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Larger households, involving more children, are theorized as potential risk factors for child maltreatment—resource dilution theory. But qualitative evidence shows that in collective societies, like Ghana, more adult family members may act against neglect, through protective informal social control, which helps to reduce the frequency of neglect. Family members intervention in neglect situations will be more consistent and sustained due to the sanctioned collective responsibility to care for children in the community. The purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis that having more adult family members in the household, who have the will and agency to intervene, will predict less chronic neglect. A three-stage probability proportional to size cluster sample of Ghana was collected from 1,100 primary caregiving mothers. One mother was interviewed in each household, and responses were limited to one focal child. When sample was restricted to those with chronic neglect (neglect > 1), 596 mothers remained in the data. The children have experienced 11 times neglect in the past year, and lived in households with average size of 6 members. Chronic neglect was measured using the Conflict Tactics Scale. Dose–response protective informal social control by family members was measured using the newly developed context-based scale for measuring protective informal social control of child neglect (ISC_CM2). Results from the random effects regressions models showed a negative relationship between dose–response protective informal social control and chronic neglect, and the interaction with household size was negative and significant. Ghanaian families should be sensitized to take advantage of the communal living practices, extended family systems and compound housing structures, as traditional mechanisms to promote collectivity and interventions in observed acts of neglect to protect children. The evidence contradicts the resource dilution theory’s conceptualization of large household as risks factors of neglect.

Adverse effects of childhood maltreatment experience and adolescent depression symptoms are theorized to be more profound for adolescents who have suffered multiple maltreatments (polyvictimization). New theoretical insights into the study of polyvictimization suggest that it must be studied using a multiplicative logic, particularly when maltreatment is characterized by invasive exploitation. This study, for the first time, examined the concept of invasive exploitation in the context of polyvictimization and its association with adolescent depression symptoms. The study used a random, three stage probability proportional to size (PPS) cluster sample of 565 mother-adolescent dyads in Kathmandu, Nepal, and also examined the protective effects of maternal empathy. We hypothesized that (a) singly, the empirical categories of maltreatment (neglect, physical abuse, and child sexual abuse) would associate positively with adolescent depressive symptoms and (b) main effects held constant, the interaction effects of a child sexual abuse X neglect and a child sexual abuse X physical abuse would be positive. Regression with clustering corrections found that neglect ( B = 3.17, p < .01) and sexual abuse ( B = 3.48, p < .05) positively associated with adolescent depression symptoms. Results support the multiplicative invasive exploitation polyvictimization hypothesis (child sexual abuse X neglect interaction ; B = 6.14, p < .05). The positive neglect X sexual abuse interaction is consistent with the theory that sexual abuse is distinct as invasive exploitation, and demonstrates that the multiplicative hypothesis can be fruitfully applied to the study of polyvictimization. Interventions targeting polyvictims with experience of invasive exploitation and studies aiming to provide deeper insights into sexual abuse as invasive exploitation are needed.

Objective To determine if 6-month folic acid (5 mg) and zinc (30 mg) supplementation impacts sperm DNA methylation patterns. Design A multicenter, double-blind, block randomized, placebo-controlled trial titled “The Folic Acid and Zinc Supplementation Trial (FAZST).” Setting Infertility care centers. Patient(s) Male partners (18 years and older) from heterosexual couples (female partners aged 18–45 years) seeking fertility treatment were recruited. Intervention(s) Men were randomized 1:1 to receive folic acid (5 mg) and elemental zinc (30 mg) (n = 713) or a matching placebo (n = 757) daily for 6 months. Main Outcome Measure(s) Sperm DNA methylation was analyzed using the EPIC methylation array (Illumina) at 6 months. Differential sperm DNA methylation was assessed at multiple levels (regional, single cytosine phosphate guanine, etc.). We additionally assessed the impact of supplementation on epigenetic age. Result(s) No significant differences were identified between the treatment and placebo groups although some trends appeared to be present. To determine if these trends were noteworthy, we implemented various permutations and found that the patterns we identified were no more than would be expected by random chance. Conclusion(s) The data presented here strongly suggest that this supplementation regimen is not effective at altering sperm DNA methylation. These data comport well with previous findings from the FAZST study that found no impact of supplementation on basic semen analysis parameters or live birth. Clinical Trial Registration Number ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01857310.

Fil: Obura, David. Coastal Oceans Research and Development in the Indian Ocean (CORDIO). Kenia. Fil: Agrawal, Arun. University of Michigan. Estados Unidos. Fil: DeClerck, Fabrice. CIAT. Francia. Fil: Donaldson, John. African National Biodiversity Institute. Sudáfrica. Fil: Dziba, Luthando. South African National Parks. Sudáfrica. Fil: Emery, Marla R. Norwegian Institute for Nature Research. Noruega. Fil: Friedman, Kim. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. Italia. Fil: Fromentin, Jean-Marc. MARBEC. Francia. Fil: Garibaldi, Lucas Alejandro. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural. Río Negro, Argentina. Fil: Garibaldi, Lucas Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural. Río Negro, Argentina. Fil: Mulongoy, Jo. Institute for Enhanced Livelihoods. Canadá. Fil: Navarrete-Frias, Carolina. CIAT. Francia. Fil: Mosig Reidl, Paola. TRAFFIC. Reino Unido. Fil: Roe, Dilys. IUCN SSC/CEESP Sustainable Use and Livelihoods Specialist Group. Reino Unido. Fil: Timoshyna, Anastasiya. TRAFFIC. Reino Unido. no tiene no tiene

Background Cancer patients are at risk of suicide. However, no studies have used suicide notes to investigate their expressed reasons for suicide. The objectives of this study were to compare the characteristics between note leavers and non-leavers among cancer suicide cases and to understand the patterns in expressed reasons for suicide using suicide notes. Method Suicide cases (2012-2017) were identified from the Hong Kong Coroner's Court reports, which provide detailed information as well as the content of suicide notes. Bivariate tests and multiple logistic regression were performed to compare the characteristics of note leavers and non-leavers among suicide cases with cancer. Thematic analysis was performed on suicide notes to extract themes of expressed reasons for suicides by cancer status and age group. Results Among cancer suicide cases and compared to non-leavers, note leavers were younger, more likely to be male, use non-violent suicide methods, have better housing conditions, and live alone. Suffering from physical disease was a major theme identified among cancer note leavers across all age groups. Young and middle-aged non-cancer note leavers had various themes identified. Physical illness was the major theme for elderly non-cancer note leavers. Conclusions Cancer note leavers had unique characteristics and suffering from physical illness was the major expressed reason identified in the suicide notes. Healthcare professionals should pay attention to the mental as well as the physical needs of patients. Improving quality of life and regaining control of life are vital for suicide prevention among cancer patients. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

In 2018, over 13,000 children were demobilized and reintegrated into society, even as thousands more were recruited for or participated in armed conflicts. The developmental trajectories and functioning of these children are integral to international efforts to reduce inequality; make communities inclusive, safe, and resilient; and promote peaceful and just societies. In turn, analyzing societal structures and influences is necessary to understanding their participation in armed conflict, as well as building effective international supports for their demobilization and integration. In this chapter, we discuss the definition of child and youth combatants and review the current literature on child and youth combatants’ motivations to join armed actors and the processes by which they reintegrate into society. The chapter closes with a review of practices aimed at supporting demobilized children and youth in Colombia as a case study for challenges to these efforts and linking them to peaceful, just, and sustainable societies.

When intimate partner violence (IPV) is deterred or completely avoided, children benefit by living in a more stable, secure familial environment free from violence. This chapter reviews the research literature, with a particular focus on the relationship between social control and IPV, organizing the literature on both formal and informal social control into protective and punitive subtypes. Restorative justice approaches are conceptualized as situated primarily within the protective subtype, but evidence suggests that they may merit their own subtype, termed restitute social control. Finally, the chapter argues that social control of IPV and family violence must be based on an appropriate understanding of the role of family heterogeneity in the trajectory of IPV and family violence.

I extend Akerlof's (1970) adverse selection model, where uninformed participants withdraw from the market, and show that rather than collapse, "lemons" can, and often do, lead to a negative bubble. A mirror image of his model, where uninformed participants pursue "dreams" (for example, purchasing lottery tickets), can lead to a positive bubble that ultimately causes informed experts to withdraw. When the supply of assets is unlimited, a positive bubble can persist when there is systematic favorable -- but incorrect -- information (as might result from advertising), a preference for skewness, or an optimistic bias on the part of uniformed participants. I also argue that, because prices of antiques, collectibles, and other objects d'art are typically based primarily on sentiment, such assets trade persistently in a positive bubble.

Growing literature on COVID-19 shows an increase in family violence and child maltreatment cases as a result of the public health preventive measures including lockdowns and movement restrictions. These restrictions negatively affect victims’ ability to seek social services or leave the violent relationship. There are some indications of hope, however, as countries have begun easing restrictions which may enable victims to seek social services. Yet, the fluidity of COVID-19, emergence of complex variants of COVID-19 virus, continues restrictions on face-to-face engagements and evidence of re-entry into lockdown suggest that social services would not be fully available for victims of family violence. We offer a practical community intervention approach through informal social control for victims of family violence during and even after the COVID-19 pandemic.

Biocultural approaches promote consideration of diverse values and cultural practices into resource management. However, cultural inclusion in North American forest management is limited. Drawing o...

Evidence of the protective role of informal social control by community members (family members, friends, and neighbours) in child neglect has received considerable attention. Likewise, the protective effects of informal social control interventions in neglect are theorised to be common and highly efficacious in communities that have sanctioned informal interventions through collective social values and norms. Yet, no research has examined this theoretical postulation within the field of community/neighbourhood research in child maltreatment. We tested the theory-driven hypothesis by examining the interaction effects of protective informal social control of neglect and the collective value of Abiriwatia (a collective value based on lineage with norms on collective childcare duties) against the frequency of child neglect. Data consist of 616 caregivers' self-report of child neglect in the past year, from the Ghana Families and Neighbourhood Study. Hypotheses were tested using random effects regression models with standard errors corrected for settlement/community clusters. Protective informal social control of child neglect was significantly associated with fewer neglect in the past year (B = -0.79, p 0.05). The interaction between protective informal social control of child neglect and the collective value of Abiriwatia was negative (B = -0.07, p 0.05). The findings suggest that strengthening the collective normative commitment to childcare would promote family members' intervention to protect against neglect situations, and their intervention can deter further acts of neglect. Community neglect prevention programmes should take advantage of the findings to strengthen community norms that sanction collective childcare duties. Community child protection committees of the Department of Social Welfare should develop social groups and informal associations to strengthen Abiriwatia in Ghana.

Chapter 1 of the thematic assessment of the sustainable use of wild species of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services., Suggested citation: Fromentin, J.M., Emery, M. R., Donaldson, J., Hallosserie, A., Michaud-Lopez, C. E., Parma, A., St. Martin, K., and Stockland, H. (2022). Chapter 1: Setting the scene. In: Thematic Assessment Report on the Sustainable Use of Wild Species of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. Fromentin, J.M., Emery, M.R., Donaldson, J., Danner, M.C., Hallosserie, A., and Kieling, D. (eds.). IPBES Secretariat, Bonn, Germany. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6425671

Introduction Surrey Downs Health and Care (SDHC) is an innovative partnership consisting of the acute trust, community provider, three local GP federations and local authority. Together they deliver integrated health and care services for the Surrey Downs population. In April 2019, SDHC formally took over the management of an acute escalation ward at Epsom General Hospital. The aim was to redesign the model of care to offer a more integrated approach towards the management of patients with frailty. Method A change in leadership with interface frailty consultants developing an integrated multidisciplinary team (MDT) with reassignment of community staff. All members of the MDT had an equal voice and this helped develop the one team ethos. There were many developments along the way, but key changes included the agreement that a patients’ time is the most valuable currency and that we should be changing conversations from “what is the matter with you?” to “what matters most to you?” Results 1. A 100% increase in average daily discharges 2. An increase to 70% being discharged to their own home, versus 20% previously 3. A reduction from an average length of stay of 40 days to 13 days compared to the same time last year 4. Reduced 30-day readmissions at 15% versus previous average of 25%. Conclusion By blurring boundaries between the acute and community, allowed a frictionless pathway for patients. This has led to improvement in patient care and outcomes for the patient and system as a whole.

The Earth’s subsurface not only provides a wide range of natural resources but also contains large pore volume that can be used for storing both anthropogenic waste and energy. For example, geothermal energy may be extracted from hot water contained or injected into deep reservoirs and disused coal mines; CO2may be stored within depleted petroleum reservoirs and deep saline aquifers; nuclear waste may be disposed of within mechanically stable impermeable strata; surplus heat may be stored within shallow aquifers or disused coal mines. Using the subsurface in a safe manner requires a fundamental understanding of the physiochemical processes which occur when decarbonising technologies are implemented and operated. Here, thermal, hydrological, mechanical and chemical perturbations and their dynamics need to be considered. Consequently, geoscience will play a central role in Society’s quest to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This contribution provides a review of the physiochemical processes related to key technologies that utilize the subsurface for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and the resultant challenges associated with these technologies. Dynamic links between the geomechanical, geochemical and hydrological processes differ between technologies and the geology of the locations in which such technologies are deployed. We particularly focus on processes occurring within the lithologies most commonly considered for decarbonisation technologies. Therefore, we provide a brief comparison between the lithologies, highlighting the main advantages and disadvantages of each, and provide a list of key parameters and properties which have first order effects on the performance of specific rock types, and consequently should be considered during reservoir evaluation for decarbonising technology installation. The review identifies several key knowledge gaps that need to be filled to improve reservoir evaluation and performance prediction to be able to utilize the subsurface efficiently and sustainably. Most importantly, the biggest uncertainties emerge in prediction of fracture pattern development and understanding the extent and timescales of chemical reactions that occur within the decarbonising applications where external fluid or gas is cyclically injected and invariably causes disequilibrium within the system. Furthermore, it is clear that whilst geoscience can show us the opportunities to decarbonise our cities and industries, an interdisciplinary approach is needed to realize these opportunities, also involving social science, end-users and stakeholders.

The field of oncofertility has maintained an important focus on improving access, yet standardized practices are lacking. To assess how female cancer patients are provided oncofertility care, we sought to determine provider-level differences and whether there are physician or practice characteristics that predict these variations.A cross-sectional survey was sent to SREI members. The survey included fifteen questions about physician practice characteristics and oncofertility cryopreservation protocols. Topics included ovarian stimulation protocols, fertilization techniques, stage of embryo cryopreservation, routine use of pre-implantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A), and ovarian tissue cryopreservation (OTC). Statistical analyses assessed whether practice setting, geographic region, time in practice, and mandatory state insurance coverage had effects on cryopreservation protocols.A total of 141 (17%) from diverse REI practice backgrounds completed the survey. The median number of new female oncofertility consults per year was 30 (range 1 to 300). Providers in academic settings treated more patients (median 40 vs. 15, p 0.001). Providers in academic settings more often use gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists (85% vs. 52%, p 0.001) and perform OTC (41% vs. 4%, p 0.001). Providers in academic practices were less likely to perform intracytoplasmic sperm injection in every cycle (37% vs. 55%, p = 0.032) and less likely to usually advise PGT-A (21% vs. 36%, p = 0.001). Mandated state insurance coverage had no effect on oncofertility practices.Oncofertility practices vary among providers. Factors such as practice setting and region may affect the services provided. We do not yet know the best practices in oncofertility patients, and future research is needed.

This article explores the principle of due care in war and the myth that improved battlefield technology makes Western warfare inherently more ethical. The discursive construction – which I term vi...

Research within the community-based child protection approach has used the neighbourhood collective efficacy theory of social disorganisation to focus on investigating the social conditions and processes that facilitate residents' ability to intervene or protect children from parental maltreatment. However, much of the research into the protective effects of neighbourhood collective efficacy on child maltreatment has yielded mixed results. In a review of empirical studies published between 2008 and 2019, we investigated the sources of these mixed findings and the pathways through which neighbourhood collective efficacy could protect children from parental maltreatment. Following the PRISMA guidelines for systematic literature reviews yielded 21 empirical research articles on the subject that were critically examined in line with the theoretical underpinning and research questions. Evidence suggests both direct and sequential pathways in which increased social cohesion and informal social control (ISC) protect against parents' maltreatment behaviours. Higher levels of neighbourhood social cohesion were found to be a potential primary preventive strategy against risk factors for maltreatment. The use of ISC measures from the traditional collective efficacy scale account for the mixed findings and limited research on the direct and indirect forms of ISC. Moreover, the transactional processes posited by collective efficacy theory that link neighbourhood social cohesion to ISC have yet to be examined and confirmed with respect to child maltreatment. Studies addressing these theoretical and methodological gaps are encouraged, in particular, studies examining ISC dimensions using item measures of specific residents' actions within child maltreatment behaviours. The results provide implications for community-based child protection practice, in terms of promoting cultural norms and values that foster social cohesion and facilitate ISC interventions within neighbourhoods.

Research shows that dating violence is characterized by bigger ratios than those found among married couples of mutual and less severe forms of violence. The aim of this study is to increase knowledge about the violence experienced by female students at the Complutense University of Madrid and Yonsei University of Seoul. A quantitative study with 435 interviews (308 with Spanish students and 127 with South Koreans) was carried out during the 2015-2016 academic year.dating violence has decreased in both universities. Currently, women are experiencing new forms of control through communication technologies and it is still necessary to increase awareness about equality of roles and rights between women and men. Important differences found between data from Madrid and Seoul, in terms of the role played by women and the severity of violence, raise questions about different kinds of dating violence and missing variables which may explain its etiology.

Despite 2 decades of research, no N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor (GluN) subtype 2B (GluN1/2B) radioligand is yet clinically validated. Previously, we reported on (rac)-(18)F-OF-NB1 as a promising GluN1/2B PET probe in rodents and its successful application for the visualization of GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors in postmortem brain tissues of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In the current work, we report on the in vivo characterization of (rac)-, (R)-, and (S)-(18)F-OF-NB1 in nonhuman primates. Methods: PET scans were performed on rhesus monkeys. Plasma profiling was used to obtain the arterial input function. Regional brain time–activity curves were generated and fitted with the 1- and 2-tissue-compartment models and the multilinear analysis 1 method, and the corresponding regional volumes of distribution were calculated. Blocking studies with the GluN1/2B ligand Co 101244 (0.25 mg/kg) were performed for the enantiopure radiotracers. Receptor occupancy, nonspecific volume of distribution, and regional binding potential (BP(ND)) were obtained. Potential off-target binding toward σ(1) receptors was assessed for (S)-(18)F-OF-NB1 using the σ(1) receptor ligand FTC-146. Results: Free plasma fraction was moderate, ranging from 12% to 16%. All radiotracers showed high and heterogeneous brain uptake, with the highest levels in the cortex. (R)-(18)F-OF-NB1 showed the highest uptake and slowest washout kinetics of all tracers. The 1-tissue-compartment model and multilinear analysis 1 method fitted the regional time–activity curves well for all tracers and produced reliable regional volumes of distribution, which were higher for (R)- than (S)-(18)F-OF-NB1. Receptor occupancy by Co 101244 was 85% and 96% for (S)-(18)F-OF-NB1 and (R)-(18)F-OF-NB1, respectively. Pretreatment with FTC-146 at both a low (0.027 mg/kg) and high (0.125 mg/kg) dose led to a similar reduction (48% and 49%, respectively) in specific binding of (S)-(18)F-OF-NB1. Further, pretreatment with both Co 101244 and FTC-146 did not result in a further reduction in specific binding compared with Co 101244 alone in the same monkey (82% vs. 81%, respectively). Regional BP(ND) values ranged from 1.3 in the semiovale to 3.4 in the cingulate cortex for (S)-(18)F-OF-NB1. Conclusion: Both (R)- and (S)-(18)F-OF-NB1 exhibited high binding specificity to GluN2B subunit–containing NMDA receptors. The fast washout kinetics, good regional BP(ND) values, and high plasma free fraction render (S)-(18)F-OF-NB1 an attractive radiotracer for clinical translation.

Rational choice deterrence theory suggests that caregiving behavior, which includes abusive and neglectful behavior, can be influenced or manipulated via informal social control strategies enacted by neighbors, family members and friends in the social network. The literature identifies two forms of informal social control that have the potential to influence maltreating caregiver behavior, protective vs punitive, with the latter having more contrasting evidence related to its influence on maltreating caregiving practices.To examine the perceptions and meanings female caregivers associate with protective and punitive informal social control strategies that have been enacted against them.17 female caregivers from Ghana, who self-reported their involvement in neglectful acts, were purposively selected to engage in river of life oral history narrative interviews. Narrative accounts from the caregivers were analyzed thematically using Taguette software package.The findings showed that protective informal social control in child neglect are interpreted via values and norms of childcare that have been institutionalized in the community. Caregivers perceived protective informal social control to have impact on their level of respect/influence, authority in the family or community, and to elicit internal consequences: shame, guilty feelings and embarrassment. Punitive informal social control approaches were considered as misplaced interventions that had ulterior motives of satisfying the neighbors' hatred/dislike of the perpetrator and quest for revenge.The findings suggest that the development of a fruitful theoretical framework to explain the effectiveness of informal social control should prioritize the social values and legitimate norms of the community. Implications for practice and theory development are discussed.

Background. Research has established the family as the predominant context for child labor practices. Decisions to involve children in child labor within the family or by a family member (herein family child labor) is strongly motivated by cultural beliefs that normalize child labor. This systematic review sought to synthesize evidence on the social norms that support child labor practices, and the normative interpretation of international child labor legislation/standards. Methods. We followed the PRISMA procedure for systematic review by reviewing empirical articles published between 2000 to 2021 and contained within the four key databases: Scopus, ISI Web of Sciences, PubMed and Embase. Findings from 13 articles that met the inclusion criteria were analyzed thematically. Results. The review included studies from three continents: Africa, Asia and Europe. Gender norms, informal apprenticeship norm, norms on succession and sustenance as well as obedience, were key social norms that influenced child labor practices in the family. Parents’ decision to involve children in child labor was strongly influenced by the collective acceptance of some occupations (e.g., cocoa farming and fishing) as family occupations, which need to be preserved, undertaken and passed on to children. Child rights and the UNCRC principle of children’s participation were considered foreign to most non-western countries and interpreted as contravention to the cherished social norm of obedience. The findings underlie the link between social norms and the common social values of resilience, hard work, and respect. Conclusion. The results provide foundations and target to develop normative change intervention programs to re-orient the negative interpretations of common social values and provide alternative pathways that prevent child labor within the social context.