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This study investigates the sensitivity of two brightness temperature differences (BTDs) in the infrared (IR) window of the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) to various cloud parameters in order to understand their information content, with a focus on cloud thermodynamic phase. To this end, this study presents radiative transfer calculations, providing an overview of the relative importance of all radiatively relevant cloud parameters, including thermodynamic phase, cloud-top temperature (CTT), optical thickness (τ), effective radius (Reff), and ice crystal habit. By disentangling the roles of cloud absorption and scattering, we are able to explain the relationships of the BTDs to the cloud parameters through spectral differences in the cloud optical properties. In addition, an effect due to the nonlinear transformation from radiances to brightness temperatures contributes to the specific characteristics of the BTDs and their dependence on τ and CTT. We find that the dependence of the BTDs on phase is more complex than sometimes assumed. Although both BTDs are directly sensitive to phase, this sensitivity is comparatively small in contrast to other cloud parameters. Instead, the primary link between phase and the BTDs lies in their sensitivity to CTT (or more generally the surface–cloud temperature contrast), which is associated with phase. One consequence is that distinguishing high ice clouds from low liquid clouds is straightforward, but distinguishing mid-level ice clouds from mid-level liquid clouds is challenging. These findings help to better understand and improve the working principles of phase retrieval algorithms.

Reflection of solar radiation by tropical low-level clouds has an important cooling effect on climate and leads to decreases in surface temperatures. Still, the effect of pollution on ubiquitous tropical continental low-level clouds and the investigation of the related impact on atmospheric cooling rates are poorly constrained by in situ observations and modeling, in particular during the West African summer monsoon season. Here, we present comprehensive in situ measurements of microphysical properties of low-level clouds over tropical West Africa, measured with the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR) aircraft Falcon 20 during the DACCIWA (Dynamics–Aerosol–Chemistry–Cloud Interactions in West Africa) campaign in June and July 2016. Clouds below 1800 m altitude, identified as boundary layer clouds, were classified according to their carbon monoxide (CO) pollution level into pristine and less polluted clouds (CO < 135 ppbv) and polluted low-level clouds (CO > 155 ppbv) as confirmed by the linear CO to accumulation aerosol number concentration correlation. Whereas slightly enhanced aerosol background levels from biomass burning were measured across the entire area, clouds with substantially enhanced aerosol levels were measured in the outflow of major coastal cities, as well as over rural conurbations in the hinterlands. Here we investigate the impact of pollution on cloud droplet number concentration and size during the West African monsoon season. Our results show that the cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC) measured in the size range from 3 to 50 µm around noon increases by 26 % in the elevated aerosol outflow of coastal cities and conurbations with elevated aerosol loadings from median CDNC of 240 cm−3 (52 to 501 cm−3 interquartile range) to 324 cm−3 (60 to 740 cm−3 interquartile range). Higher CDNC resulted in a 17 % decrease in effective cloud droplet diameter from a median deff of 14.8 µm to a deff of 12.4 µm in polluted clouds. Radiative transfer simulations show a non-negligible influence of higher droplet number concentrations and smaller particle sizes on the diurnally averaged (noon) net radiative forcing at the top of atmosphere of −3.9 W m−2 (−16.3 W m−2) of polluted with respect to less polluted clouds and lead to a change in instantaneous heating rates of −22.8 K d−1 (−17.7 K d−1) at the top of clouds. Thus, the atmospheric cooling by low-level clouds increases only slightly in the polluted case due to the already elevated background aerosol concentrations. Additionally, the occurrence of mid- and high-level cloud layers atop buffer this effect further, so that the net radiative forcing and instantaneous heating rate of low-level clouds turn out to be less sensitive towards projected future increases in anthropogenic pollution in West Africa.

The radiative energy budget in the Arctic undergoes a rapid transformation compared with global mean changes. Understanding the role of cirrus clouds in this system is vital, as they interact with short- and long-wave radiation, and the presence of cirrus can be decisive as to a net gain or loss of radiative energy in the polar atmosphere. In an effort to derive the radiative properties of cirrus in a real scenario in this sensitive region, we use in situ measurements of the ice water content (IWC) performed during the Polar Stratosphere in a Changing Climate (POLSTRACC) aircraft campaign in the boreal winter and spring 2015–2016 employing the German High Altitude and Long Range Research Aircraft (HALO). A large dataset of IWC measurements of mostly thin cirrus at high northern latitudes was collected in the upper troposphere and also frequently in the lowermost stratosphere. From this dataset, we select vertical profiles that sampled the complete vertical extent of cirrus cloud layers. These profiles exhibit a vertical IWC structure that will be shown to control the instantaneous radiative effect in both the long and short wavelength regimes in the polar winter. We perform radiative transfer calculations with the uvspec model from the libRadtran software package in a one-dimensional column between the surface and the top of the atmosphere (TOA), using the IWC profiles as well as the state of the atmospheric column at the time of measurement, as given by weather forecast products, as input. In parameter studies, we vary the surface albedo and solar zenith angle in ranges typical of the Arctic region. We find the strongest (positive) radiative forcing up to about 48 W m−2 for cirrus over bright snow, whereas the forcing is mostly weaker and even ambiguous, with a rather symmetric range of values down to -35Wm-2, over the open ocean in winter and spring. The IWC structure over several kilometres in the vertical affects the irradiance at the TOA via the distribution of optical thickness. We show the extent to which IWC profiles with a coarser vertical resolution can reflect this effect. Further, a highly variable heating rate profile within the cloud is found which drives dynamical processes and contributes to the thermal stratification at the tropopause. Our case studies highlight the importance of a detailed resolution of cirrus clouds and the consideration of surface albedo for estimations of the radiative energy budget in the Arctic.

This study shows that it is possible to retrieve the temporal evolution of cloud base heights in convective broken cloud fields from data of the SEVIRI instrument onboard the geostationary satellite Meteosat-9. Presented and discussed are time dependent base heights with a temporal resolution of 15 min from morning to afternoon. Cloud base heights retrieved from SEVIRI data are also compared with independent measurements of a ceilometer, with condensation levels calculated from radiosonde data and with base heights obtained from an application of the method to NOAA/AVHRR data. The validation has been performed for three days in the year 2007 and for seven test areas distributed over Germany and neighbouring countries. The standard deviations of the absolute differences between cloud base heights from Meteosat-9 and radiosonde measurements as well as between NOAA/AVHRR and Meteosat-9 results are both of the order of ±290 m. The correlation coefficient is 0.53 for the comparison of satellite with radiosonde measurements and 0.78 for the intercomparison of the satellite measurements. Furthermore, it is shown that the method retrieves the temporal evolution of cloud base heights in very good agreement with time dependent ceilometer measurements.

Clouds affect local surface UV irradiance, even if the horizontal distance from the radiation observation site amounts to several kilometers. In order to investigate this effect, which we call remote clouds effect, a 3-dimensional radiative transfer model is applied. Assuming the atmosphere is subdivided into a quadratic based sector and its surrounding, we quantify the influence of changing cloud coverage within this surrounding from 0% to 100% on surface UV irradiance at the sector center. To work out this remote clouds influence as a function of sector base size, we made some calculations for different sizes between 10 km × 10 km and 100 km × 100 km. It appears that in the case of small sectors (base size < 20 km × 20 km) the remote clouds effect is highly variable: Depending on cloud structure, solar zenith angle and wavelength, the surface UV irradiance may be enhanced up to 15% as well as reduced by more than 50%. In contrast, for larger sectors it is always the case that enhancements become smaller by 5% if sector base size exceeds 60 km × 60 km. However, these values are upper estimates of the remote cloud effects and they are found only for special cloud structures. Since these structures might occur but cannot be regarded as typical, different satellite observed cloud formations (horizontal resolution about 1 km × 1 km) have also been investigated. For these more common cloud distributions we find remote cloud effects to be distinctly smaller than the corresponding upper estimates, e.g., for a sector with base size of 25 km × 25 km the surface UV irradiance error due to ignoring the actual remote clouds and replacing their influence with periodic horizontal boundary conditions is less than 3%, whereas the upper estimate of remote clouds effect would suggest an error close to 10%.Key words: Atmospheric composition and structure (transmission and scattering of radiation) - Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (radiative process)

A parametric study of the instantaneous radiative impact of contrails is presented using three different radiative transfer models for a series of model atmospheres and cloud parameters. Contrails are treated as geometrically and optically thin plane parallel homogeneous cirrus layers in a static atmosphere. The ice water content is varied as a function of ambient temperature. The model atmospheres include tropical, mid-latitude, and subarctic summer and winter atmospheres. Optically thin contrails cause a positive net forcing at top of the atmosphere. At the surface the radiative forcing is negative during daytime. The forcing increases with the optical depth and the amount of contrail cover. At the top of the atmosphere, a mean contrail cover of 0.1% with average optical depth of 0.2 to 0.5 causes about 0.01 to 0.03 Wm-2 daily mean instantaneous radiative forcing. Contrails cool the surface during the day and heat the surface during the night, and hence reduce the daily temperature amplitude. The net effect depends strongly on the daily variation of contrail cloud cover. The indirect radiative forcing due to particle changes in natural cirrus clouds may be of the same magnitude as the direct one due to additional cover.Key words. Atmospheric composition and structure (aerosols and particles) · Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (climatology · radiative processes)

A radiative transfer model for the determination of UV radiation on arbitrarily oriented surfaces is validated by spectral measurements taken directly on the inner surface of a cockpit window of an Airbus A321-231 during a flight from Frankfurt, Germany to Málaga, Spain on 23 August 2018. The simulations consider the UV spectral range from 290 to 400 nm and take into account both the measured spectral transmittance of a cockpit window as well as its construction-related orientation. Comparisons are performed for selected route segments with largely cloud-free conditions. The cruising level of the Airbus on these segments was nearly constant between 11.27 and 11.29 km. UV irradiance measurements at the cockpit window give values within a range of 19 and 26 W m -2 . The comparison of modelled and measured irradiances show a very good agreement, i.e. the relative differences between simulated and measured values range from -2.1% to +4.3%. In addition, horizontally and vertically oriented sensors are simulated for the same flight. The validation results generally underpin the application potential of the model. As an example of this, UV irradiances incident on differently oriented surfaces, as could occur inside and outside of a future flying taxi on a short-haul flight between Munich and Augsburg at low cruising level, are shown.