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Os mármores são rochas metamórficas de natureza calcária, em razão a problemas ambiental, surge a ideia do aproveitamento deste resíduo como catalisador na produção do biodiesel após ativação térmica quanto a capacidade de produção de biodiesel metílico a partir do óleo de soja via FTIR e HPLC/UV. O resíduo do pó de mármore foi obtido na Di Ponta Marmoraria (Teresópolis-RJ). Os resultados permitem concluir que o pó de mármore é eficaz para a produção do biodiesel de óleo de soja quando seco a 900°C, sendo possível o redirecionamento do resíduo de marmoraria para produção de biodiesel.

People with COPD vary substantially on their pulmonary (e.g., airway obstruction) and extra-pulmonary (e.g., symptoms, functional status) manifestations. The aim of this study was to relate this high heterogeneity to the patient’s genetic Background, namely focusing on polymorphisms associated with COPD and COPD-associated phenotypes and features. Summary statistics for COPD and COPD-associated phenotypes and features (emphysema, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, smoking, BMI, asthma, airway responsiveness, coronary heart disease, blood pressure, pulmonary artery enlargement, resting heart rate and resting oxygen saturation) were obtained from GWAS Catalog (https://www.ebi.ac.uk/gwas/ accessed in August 2021). A local COPD cohort was genotyped using Global Screening Arrays (GSA-Illumina) and polygenic risk scores were calculated per phenotype/feature. A cluster analysis was then carried out to determine how patients would group according to their assessed genetic risks. The study currently includes 255 participants with COPD (68 [61, 74] years old; 79.61% male; FEV1/FVC 53.02 [41.24, 61.94]). Our preliminary results show that people cluster into 3 main groups based on their genetic risk for emphysema, followed by COPD, whilst their clinical characteristics remained similar among groups. Future work is currently being conducted to further explore these clusters and perform their validation. This work was funded by FEDER funds through COMPETE 2020, Operational Programme for Competitiveness and Internationalization (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028806), CENTRO 2020 (CENTRO-01-0246-FEDER-000018; CENTRO-08-5864-FSE-000039) and by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (UI/BD/151337/2021). The iBiMED is supported by FCT funds under UIDP/04501/2020. published

Arbutus unedo L. is a Mediterranean species used for fruit production, it is tolerant to drought and shows regeneration ability following forest fires. Mycorrhizal plants with Tuber borchii add resilience and value. This study aims to test the effect of quercetin on mycorrhizal synthesis between T. borchii and A. unedo. Two genotypes selected for fruit production and hydric stress tolerance, were micropropagated for mycorrhizal synthesis, accomplished during ex vitro rooting in perlite, using lyophilized spores of T. borchii suspended in culture media with different quercetin levels (0–10 µM). Six months after inoculation, plants were transferred to pots and maintained in nursery. Ten and 12 months after inoculation, roots were morphological examined and molecularly characterized using ITS1-5.8SITS2 rDNA region and specific primers. Results showed that mycorrhizae establishment was dependent on studied factors (genotype, quercetin level, and culture medium) and their interaction (genotype X culture medium). Quercetin levels up to 2.0 µM favored mycorrhizae establishment and plant growth, although levels superior to 4 µM showed a toxic effect. Quercetin showed to be an efficient factor on inducing mycorrhiza thriving independent of the genotype. Morphological observations and molecular analysis confirmed the permanence of the fungus association 10 and 12 months after inoculation.

Brazil is one of the countries that concentrates 90% of all tegumentary and visceral leishmaniases cases and Bahia is one of the highly affected states. In the present report, we consolidated secondary data from several complementary databases that allowed us to record the sand fly species identified including areas of Leishmania spp. transmission in the state of Bahia. We then overlayed the geographical distribution data onto maps of vegetational aspects found across the state. Overall, 21 602 records of phlebotomine sand flies occurrence between 1949 and 2016 were analysed, encompassing 85% of Bahia's municipalities. Seventy-six sand fly species under 17 genera were enlisted. Among described species, 27 were proven or putative Leishmania spp. vectors and three were considered exclusively endemic in the state. Lutzomyia longipalpis, Nyssomyia intermedia and Nyssomyia whitmani were found in 74, 29 and 27% of municipalities, respectively. Salvador, the state capital and major city presented records for 21 different sand fly species, including known vectors for leishmaniasis. In particular, a wide distribution of Evandromyia sallesi was detected for this city. This consolidated account on phebotomine fauna and distribution may be explored for improving the planning and deployment of vector-focused leishmaniasis control measures in affected areas of Bahia.

Small strains are consistently incorporated into a model to describe the behavior of piezoelectric beams subjected to large displacements and rotations. While the displacement is assumed to vary in accordance with the Timoshenko assumption, the electric potential has linear variation through each piezoelectric layer thickness. The strong geometric nonlinear effect on the beam electroelastic response is illustrated by static problems of cantilever beams with tip loads and distributed sensing or actuation. The present work seems to be the first to obtain analytical solutions for beams under large displacements and rotations with piezoelectric sensors. One believes that the quality of such solutions can be valuable to validate results predicted by approximate methods.

In this work, we report the structural, electrical, and optical properties of nontoxic and earth-abundant Na2ZnSnS4 (NZTS) material. NZTS powder has been successfully synthesized using an easy and nontoxic pathway: the solid-state reaction technique. X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy were used to study the structural properties of the NZTS. The synthesized powder crystallized in the stannite tetragonal structure with lattice parameters a = 6.48 A and c = 9.12 A. XRD and Raman characterizations showed the occurrence of the secondary phase Na4SnS4. Optical bandgap measurements were obtained from UV–Visible analysis and showed a high optical bandgap value of 3.32 eV and confirmed the presence of Na4SnS4. TEM micrographs provide a description of the morphology of NZTS. The HRTEM images reflect a preferred orientation along the {112} plane, which is consistent with the X-ray diffraction pattern. EDS analysis confirmed the presence of the four constituent elements of the NZTS within their corresponding composition. NZTS powder indicates a conductivity type n. A study of electrical conductivity was carried out by using the impedance spectroscopy. The frequency and temperature dependence of the complex electrical impedance and AC and DC conductivity were explored. These interesting results make the NZTS particularly attractive for solar cell applications and especially suitable as a window layer.

The perovskite (La0.8Ca0.2)1−xBixFeO3 (x = 0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20) LCBFO compounds were synthesized by the sol–gel method using the citric acid route and sintered at 800 °C (LCBFO800) and 900 °C (LCBFO900). The structural properties studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed that all the compounds present the same crystallographic structure confirmed by the superposition of all the characteristic peaks. The slight deviation of the XRD peaks towards the weakest angles informed us that the volume of the elementary mesh increases as a function of the rate of substitution (bismuth). This observation, which is obviously valid for the two series, confirmed that the annealing temperature has no influence on the structure. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs showed that the morphology of the samples is characterized by the presence of large agglomerates. Although, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) characterization confirmed the nano-sized grains. These two characterization techniques revealed that the LCBFO800 series presents the smallest grain size. The magnetic study exposed that all the samples (LCBFO800 and LCBFO900) show a weak ferromagnetic behavior (unsaturated hysteresis curves) and an increase in magnetization (M) with increasing Bi-content, with a higher M value for a lower annealing temperature. The Curie temperature is smaller in the case of LCBFO800 compounds and decreases with the insertion of Bi.

Correction for ‘Effect of the annealing temperature and of Bi substitution on the structural and magnetic behaviors of double-doping (Bi/La, Ca) (La0.8Ca0.2)1−xBixFeO3 compounds’ by H. Issaoui et al., New J. Chem., 2020, 44, 9813–9821, https://doi.org/10.1039/D0NJ01962C.

Despite being one of the most studied eye diseases, clinical translation of glaucoma research is hampered, at least in part, by the lack of validated preclinical models and readouts. The most popular experimental glaucoma model is the murine microbead occlusion model, yet the observed mild phenotype, mixed success rate, and weak reproducibility urge for an expansion of available readout tools. For this purpose, we evaluated various measures that reflect early onset glaucomatous changes in the murine microbead occlusion model. Anterior chamber depth measurements and scotopic threshold response recordings were identified as an outstanding set of tools to assess the model’s success rate and to chart glaucomatous damage (or neuroprotection in future studies), respectively. Both are easy-to-measure, in vivo tools with a fast acquisition time and high translatability to the clinic and can be used, whenever judged beneficial, in combination with the more conventional measures in present-day glaucoma research (i.e., intraocular pressure measurements and post-mortem histological analyses). Furthermore, we highlighted the use of dendritic arbor analysis as an alternative histological readout for retinal ganglion cell density counts. ispartof: International Journal Of Molecular Sciences vol:22 issue:11 ispartof: location:Switzerland status: published

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T00:54:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-01-01 The species Baccharis dracunculifolia, known as alecrim-do-campo is very rough, of great economic importance, recommended for recovery of degraded areas, but is little explored by propagation through seeds. In order to understand aspects of reproductive biology of B. dracunculifolia of achenes, this study aims to verify the influence of pre-germination treatment and the influence of different germination temperatures in the performance of seed germination. The seeds were placed in translucent germination boxes, with four replicates of 30 seeds for each treatment. Germination was carried out with pre-germination treatment stratification (5°C) for 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 days, with a photoperiod of 14 h with light and 10 h in dark, in a germination chamber B.O.D. The 15°C treatment was carried out with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 days with pre-germination treatment stratification (5°C) and successively for all treatments. After this period, the same photoperiod of 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35°C remained. The germination was evaluated for 30 days, considering the number of germinated seeds; those showing radicle protrusion of less than 2 mm, the speed index, the average time and average speed of germination. The temperature of 20°C without pre-germinative treatment provided 17.8% of germination. The highest speed of germination was obtained at 30°C with pre-germination treatment stratification (5°C) for 4 days. The temperature of 35°C inhibited germination and there was no significant effect on mean germination time. The pre-germinating treatment for three days, combined with the temperature of 20°C, provided a higher average speed of germination. Thus, it appears that the pre-germination treatment stimulated germination of achenes, suggesting that longer periods of chill accumulation increased seed germination subjected to high temperatures. Sao Paulo State University - UNESP Sao Paulo State University - UNESP

Cancer is a health problem affecting a large part of the world population. In this context, several research groups have investigated molecules with higher efficiency and lower side effects. The species Leonotis nepetifolia is a shrub belonging to the Lamiaceae family with cytotoxicity activity reported in literature. This paper describes the isolation of compounds hentriacontane, phytyl palmitate, stigmasteryl glucoside, 6,7-dimethoxy-5,3’,4’trihidroxyflavone, apigenin-7-O-glucoside and luteolin-7-O-glucoside from extracts and the chemical composition of essential oil from the leaves of Brazilian L. nepetifolia species in addition to its in vitro cytotoxic activities. All compounds were identified by a series of spectrometric and spectroscopic methods, mainly NMR (1D and 2D) and GC-MS, as well as by comparison with literature data. The cytotoxic activity of isolated compounds and essential oil was performed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, against tumor cell lines HCT-116 (human colon) and SF-295 (glioblastoma). The alcohol 1-octen-3-ol was the majoritary compound of the essential oil and the compounds hentriacontane, phytyl palmitate, stigmasteryl glucoside, apigenin-7-O-glucoside and luteolin-7-O-glucoside were describes for the first time in this species. All compounds tested and essential oil showed low cytotoxic activity for the cell lines tested, suggesting that other phytochemical studies should be conducted for the discovery of compounds responsible by cytotoxic activity of the species.

As ciclodextrinas (CDs) constituem uma classe de excipientes farmaceuticos compostas por unidades de D-glicopiranose. Atraves da formacao de complexos com essas moleculas, pode-se administrar substâncias apolares, como os monoterpenos, e avaliar a sua atividade farmacologica. Considerando a importância da descoberta de novos farmacos bem como a necessidade de desenvolvimento de novas formas farmaceuticas, este estudo visou desenvolver complexos de inclusao de dois monoterpenos contidos nos oleos essenciais das folhas e cascas do caule de Croton conduplicatus em β-ciclodextrina. Os complexos foram preparados e caracterizados por ressonância magnetica nuclear (RMN), espectroscopia de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FT-IR) e microscopia eletronica de varredura (MEV). A analise permitiu concluir que houve de fato a formacao dos complexos de inclusao de cânfora e 1,8-cineol em β-ciclodextrina, e os resultados foram importantes para complementar os estudos que vem sendo realizados na area de tecnologia farmaceutica.

Ethanol extracts of different parts of Passiflora cincinnata were obtained by maceration. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were evaluated. The antioxidant activities were determined by β-c...

Brucella abortus is a Gram-negative bacterium responsible for a worldwide zoonotic infection—Brucellosis, which has been associated with high morbidity rate in humans and severe economic losses in infected livestock. The natural route of infection is through oral and nasal mucosa but the invasion process through host gut mucosa is yet to be understood. Studies have examined the role of NLRP6 (NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing-6 protein) in gut homeostasis and defense against pathogens. Here, we investigated the impact of gut microbiota and NLRP6 in a murine model of Ba oral infection. Nlrp6-/- and wild-type (WT) mice were infected by oral gavage with Ba and tissues samples were collected at different time points. Our results suggest that Ba oral infection leads to significant alterations in gut microbiota. Moreover, Nlrp6-/- mice were more resistant to infection, with decreased CFU in the liver and reduction in gut permeability when compared to the control group. Fecal microbiota transplantation from WT and Nlrp6-/- into germ-free mice reflected the gut permeability phenotype from the donors. Additionally, depletion of gut microbiota by broad-spectrum-antibiotic treatment prevented Ba replication in WT while favoring bacterial growth in Nlrp6-/-. Finally, we observed higher eosinophils in the gut and leukocytes in the blood of infected Nlrp6-/- compared to WT-infected mice, which might be associated to the Nlrp6-/- resistance phenotype. Altogether, these results indicated that gut microbiota composition is the major factor involved in the initial stages of pathogen host replication and partially also by the resistance phenotype observed in Nlrp6 -/- mice regulating host inflammation against Ba infection., Author summary Brucella abortus (Ba) is an intracellular bacterium that causes zoonotic and clinical problems worldwide. Although the common route of infection is through oral and nasal, the mechanisms toward the gastrointestinal mucosa response is still unexplored. It is well known that microbiota promotes and maintains host intestinal homeostasis during bacterial infections. However, mechanisms by which the gut microbiota affects the Ba infection have not yet been demonstrated. Here, we provide significant insights into the relationship between gut microbiota and B. abortus oral infection and demonstrate the gut microbiota contribution to the gut permeability and dissemination of Ba. Furthermore, we investigated the participation of the gut microbiota from Nlrp6 deficient mice, on the gut permeability and Ba infection. Substantial experiments performed, mostly in vivo, showed that gut microbiota alterations promote gut barrier disruption, as indicated by increased gut permeability after Ba oral infection. Thus, our work highlights the role of gut mucosal environment through gut microbiota and Nlrp6 molecule involved in host innate immune responses to Ba infection.

This work aims to use wax to modify a binder employed in the paving industry. This wax can be obtained either directly or as a by-product from plastic waste′s thermal cracking (pyrolysis). The study characterizes this sustainable material and the binders resulting from blending it with conventional or modified bitumen with other additives applied in the manufacture of bituminous mixtures. Different tests were used: thermogravimetric and spectroscopic analysis; consistency tests; testing of dynamic viscosity at various temperatures; and assessment of the rheologic properties of binders. As a result, several crucial findings were reached: this sustainable wax promotes changes in the viscosity of the binders, their handling temperatures can be reduced, and it contributes to some goals of the U.N. 2030 Agenda. In summary, this work allowed us to conclude that the positive effects of a suitable modification of the bituminous binders, which incorporated this wax and other additives, led to improved consistency and rheological behaviour, having provided, for example, lower temperature susceptibility and higher permanent deformation resistance.

The ST2 receptor plays an important role in the gut such as permeability regulation, epithelium regeneration, and promoting intestinal immune modulation. Here, we studied the role of ST2 receptor in a murine model of oral infection with Brucella abortus, its influence on gut homeostasis and control of bacterial replication. Balb/c (wild-type, WT) and ST2 deficient mice (ST2-/-) were infected by oral gavage and the results were obtained at 3 and 14 days post infection (dpi). Our results suggest that ST2-/- are more resistant to B. abortus infection, as a lower bacterial colony-forming unit (CFU) was detected in the livers and spleens of knockout mice, when compared to WT. Additionally, we observed an increase in intestinal permeability in WT-infected mice, compared to ST2-/- animals. Breakage of the intestinal epithelial barrier and bacterial dissemination might be associated with the presence of the ST2 receptor, since, in the knockout mice no change in intestinal permeability was observed after infection. Together with enhanced resistance to infection, ST2-/- produced greater levels of IFN-&gamma, and TNF-&alpha, in the small intestine, compared to WT mice. Nevertheless, in the systemic model of infection ST2 plays no role in controlling Brucella replication in vivo. Our results suggest that the ST2 receptor is involved in the invasion process of B. abortus by the mucosa in the oral infection model.

(La0.8Ca0.2)1−xBixFeO3 (x = 0.0, 0.1, and 0.2) compounds were prepared by the sol-gel method, using the citric acid route. Structural and microstructural characteristics of the samples were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Raman spectroscopy. Mossbauer spectroscopy was also used for magnetic characterization and structural confirmation of X-ray data. Refinement of XRD patterns indicated that the compounds crystallize in an orthorhombic structure, Pnma space group. The SEM measurements showed that the morphology of the samples is characterized by the existence of large agglomerates, while TEM confirmed the fine particle size. Raman spectra revealed that, when increasing temperature, the level of oxygen species adsorbed at the surface of the particles increases progressively. Room temperature Mossbauer spectroscopy data revealed the existence of two octahedral magnetic sites in the structure of the compounds, which is compatible with XRD data, and a small percentage of a paramagnetic phase in the samples, which increases with Bi-content.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T16:50:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-03-15 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad A landscape ecotoxicology approach was used to assess the spatial distribution of copper in the recent bottom sediment (surficial sediment) of a Brazilian subtropical reservoir (the Guarapiranga reservoir) and its potential ecotoxicological impacts on the reservoir ecosystem and the local society. We discuss the policies and procedures that have been employed for the management of this reservoir over the past four decades. Spatial heterogeneity in the reservoir was evaluated by means of sampling design and statistical analysis based on kriging spatial interpolation. The sediment copper concentrations have been converted into qualitative categories in order to interpret the reservoir quality and the impacts of management policies. This conversion followed the Canadian Water Framework Directive (WFD) ecotoxicological concentration levels approach, employing sediment quality guidelines (SQGs). The SQG values were applied as the copper concentration thresholds for quantitative-qualitative conversion of data for the surficial sediment of the Guarapiranga. The SQGs used were as follows: a) interim sediment quality guideline (ISQG), b) probable effect level (PEL), and c) regional reference value (RRV). The quantitative results showed that the spatial distribution of copper in the recent bottom sediment reflected the reservoir's management policy and the copper application protocol, and that the copper concentrations varied considerably, ranging from virtually-zero to in excess of 3 gcopper/kgds. The qualitative results demonstrated that the recent bottom sediment was predominantly in a bad or very bad condition, and could therefore have impacts on the local society and the ecosystem. It could be concluded that the management policy for this reservoir was mainly determined by the desire to minimize short-term costs, disregarding long-term socioeconomic and environmental consequences. University of São Paulo Ecology, Rua do Matão Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Carrer Emili Grahit 101 São Paulo State University -UNESP Environmental Sciences Program, Avenida Três de Março 511 São Paulo State University -UNESP Environmental Sciences Program, Avenida Três de Março 511 FAPESP: 12/16420-6 Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad: IJCI-2015-23644

This study aimed to compare the performance of incandescent lamps and LED lamps, regarding the consumption of electricity and the economic viability of these lighting systems in broiler houses in western Parana State, Brazil. The study was conducted to compare the power consumption in two broiler houses of the dark house type in Sao Miguel do Iguacu, Parana, Brazil; one lighting system with incandescent lamps and the other one with LED lamps. The power consumption was measured in the two lighting systems, using meters of electrical quantities Landis Gyr+ during the housing period of a batch of poultry corresponding to 43 days. Then, the energy consumption was calculated per bird housed, by mass of live chicken and aviary unit area. With the electricity tariff values for rural consumers, there was an evaluation of the economic viability of lighting systems by the method of net present value (NPV) method and the discounted payback. The main results showed that throughout the period of broiler chickens housing, in the aviary with incandescent lamps 1,768 kWh in lighting was consumed, while the aviary with LED lamps consumed 221 kWh. The economic feasibility analysis showed that the use of LED lamps presented greater economy, and has a return on investment within a period of 21 months. Key words: Energy consumption, lighting systems, broiler house.

Ni-Cr-Mo is a candidate to substitute Co binders in WC-based composites, where high corrosion resistance is required. This work focused on the effect of Cr on the corrosion susceptibility of WC-Ni-Cr-Mo composites, in acid media. Specimens were produced by powder metallurgy followed by microstructural, chemical and mechanical characterization. Open circuit potential measurements, potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were employed to evaluate the corrosion susceptibility of WC-Ni-Cr-Mo alloys with different Cr content. The results highlight the greater aggressiveness of chloride medium compared to sulphate environment, and reveal that Cr can effectively decrease corrosion susceptibility without hampering the mechanical properties in both media, especially in chloride solution, where major improvements are observed.

WC-Ni-Cr-Mo are good candidates for replacing WC-Co for its better corrosion performance. This work investigated the effect of different Mo content on the mechanical properties and corrosion susceptibility of WC-Ni-Cr-Mo composites in chloride and sulphate acidic media. Chemical, microstructural, and electrochemical analysis were performed. Results show chlorides are frankly more aggressive than sulphates, but additions of up to 0.6 wt% in Mo can enhance the active-passive transition, particularly in the presence of chlorides, and guarantee the passive state in sulphates. Also, Mo was effective in hindering WC grain growth and in increasing hardness in 5%, simultaneously reducing toughness in 4%.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of caffeine on reaction time during a specific taekwondo task and athletic performance during a simulated taekwondo contest. Ten taekwondo athletes ingested either 5 mg·kg−1 body mass caffeine or placebo and performed two combats (spaced apart by 20 min). The reaction-time test (five kicks “Bandal Tchagui”) was performed immediately prior to the first combat and immediately after the first and second combats. Caffeine improved reaction time (from 0.42 ± 0.05 to 0.37 ± 0.07 s) only prior to the first combat (P = 0.004). During the first combat, break times during the first two rounds were shorter in caffeine ingestion, followed by higher plasma lactate concentrations compared with placebo (P = 0.029 and 0.014, respectively). During the second combat, skipping-time was reduced, and relative attack times and attack/skipping ratio was increased following ingestion of caffeine during the first two rounds (all P < 0.05). Caffeine resulted in no change in combat intensity parameters between the first and second combat (all P > 0.05), but combat intensity was decreased following placebo (all P < 0.05). In conclusion, caffeine reduced reaction time in non-fatigued conditions and delayed fatigue during successive taekwondo combats.

Background Leonotis nepetifolia (Family Lamiaceae) is a medicinal plant from which the flavonoid cirsiliol with sedative, hypnotic, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activity has been extracted. Methods Seedlings were cultivated under different levels of shade in native or fertilized modes. The content of cirsiliol was measured monthly by high-performance liquid chromatography and the total phenolic content by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Monitoring of growth was carried out with the weekly measurement of height until the stabilization of growth. Results The application of fertilizing and/or shading does not alter significantly the cirsiliol content. However, this content varies throughout the year, reaching the peak production in the summer, independently of the treatment applied. This same profile, with production in the summer, was also verified for phenolic compounds, reaching 58.15 ± 9.35 mg of equivalents of gallic acid per g of extract in the summer, content 1.84 times greater than the content verified in winter (31.56 ± 4.09 mg of gallic acid/g of extract). Although shading and fertilizing had no effect on cirsiliol content, the results also showed a positive influence on the height and biomass of the plant, which can causes a higher yield of extractable material. Discussion Biotic and abiotic stresses are able to increase or decrease the production of secondary metabolites, including phenolic compounds in medicinal plants and, as the stress response is peculiar to each species, cultivation studies become necessary. The present study reports by the first time the influence of shading, fertilizing and seasons in cirsiliol content in L. nepetifolia. Among analyzed variables, the seasons showed a larger influence in expression of cirsiliol and among seasons, our results showed that the summer is the ideal season for collections. In summer, the photoperiod is larger than in other seasons of the year and due to that, the plants need greater protection against the long photoperiod. For this, the plants increase the production of phenolic compounds as observed in this study. Although they do not influence the production of cirsiliol, the shading and nutrients in soil favor growth and leaf area of several plants, explaining, thus, the higher height and biomass obtained.

A rúcula (Eruca sativa L.) é uma hortaliça essencial na dieta alimentar de grande parte da população, destacando-se pela sua composição nutricional com altos teores de potássio, enxofre, ferro e de vitaminas A e C. O objetivo deste trabalho é verificar a influência do extrato aquoso das folhas de pinhão manso no cultivo da rúcula. Utilizaram-se concentrações de extrato de pinhão manso para efetuar os tratamentos, sendo 0% (testemunha), 5, 10, 20, 40, 80 e 100%, considerando como extrato puro 200g de folhas verdes do pinhão manso em um litro de água destilada. As sementes foram semeadas em bandejas especificas para produção de mudas de hortaliças, utilizou-se sistema de aspersão manual. Com o aumento da concentração do extrato aquoso das folhas de pinhão manso houve tendência decrescente no número de folhas, altura da plântula, tamanho da raiz, diâmetro do caule e massa fresca, comprovando o efeito alelopático do extrato de folhas de pinhão manso sobre o cultivo da rúcula.