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Glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) activities in thermally processed beef samples were determined with a diagnostic test kit (no. 505P, Transaminases ALT/GPT and AST/GOT, Sigma Chemical Co.) procedure for possible use as indicators of cooking end-point temperatures (EPTs) between 71.1 and 82.2°C. GOT activity in the beef samples decreased curvilinearly with increasing EPTs. Activity was 3,450, 120, and 6 Sigma-Frankel units/ml (SFUs/ml) at 71.1, 75.6, and 82.2°C, respectively; a reduction of 99.8%. GOT values at 78.9,79.4, and 80.0°C, the critical range of EPTs in evaluating beef logs imported from South America, were 31, 17, and 14 SFUs/ml, respectively. Values within this range of temperatures differed significantly (P < 0.05); we suggest that residual GOT activity may be used as an EPT indicator for imported cooked beef products.

The ion-atom merged-beam apparatus at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Oak Ridge, Tennessee has been successful in measuring absolute cross sections of charge transfer between atomic ions and hydrogen atoms for many years. Moreover, the first molecular ion measurements with the current version of the apparatus, performed for D2+ + H, are used to benchmark theory between 0.5 - 2 keV/u including vibrationally specific adiabatic theory for the (H2–H)+ complex, the most fundamental ion-molecule two-electron system. The absolute cross section of direct charge transfer in D2+ + H was measured with the merged-beam apparatus between 2.0 keV/u - 10 keV/u, and is presented here. The new measurements agree with McGrath et al. measurements at their lowest energy of 10 keV/u. These new measurements show that, besides the local maximum at 0.1 keV/u observed in our previous measurements, the absolute cross section also has a maximum around 2.2 keV/u, delineating an oscillation-like structure.

Oil from seed of many Cuphea (Lythraceae) species is abundant in medium-chain fatty acids (C8-C14). The fatty acids are valuable to industry and obtained from petrochemicals and tropical plants. Cuphea could provide a valuable temperate plant source of fatty acids, but there are agronomic limitations to commercial production. Many Cuphea spp. are entomophilous, so finding suitable pollinators will enhance development of the crop. In the study, the pollinating ability of three insects, honey bee, Apis mellifera L.; bumble bee, Bombus bimaculatus Cresson; and horned-face bee, Osmia cornifrons (Radoszkowski), were tested on Cuphea lanceolata W.T. Aiton and Cuphea ignia A. DC in insect-proof cages in the field. Based on harvested seed weight, the honey bee was an efficient pollinator of C. lanceolata with significantly more seed produced (40.9 g) than the no-pollinator check (9.8 g). The honey bee was not significantly different than the bumble bee (20.7 g) or O. cornifrons (25.6 g). The honey bee also was an efficient pollinator of C. ignia, with significantly more seed produced than any other pollinator. Bombus spp. are excellent pollinators of Cuphea, but our results indicated B. bimaculatus was an inefficient pollinator of C. ignia in field cages.

Changes in nutrient content of grazed and clipped forages during the growing season were evaluated over a 2-yr period via samples from native range in southwestern Idaho. Mature, ruminally fistulated beef cows were used from April to September (yr 1; n = 4) and May to October (yr 2, n = 3) to collect masticated diet samples every 2 to 4 wk. Clipped samples were also collected concurrent with grazed samples. Attempts were made to clip forage similar to what the cows had been observed to be consuming; however, cattle selected (P < 0.05) a diet higher in nutritive quality than what was clipped for some nutrients. In yr 1, forage CP was greater (P = 0.05) in grazed than clipped samples in July, whereas in yr 2 grazed CP tended (P = 0.06) to be greater in August and was greater (P < 0.05) in September than clipped samples. Nutrient content of samples was adequate to meet lactating beef cow needs (NRC requirements) for CP and TDN until mid to late summer and adequate for K but deficient for P, Na, Ca, Mg, and S throughout the grazing season. Micronutrients Fe, Mn, and Mo were adequate during the grazing season, whereas Cu and Zn were deficient. Based on the variation in nutrient content by month, we report that forage quality is highly variable throughout the grazing season. Furthermore, clipped sample nutrient content is generally similar to grazed sample content and provides an adequate prediction of consumed forage quality.

A survey was conducted to quantify incidence of Beef Quality Assurance (BQA)-related defects in market beef and dairy cows and bulls selling at auction during 2 seasons in 2008. Twenty-three BQA-related traits were evaluated by 9 trained personnel during sales at 10 livestock auction markets in Idaho (n = 5; beef and dairy), California, (n = 4; dairy only), and Utah (n = 1; beef and dairy). Overall, 18,949 unique lots (8,213 beef cows, 1,036 beef bulls, 9,177 dairy cows, and 523 dairy bulls,) consisting of 23,479 animals (9,299 beef cows, 1,091 beef bulls, 12,429 dairy cows, and 660 dairy bulls) were evaluated during 125 sales (64 spring, 61 fall) for dairy and 79 sales (40 spring, 39 fall) for beef. The majority of market beef cows and bulls (60.9 and 71.3%, respectively) were predominantly black-hided, and the Holstein hide pattern was observed in 95.4 and 93.6% of market dairy cows and bulls, respectively. Market cattle weighed 548 ± 103.6 kg (beef cows), 751 ± 176.1 kg (beef bulls), 658 ± 129.7 kg (dairy cows), and 731 ± 150.8 kg (dairy bulls). Most beef cows (79.6%) weighed 455 to 726 kg, and most beef bulls (73.8%) weighed 545 to 954 kg, respectively. Among market beef cattle, 16.0% of cows and 14.5% of bulls weighed less than 455 and 545 kg, respectively, and 63.7% of dairy cows and 81.5% of dairy bulls weighed 545 to 817 kg or 545 to 954 kg, respectively. However, 19.5% of dairy cows and 13.1% of dairy bulls weighed less than 545 kg. Mean BCS for beef cattle (9-point scale) was 4.7 ± 1.2 (cows) and 5.3 ± 0.9 (bulls), and for dairy cattle (5-point scale) was 2.6 ± 0.8 (cows) and 2.9 ± 0.6 (bulls). Some 16.5% of beef cows and 4.1% of beef bulls had a BCS of 1 to 3, whereas 34.8% of dairy cows and 10.4% of dairy bulls had a BCS of 2 or less. Emaciation (beef BCS = 1, dairy BCS = 1.0) or near-emaciation (beef BCS = 2, dairy BCS = 1.5) was observed in 13.3% of dairy cows and 3.9% of beef cows. Among beef cattle, 15.1% of cows and 15.4% of bulls were considered lame. In contrast, 44.7% of dairy cows and 26.1% of dairy bulls were lame. Ocular neoplasia (cancer eye) was observed in only 0.6% of beef cows, 0.3% of beef bulls, 0.3% of dairy cows, and 0.0% of dairy bulls. However, among animals with ocular neoplasia, it was cancerous in 34.4% of beef bulls, 48.0% of dairy cows, and 73.3% of beef cows. In conclusion, numerous quality defects are present in market beef and dairy cattle selling at auction in the Western United States, which could influence their value at auction.

Relative effects of Beef Quality Assurance (BQA)-related defects in market beef and dairy cows and bulls on selling price at auction was evaluated during 2008. The presence and severity of 23 BQA-related traits were determined during sales in Idaho, California, and Utah. Overall, 18,949 unique lots consisting of 23,479 animals were assessed during 125 dairy sales and 79 beef sales. Mean sale price ± SD (per 45.5 kg) for market beef cows, beef bulls, dairy cows, and dairy bulls was $45.15 ± 9.42, $56.30 ± 9.21, $42.23 ± 12.26, and $55.10 ± 9.07, respectively. When combined, all recorded traits explained 36% of the variation in selling price in beef cows, 35% in beef bulls, 61% in dairy cows, and 56% in dairy bulls. Premiums and discounts were determined in comparison with a "par" or "base" animal. Compared with a base BCS 5 beef cow (on a 9-point beef scale), BCS 1 to 4 cows were discounted (P < 0.0001), whereas premiums (P < 0.05) were estimated for BCS 6 to 8. Compared with a base BCS 3.0 dairy cow (on a 5-point dairy scale), more body condition resulted in a premium (P ≤ 0.001), whereas a less-than-desirable BCS of 2.0 or 2.5 was discounted (P < 0.0001). Emaciated or near-emaciated cows (beef BCS 1 or 2; dairy BCS 1.0 or 1.5) were discounted (P < 0.0001). Compared with base cows weighing 545 to 635 kg, lighter BW beef cows were discounted (P < 0.0001), whereas heavier beef cows received (P < 0.05) a premium. Compared with a base dairy cow weighing 636 to 727 kg, lighter BW cows were discounted (P < 0.0001), whereas heavier cows (727 to 909 kg) received a premium (P < 0.01). Beef and dairy cows with any evidence of lameness were discounted (P < 0.0001). Presence of ocular neoplasia in the precancerous stage discounted (P = 0.05) beef cows and discounted (P < 0.01) dairy cows, whereas at the cancerous stage, it discounted (P < 0.0001) all cows. Hide color influenced (P < 0.0001) selling price in beef cattle but had no effect (P = 0.17) in dairy cows. Animals that were visibly sick were discounted (P < 0.0001). Results suggest that improving BCS and BW, which producers can do at the farm or ranch level, positively affects sale price. Furthermore, animals that are visibly sick or have a defect associated with a possible antibiotic risk will be discounted. Ultimately, animals with minor quality defects should be sold in a timely manner before the defect advances and the discount increases.

Summary Thermal demagnetization of the natural magnetization of Carboniferous basalts from Scotland has successfully revealed the original direction of magnetization, although the specimens had badly scattered directions at room temperature.

Summary Palaeomagnetic measurements on rhyolites from Northern Ireland showed that there were two components of magnetization present. A normal component with magnetic characteristics appropriate to a viscous magnetization disappeared at temperatures of about 170–220° C. The remaining magnetization at higher temperatures was opposed to the direction of the Earth's present magnetic field, and was interpreted as a stable magnetization originally acquired by the rhyolite in a reversed magnetic field.

Infrared spectra of mass-selected F - -(CH 4 ) n (n = 1-8) clusters are recorded in the CH stretching region (2500-3100 cm -1 ). Spectra for the n = 1-3 clusters are interpreted with the aid of ab initio calculations at the MP2/6-311++G(2df 2p) level, which suggest that the CH4 ligands bind to F - by equivalent, linear hydrogen bonds. Anharmonic frequencies for CH 4 and F - -CH 4 are determined using the vibrational self-consistent field method with second-order perturbation theory correction. The n = 1 complex is predicted to have a C 3v structure with a single CH group hydrogen bonded to F - . Its spectrum exhibits a parallel band associated with a stretching vibration of the hydrogen-bonded CH group that is red-shifted by 380 cm -1 from the v 1 band of free CH 4 and a perpendicular band associated with the asymmetric stretching motion of the nonbonded CH groups, slightly red-shifted from the v 3 band of free CH 4 . As n increases, additional vibrational bands appear as a result of Fermi resonances between the hydrogen-bonded CH stretching vibrational mode and the 2v 4 overtone and v 2 + v 4 combination levels of the methane solvent molecules. For clusters with n ≤ 8, it appears that the CH 4 molecules are accommodated in the first solvation shell, each being attached to the F - anion by equivalent hydrogen bonds.

The infrared spectrum of F−–H2 is measured over the H–H stretch region. The νHH transition occurs at 3220 cm−1, displaced 940 cm−1 to lower energy from the H2 fundamental vibrational transition. A weaker band at 3640 cm−1 is assigned to νHH in combination with the intermolecular stretch vibration (νHH + νs). The experimental νHH frequency agrees with a prediction based on an ab initio H–H potential energy curve calculated at the CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVQZ level. Absence of resolved rotational structure in the νHH band suggests that rovibrational lines are lifetime broadened and that F−–H2 in the νHH = 1 level predissociates on a < 3 ps timescale.

Vibrational predissociation spectroscopy is used to obtain infrared spectra of the Cl−–C6H6, Br−–C6H6, and I−–C6H6 complexes in the region of the benzene CH stretch vibrations (2800–3200 cm−1). The infrared spectra of the three dimers are similar, each exhibiting several narrow bands (full width at half maximum

Until 1997, honey bees, Apis mellifera L., were used to pollinate Brassicaceae grown in field cages at the North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station (NCRPIS), at Ames, IA. At this time, a solitary bee, Osmia cornifrons (Radoszkowski), was first employed to pollinate the crop in field cages; however, a native bee species, Osmia lignaria subsp. lignaria Say, out-competes O. cornifrons in central Iowa for artificial nesting sites erected for rearing. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of these two solitary bee species for producing Brassica napus, B. rapa, and Sinapis alba seed in field cages. There was no difference in seed production for the S. alba accession, PI 209022, or the B. rapa accession, PI 278766, between the two species of Osmia. But, the B. rapa accession, PI 392025, and the B. napus accession, PI 469944, produced significantly more seed when pollinated by O. lignaria subsp. lignaria than by O. cornifrons. Because the native bee is easier to rear and maintain, it will be the pollinator of choice for control pollinating collections of Brassicaceae species maintained at NCRPIS. The commercial use of O. lignaria subsp. lignaria or the related subspecies, O. lignaria subsp. propinqua, should be investigated for improving the production of canola and rapeseed.

Infrared spectra of Cl − –C 2 H 2 ·Ar, Br − –C 2 H 2 ·Ar, and I − –C 2 H 2 ·Ar are recorded in the C–H stretch region by monitoring production of X − –C 2 H 2 photofragments. Each spectrum exhibits a single band corresponding to the vibration of a hydrogen-bonded C–H unit ( ν HB =2882, 2982, 3075 cm −1 for Cl − –C 2 H 2 ·Ar, Br − –C 2 H 2 ·Ar, I − –C 2 H 2 ·Ar, respectively). Marked differences between the spectra of Cl − –C 2 H 2 ·Ar and Cl − –C 2 H 2 are attributable to the strong Cl − –HCCH bond which prevents cold Cl − –C 2 H 2 complexes from dissociating following absorption of an infrared photon. The evidence suggests that addition of the first few Ar solvent atoms has a minor influence on the C–H stretch vibrations of the halide–acetylene complexes.

The mid-infrared spectrum of the 37Cl−–H2 anion complex has been measured over the 3990–4050 cm−1 range (H–H stretch region) using infrared vibrational predissociation spectroscopy. The spectrum features a well resolved Σ–Σ transition red shifted by 156 cm−1 from the free H2 molecule stretch. Analysis of the P and R branch line positions using a linear molecule energy level expression yields ν0=4004.77±0.08 cm−1, B″=0.853±0.002 cm−1, D″=(9.3±1.0)×10−5cm−1, B′=0.919±0.002 cm−1, and D′=(9.0±1.0)×10−5 cm−1. The Cl−–H2 complex appears to have a linear equilibrium structure, with a vibrationally averaged separation of 3.19 A between the Cl− and the H2 center-of-mass. Vibrational excitation of the H–H stretch induces a 0.12 A contraction in the intermolecular bond.

Twelve Peruvian maize, Zea mays, accessions were selected because of their relatively high level of field resistance to first-generation European corn borer (ECB), Ostrinia nubilalis, larval leaf-feeding. Water extracts of freeze-dried, powdered, leaf tissue were incorporated into a standard ECB diet, fed to larvae, and the effects on larval growth, development, and fecundity were measured. Larval and pupal weights were monitored as were the time elapsed in the larval, pupal, and adult stages. Adult fecundity and egg fertility were recorded. The experiment was a randomized block design (larvae and pupae) or a completely randomized design (adults) and analyzed with ANOVA (α = 0.05). Pairwise comparisons were made between groups of insects grown on diets containing extracts from the Peruvian lines, a standard diet, or diets containing extracts of a known susceptible inbred, and a known resistant inbred line. Survival was analyzed with a chi-squared test (α = 0.05). Two Peruvian accessions significantly reduced female larval and pupal weights, extended pupal and adult development time, and decreased survival of pupae and adults. Water extracts also had a pronounced impact on males; two accessions significantly reduced pupal weight and extended the time required to pupate, and one reduced male survival to adults. The results indicate that water-soluble factors from resistant Peruvian accessions inhibit the growth, developmental time, and survival of ECB. These resistance factors could be useful in the development of maize germplasm with insect-resistant traits.

Arginine (ARG) may be a significant precursor for proline (PRO) synthesis; therefore in vivo ARG kinetics were studied. Eighteen intact, male, Yorkshire piglets, 2–4 d of age, underwent surgery to install catheters into the jugular vein for blood sampling, the stomach for feeding and the femoral vein for isotope infusion. Piglets were randomly assigned to either a low ARG (–ARG), a low PRO (–PRO) or a control (CON) diet. After 7 d, there was no difference between diets in average daily gain, feed to gain ratio, or in the concentration of protein, fat or ash in the piglet bodies on a dry matter basis. A primed constant infusion of U-14C-ARG (prime = 278 kBq kg−1; constant = 370 kBq kg−1 h−1) was performed for 4 h with blood and breath samples taken at 30-min intervals. There were no significant differences among diets in the amount of 14C-ARG oxidized to 14C-CO2. ARG flux was not significantly different among diets (–ARG = 306.2; –PRO = 584.5; CON = 407.61 μmol kg−1 h−1). Diet affected the fractional rate of conversion of ARG to citrulline (–ARG = 4.7; –PRO = 87.2; CON = 23.1 μmol kg−1 h−1, P = 0.07) and PRO (–ARG = 0.8; –PRO = 56.6; CON = 2.9 μmol kg−1 h−1, P = 0.1). Differences in fractional rate of conversion of labelled ARG to ornithine (–ARG = 14.5; –PRO = 69.3; CON = 19.2 μmol kg−1 h−1) or glutamate (–ARG = 13.3; –PRO = 5.3; CON = 6.5 μmol kg−1 h−1) were not significant. The conversion of ARG to PRO has not previously been reported in vivo in the neonatal piglet. These data indicate that intravenously supplied ARG is a significant precursor for endogenous PRO synthesis in the neonatal piglet. Key words: Arginine, proline, swine, amino acids, urea cycle, requirement

Partial control of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), in maize, Zea mays L., has been achieved through germplasm resistant to leaf feeding that was incorporated into breeding populations. Leaf-feeding resistance to European corn borer in maize had generally been attributed to presence of the chemical 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA). New sources of resistance, other than that mediated by DIMBOA, are desirable for developing new resistant cultivars. From 1990 to 1992, 1,601 accessions of Peruvian maize maintained in the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System were evaluated for leaf-feeding resistance to European corn borer. Eleven resistant accessions were identified, all of which originated from Peru's north coast. The 11 resistant accessions were then analyzed for 6-methoxybenzoxazolinone (MBOA), the degradation product of DIMBOA and an indicator of DIMBOA levels present in the plant. All 11 resistant accessions contained low MBOA concentrations, equivalent to that found in the susceptible inbred WF9, indicating that DIMBOA is not the basis of this resistance. The factor(s) underlying this source of host plant resistance remains to be determined. Six morphologically diverse Peruvian maize races were evaluated in the greenhouse for ovipositional nonpreference by the European corn borer. Some differences were noted, but morphological factors could not be confirmed as causing the differences.

New sources of com ear worm, Helicoverpa zea (Baddie), silk feeding resistance art' needed to protect the maize, Zea mays L., crop without increasing the use of pesticides. Previous evaluation of popcorn germ plasm with red peri carp color showed a high incidence of resistance. Within the National Plant Germ plasm System, there are 15 maize accessions with pure red peri carp color. These 15 accessions were grown in the field at Ames, lA, and Tifton, GA. Fresh silks were collected, dried, and incorporated into a standard pinto bean diet for rearing corn ear worms. Diets were infested with neonates, and the larvae were weighed after 8 d. Results of the diet testing identified four plant introduction accessions that produced 8-d larval weights equal to the resistant control, ‘Zapalote Chico’. The 15 accessions were analyzed for the presence of maysin, three of its analogues, and chlorogenic acid. One accession, PI 245138, had low levels of maysin but was resistant. In addition, eight maize accessions acquired by the National Plant Germ plasm System from 1948 to 1951 were evaluated for corn ear worm silk feeding resistance at Ames and Tifton. One accession, PI 172.328, was rated resistant at both locations.

Glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) activities in chicken and turkey thigh and breast meat samples, thermally processed at 60-84 degrees C in a model heat-treating system, were evaluated for use as indicators of end-point cooking temperatures (EPT). Wings, breasts, thighs and legs from commercially cooked, whole, roasted chickens and commercially processed products containing chicken and turkey meat were analyzed also to determine if residual GOT activities would indicate compliance with recent FDA/FSIS EPT recommendations. Activities of samples processed in the model system decreased logarithmically with increasing temperatures. GOT activities were higher (P < 0.05) in thigh meat than breast meat in both chicken and turkey samples; activities were higher in turkey than chicken. GOT values for chicken thigh and breast meat at 74 degrees C, the FDA/FSIS recommended EPT for use by food handlers and retailers, were 735 and 164 Sigma-Frankel units ml-1 (SFU ml-1), respectively. Values for turkey thigh and breast meat at this temperature were 1080 and 450 SFU ml-1, respectively. The range of activities was 7-13 SFU ml-1 in commercially prepared chicken products and 27-161 SFU ml-1 in turkey products. Analysis of these products showed adequate cooking and compliance with FDA/FSIS recommended EPT for retail sale. These data indicate that residual GOT activity in processed poultry has potential for use as an indicator of EPT.

This paper is concerned with the rigorous determination of the stress intensity factors of an arbitrary located and oriented angled crack in discs using the finite element method. Three different loading conditions are examined: boundary loadings resulting from disc attachments and/or interference fit with a rotating shaft, body forces resulting from rotation at a constant angular velocity and thermal stresses associated with a quadratic radial temperature distribution. Three techniques are adopted in the evaluation of the resulting mixed-mode stress intensity factors: direct extrapolation methods, virtual crack extension and J -integral method. Verification with available referenced solutions for the simple case of a radial crack is provided and merits and limitations associated with the above three methods are discussed.

Relative effects of Beef Quality Assurance (BQA)-related defects in market beef and dairy cows and bulls on selling price at auction was evaluated during 2008. The presence and severity of 23 BQA-related traits were determined during sales in Idaho, California, and Utah. Overall, 18,949 unique lots consisting of 23,479 animals were assessed during 125 dairy sales and 79 beef sales. Mean sale price ± SD (per 45.5 kg) for market beef cows, beef bulls, dairy cows, and dairy bulls was $45.15 ± 9.42, $56.30 ± 9.21, $42.23 ± 12.26, and $55.10 ± 9.07, respectively. When combined, all recorded traits explained 36% of the variation in selling price in beef cows, 35% in beef bulls, 61% in dairy cows, and 56% in dairy bulls. Premiums and discounts were determined in comparison with a "par" or "base" animal. Compared with a base BCS 5 beef cow (on a 9-point beef scale), BCS 1 to 4 cows were discounted (P0.0001), whereas premiums (P0.05) were estimated for BCS 6 to 8. Compared with a base BCS 3.0 dairy cow (on a 5-point dairy scale), more body condition resulted in a premium (P ≤ 0.001), whereas a less-than-desirable BCS of 2.0 or 2.5 was discounted (P0.0001). Emaciated or near-emaciated cows (beef BCS 1 or 2; dairy BCS 1.0 or 1.5) were discounted (P0.0001). Compared with base cows weighing 545 to 635 kg, lighter BW beef cows were discounted (P0.0001), whereas heavier beef cows received (P0.05) a premium. Compared with a base dairy cow weighing 636 to 727 kg, lighter BW cows were discounted (P0.0001), whereas heavier cows (727 to 909 kg) received a premium (P0.01). Beef and dairy cows with any evidence of lameness were discounted (P0.0001). Presence of ocular neoplasia in the precancerous stage discounted (P = 0.05) beef cows and discounted (P0.01) dairy cows, whereas at the cancerous stage, it discounted (P0.0001) all cows. Hide color influenced (P0.0001) selling price in beef cattle but had no effect (P = 0.17) in dairy cows. Animals that were visibly sick were discounted (P0.0001). Results suggest that improving BCS and BW, which producers can do at the farm or ranch level, positively affects sale price. Furthermore, animals that are visibly sick or have a defect associated with a possible antibiotic risk will be discounted. Ultimately, animals with minor quality defects should be sold in a timely manner before the defect advances and the discount increases.

A survey was conducted to quantify incidence of Beef Quality Assurance (BQA)-related defects in market beef and dairy cows and bulls selling at auction during 2 seasons in 2008. Twenty-three BQA-related traits were evaluated by 9 trained personnel during sales at 10 livestock auction markets in Idaho (n = 5; beef and dairy), California, (n = 4; dairy only), and Utah (n = 1; beef and dairy). Overall, 18,949 unique lots (8,213 beef cows, 1,036 beef bulls, 9,177 dairy cows, and 523 dairy bulls,) consisting of 23,479 animals (9,299 beef cows, 1,091 beef bulls, 12,429 dairy cows, and 660 dairy bulls) were evaluated during 125 sales (64 spring, 61 fall) for dairy and 79 sales (40 spring, 39 fall) for beef. The majority of market beef cows and bulls (60.9 and 71.3%, respectively) were predominantly black-hided, and the Holstein hide pattern was observed in 95.4 and 93.6% of market dairy cows and bulls, respectively. Market cattle weighed 548 ± 103.6 kg (beef cows), 751 ± 176.1 kg (beef bulls), 658 ± 129.7 kg (dairy cows), and 731 ± 150.8 kg (dairy bulls). Most beef cows (79.6%) weighed 455 to 726 kg, and most beef bulls (73.8%) weighed 545 to 954 kg, respectively. Among market beef cattle, 16.0% of cows and 14.5% of bulls weighed less than 455 and 545 kg, respectively, and 63.7% of dairy cows and 81.5% of dairy bulls weighed 545 to 817 kg or 545 to 954 kg, respectively. However, 19.5% of dairy cows and 13.1% of dairy bulls weighed less than 545 kg. Mean BCS for beef cattle (9-point scale) was 4.7 ± 1.2 (cows) and 5.3 ± 0.9 (bulls), and for dairy cattle (5-point scale) was 2.6 ± 0.8 (cows) and 2.9 ± 0.6 (bulls). Some 16.5% of beef cows and 4.1% of beef bulls had a BCS of 1 to 3, whereas 34.8% of dairy cows and 10.4% of dairy bulls had a BCS of 2 or less. Emaciation (beef BCS = 1, dairy BCS = 1.0) or near-emaciation (beef BCS = 2, dairy BCS = 1.5) was observed in 13.3% of dairy cows and 3.9% of beef cows. Among beef cattle, 15.1% of cows and 15.4% of bulls were considered lame. In contrast, 44.7% of dairy cows and 26.1% of dairy bulls were lame. Ocular neoplasia (cancer eye) was observed in only 0.6% of beef cows, 0.3% of beef bulls, 0.3% of dairy cows, and 0.0% of dairy bulls. However, among animals with ocular neoplasia, it was cancerous in 34.4% of beef bulls, 48.0% of dairy cows, and 73.3% of beef cows. In conclusion, numerous quality defects are present in market beef and dairy cattle selling at auction in the Western United States, which could influence their value at auction.

Two broiler carcass washers were designed, constructed, and installed in the poultry processing lab at the Richard B. Russell Research Center in Athens, GA. One washer (W1) was installed on the processing line between the scalder and the picker, and the second washer (W2) was installed after the picker. Hot water (approx. 57°C, ≈135°F) was supplied to W1 through an adjustable steam mixing valve; tap water (approx. 16°C, ≈60°F) was used in W2; water line pressure to each washer was maintained at approx. 275.8 kPa (40 psi) for all trials. Processing line speed was adjusted to allow approx. 4.5 s of washing action from the spray nozzles on each carcass. Immediately after administration of treatments, carcasses were removed from the picking line shackles and were subjected to the whole bird rinse procedure for microbiological analysis. No significant difference was found (P>.05)in microbial counts between carcasses washed before defeathering and those not washed before defeathering. The process of defeathering appears to equalize microbial populations among the carcasses as they pass through the picking machine.

The U.S. National Germplasm System’s active collection of popcorn, Zea mays L., is maintained at the North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station at Ames, IA. From 1983 to 1989 and from 1982 to 1990, 299 accessions of this collection were evaluated for sources of resistance to com earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), and European com borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), respectively. During 1990, 32 accessions previously rated as resistant to com earworm, and in 1991, 39 accessions previously rated as resistant to leaf feeding by first-generation European com borer were retested for resistance. Com earworm larval weights, when grown on silks from 21 of the 32 accessions retested for resistance, were not significantly different from the weights of larvae grown on the resistant control but were significantly smaller than larvae grown on the susceptible control. Fourteen of the 39 accessions retested for first-generation feeding resistance to European com borer retained their resistance. Genetic studies will be necessary to determine if these new sources of resistance are governed by genes different from those in previously identified sources.

Silks of popcorn, Zea mays L., in the Eldredge collection were evaluated for effects on growth of larvae of the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), and assayed for content of maysin, chlorogenic acid, apimaysin, and 3’-methoxymaysin. The weights of 9-d-old larvae ranged from 8 mg on ‘PI340856’ to 952 mg on ‘PI340855’. Silks from about one-third of the popcorn collection produced corn earworm larvae equal to or smaller than larvae that fed on silks of the resistant standard, ‘Zapalote Chico’. Content of maysin, a luteolin-C-glycoside, ranged from zero for eighteen PIs to 1.128% for ‘PI340856’. Significant negative correlations were found between contents of all four allelochemicals assayed and larval weights. Silks of ‘PI340853’ had no detectable levels of any of the allelochemicals assayed, yet they produced larvae with an average weight of only 37 mg. Silks of several introductions had higher concentrations of chlorogenic acid, apimaysin, and 3’-methoxymaysin than silks of ‘Zapalote Chico’.

Spoilage rates of ground turkey and ground beef were compared. Clean muscle tissue of the two livestock species were ground in a hygienic manner, providing initial mesotrophic counts (72 h at 25°C) in the range of ca. 102-3 CFU/g. Moisture, fat, and protein contents for the ground products were similar. Each ground product was subjected to the following treatments: a) uninoculated control, b) inoculated with a low level of turkey flora, c) inoculated with a high level of turkey flora, d) inoculated with a low level of beef flora, and e) inoculated with a high level of beef flora. Three replicate analyses were performed on the products which were held at 5°C in air-permeable plastic bags. Five subsamples (20-25 g) were taken for each of the five analysis times over 10 d of storage. At completion of storage, bacterial counts varied from 103.5 to 109.2 CFU/g, with the turkey control group at the lower end of the range. Our findings indicate no significant difference between the spoilage rates of the two ground products, regardless of treatment or origin of species.

An experimental carcass cleaning machine was designed and constructed in a pilot setting, then installed and field-tested on a commercial broiler processing (i.e., picking) line operating at 160 birds per min. Powered brushes and water sprays provided the means for removal of dirt and fecal material from the thighs, vent and breast areas of the carcass. With a brush length of 2.4 m, each carcass was scrubbed for approximately 6 s. The powered brushes rotated at 65 rpm and provided a constant downward cleaning force on the carcasses. With brushes 25.4 cm in diameter, commercial, on-line testing produced a machine effluent of 1754 mg total solids/L. Increasing the brush diameter to 35.6 cm and using larger diameter, hence stiffer bristles, increased the total solids content of the effluent water to 2135 mg/L. Machine operation also significantly reduced the total solids content of scalder water. Furthermore, visual appearance of the skin was not adversely affected by the use of the larger brushes and stiffer bristles.

A physical treatment was applied to broiler carcasses during commercial processing to evaluate its effectiveness in shortening the postmortem time necessary to achieve tenderness in cooked Pectoralis major (P. major) meat. Pectoralis major muscles were stretched by using cable ties to position the wings behind the back of the carcass. The restraints were removed from the carcasses at two postchill times: within 15 min (WR) and after 1 h (WR + 1). Treated carcasses were compared with a control group of carcasses. Pectoralis major muscles were removed from control carcasses and WR carcasses between 10 and 15 min postchill. Muscles were held at 2 C until the next day, when they were cooked. Two 1.9-cm-wide strips, noted as anterior and medial, were removed from each sample and objective texture determined. The experiment was replicated five times with a total of 82, 80, and 79 carcasses evaluated for the control, WR, and WR + 1 groups, respectively. There were significant differences in objective texture due to the physical treatment and location in the muscle. The lowest shear value (5.5 kg) was noted for the WR + 1 group at the anterior location. Significantly lower shear values were noted for the anterior strip compared with the medial strip. Physically restraining the P. major muscles during processing and holding for 1 h postchill resulted in a significant reduction in force to shear broiler breast meat.

Discovery that popcorn (Zea mays L.) PI 340856 was resistant to corn earworm ( Heliothis zea (Boddie)) led us to evaluate 34 additional lines developed by J. C. Eldredge for resistance to corn earworm, European corn borer (Ostrinta nubtlalis (Hubner)), and fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith). The 35 lines were evaluated for corn earworm resistance in the field with artificial infestation at Ames, Iowa, and Tifton, Ga., and with natural infestation at Hermiston, Oreg. None of the lines was better than the resistant check, ‘Zapalote Chico’ (PI 217413), at any of the three locations. Several lines had significantly better damage ratings than the susceptible checks. A bioassay of these materials for corn earworm resistance was run in the laboratory at Ames and Tifton by adding dried maize silks to laboratory diets and monitoring insect growth and development. Six lines were evaluated as resistant at both locations. In the field at Ames, two of these six lines were rated resistant to European corn borer. Fall armyworm field resistance ratings at Tifton indicated that one line was resistant after 7 d, but it was intermediate after 14 d. The J. C. Eldredge collection of popcorns provides sources of antibiosis to corn earworm and European corn borer and is available for use by plant breeders. Corn earworm resistance may be enhanced by breeding for husk protection, which may provide an environment that will capitalize on the antibiotic factors found in the maize silks.

The effects of various feed withdrawal times on yields, pH, and shear values of breast meat deboned 4 h post-mortem (PM) were determined. A total of 144 commercially reared female broilers was obtained from the holding area of a local processor, and housed for 5 days in floor pens to recover from the stress associated with transport to the plant. After 5 days, the birds were placed in one of two finishing batteries for 48 h prior to feed withdrawal treatments. Feed withdrawal times were 0, 8, 16, or 24 h prior to slaughter. Measurements included live shrink, prechill and postchill carcass yields, breast meat yield, pH at 2 and 4 h PM, and shear values. There was a progressive loss in body weight as feed withdrawal time increased. The 0-h withdrawal treatment resulted in the lowest prechill yield. Quadratic effect of feed withdrawal on shear values was significant. Breast meat from the 0-h withdrawal treatment required more force to shear, 7.09 kg, than did the meat from the 8 and 16 h treatments, 5.84 and 5.78 kg, respectively, meat from the 24-h treatment required 6.01 kg. The results indicate that feed withdrawal schedules can affect not only the carcass yields but also the objective texture of broiler meat deboned 4 h PM.

Grain amaranth, Amaranthus cruentus L., is a potential, alternative crop for midwestern farmers. The tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), is a potentially serious pest of amaranth, feeding on grain amaranth and causing developing seed to shrivel and discolor. Field tests were conducted during 1987 and 1988, at Ames, Iowa, to determine the effect of L. lineolaris on amaranth seed weight. The treatments included artificially (by hand) infesting heads with selected numbers of tarnished plant bugs and determining the effect of tarnished plant bug density, the effect of a naturally occurring tarnished plant bug population, and the effect of tarnished plant bug feeding duration. In 1987, when 50 tarnished plant bugs were caged on developing heads for 8 wk, seed weight decreased by 82%. When 10 bugs were caged on developing heads, there was no significant decrease in seed weight. In 1988, when 12 bugs were caged on developing heads for 8 wk, seed weight decreased by 80%. In 1987, when tarnished plant bugs were caged on developing heads for 2, 4, 6, or 8 wk, seed weight significantly decreased by 39.5% between the second and fourth week of feeding. In 1988, tarnished plant bugs feeding on the developing heads for 5 wk reduced seed weight by 57.6%. During 1987, naturally occurring tarnished plant bugs feeding continuously on the terminal heads significantly reduced seed weight by 28.2% between the third and fifth week of feeding.

Seventy-two feeder pigs, with a mean weight of 24.6 kg, were randomly allotted in groups of three to four dietary treatments to determine the effect of feeding poultry offal hydrolysate (POH) on fatty acid composition and meat quality. The four dietary treatments were: 0% POH (control), 5% POH, 10% POH and 15% POH on a dry matter basis. At slaughter (96.8 kg), the right loins from 60 pigs were retained for fatty acid analysis and meat quality evaluation. The longissimus dorsi muscle was dissected from each loin; 200 g were stored in an atmosphere of nitrogen and frozen for fatty acid analysis and 500 g were frozen for meat quality evaluation. Fat was extracted and methylated for fatty acid analysis. Separation and identification of individual fatty acid methyl esters was performed using gas chromatography. Sensory meat evaluation (pork flavour, off-flavour, tenderness and juiciness) was performed by 10 trained panelists. Warner-Bratzler shear evaluation and free moisture analyses were performed. The fatty acids in pork appear to exhibit a sensitive response to changes in dietary fat. Linear trends for fatty acids in the pork were, for the most part, opposite to trends in the diets. Inclusion of POH resulted in an increase in the total polyunsaturates present in the pork. There was no effect (P > 0.05) due to dietary treatment on flavour, tenderness or juiciness of the pork. No significant differences were found among the Warner-Bratzler shear measurements or free moisture determinations. Changes in fatty acid profile of pork do not appear to affect eating quality when POH is included in the diet at levels of up to 15% DM. Key words: Poultry offal, pork, fatty acid, meat quality

The sound velocity (SV) values of a variety of solutions (distilled water, saline, silicon dioxide, bovine serum albumin, coagulated beef protein) were determined as the temperature of the solution was increased from 10 or 20° to 71°C. Few differences were found in the SV values for the various types of distilled water; however, there was an increase in SV values as the concentration of saline increased. Level of silicon dioxide or bovine serum albumin had no significant effect on SV values; however, there was an increase in SV values as percentage of precoagulated beef protein solids in solution increased. The sound velocity analyzer used in this study was found not to be sensitive enough to detect the onset of coagulation of saline soluble proteins and, therefore, would not lend itself as an objective method which could be related to end-point temperature of meat products.

The slow slide into a first episode of psychosis is often difficult to detect and is often described in retrospect as the point at which things were not quite right. A rural setting can add an layer of complexity to detecting early psychosis, with local structural issues and other disadvantages potentially complicating both identification and early treatment. Fewer specialist workers are available in rural communities compared with urban communities, and drug and alcohol usage can mask the early signs of prodrome (early psychosis symptoms). Along with these more predictable contextual issues, family and drought conditions can impact significantly the mental health of vulnerability rural populations. The use of a vignette provides a window to the lived experience of early psychosis in rural communities. This article explores these issues in the context of northern New South Wales, Australia.Embedded rural health workers are uniquely positioned to work with local people. One way to address access issues and the lack of diversity among available healthcare practitioners is by recognising and nurturing generalist health workers in all disciplines in their specialist role as generalist. It is also important to recognise the natural processes of a rural community with regard to a sense of community, structures and networks, and to accommodate these when planning mental health services.The development of generalist health workers to undertake supported early identification of psychosis in rural communities is a useful strategy. In practice, a key feature is the availability of a specialist project worker. In addition, it is important to continue to advocate for services to rural communities that aim at preventing psychiatric illness, as well as optimising continuity of care for rural residents.

In an effort to elucidate their structures, mass-selected Cl--(CH4)n (n = 1-10) clusters are probed using infrared spectroscopy in the CH stretch region (2800-3100 cm(-1)). Accompanying ab initio calculations at the MP2/6-311++G(2df,2p) level for the n = 1-3 clusters suggest that methane molecules prefer to attach to the chloride anion by single linear H-bonds and sit adjacent to one another. These conclusions are supported by the agreement between experimental and calculated vibrational band frequencies and intensities. Infrared spectra in the CH stretch region for Cl--(CH4)n clusters containing up to ten CH4 ligands are remarkably simple, each being dominated by a single narrow peak associated with stretching motion of hydrogen-bonded CH groups. The observations are consistent with cluster structures in which at least ten equivalent methane molecules can be accommodated in the first solvation shell about a chloride anion.

The rotationally resolved infrared photodissociation spectrum of Cl(-)-HD is measured in the HD stretch region. Two Sigma-Sigma bands are observed, corresponding to transitions from the ground state [the (nuHD = 0, n = 0) level] and first excited intermolecular bend state [the (nuHD = 0, n = 1) level]. The (nuHD = 0, n = 0) and (nuHD = 0, n = 1) states are predominantly associated with the linear Cl-...DH and Cl-...HD geometries, respectively. The spectrum is complicated by perturbative interactions between levels of the (nuHD = 0, n = 0) and (nuHD = 0, n = 1) rotational manifolds and between levels of the (nuHD = 1, n = 0) and (nuHD = 1, n = 1) rotational manifolds. A global fit to the transition frequencies, taking the lower and upper state perturbations into account, yields zero-order rotational and centrifugal distortion constants and allows us to establish that the (nuHD = 0, n = 1, J" = 0) level lies 13.7 cm(-1) above the (nuHD = 0, n = 0, J" = 0) level. Rovibrational energy level calculations performed using a recent ab initio potential energy surface confirm the picture emerging from the experimental data and provide good agreement with measured molecular parameters. The results emphasize the importance of quantum mechanical interconversion between two isomeric structures of a simple anion complex.

The microbiological quality of 745 conventionally processed and 745 reprocessed broiler carcasses was determined. Carcasses were taken from the processing line prior to entering the chiller in five commercial processing plants. Each plant was sampled twice during the winter, spring, and summer. Analyses included aerobic bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae , and Escherichia coli counts plus qualitative Salmonella (SAL) prevalence. Differences between overall mean log10 counts for aerobic bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae , and E. coli were not significant. The prevalence of SAL detected on conventionally processed and reprocessed carcasses also was not significantly different. Some variation was observed in microbiological quality of carcasses among processing plants. Although the SAL prevalence appeared to decline from winter to summer replications, no significant trend could be demonstrated. Continuation of the practice of reprocessing carcasses appears justified.

End-point temperature (EPT) affected N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAGase) activity in nonfrozen and previously frozen cores and ground samples of beef, pork, turkey breast and ground turkey leg muscle tissue. There was little loss of NAGase activity when heating the products to 40 degrees C; however, as EPT increased from 40-70 degrees C, there was (P < 0.05) loss of activity. At 70 degrees C, 90% of activity was lost in beef, 98% in pork, and 93 to 98% in turkey. Inactivation temperature values, IT50, (50% inactivation) were: beef, 59.8 degrees C; pork, 53.4 degrees C; turkey breast, 55.6 degrees C; and turkey leg, 56.6 degrees C.

Batches of ground chicken meat were mixed with 10% solutions containing 0.0-5.0% sodium tripolyphosphate and sufficient NaCl to adjust the ionic strength (IS) of the solutions from < 0.7 to 6.0 at pH 6.5 to 9.5 in a 6 X 4 X 7 factorial experimental design. Patties prepared from the mixtures were evaluated for pH, cooking loss, and objective texture characteristics. Most effects of STPP were attributable to the direct effect of STPP on IS. However the ability of the phosphate to alter textural properties was greater at a pH value near the pK3 of the phosphate.

Plant resistance is a useful component of integrated pest management for several insects that are economically damaging to maize, Zea mays L. In this study, 15 experimental lines of maize derived from a backcross breeding program were evaluated for resistance to corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie); fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith); southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella Dyar; and sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (F.). Experimental line 100-R-3 was resistant in the field to leaf feeding by fall armyworm and line 116-B-10 was resistant in the field to leaf feeding by fall armyworm and leaf and stalk feeding by southwestern corn borer. When corn earworm larvae were fed field harvested silks from experimental line 81-9-B in the laboratory, their pupal weights were significantly lower than the pupal weights of larvae that were fed silks from the resistant control, Zapalote Chico. Maysin levels lower than those commonly associated with corn earworm resistance were present in the resistant experimental line, 107-8-7, indicating a new basis confers resistance to corn earworm in this line. These resistant experimental lines will provide plant breeders with new sources of resistance to lepidopterous insects for the development of improved maize breeding populations.

Malnutrition is the most common secondary diagnosis in patients with cancer and is a major prognostic indicator for poor response to cancer therapy and shortened survival. The word CANCER can be used as an acronym to guide early nutritional intervention that combines an understanding of cancer cachexia with a plan to optimize patients' nutritional status during the stress imposed by cancer and its treatment. Conversations with patients reveal nutrition-related information that is valuable as part of a comprehensive assessment. The Assessment combines nutrition-related information with observations made during the conversation. The Nutrition plan is developed to meet patients' identified nutritional needs. The goals of the cancer treatment dictate the aggressiveness of nutritional support. An awareness of potentially life-threatening Complications of enteral and parenteral nutrition is essential. An ongoing Evaluation of patients' status and responses to the nutrition plan guides changes to the plan as needed. Reassurance/Removal are important parts of care during all stages of treatment and nutrition support.