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Ocean heat uptake is asymmetric with respect to the sign of radiative forcing. It is already known that surface cooling anomalies penetrate into the ocean faster than surface warming anomalies. Because of this asymmetry, the time-variable component of radiative forcing can induce a long-term, rectified cooling trend in ocean heat content, which is this work’s primary focus. Here, we explore this asymmetry and rectification on global and interannual scales, its implications, and its possible dependence on model parameters. We do so using a full-complexity global ocean–sea ice general circulation model and an idealized one-dimensional vertical mixing model, both forced with idealized abrupt and oscillatory surface forcing anomalies. In both models, the ocean heat uptake response to an abrupt cooling perturbation is larger than an equal-magnitude warming perturbation. This asymmetry is shown to be larger when the background vertical diffusivity is smaller, and is therefore likely model dependent. Sinusoidal oscillatory forcing with zero time mean induces a rectified cooling trend in both models, whose magnitude depends on both the diffusivity and the frequency of the interannual oscillatory forcing. The net rectified cooling can reach a rate of approximately −0.11 W m−2, which is substantial relative to the estimated anthropogenic warming rate of 0.47 W m−2 (von Schuckmann et al.). We discuss this rectification effect in the context of volcanic forcing in climate models, whose time-variable component may cause model-dependent ocean cooling in CMIP6 historical simulations, reaching 5%–30% the size of the total impact of volcanic forcing in our one-dimensional model. Correcting for this cooling may help reduce uncertainties in modeled ocean heat content evolution.

The objective of this study was to shed light on structural features which underlay intensity of long wave absorbance of natural organic matter (NOM) using

Aims/hypothesis The adiponectin signalling pathway is largely unknown, but recently the adaptor protein containing pleckstrin homology domain, phosphotyrosine binding domain and leucine zipper motif (APPL1), has been shown to interact directly with adiponectin receptor (ADIPOR)1. APPL1 is present in C2C12 myoblasts and mouse skeletal muscle, but its presence in human skeletal muscle has not been investigated. Methods Samples from type 2 diabetic, and lean and non-diabetic obese participants were analysed by: immunoprecipitation and western blot; HPLC-electrospray ionisation (ESI)-mass spectrometry (MS) analysis; peak area analysis by MS; HPLC-ESI-MS/MS/MS analysis; and RT-PCR analysis of APPL1 mRNA. Results Immunoprecipitation and western blot indicated a band specific to APPL1. Tryptic digestion and HPLC-ESI-MS analysis of whole-muscle homogenate APPL1 unambiguously identified APPL1 with 56% sequence coverage. Peak area analysis by MS validated western blot results, showing APPL1 levels to be significantly increased in type 2 diabetic and obese as compared with lean participants. Targeted phosphopeptide analysis by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS/MS showed that APPL1 was phosphorylated specifically on Ser401. APPL1 mRNA expression was significantly increased in obese and type 2 diabetic participants as compared with lean participants. After bariatric surgery in morbidly obese participants with subsequent weight loss, skeletal muscle APPL1 abundance was significantly reduced (p

The Kolyma River in Northeast Siberia is among the six largest arctic rivers and drains a region underlain by vast deposits of Holocene-aged peat and Pleistocene-aged loess known as yedoma, most of which is currently stored in ice-rich permafrost throughout the region. These peat and yedoma deposits are important sources of dissolved organic matter (DOM) to inland waters that in turn play a significant role in the transport and ultimate remineralization of organic carbon to CO2 and CH4 along the terrestrial flow-path continuum. The turnover and fate of terrigenous DOM during offshore transport will largely depend upon the composition and amount of carbon released to inland and coastal waters. Here, we measured the optical properties of chromophoric DOM (CDOM) from a geographically extensive collection of waters spanning soil pore waters, streams, rivers, and the Kolyma River mainstem throughout a ∼ 250 km transect of the northern Kolyma River basin. During the period of study, CDOM absorbance values were found to be robust proxies for the concentration of DOM, whereas additional CDOM parameters such as spectral slopes (S) were found to be useful indicators of DOM quality along the flow-path. In particular, CDOM absorption at 254 nm showed a strong relationship with dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations across all water types (r2 = 0.958, p < 0.01). The spectral slope ratio (SR) of CDOM demonstrated statistically significant differences between all four water types and tracked changes in the concentration of bioavailable DOC, suggesting that this parameter may be suitable for clearly discriminating shifts in organic matter characteristics among water types along the full flow-path continuum across this landscape. The heterogeneity of environmental characteristics and extensive continuous permafrost of the Kolyma River basin combine to make this a critical region to investigate and monitor. With ongoing and future permafrost degradation, peat and yedoma deposits throughout the Northeast Siberian region will become more hydrologically active, providing greater amounts of DOM to fluvial networks and ultimately to the Arctic Ocean. The ability to rapidly and comprehensively monitor shifts in the quantity and quality of DOM across the landscape is therefore critical for understanding potential future feedbacks on the arctic carbon cycle.

Hydrolysable organic carbon (OC) comprises a significant component of sedimentary particulate matter transferred from land into oceans via rivers. Its abundance and nature are however not well studied in the arctic river systems, and yet may represent an important pool of carbon whose fate remains unclear in the context of mobilization and related processes associated with changing climate. Here, we examine the molecular composition and source of hydrolysable compounds isolated from surface sediments derived from nine rivers across the pan-Arctic. Bound fatty acids (b-FAs), hydroxy FAs, n-alkane-α, ω-dioic acids (DAs) and phenols were the major components released upon hydrolysis of these sediments. Among them, b-FAs received considerable inputs from bacterial and/or algal sources, whereas ω-hydroxy FAs, mid-chain substituted acids, DAs, and hydrolysable phenols were mainly derived from cutin and suberin of higher plants. We further compared the distribution and fate of suberin- and cutin-derived compounds with those of other terrestrial biomarkers (plant wax lipids and lignin phenols) from the same arctic river sediments and conducted a benchmark assessment of several biomarker-based indicators of OC source and extent of degradation. While suberin-specific biomarkers were positively correlated with plant-derived high-molecular-weight (HMW) FAs, lignin phenols were correlated with cutin-derived compounds. These correlations suggest that, similar to leaf-derived cutin, lignin was mainly derived from litter and surface soil horizons, whereas suberin and HMW FAs incorporated significant inputs from belowground sources (roots and deeper soil). This conclusion is supported by the negative correlation between lignin phenols and the ratio of suberin-to-cutin biomarkers. Furthermore, the molecular composition of investigated biomarkers differed between Eurasian and North American arctic rivers: while lignin dominated in the terrestrial OC of Eurasian river sediments, hydrolysable OC represented a much larger fraction in the sedimentary particles from Colville River. Hence, studies exclusively focusing on either plant wax lipids or lignin phenols will not be able to fully unravel the mobilization and fate of bound OC in the arctic rivers. More comprehensive, multi-molecular investigations are needed to better constrain the land-ocean transfer of carbon in the changing Arctic, including further research on the degradation and transfer of both free and bound components in the arctic river sediments.

Oropharyngeal dysphagia (OPD) refers to difficulty swallowing food or a liquid bolus from the oral and pharyngeal cavities into the esophagus and increases the risk of possibly life-threatening pneumonia. Little has been reported on OPD in adults with anorexia nervosa (AN). This study includes a description of OPD in severe AN and discusses potentially effective clinical management.Two hundred and six adults with severe AN, admitted over a five-year period to a national referral center specializing in the multidisciplinary medical stabilization of this population, were retrospectively evaluated by electronic database query and manual chart review. All patients whose initial medical assessment triggered a speech-language pathology (SLP) consultation, due to concerns for OPD, were reviewed in detail.Of the 206 total patients, 42 presented with symptoms of OPD and received SLP consultation. In the OPD cohort, 37 (88%) were women, with median age 32 years old, and mean admission weights of 57% ideal body weight (IBW) and body mass index (BMI) of 12 kg/m(2). Compared with those who did not have OPD, OPD patients had significantly lower BMI on admission (12 kg/m(2) vs. 13.1 kg/m(2), p 0.001), longer stay (21 days vs. 14 days, p 0.001), and were more medically compromised, including a greater incidence of refeeding hypophosphatemia (60.9% vs. 29.7%, p 0.004).Clinical awareness of OPD may reduce the incidence of aspiration pneumonia and promote life-saving oral nutrition in patients with severe AN. Proper, timely evaluation and intervention may improve clinical outcomes.

The purpose of this case report is to increase awareness among clinicians that oropharyngeal dysphagia occurs in patients with severe anorexia nervosa, placing them at risk for aspiration and impeding nutritional rehabilitation.We describe a patient with severe anorexia nervosa who manifested symptoms of dysphagia, with resultant aspiration pneumonia, at the time of her admission for medical stabilization.The speech pathology team administered dysphagia therapy, using neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) in conjunction with swallowing therapy. Following the course of dysphagia treatment intervention, the patient was able to tolerate an oral diet with improved swallowing function and no ongoing aspiration.Patients with severe anorexia nervosa should be screened for possible dysphagia. NMES in the treatment of dysphagia in patients with anorexia nervosa may reduce the need for enteral feeds and prolonged hospitalization.

This report describes lemons learned from the first phase of a domain analysis research project performed for the Office of Naval Research. The goal of this project is to evaluate the current state of the art in the emerging field of domain and employ modern domain analysis methods in an area within command, control, and communications (C3). Based on initial research, domain analysis is not yet a stable field, and appears to be evolving toward new methods being developed for systems analysis. Object-oriented (O-O) methods appear the most popular at this time. Domain engineering, Domain analysis methods, Command, Control and Communications (C3), Software reuse.

Synchrotron radiation from the 2.5 GeV electron synchrotron at the Physikalisch Institut of the University of Bonn has been used to measure the asymmetry parameter for the photoionisation of CH4 as a function of photon energy. Good agreement with existing experimental data is obtained at 21.2 eV. However, the observed slow general increase of beta with photon energy is at variance with published calculated curves. Some structure is observed in the experimental curve and similarities with the 2p photoelectron asymmetry parameter for neon are discussed.

The asymmetry parameter beta for the isoelectronic molecules N2 and CO has been measured using the 5 GeV electron synchrotron NINA at the Daresbury Laboratory to provide elliptically polarised radiation over the energy range 20 to 45 eV. beta values for each of the ionic states X2 Sigma , A2 Pi and B2 Sigma are presented which are in good agreement with existing measurements at 21.2 eV. The data, however, show significant variations in beta with photon energy. Comparison is made with existing calculations and qualitative explanations are offered for several discrepancies between theory and experiment. The data are, however, considerably at variance with theory for the CO+B2 Sigma + state and less so for the corresponding N2+B2 Sigma u+ state.

The influence of mesoscale features (e.g., irrigation projects, desert regions, patches of forest, cities, etc.) on the atmosphere is difficult to determine unless the sensors are very numerous or highly mobile. An instrumented aircraft system permits such measurements and was used to determine the influence of lakes and reservoirs, irrigation, a group of forested hills, a small city, and an area of (dry land) nonirrigated agricultural land on the vertical and horizontal characteristics of the lowest layer of the atmosphere. Studies were conducted over portions of southern Alberta, and southern Idaho. Strong sensible heat advection was found to cause high evaporation from a small lake with the formation of a cool air layer which extended well beyond the lee side of the lake. The flux of water vapor over irrigated land was essentially double that over surrounding nonirrigated areas. A small city produced a heat island which delayed development of a temperature inversion for up to 9 h.

The spatial distributions of photoelectrons from the photoionisation of molecular hydrogen at room temperature have been studied with the aid of synchrotron radiation from the 2.5 GeV electron synchrotron at the Physikalisch Institute, University of Bonn. Values of the asymmetry parameter beta have been determined over the photon energy range 18 to 30 eV. Using a Seya monochromator to produce plane polarised radiation monochromatised to within a bandwidth ranging from 200 to 500 mV, significant departures from beta =+2 are observed in excess of those predicted theoretically. The discrepancy is attributed to the presence of unresolved Delta N=2 rotational branches in the integrated photoelectron spectra.

The effect of a period of starvation and subsequent refeeding on the weight and length of rainbow trout at different times of the year has been investigated. Fish that have been starved for 3 weeks and then fed for 3 weeks show a weight gain equivalent to or greater than that of fish fed normally for the 6 week period, in four out of the five periods studied. The study provided evidence of the adaptation of the fish to starvation followed by what may be termed compensatory growth once feeding was resumed. The length changes of the fish indicate that the weight gains were due to growth rather than increases in gut fat deposits or increased water uptake.

Three chinook situations which occurred in southern Alberta during the winter of 1967–68 were studied using an instrumented aircraft. On the days of observation, local areas experienced warm air penetration toward the surface. On 29 October 1967, severe turbulence and significant warming neat Rolling Hills, Alberta, marked the occurrence. On 18 January 1968, warm air intrusion was found from three large isolated areas of melting snow near Brooks. On 3 February 1968, a shallow layer of cold air covered the southern prairies, with a marked temperature inversion at 50 m above the surface. Local wavelike intrusions of the warm air occurred near Calgary on this day, which was one day previous to the general invasion of warm air from the south. The available data, while somewhat incomplete, were subjected to analysis according to a modified Scorer equation to test for atmospheric and/or topographic inducement of the wave motions observed. Neither method of analysis was completely successful. More detai...

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Thermal gradients were measured in the atmospheric boundary layer over an extensive agricultural region using an instrumented aircraft and a mobile ground station mounted on an automobile. It was noted that sharp changes in the temperature of the surface produce similar temperature changes in the atmosphere above. Near the surface the temperature discontinuities in the atmosphere were located almost immediately above the heat sources or sinks. But higher in the atmosphere, the cooled or heated air persisted for appreciable distances down wind. A large lake and an irrigated region produced 3.0 C and 2.0 C cooling, respectively at 20-m elevation, and virgin prairie caused a temperature increase of 2.0 C in the atmosphere at 20 m. The temperature changes indicated are statistically significant compared, to the temperature of prairie air 8 km up wind at the same elevation.

Potential evapotranspirometers and various evaporation pans are commonly used to estimate potential evapotranspiration. These instruments are expensive, large, difficult to install and use. A black Bellani plate atmometer is suggested as a simple instrument to replace these large tanks. It consists of a black, porous, ceramic plate, mounted on a glazed ceramic cup. The plate surface is kept moist by the water held in the cup. Evaporation from this surface is a measure of the drying ability of the air and is called "latent evaporation". Comparisons of various evaporimeters have shown the Bellani atmometer to be accurate and responsive to meteorological variables.Latent evaporation was compared with open-pan evaporation (from a 4-foot diameter buried tank) at several sites across Canada. Latent evaporation was also compared with evapotranspiration from irrigated field plots and evapotranspirometer tanks. The conversion factor of 0.0034 inches of evapotranspiration from irrigated fields, and 0.0032 inches of open-pan evaporation for each cubic centimetre of latent evaporation has been tentatively established. Latent evaporation and moisture block methods have shown excellent agreement in scheduling irrigation.

Oats grown with different nutrient treatments in temperature-controlled soil in the greenhouse produced higher yields of grain and straw when soil temperature was increased from 41° to 67°F. Yields were usually less at 80°F. than at 41°F. This relationship between growth and soil temperature was also apparent at the heading stage. At 7th leaf, however, the best temperature for growth varied with nutrient treatment. Root yields usually decreased with increase in soil temperature.Increasing soil temperature from 41° to 67°F. increased uptake of N, P and K. In many instances increases in the concentration of N, P and K in the plant contributed to these increases in uptake. The effect of soil temperature on uptake was more consistent for P than for other elements.Nitrates and native phosphorus in incubated soil samples increased with increase in temperature from 41° to 80°F. but exchangeable K values were not affected.

The apparent base temperature, below which plants do not develop towards flowering, was estimated for 10 of the early flowering woody species by means of a modified linear regression analysis. The relationship between average spring temperatures and developmental rates was examined for the same 10 species. The rate of development towards flowering in Acer saccharinum, A. saccharum, Populus tremuloides, P. grandidentata and Ulmus americana was more closely related to average maximum temperatures while in Acer rubrum and Betula papyrifera it was more closely related to minimum temperatures. Alnus rugosa, Acer negundo and Prunus pensylvanica were not markedly influenced by average spring temperatures. The first dates of flowering are also presented for 36 plant species that were observed during the period 1936–1960 at Ottawa, Ont. The marker plants include 18 trees, 6 shrubs, 6 grasses and 6 other herbaceous and weedy species.

A description is given of an airborne instrument system that was designed for mesometeorological research. The system was constructed so that it could be transported in a light twin-engined aircraft (Piper Aztec D), primarily to measure the fluxes of heat, momentum, and water vapor near the surface, together with several climatic variables. Parameters related to aircraft performance, behaviour and position were also measured. Most of the instruments were positioned on a rigid, fuselage-mounted nose-boom.

Hourly and daily counts of air-borne ragweed pollen, AMBROSIA SPP, taken with a volumetric sampler during the 1961 season at Ottawa, Canada, were compared with meteorological events. The time of daily peak concentration of pollen coincided with the time of decreasing relative humidity and development of a super-adiabatic lapse rate in the first 200 ft of atmosphere. Daily variations in pollen count were virtually completely dominated by the local ragweed population and microclimate but could be explained to a limited extent by variations in air mass.On occasions, gravity slide counts using a Durham type apparatus varied qualitatively with volumetric counts, but it was not possible to obtain a constant factor to convert gravity to volumetric counts.

Most meteorological soil moisture budgets do not account for soil moisture stress changes in the drying cycle or for changes in ground cover or expanding root system. A simple modulated technique is described which considers these factors. Soil moisture stress determined by this technique has a significantly higher correlation with wheat yield than does moisture stress determined by a common method.

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A vertical anemometer of the propeller type is described. The instrument is sensitive and economical and output is acceptable to most zero-center millivolt recorders. The voltage output reverses in polarity when the direction of rotation reverses (updrafts or downdrafts).

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It has been, and is, the search of investigators in the general area of soil-plant-moisture relationships to devise tools and techniques to obtain a space-integrated measure of soil moisture content and soil moisture losses. Meteorological methods have promise of accomplishing this. Marlatt, Havens, Willits, and BnIl [1961] have made a significant contribution in this regard. Their work and that of their predecessors should stimulate research in this direction.

Leukocytes from two macropod marsupials, the quokka (Setonix brachyuras) and the tammar (Macropus eugenii) were separated from whole blood by dextran sedimentation and established in culture with either phytohemagglutinin-P, concanavalin A, or pokeweed mitogen. The leukocyte response to each mitogen, as measured by the incorporation of tritiated thymidine into DNA, was similar to that described in other experimental systems. These results suggest that the functional elements of the cellular immune response in marsupials may have evolved along very similar lines to those in the eutherian mammals.

Three vaccines, BCG Glaxo alone (vaccine A), BCG Glaxo plus 10(7) killed Mycobacterium vaccae (vaccine B), and BCG Glaxo plus 10(7) killed M. leprae (vaccine C), were given to groups of selected children. The effects of these vaccines on subsequent quadruple skin testing 1-3 years after vaccination were compared. All three vaccines equally and significantly (p less than 0.00001) increased positivity to tuberculin, but only vaccine B was found to significantly enhance development of skin-test positivity to leprosin A (p less than 0.002). The data support the evidence previously obtained in rural Iran that the combination of BCG with killed M. vaccae is likely to be a better vaccine for leprosy than is BCG alone.

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