure was found using x-ray structure analysis.

The growth of epitaxial films of Pb1 − xSnxSe solid solutions of different chemical compositions (x = 0.02–0.05) on freshly cleaved BaF2(111) faces and the structure of these films have been investigated. Photosensitive p-n homojunctions have been prepared on their basis. The homojunctions are fabricated in a unified technological cycle without breaking vacuum based on n- and p-type films of high structural quality (W1/2 = 90–100″) that were grown using an additional selenium vapor source. The photosensitivity peak is found to shift to longer wavelengths with an increase in the Sn content in the films grown; this effect is explained by narrowing the band gap with a change in the composition.

The growth and structure of (1-1.5)-μm-thick Pb1−xMnxTe(Ga)(x = 0.06) films with 0.4−0.9 at % of gallium, grown on BaF2(111) and Pb1−xSnxTe (x = 0.2) (100) substrates by molecular beam epitaxy, have been investigated. It is established that the films are crystallized into an fcc structure, and their growth planes are (111) and (100), according to the substrate orientation. The optimal conditions for obtaining high-resistivity photosensitive p-and n-type films with a perfect crystal structure (W1/2 = 80″−100″) have been determined.

In the present work the features of growth and photoconductivity of epitaxial films of (formula available in paper) grown on substrates BaF 2 (111, 100) by method of molecular beam condensation are investigated. Is established, that of film with perfect crystal structure (W 1/2 =80÷100), thickness 0,5 divided by 1 μm, obtained at speeds of condensation υ K =5 divided by 10 Angstrom /s and T S = 400°C. Were have obtained high - resistance films n, p - types of conductivity and is shown, that they are photosensitive. At that the maximum in spectra of photoconductivity is displaced to shorter waves with growth of the contents of manganese in samples (x = 0,01 divided by 0,04), that is explained by increase of width of the forbidden band zone.

On super high-vacuum installation (≤3÷5•10-9 mm Hg), in quasi-equilibrium conditions by the method of "hot wall", in a uniform work cycle, photosensitive izoperiodical heterojunctions (HJ) Pb1-xSnxTe(In)/PbTe1-ySey have been received. Polished plates (100) and quick-spalled sides of BaF2(111) served as substrates. HJ components represent the ideally coordinated pair for the epitaxy in the structural relation. Volt-amper and spectral characteristics of HJ have been registred. The direct branch of VAC at small displacements submits of the exponential law J=J0exp(eU/βκT). At 77 K the coefficient β changes in the interval 1,5÷2, that is characteristic for the generation-recombination mechanism of the current flow through the region of the spatial charge. Maximal photosensitivity is observed at λmax=11,6 micron.© (2003) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

A phase transition in TlIn1 – xPrxS2 (0

Summary Development of low-permeability reservoirs (less than 1 mD) is carried out with intensive flooding. Injection is performed at pressure above the formation fracturing pressure that is why in almost every well a spontaneous growth of (injection) induced fractures takes place. The main problem of pressure transient analysis in a low permeability reservoir with spontaneous fracturing is a long linear regime flow observed in the log-log plot and the absence of a basis to achieve a pseudo-radial flow. To increase the accuracy of well testing in spontaneously fractured injection wells, certain field tests were developed and run. While testing, an injection well with spontaneously induced fractures was shut-in before the bottom-hole pressure went below the fracture closing pressure, then injection resumed for a short period of time, and then the well was shut-in again to record the pressure fall-off curve. The second pressure fall-off curve shows that the pseudo-radial flow developed, because the close of the part of the fracture without proppant occurred. The paper shows field examples of interference well tests exhibiting fracture growth up to 1700 m diagnosed in injection wells. Examples of successful restriction of injection well operation and application of correlation relationships of fracture closing pressure vs. formation pressure to lower water-cut in production wells with water breakthroughs are described.