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To investigate the contribution of cobalt in initiating room-temperature ferromagnetism in SnO2 nanocrystals, the structural, optical, and magnetic behaviors of Co-doped SnO2 nanoparticulates with different dopant concentrations were examined. The structures of the samples were confirmed to be tetragonal and the shift in diffraction peaks as well as reductions in lattice parameters confirmed the incorporation of Co3+ ions into the SnO2 lattice. The diffuse reflectance spectroscopy data reveal the augmentation of absorption to upper wavelength and a decrease in energy bandgap was also observed. Co-doped samples revealed room-temperature ferromagnetism with a small contribution of paramagnetic ordering, which disappears with increase in dopant concentration. An increase in the Co content leads to a rapid increase in the saturation magnetization of the system whereas the coercivity seems to be almost constant for all the Co-doped SnO2 nanoparticles. The ferromagnetic properties of the synthesized samples depend on the distribution of defects, nanometric size, as well as the surface diffusion of Co ions on the tin oxide nanoparticles.

A one-step citrate-gel combustion method was employed to process (Ba0.5Sr0.5Fe12O19)1-x/(Y3Fe5O12)x nanocomposite ferrites with different compositions (x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4). The morphological, structural, thermal, and magnetic properties of the as-synthesized samples were investigated with respect to their structural, thermal, and magnetic properties using field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry (TGA/DSC), and vibration sample magnetometer (VSM), respectively. The FESEM micrographs revealed homogeneous distribution of hard and soft magnetic phases throughout the sample. The XRD results confirmed the crystallization of both BSFO and YIG as hard and soft magnetic phases, respectively, without any other secondary phases. The TGA/DSC curve confirmed the phase formation of the nanocomposite material around 1100 °C with a total weight loss of ~ 63%. The magnetic hysteresis loops of as-synthesized ferrite nanocomposites demonstrated a single-phase behavior due to the existence of strong inter-grain exchange coupling between the hard and soft magnetic phases. The single peak in switching field distribution (SFD) curves of synthesized nanocomposite ferrite were observed for all the compositions. Maximum values of coercivity (6090 Oe), saturation magnetization (54 emu/g), and energy product (19.5 kJ/m3) were achieved for the BSFO0.9/YIG0.1 composition. The results of the present study suggest that the magnetic parameters such as those derived from the nanocomposite ferrites are superior as compared with that of those obtained for the constituent YIG and BSFO phases.

Ba0.5Sr0.5Fe12O19(hard)-CoFe2O4(soft) nanocomposite ferrites synthesized using the citrate-gel combustion method was subjected to different annealing temperatures (Ta) (700 °C, 800 °C, 900 °C, and 1000 °C), and the resultant structural and magnetic properties were investigated. The microstructural characterization of nanocomposites via X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis at first revealed the dominance of soft phases annealed at 700 °C and then showed the presence of hard phases at 900 °C. Lattice vibrational analysis again showed a clear distinction between the bands corresponding to Ta at 700 °C and 900 °C. An increase in saturation magnetization (MS) and coercivity (HC) was observed upon increasing the Ta. A good combination of MS (56.9 emu/g) and HC (3.3 kOe) was obtained at Ta = 900 °C. In addition, high-temperature magnetic studies confirmed the dominance of soft phase with Curie temperatures of 592 °C and 480 °C for the samples annealed at 700 °C and 900 °C, respectively. Combining these facts, a detailed mechanism involving the domination of spinel plates and hexagonal layers was drawn. The magneto crystalline anisotropy was evaluated and showed a maximum for Ta at 900 °C. The extent of exchange coupling between the hard and soft phases was further analyzed by switching field distribution curves and is discussed in detail.

Single crystals of potassium pentaborate dihydrate KB5H4O10. 2H2O (KBH) of dimension (10 × 5 × 2 mm3) were successfully grown through the solution growth technique under slow evaporation condition. The crystal structure of potassium pentaborate dihydrate was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction and the material was crystallized in the orthorhombic system with space group Aba2 with lattice parameters a = 11.13 (A), b = 11.23 (A), c = 9.10 (A), α = β = γ = 90°, volume = 1137 (A)3. The presence of BO3, BO4 and water molecules were confirmed using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) vibrational spectroscopy. The ultraviolet (UV) - visible spectrum reveal the optical and electronic transition properties of the grown crystal. The optical absorption edge of the grown crystal is 210 nm with energy gap of 4.96 eV. The thermogravimetric (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies showed that the material was stable up to 106 °C, which indicated that the grown crystal could be effectively used for various device applications below the temperature. Vickers microhardness is performed on the grown crystal in the load range from 10 to 50 g. The variation of hardness number with load represents the normal indentation size effect. Mechanical parameters such as yield strength, elastic stiffness constant, fracture toughness, brittleness index and crack propagation of single crystal are discussed in detail. The dielectric behaviour of the single crystal over an extensive range of frequencies and temperature is described. The second harmonic generation (SHG) signal from the KBH crystal is found to be 1.23 mV.

Ba

The mechanical properties of solution grown potassium sodium hydroxide borate hydrate single crystal (KSB) have been obtained by using Vickers microhardness studies in the load range from 10 to 70 g. The variation of microhardness with load represents the load independent value of hardness (Indentation size effect). The meyer’s index number ‘n’ is calculated as 1.81 and it belongs to soft material category. Various mechanical parameters such as yield strength, elastic stiffness constant, fracture toughness, brittleness index, hardness contour and crack propagation of KSB single crystal are discussed in detail.

The solvent evaporation technique was adopted for growing a single crystal of potassium DL-malato borate. The crystalline behavior of the grown material was confirmed due to the formation of the distinct sharp peak in the powder XRD spectrum. The material crystallizes into the orthorhombic system with space group Pna21. The structural analysis confirms the occurrence of potassium and boron in the grown crystal. FTIR analysis was carried out to know about various functional groups present in the grown crystal. The cut-off wavelength and bandgap energy of the material were 212 nm and 5.27 eV, respectively. The thermogravimetric analysis was used to analyze the thermal stability of the compound and the material was thermally stable up to 96°C. The second-order nonlinear efficiency of the material was found to be 0.85 times that of KDP crystal.

A new alkali metal borate with formula Na6 [B4O5 (OH)4]3. 8H2O single crystal has been grown by slow evaporation method under room temperature condition for the first time. The structural analysis reveals that the grown crystal crystallizes in the rhombohedral space group R32 with cell parameters a = 11.27 A, b = 11.27 A, c = 21.27 A and α = β = 90°, γ = 120°. The intermolecular interactions of symmetric stretching of BO3 and asymmetric stretching of BO4 were identified by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Optical investigation on the hydrated borate shows that the material possessed a high transmittance of about 60% in the entire UV- visible region with an optical absorption edge at 220 nm and the band gap was found to be 4.972 eV. The theoretical calculations were performed in order to find the linear optical constant such as linear absorption coefficient, extinction coefficient and reflectance etc. Thermogravimetric (TG)/Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis for the grown crystal displayed that the material is stable up to 116 °C and having the melting point of 145 °C. The frequency independent dielectric constant and dielectric loss were performed at different temperature. AC conductivity was studied by means of electrical relaxation process and it is due to the presence of water molecules in the compound. The third order nonlinear susceptibility (χ3), nonlinear refractive index (n2) and the absorption coefficient (β) are found to be in the order of 1.36 × 10−6 esu, 3.88 × 10−8 cm2/W and 0.026 × 10−4 cm/W respectively. The strong optical limiting behaviour of the material could be attributed to the two photon absorption mechanism and negative nonlinearity due to self-defocusing effect.

A metalorganic NaHC2O4·H2O single crystal was successfully grown by slow evaporation method. The grown crystal was exposed to single crystal X-ray diffraction which confirms that the crystal belongs to triclinic crystal system with P 1 ¯ space group having unit cell parameters a = 6.53 A, b = 6.71 A, c = 5.72 A and α = 75°, β = 85.06°, γ = 70.31°. The presence of functional groups, bonding between the organic ligand and the metal atoms were identified through FT-IR spectral studies. The UV–vis–NIR study revealed that the transparency of the grown crystal was about 60% in the entire visible region and the cut-off wavelength was observed at 295 nm. The TG/DTA studies reveal that the metalorganic complex is thermally stable upto 125 °C. The thermodynamic parameters of various decomposition point for different temperatures were also calculated. Vickers microhardness test was carried out on grown crystal to study its mechanical stability. The frequency dependent dielectric constant and dielectric loss were analysed. The electrical relaxation mechanism has been studied using AC conductivity. Another interesting feature of this centrosymmetry sodium hydrogen oxalate hydrate crystal shows an SHG active signal and efficiency is almost equivalent to that of KDP.

Nucleation and growth kinetics renders the information about the crystal growth process, which can be adopted to grow large size crystals. Urea oxalic acid was synthesized by slow evaporation method. Solubility was analyzed gravimetrically and it was observed that it exhibits positive temperature coefficient of solubility which is suitable for bulk growth. Metastable zonewidth was observed by adopting polythermal method. Induction period was measured by isothermal method for the saturation temperature by varying the degrees of supersaturation. Based on the classical theory of nucleation, the other nucleation parameters such as interfacial energy, Gibbs critical free energy and radius of critical nuclei were calculated. Urea oxalic acid (UOA) was synthesized and subsequently grown by a slow cooling technique. Single crystal X-ray diffraction study confirms that the crystal belongs to a monoclinic system. Dielectric analysis affirms the ferroelectric property of the material and the results were further discussed in detail.

Pure and aluminium-doped tin oxide (SnO2) nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized by a sol-gel method. The paper mainly reports an investigation on the effect of a non-ferromagnetic dopant (aluminium) on the magnetic properties of SnO2 nanoparticles. The structural and optical properties were also examined. The as-prepared nanoparticles were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis/differential scanning calorimetry (TGA/DSC), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-vis spectroscopy and magnetic characterization using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). XRD data revealed the SnO2 phase formation for all the samples, indicating that the growth technique was efficient in diluting aluminium ions in the SnO2 lattice. All the samples exhibited peculiar room-temperature ferromagnetic behaviour. The origin of ferromagnetism in the samples lays around the Al–SnO2 interfaces and vacancy defects.

The authors of the title paper (Mater. Lett. 188 (2017) 156–158) has grown potassium sodium hydroxide borate hydrate (KSB) I single crystal using slow evaporation method. In this letter, crystal growth, unit cell measurement, FTIR and thermal analysis are described in order to prove that the grown single crystal (KSB) is a trustworthy material.

One step citrate gel combustion method followed by high temperature annealing was employed for preparing (Ba0.5Sr0.5Fe12O19)1−x(CoFe2O4)x (x=0.1, 0.2, and 0.3) composite ferrite powders. The powders were subjected to annealing at 800 °C in order to decisively study the phase evolution of the combined hard and soft ferrites. Thermogravitry (TGA)/differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis exhibited three stages of decomposition in the precursor gels combined with an exothermic peak at 210 °C. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed that the diffraction peaks were perfectly indexed to the hexagonal magnetoplumbite structure of Ba0.5Sr0.5Fe12O19 and the cubic spinel structure of CoFe2O4. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis for the samples showed a Co–O stretching vibration accompanied with Co–O–Co or Fe–O–Fe bands at 1220 cm−1. The morphology of the samples were examined by field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The crystallinity of a selected sample was evaluated by using the high resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern. It confirmed the presence of planes comprising the hard and soft phases in the synthesized nanocomposites. The magnetic parameters like saturation magnetization MS, remanent magnetization MR, squareness ratio SR, coercivity HC and magnetic moment µB were evaluated using hysteresis by employing vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Maximum HC of 4.7 kOe and MS of 60.4 emu/g were obtained for (Ba0.5Sr0.5Fe12O19)0.9(CoFe2O4)0.1. Switching field distribution curves were analysed by using the demagnetization curve. The exchange coupling between the hard and soft phases were analysed by the dM/dH plots and it indicated the exchange coupling first increased with the increase in the concentration of spinels and then decreased. The possible comparison of exchange coupling between the hard and soft phases has been discussed in detail.

A nonlinear optical material γ-glycine single crystal was grown for the first time in the presence of sodium bromide by slow cooling method. The solubility of the material was analyzed gravimetrically. Metastable zonewidth was studied by the polythermal method. The form of crystallization was confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction analysis. The crystal of γ-glycine were found to crystallize in hexagonal crystal system. The presence of all the functional groups of the γ-glycine was confirmed by FT-IR and FT-Raman spectral analysis. Thermal properties of the grown crystal were determined by thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA), which indicated the thermal stability (up to 210 °C) and the melting point (257 °C). The grown crystal was subjected to Vickers microhardness test. The dielectric response of the sample is studied as a function of frequency and temperature. The optical transparency and lower cut-off value of UV transmission (223 nm) were ascertained by recording a UV–visible spectrum of γ-glycine crystal. The second-order nonlinear optical property was confirmed by Q-switched Nd:YAG laser.

One-step citrate gel combustion method followed by annealing (800 °C/2 h) was employed to synthesize cobalt substituted barium strontium hexaferrite with a chemical composition of Ba 0.5 Sr 0.5 Fe 12− x Co x O 19 ( x =0, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9). A combination of thermo-gravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry was employed to understand the thermo-chemical behavior of Ba 0.5 Sr 0.5 Fe 12 O 19 . X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to evaluate the hexagonal phase evolution for the barium strontium ferrite nanopowders and a formation of secondary phase: α-Fe 2 O 3 is evident for the Ba 0.5 Sr 0.5 Fe 12 O 19 . Raman spectroscopy confirmed the presence of different sublattices of Fe 3+ present in the hexaferrite structure. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy demonstrated the usual stretching vibrations of tetrahedral and octahedral M–O bands. The morphology and chemical composition of the samples were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy attached with energy dispersive X-ray analysis, respectively. Selected area electron diffraction studies showed the nanocrystalline nature of the samples. The magnetic parameters such as saturation magnetization M S , coercivity, H C and remanent magnetization, M R were estimated from the hysteresis loops. Maximum value of M S (70.5 emu/g) was obtained for the Ba 0.5 Sr 0.5 Fe 11.5 Co 0.5 O 19 nanoparticles. A possible growth mechanism on the crystallization of Ba 0.5 Sr 0.5 Fe 12 O 19 hexagonal platelets during the citrate gel combustion synthesis is highlighted.

Sodium tetraborate decahydrate single crystals were grown from aqueous solution by slow cooling technique. Nucleation and growth kinetics give valuable information about the crystal growth process, which can be utilized in the growth of large size crystals. Attempt are made to study the nucleation parameters such as solubility, induction period, interfacial tension, Gibbs critical free energy, radius of critical nuclei. The crystal possess positive temperature coefficient of solubility. XRD analysis shows that the crystal crystallizes in monoclinic system with space group C2/c. Thermal stability of the crystal was analyzed by TGA/DTG. From optical studies band gap of the material was found to be 5.64 eV. The existence of SHG was confirmed by Q-switched Nd:YAG laser technique.

A single crystal of urea oxalic acid was grown by slow evaporation method. The lattice parameters are a =5.13 A, b =12.48 A, c =7.07 A, β =98.13° with V =448.5 A 3 which belongs to monoclinic system with space group P 2 1 / c obtained from single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. UV–visible spectrum was recorded from the wavelength region of 200–800 nm and its cutoff wavelength was found to be 270 nm. Optical energy band gap of 4.57 eV was determined using Tau's plot relation. Fourier transform infrared vibrational spectrum confirmed the presence of N–H asymmetric stretching which occurs at 3444 cm −1 and 1853 cm −1 arising due to the amide C=O symmetric stretching. The emission was observed at 364 nm from the photoluminescence spectrum. The mechanical stability of the grown crystal was estimated by Vickers microhardness studies and it is evident that the grown crystal belongs to soft material category. Hardness related parameters such as elastic stiffness constant, fracture mechanics, brittleness index and yield strength were also evaluated. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss of the grown crystal were carried out as a function of frequency for different temperatures.

Morpholinium dihydrogenphosphate (MDP) single crystals were synthesized, and were subsequently grown by controlled evaporation technique at room temperature for nonlinear optical applications. The grown crystal, which belongs to the monoclinic system with the space group P2 1 , was subjected to single crystal X-ray diffraction to confirm the structure. UV–vis–NIR spectroscopy was done on the grown crystal and it showed good optical transparency in the entire visible region with a minimum cut-off wavelength of 289 nm. The optical band gap was computed as a function of photon energy using Tauc’s plot. The refractive index of the grown crystal was determined using a Metricon Prism Coupler. The thermogravimetric (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) traces disclosed the thermal stability of the compound. The mechanical strength of the crystal was investigated by a Vickers microhardness tester. Dielectric constant and dielectric loss were calculated and plotted as a function of frequency at different temperatures. The second harmonic conversion efficiency was determined using the Kurtz–Perry powder technique, and the efficiency was found to be 1.2 times greater than that of standard KDP.

The use of surfactant such as cetyl-trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) in producing highly coercive SrFe12O19 platelets is presented in this study. The synthesis of SrFe12O19 was accomplished by co-precipitation in presence of 1 wt% CTAB. The CTAB-coated precipitant thus obtained was subjected to annealing at different temperatures: 700, 800, 900 and 1000 °C. The annealed counterparts were characterized with respect to their structural and magnetic properties and the results are compared with that of those processed without CTAB. Thermogravimetry analysis was employed to study the thermo-chemical behavior for the SrFe12O19 samples. The evolution of crystalline phases as a function of annealing temperature was studied using x-ray diffraction. For the SrFe12O19 samples without CTAB, formation of α-Fe2O3 secondary phases are noticed at annealing temperatures of 700 and 800 °C; while such a secondary phase formation is not evident for the CTAB-capped SrFe12O19. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of the samples annealed at 1000 °C showed deformation in the structure due to the splitting of the bands. Both morphology and composition of the samples were examined by a field-emission scanning electron microscope attached with energy dispersive x-ray analysis. The morphology of CTAB-capped SrFe12O19 samples showed the presence of hexagonal platelets at higher annealing temperatures. The magnetic parameters such as saturation magnetization, MS and coercivity, HC were evaluated from the magnetic hysteresis loops obtained by vibrating sample magnetometer. Maximum values of HC (6.3 kOe) and MS (42.7 emu/g) were obtained for the CTAB-capped SrFe12O19 samples annealed at 900 °C. The possible mechanism on the formation of M-type hexagonal phase with platelet morphology using minimal amount of CTAB (1 wt%) in achieving high the HC values for the SrFe12O19 is discussed.

A metal-organic compound of potassium hydrogen oxalate-trihydroxy boron was grown by solution growth method. The solubility curve validates the positive temperature gradient of the compound. The polythermal method was used for the determination of the metastable zone width of the compound. The structure of the grown crystal was analyzed through single-crystal XRD. The occurrence of different functional groups within the sample was explained with the help of FTIR analysis. The optical analysis was carried out and the optical band gap energy of the compound was calculated. The third-order nonlinearity of the compound was analyzed with the help of the Z-scan method. The impedance analyzer was employed to analyze the value of dielectric loss and constant of the crystal.

The Ba0.5Sr0.5Fe12O19/Y3Fe5O12 (BSFO/YIG) nanocomposite ferrite with the hard (BSFO) and soft (YIG) magnetic phase, were prepared by two-step co-precipitation method. The soft magnetic phases are introduced in different ratios (x=0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 1) in the (1-x)Ba0.5Sr0.5Fe12O19/(x)Y3Fe5O12 nanocomposite ferrites. The structural, morphological and magnetic properties of nanocomposite ferrites were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM) and room temperature vibrational sample magnetometer (VSM). The presence of the hard and soft phase have been confirmed without any secondary phase from XRD analysis, indicating the formation of nanocomposite ferrite. The crystallite size are found to be in the range of 45-55 nm calculated by Scherrer's formula. The HR-TEM revealed hexagonal platelets of BSFO with YIG particles with an average particle size of 90 nm formed at the surface of the (0.9)BSFO/(0.1)YIG nanocomposite. The room temperature magnetic properties of nanocomposite like saturation magnetization (Ms), squareness ratio (Mr/Ms), coercivity (Hc) and nucleation field (Hn) were evaluated by employing VSM. The magnetic measurements have displayed enhancement in coercivity and magnetization for (0.9)BSFO/(0.1)YIG. Compared with pure BSFO, the optimized (0.9)BSFO/(0.1)YIG nanocomposite showed 57% enhancement in energy product (BH)max, indicating that the nanocomposite possessed excellent exchange coupling. To investigate the exchange coupling between the hard and soft phases, dM/dH were plotted using the demagnetization curves and it indicated the effective exchange coupling effect between hard and soft phases.

Single crystal of maleic acid was grown by slow evaporation method at room temperature. The crystalline nature is confirmed by powder XRD, it is found that the crystal belongs to monoclinic system. Solubility was analyzed gravimetrically which reveals the positive temperature coefficient of solubility. The presence of functional groups were confirmed by FT-IR analysis. UV–vis-NIR spectrum was recorded to find the optical transmittance of maleic acid crystals. Mechanical stability of the crystal was studied by using Vickers microhardness indenter and its related constants such as Mayer's index ( n ), elastic stiffness constant ( C 11 ), fracture toughness ( K c ), brittleness index ( B i ) were estimated.

An organic nonlinear optical (NLO) material, l -histidinium maleate, was synthesized, and subsequently a single crystal was grown from aqueous solution by slow evaporation technique. The solubility of the material was determined gravimetrically. The metastable zonewidth was studied to observe the stability of the material using the polythermal method. The induction period was experimentally determined, and various nucleation parameters such as interfacial energy, Gibbs free energy change, critical volume free energy change and radius of critical nuclei of LHM crystals were estimated based on classical theory of nucleation. The grown crystals were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction. The crystalline perfection of the grown crystal was assessed with the help of a high-resolution X-ray diffractometry. The stoichiometric form of LHM was confirmed by a CHN analysis. The dielectric measurement was carried out as a function of frequencies at different temperatures.

Using the slow evaporation solution growth technique, a new compound of potassium sodium hydroxide borate hydrate (KSB) single crystal has been prepared. The title compound crystallized in a noncentrosymmetric hexagonal system with P 6 ¯ 2 c space group was confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The functional group was determined by using FTIR spectrum. The absorption spectrum shows an absorption edge at 265 nm with a band gap of 4.68 eV. The melting point of the material was found to be 105 °C using TG/DSC analysis. The frequency dependence of dielectric, ac conductivity and the relaxation of an ionically conducting crystal have been studied for different temperatures. Nonlinear optical measurement of the grown crystal can displays a SHG response which is almost equivalent to that of KDP.

Single crystals of γ-glycine in the presence of sodium formate were grown first time by slow evaporation method at room temperature. Crystalline nature of the material was confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Solubility of the material was determined by gravimetric method. UV–Vis–NIR analysis were carried out to find the optical absorbance of the material. The presence of functional group was confirmed by Fourier Transform-Infrared analysis (FT-IR). Thermal stability and decomposition of the grown crystal were studied by Thermo gravimetric/Differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA). Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) revealed the presence of elements in the grown crystal. The nonlinear optical response of the grown crystal was confirmed by Q-switched Nd-YAG laser and second harmonic generation efficiency of the grown crystal was found to be greater than that of KDP.

Single crystals of γ-glycine in the presence of cesium chloride were grown from aqueous solution by low temperature solution growth technique. The phase purity and crystal structure of the grown crystals were confirmed by Powder X-ray diffraction analysis. The presence of functional groups were confirmed by FT-IR spectrum. Thermal analysis of the grown crystal was determined by thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA), which results the thermal stability of the grown crystal. The optical absorption and lower cut-off values were ascertained by recorded UV-Visible spectrum of γ-glycine crystals. The existence of second harmonic generation efficiency of frequency doubling was found to be 6 times greater than that of KDP.

Single crystals of γ-glycine were grown by slow evaporation technique. The crystalline system was confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The optical absorption study has shown that the grown crystal possesses lower cut-off wavelength. Solubility and metastable zone width were estimated for different temperatures. The induction period of title compound was determined by varying the temperature and concentration. Nucleation parameters such as Gibbs volume free energy change (Δ G v ), interfacial tension ( γ ), critical free energy change of the nucleus (Δ G ⁎ ), nucleation rate ( J ), number of molecules in the critical nucleus ( i ⁎ ) have been calculated for the aqueous solution grown γ-glycine single crystals. The second harmonic generation (SHG) of γ-glycine was confirmed by Q-switched Nd:YAG laser technique.

Single crystals of Potassium pentaborate were grown by the slow evaporation method at room temperature. Single crystal XRD provided evidence that the crystallized material was Potassium pentaborate and the lattice parameter was also ascertained. Solubility of the material was determined gravimetrically. The stability of the material was studied by observing the metastable zone width using the polythermal method. The induction period was determined at different temperatures by varying the supersaturation from 1.1 to 1.5. Various nucleation parameters such as interfacial energy, Gibbs volume free energy change, critical volume free energy change, radius of critical nuclei and nucleation rate were estimated. Optical studies were carried out in the region of 200–800 nm, it was inferred that the material possessed a wide transparency in visible region with the cutoff wavelength 243 nm. NLO property of the material was confirmed by Q-switched Nd-YAG technique.

Single crystals of ferroelectric material tri-glycine barium nitrate (TGBN) were grown from aqueous solution employing the techniques of slow cooling under controlled evaporation. Highly transparent seed crystals were harvested after repeated recrystallization process. Optical quality seed crystal has been used for the bulk growth. The solubility of the synthesized material was determined by using water as solvent. The solubility of TGBN was determined for various temperatures between 20°C and 50°C. It is found that this material has a positive temperature coefficient of solubility. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis confirms the crystal structure. The FTIR analysis confirms the presence of functional groups in the complex. The Vicker's microhardness of the samples were found using Mitutoyo MH 120 microhardness tester. The measurements were done at room temperature for different forces.

Manganese doped alpha-lithium iodate have been synthesized and single crystals have been grown for nonlinear optical applications. The grown crystal has been subjected to single crystal X-ray diffraction to confirm the structure. The crystalline perfection was assessed by high-resolution X- ray diffractometer (HRXRD). Second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency was found to be 71 times than that of KDP. The UV–Vis-NIR spectroscopic study revealed that the grown crystal has good optical transparency in the visible region clearly indicates that Mn doped α-LiIO3 crystals can be used as window material in optical instruments. Presence of dopant was confirmed by energy-dispersive spectrometry.

Single crystal of lithium boro-succinate (LiBS), a semiorganic nonlinear optical material has been grown by slow evaporation method at ambient temperature. The lattice parameter and crystal structure were analysed by powder XRD. The optical transmission spectra revealed optical properties of the grown crystal. FTIR studies confirm the presence of functional group. TGA/DSC studies were carried to find the melting point of the material. Micro hardness has been estimated from LiBS crystal at different forces and various constants were determined by Vickers hardness test.

Single Crystal of γ-glycine lithium nitrate with non-linear optical material have been grown by slow evaporation method at room temperature. Structural and Crystalline nature of the grown γ-glycine lithium nitrate crystal was confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction technique. UV-Visible transmittance study was performed to analyze optical transparency of γ-glycine crystal and found that the crystal was transparent in the entire visible region. The mechanical properties of the grown crystal was subjected to Vickers hardness test and the Brittleness index (Bi), Fracture toughness (Kc), Elastic stiffness constant (C11) were estimated.

Single crystals of the nonlinear material γ-glycine have been grown in the presence of lithium nitrate by slow-evaporation method. Structural characterization of the grown crystals was carried out by powder and single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods and it is observed that the samples crystallize in hexagonal system with non-centrosymmetric space groups. The modes of vibrations of different molecular groups present in glycine have been identified by spectral analyses. UV–visible transmittance study was performed to analyze optical transparency of γ-glycine crystals and found that the crystal was transparent in the entire visible-NIR region. Second harmonic generation (SHG) conversion efficiency has been estimated as 62 mV and the output power by the crystal was 1.72 times that of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) crystal. The thermal stability and decomposition of the sample have been studied by thermal analysis and it is observed that the γ-glycine crystal have good thermal stability.

Growth of bulk zinc thiourea chloride (ZTC) single crystals from aqueous solution by low temperature solution growth technique has been reported. Single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirms the crystal structure. The crystalline quality was assessed by high resolution XRD technique. The thermal stability of the crystal was investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The microhardness measurement has been carried out at room temperature for different forces using Vickers microhardness tester. From the Vickers microhardness, Meyer's index number (n) and minimum level of indentation load (w) of the crystal has been deliberated. The elastic stiffness coefficient C11 was also calculated using Wooster's empirical relation from the hardness data. The grown crystal possesses good optical transmission in the entire visible region, which is an essential requirement for nonlinear optical crystals. The good optical transmittance in the visible region and second harmonic generation (SHG) conversi...

Gamma glycine was synthesized and the single crystals were grown by the slow evaporation method in the presence of lithium nitrate. Structure and crystalline nature of the grown γ-glycine crystal was confirmed by X-ray diffraction technique. It was found to crystallize in the trigonal system with space group P31. The chemical composition was determined by NMR. Fourier transform infrared studies revealed the functional groups present in the grown crystal and UV–vis–NIR spectra revealed the transmission properties of the crystal specimen. Surface morphology of the grown crystal was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and elemental composition was confirmed by energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS). The second-order nonlinear optical property of the material was investigated by Kurtz powder technique and the relative second harmonic efficiency of γ-glycine was estimated to be higher than that of KDP. The dielectric measurement was carried out as a function of frequencies at room temperature and the results were discussed. The samples have shown piezoelectric behavior with a fairly good piezoelectric charge coefficient (d33) of 7.37 pC/N. Photoluminescence studies showed emission peak around 350 nm. Thermo gravimetric and differential thermal analyses were employed to understand the thermal and physio-chemical stability of the synthesized compound.