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Background: Since the advent of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor (TKI), well controlled studies in developed world have shown that the life expectancy of patients with CML is comparable to normal people without the disease. But long-term follow up studies are lacking in resource poor setting. Methods: This is a retrospective follow up study looking at the molecular response and resistance to Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKI) in patients enrolled in the Max Access Program since February 2003 till March 2017. Patients with two or more BCR-ABL1 levels by Karyotyping/ fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) / reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were included. At baseline, complete blood count (CBC), renal function test (RFT), and liver function test (LFT) were evaluated. Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy for morphology, cytogenetic analysis by Karyotyping/FISH and/or molecular analysis by RT-PCR were also done if these tests were not performed earlier. FISH or RT-PCR was done on peripheral blood every 3–12 months as necessary if the patient could afford. Patients with warning response/failure underwent BCR-ABL1 Resistance Mutation Analysis (IRMA). Results: Three hundred and forty six (346) patients had two or more BCR-ABL1 monitoring tests done. Optimal response was seen in 49.42%. Similarly, suboptimal response and failure were seen in 16.5% and 34% respectively. Overall Survival is 89.6% (at 1.8 -165 months, mean 62 months) . If only CML related events is considered survival is 95.9%. Seventy seven (77) patients with a total of 80 BCR-ABL1 domain Imatinib Resistance Mutation Analyses (IRMA) showed 19 different types of mutations with the most common being T315I mutation (8 and 19.5%). About 22.25% of the total patients showed resistance to Glivec out of which 10.98% showed mutations. Nine patients underwent trial for treatment free response (TFR) and 5 of them relapsed between 2-8 months. Conclusions: Despite all the odds of having financial problem, accessibility problem due to distances, transportation, etc. and difficulty monitoring with routine BCR-ABL1 and IRMA, our findings show that the outcome of TKI therapy in our CML patients is comparable to well controlled studies done elsewhere. Overall survival, molecular and cytogenetic responses and mutations in our patients who developed resistance as well as TFR are also similar to other studies. The resistance rate of 22.25% is slightly higher compared to other studies in developed world. This is mainly because of poor monitoring due to unavailability of the test including IRMA in our country and affordability until 2012. It proves that TKI is very effective in CML even in a resource-poor, developing country.

We report the electronic and magnetic properties along with the Curie temperature (

Background Patients' perceptions and beliefs about medicine are affected by their culture, tradition, socioeconomic status, peer influence, educational level, advertisements among other factors. Objective To explore the perception about medicines among the general public in different semi-rural areas of Nepal. Method Cross-sectional study was conducted at different locations within Kathmandu valley from July 2015 to December 2016; 385 individuals were approached using simple random sampling but only 260, aged 18 years and above, who were taking medicines for their health problems, completed the interviewer-administered survey. Their perceptions about medicines were studied using a structured questionnaire based on the WHO booklet "How to investigate the use of medicines by consumers" and analysed using SPSS version 22. Association between respondents' age, gender, education level and perception were statistically analysed using χ2 test and/or Fisher's exact test and multivariate analysis of variance. Result Sixty-one respondents (23.5%) were in age group 56-65 years. Patients' perceptions of medicine safety based on colour, shape, name of medicine, method of administration, compatibility, etc. was statistically different among respondents with regard to their level of education (p = 0.022). More individuals with lower education believed that expensive medicines were more effective (p0.001). Increased level of education made them more aware of negative consequences of reusing previous prescriptions (p=0.039). Conclusion Problems with knowledge about medicines were noted among lesser educated individuals. Based on findings, policy makers may develop educational strategies to increase awareness about medicines.

This paper focuses on the electronic and thermoelectric properties of monolayer MoS

To study the structural and electronic properties of cubical perovskite KCaF3, the first principles calculation within the full potential linearized augmented plane wave (FP-LAPW) method is applied. The exchange correlation effects are included through the GGA exchange potential. The calculated structural properties such as equilibrium lattice constant, the bulk modulus and its pressure derivative are in agreement with the published results of other authors. From our study we have found that the band gap of KCaF3 is 6.4 eV which is the indication of insulating behavior.The Himalayan Physics Vol. 6 & 7, April 2017 (100-103)

With the help of density functional theory calculations, we explored the recently synthesized double perovskite material Ca

A density functional theory (DFT) approach employing generalized gradient approximation (GGA) and the modified Becke Johnson (TB-mBJ) potential has been used to study the electronic and thermoelectric (TE) properties of ZrxHf1−x−yTayNiSn.

The ground state electronic properties of bulk (W) were studied within the density functional theory (DFT). We have also analyzed the momentum- (q-) dependent loss function, dielectric constant, and optical conductivity (OC) within TD-DFT random-phase approximation (RPA). The loss function is plotted in the energy range 0–55 eV. The energy loss function spectrum shows four prominent peaks, two lower peaks below along with two sharp peaks above 30 eV. The different nature of peaks depends on the momentum transfer q. The peak caused by interband transition showed a less pronounced dispersion. From the dielectric function curve we have predicted the plasmon excitation at around 1.75 eV and calculated the corresponding plasma frequency (ωp)=26.585×1014 s−1.

Glicksman’s viscous limit set of dimensionless parameters have been investigated using experimentally verifi ed computational fl uid dynamics model. Simulations have been performed for the two bubbling fl uidized beds with different particle sizes and densities. Dimensionless average pressure drops across the bed height, dimensionless pressure standard deviations and dimensionless relative pressures have been investigated as a function of dimensionless superfi cial gas velocities for the two beds. Fluctuation of solid volume fraction and contours of solid volume fraction have also been investigated at different dimensionless gas velocities. Time series data of the pressure fl uctuation and solid volume fraction are compared. The results indicate that the fl uid dynamic similarity between two beds holds up to particle Reynolds number of 15. After this, the bubble activities in the two beds start to deviate signifi cantly. The results of the work show that the analysis of solid volume fraction fl uctuation gives higher accuracy than time-series pressure fl uctuation when scaling the bubbling fl uidized bed within the viscous limit.

Using density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we investigated the electronic and magnetic properties of the Heusler compounds Co2TGe (T = Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe). Among the systems under investigation Co2CrGe and Co2MnGe have given 100% spin polarization at the Fermi energy (EF). Co2CrGe is the most stable half-metallic ferromagnets (HMFs) with an energy gap of 0.24 eV at the Fermi level (EF) in spin down channel. We have also found an increase in the total magnetic moments as T goes from Sc to Fe. The calculated magnetic moments for Co2CrGe and Co2MnGe are 3.999 µB and 5.00 µB respectively. Based on the local spin density approximation (LSDA) calculated results, we have predicted that the compounds Co2CrGe and Co2MnGe are HMFs. We have tried to study the HMFs in Co2ScGe, Co2TiGe, Co2VGe and Co2FeGe by using the local spin density approximation and Coulomb repulsion (U) (LSDA+U) when the simple generalized gradient approximation (GGA) or the LSDA fail.

Exchange of CO2 in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) leaves was modelled using combined gas diffusion and photosynthesis kinetics in a real 3-D geometric representation of the cellular microstructure, obtained by synchrotron radiation X-ray microtomography. The microscale model for gas exchange accounted for diffusive mass transport of CO2 in the intercellular space (pores), the cell wall network and the intracellular liquid of cells. The photosynthesis kinetics described by the extended Farquhar, von Caemmerer & Berry model were coupled to the gas exchange inside the mesophyll cells. The coupled model was validated by means of gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements. The model provides detailed insight into the mechanisms of gas exchange and insight into the effects of changes in ambient CO2 concentration or photon flux density on stomatal and mesophyll conductance. The resistance to diffusion of CO2 from the intercellular air spaces within the leaf through the mesophyll to the sites of carboxylation during photosynthesis depended on the 3-D microstructure of leaf tissue. The model represents an important step forward to study CO2 diffusion coupled to photosynthesis at the leaf tissue level, taking into account its actual 3-D microstructure.

We performed the structure optimization of Co2TiAl based on the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) and linearized augmented plane wave (LAPW) method. The calculation of electronic structure was based on the full-potential linear augmented plane wave (FP-LAPW) method and local spin density approximation exchange correlation LSDA+U. We also studied the impact of the Hubbard potential or onsite Coulomb repulsion (U) on electronic structure; the values are varied within reasonable limits to study the resulting effect on the physical properties of Co2TiAl system. The calculated density of states (DOS) shows that half-metallicity of Co2TiAl decreases with the increase in U values.

A model calculation of photofield emission is discussed in which initial state wave function has been deduced by using projection operator method of group theory. A spatial dependent vector potential is used to evaluate the matrix element for calculating the photofield emission current density.

The electronic and magnetic structures of Mn films with thicknesses of up to 12 monolayers on Fe(001) are investigated by means of first-principles calculations, with a focus on the thicker films. The Mn films show an in-layer antiferromagnetic structure and couple antiferromagnetically to the Fe substrate. The magnetic moments at the Mn surface and at the Mn–Fe interface are significantly enhanced, as compared to the respective bulk values. Several surface states are found at the centre of the two-dimensional Brillouin zone, some of which might explain recent experimental scanning tunnelling spectroscopy results.

Density functional theory (DFT) based calculations of electronic and magnetic properties of filled skutterudites EuFe4As12 have been performed using FP-LAPW method within the framework of the LSDA approach. The rare-earth filled skutterudites have attracted much attention because of the presence of the highly localized f-electrons and d- electrons of rare-earth and transition metal respectively, with high density of states near Fermi level. The calculation performed near the Fermi level of density of states shows the compound to be suitable for thermoelectric application. The exchange-splitting of Eu-4f states were analysed to explain the ferromagnetic behaviour of EuFe4As12 with magnetic moment value 5.18 μB.

The electronic and magnetic properties of EuAlO3 is calculated by first-principles full-potential linearized augmented plane wave (FP-LAPW) method based on density functional theory (DFT). Density of states (DOS), magnetic moments and band structures of the systems are presented. For the exchange and correlation energy, local spin density approximation (LSDA+U) with the inclusion of Hubbard potential U is used. Our calculation showed an indirect band gap of the order of 4 eV for EuAlO3 in the spin down channel of the DOS and band structures supporting HMF nature of the system. The effective magnetic moment of 6.00 µB also supported the above conclusion with an integral value. The DOS of Eu were found responsible for the HMF nature of the system.

Materials with perovskite crystal structure represent an interesting class of materials which, due to their simple structures and unique electronic and dielectric properties, has a great potential for applications in various technological fields, such as mechanical, electro-optic and semiconducting. We perform calculation of density of states (DOS) and band structures for fluoride perovskite like RbMgF3 using the full potential linearized augmented plane wave (FP-LAPW) method. To calculate the electronic properties, the exchange-correlation potential has been applied by using the generalized gradient approximation (GGA). From the calculation the lattice parameter of RbMgF3 found to be 4.139 Å. The band gap of RbMgF3 through the electron energy bands by GGA is obtained as 7.6 eV showing insulating behavior which is in good agreement with the available experimental data as well as previously calculated results.Journal of Nepal Physical SocietyVolume 4, Issue 1, February 2017, Page: 23-26

Tanacetum gracile, an alpine desert aromatic herb collected from Ladakh Himalaya, on steam distillation yielded 0.46% (DWB) essential oil having a characteristic blue colour. The essential oil contained lavendulol (21.5%) as a major chemical constituent. The other compounds include lavandulyl acetate (1.7%), 1,8-cineole (15.2%), cis-β-ocimene (6.4%) borneol (6.1%) and chamazulene (3.7%). The major components were identified by 1 HNMR, 13 CNMR, GC-MS and

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations of electronic and magnetic properties of the filled skutterudite EuFe4P12 have been performed using full potential linear augmented plane wave (FP-LAPW) method within the framework of the LSDA approach. The optimized lattice parameter is in qualitative agreement with the experimental values. Our calculations performed near the Fermi level for density of states shows the compound to be suitable for effective thermoelectric application. The exchange-splitting of Eu-4f state electrons were analysed to explain the ferromagnetic nature of this system. The effective moments of EuFe4P12 is found to be 5.62 μB.

The aim of this study is to develop a robust CFD model for predicting fluid dynamics in a gasification reactor. Experimental tests are performed. A cylindrical bed with pressure sensors is used in the experimental study. A series of simulations are performed using the commercial CFD tool ANSYS Fluent 12.1. A multi-fluid Eulerian model incorporating the kinetic theory of granular flow is applied in the simulations. Fluidized bed reactors in biomass gasification processes use steam as a fluidizing gas. High temperature makes it difficult to study the flow behaviour under the operating conditions. A cold flow model is constructed to study the fluid dynamics. Air at ambient conditions is used as the fluidizing gas for the cold model. The density and viscosity variation between air at ambient temperature and steam at high temperature results in different flow behaviour. The CFD model is developed to also be able to predict the flow behaviour of steam fluidized beds. Computational minimum fluidization velocity, bed expansion ratio pressure drop and pressure standard deviation agree well with experimental measurements. A computational model has been developed and validated against experimental data. The validated CFD-model can be useful in the study of flow behaviour of high temperature steam fluidized gasification reactors.

The electronic density of states (DOS) and magnetic moments of rare-earth antimonides (NdVSb3) has been studied by the first principles full-potential linearized augmented plane wave (FP-LAPW) method based on density functional theory (DFT). For the exchange–correlation potential, the GGA+U method is used. The effective moments of NdVSb3 was found to be 4.50 μB. The exchange-splittings of V-3d state electrons and 4f-states of Nd atoms were analyzed to explain the magnetic nature of these systems. The V atom plays a significant role on the magnetic properties due to the hybridization between V-3d and Sb-5p state orbitals. The results obtained are compared and found to be in qualitative agreement with the available results.

Volume optimization was performed to obtain the theoretical lattice constants by using the generalized gradient approximation (GGA). The electronic and magnetic properties of Heusler alloys Co2CrZ (Z = Ga, Ge, As) were investigated by using local spin density approximation (LSDA). Amongst the systems under investigation, Co2CrGe and Co2CrGa give 100% spin polarization at the Fermi level (EF). Co2CrGe and Co2CrGa are the most stable half-metallic ferromagnets (HMFs); their EF lie exactly at the gap of 0.24 eV and 0.38 eV, respectively, in the spin-down channel. Even though Co2CrAs gives a distinct and bigger gap as compared to Co2CrGa and Co2CrGe, its EF is not located at the middle of the gap in the spin-down channel. We have also found that the total magnetic moments increase as the Z goes from Ga to As. The calculated density of states and band structures show the HMF character for Co2CrGe and Co2CrGa.