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Atmospheric sodium at the Moon was observed for altitudes from the ground up to 1800 km from 18 April to 13 May 1998, a period including an entire lunar month. Because of bad weather, coverage was incomplete but we present the analysis of 36 spectra largely from near first and third quarter phases and passage through full moon. The apparatus used was the specially built clear aperture 16.5 cm, 203 cm focal length, Mt. Lemmon Lunar Coronagraph on Mt. Lemmon in the Catalina Mountains of Tucson, Arizona. Data are interpreted in terms of Chamberlain fits to the observed emission rate using both one equivalent temperature and two source components (with both cold and hot density distributions). The extent and equivalent temperatures of the exosphere during this period trended towards an extended coma with very little fraction in the thermally accommodated regime, even near the surface. Preliminary data–model comparisons suggest that these measurements are consistent with rates and spatial distributions expected from a photon-stimulated desorption source, although evidence for one, or possibly two, periods of notable meteoroid impact source might be present. A compilation of new and previously published observations illustrates an increased emission by sodium at third quarter over that of first quarter, a result that suggests that the dayside exospheric content increases, at least occasionally, following transit of the Moon through the Earth’s magnetosphere.

The International Cooperation on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Veterinary Medicinal Products (VICH) was formed in April 1996 and is a programme of collaboration between regulatory authorities and the animal health industries of three world regions: the European Union, Japan and the United States of America. Two other regions, Canada and Australia/New Zealand, have observer status. The principal goal of VICH is to harmonise technical data requirements of participating regulatory authorities before granting marketing authorisation or registration. VICH has finalised six guidelines on the technical requirements for marketing authorisation/registration of biological products. These guidelines have been fully implemented in the regions. Three more technical guidelines are under development by two expert working groups. VICH has also finalised a guideline which specifically deals with pharmacovigilance and veterinary medicinal products, including biological products. A further four guidelines relating to pharmacovigilance are under development by an expert working group.

Our ground-based measurements of martian atmospheric water vapor, made throughout L s = 34 ° to 249°, 24 September 1998 to 23 November 1999, during Mars year 24 (MY 24), show changes in Mars' humidity on hourly, daily, and seasonal timescales. We made concomitant measurement of nearby CO2 bands, and when possible, results were corrected for aerosol extinction using aerosol optical depths derived from our own CO2 analysis. Where there is spatial and temporal overlap, similar results are obtained for water vapor abundances and aerosol opacities as those observed from the Thermal Emission Spectrometer on Mars Global Surveyor. In addition some further discussion of our published earlier water vapor measurements (1991–1995) is included. Six results from this data set are: (1) the measured aerosol opacity in Mars atmosphere was variable but not greater than τ = 1 , with almost no clear atmosphere being observed, (2) measurements made with the slit crossing many hours of local time on Mars' Earth-facing disk show a diurnal pattern with highest abundances at mid-day and low abundance in very early morning and late afternoon for some but not all measurements, (3) water vapor abundance is patchy on hourly and daily time scales but follows the usual seasonal trends seen by instrumentation on the Mars Atmospheric Water Detector on the Viking Orbiters and by the Thermal Emission Spectrometer on Mars Global Surveyor, (4) there is a slight longitudinal correlation with the ground-ice observed by the Gamma Ray Spectrometer on Mars Odyssey, (5) there is evidence of the Low Southern Latitude Summer Minimum in our water vapor measurements but our data set for southern summer is limited, and (6) MY 24 appears to be wetter than MY 22 and MY 23.

Measurements of martian atmospheric water vapor made throughout L s = 18.0°–146.4° (October 3, 1996–July 12, 1997) show changes in Mars humidity on hourly, daily, and seasonal time scales. Because our observing program during the 1996–1997 Mars apparition did not include concomitant measurement of nearby CO 2 bands, high northern latitude data were corrected for dust and aerosol extinction assuming an optical depth of 0.8, consistent with ground-based and HST imaging of northern dust storms. All other measurements with airmass greater than 3.5 were corrected using a total optical depth of 0.5. Three dominant results from this data set are as follows: (1) pre- and post-opposition measurements made with the slit crossing many hours of local time on Mars’ Earth-facing disk show a distinct diurnal pattern with highest abundances around and slightly after noon with low abundances in the late afternoon, (2) measurements of water vapor over the Mars Pathfinder landing site (Carl Sagan Memorial Station) on July 12, 1997, found 21 ppt μm in the spatial sector centered near 19° latitude, 36° longitude while abundances around the site varied from as low as 6 to as high as 28 ppt μm, and (3) water vapor abundance is patchy on hourly and daily time scales but follows the usual seasonal trends.

The occultation of bright star HIP9369 by the northern polar region of Jupiter was observed from four locations in North and South America, providing four data sets for ingress and egress. The inversion of the eight occultation lightcurves provides temperature profiles at different latitudes ranging from 55°N to 73.2°N. We estimate the errors on the profiles due to the uncertainties of the inversion method and compare the value of the temperature at the deepest level probed (∼ 50 μbar) with previous observations. The shape of the temperature gradient profile is found similar to previous investigations of planetary atmospheres with propagating and breaking gravity waves. We analyze the small scale structures in both lightcurves and temperature profiles using the continuous wavelet transform. The calculated power spectra of localized fluctuations in the temperature profiles show slopes close to −3 for all eight profiles. We also isolate and reconstruct the three-dimensional geometry of a single wave mode with vertical and horizontal wavelengths of respectively 3 and 70 km. The identified wave is consistent with the gravity wave regime, with a horizontal phase speed nearly parallel to the planetary meridian. Nevertheless, the dissipation of the corresponding wave in Jupiter’s stratosphere should preclude its detection at the observed levels and an acoustic wave cannot be ruled out.

The effect of a bilayer area on the electronic response to environmental gating of a monolayer graphene Hall bar device is investigated using room temperature magnetotransport and scanning Kelvin probe microscopy measurements in a controlled environment. The device is tuned through the charge neutrality point with n-p-n-junctions formed. Scanning Kelvin probe measurements show that the work function of the monolayer graphene decreases more than that of the bilayer area however magnetotransport measurements show a larger change in carrier concentration for bilayer graphene with environmental gating. Interface scattering at the boundary between the monolayer and bilayer regions also affects device response with field-dependent suppression of the conductivity observed near the charge neutrality point. Simultaneous electronic and environmental scanning Kelvin probe measurements are used to build nano-scale maps of the work function of the device surface revealing the areas of greatest work function change with environmental gating. Crown Copyright (C) 2015 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Funding Agencies|UK NMS Programme; EU; EMRP the participating countries within EURAMET; European Union; European Union [604391]; UK Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS) in Sensor networks: data to knowledge [IRD/2013/09]; graphene flagship

We present column abundances of water vapor in Mars' atmosphere over high north latitudes for L s 46°–146° during 1996–1997 and L s 34°–180° during 1998–1999. These abundances have been obtained by ground-based high-resolving-power spectroscopy in the very near IR (8174–8200 A) from the 1.5-m Catalina observatory near Tucson, AZ. All of the measurements have been corrected for atmospheric dust opacity, which increases the measured water vapor abundance over the “apparent measurement” by appreciable amounts at long path lengths. Dust measurements in 1998–1999 were made by near simultaneous measurements, with the same instrument, of the CO 2 absorption lines in the nearby spectral region between 8689 and 8692 A. We use a doubling and adding radiative transfer code to obtain the dust optical thickness. High northern latitude dust opacities were between 0.8 and 1.0 in this data set for 1998–1999. For the high-latitude measurements made in 1996–1997 during and following observed spring dust storm activity, the dust opacity (τ dust =0.8) was adopted. The computations account for the geometry of the observations (incoming airmass, outgoing airmass, and phase angle). Measurements show a strong increase in water vapor abundance from 8 to 76 ppt. μm with onset of spring and early summer ( L s 34°–118°) followed by an abrupt drop to less than 1 ppt. μm by summer's end.

We used CCD (charge coupled device) astrometric data to predict where the occultation path of the star Tr 176 was located, on July 18, 1997. It could be seen from northern Australia and the southern section of North America. We set up an array of portable and mixed telescopes which had high-speed photometric equipment to observe the occultation. Goals included the following: (1) mapping the central flash; (2) obtaining light curves for the signal-to-noise ratio; (3) acquiring light curves from Triton's disk. We combined these with data from others to find the radius and geometry of the half-light surface of the atmosphere, as well as the equivalent-isothermal temperature latitudes below the occultation on Triton.

Blooms of cyanobacteria or blue-green algae are known to have caused poisoning in fish, waterfowl, animals and man. One of the toxins responsible for this is the hepatotoxin microcystin-LR which has been found to occur in blooms present intermittently in sources used for domestic water supplies. Three sets of experiments were undertaken to investigate the acute toxicity of microcystin-LR in mice and rats by the oral and intraperitoneal routes, the potential for effects on foetal development in the mouse, and the effects of repeated oral dosing over 13 weeks in the mouse. The results of this work were as follows: (1) Microcystin-LR is 30-100 times less toxic via oral ingestion than via intraperitoneal injection; (2) Microcystin-LR is not a selective developmental toxicant in the mouse. There was a No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) of 600 μg kg-1 bodyweight per day given on days 6-15 of pregnancy for any form of developmental toxicity; (3) There was a clear NOAEL for tissue damage in the liver of 40 μg kg-1 bodyweight per day of microcystin-LR. Using this data, a value of 1 μg l-1 microcystin-LR would be an appropriate guideline value for drinking water.

Observations of lunar sodium were made on November 16–18, 1997, at Asiago and Mount Lemmon Observatories. A small enhancement was observed, and we suggest that it was related to the Leonid shower. Visual observations by members of the Association of Lunar and Planetary Observers and the North American Meteor Network show a peak, a few hours wide, at about 12:50 UT on the 17th. The possible enhancement of the lunar Na appears to last at least 3 days, and must be associated with a considerably more extended cloud of particles than that responsible for the bright visual meteors. The circumstances of the 1997, 1998, and 1999 events are discussed. Large showers may occur in 1998 and 1999; the 1998 shower occurs too close to new moon for good atmospheric observations, but if the extended, faint shower is also enhanced the corresponding lunar Na should be observable for a considerably longer period.

Telescopic observations of Mercury's sodium atmosphere were made to test the theory that two mid-latitude radar-bright spots centered near ∼345° longitude and ∼55° N and ∼25° S are sources of sodium in Mercury's atmosphere. Three important results came from these observations. (1) When the spectrograph slit was placed over, or near, the location of the radar-bright spots, notable sodium enhancements were seen. When the spectrograph was placed at a greater distance from the spots and beyond the seeing disk, no sodium enhancements were seen. We conclude that these two locations on Mercury's surface are Na-rich and are two sources of the Na atmosphere. (2) To fit the surface continuum traces from the data, it was necessary to include two highly reflective regions at the locations of the radar-bright spots in our Hapke rough-surface reflectance model. This indicates the mid-latitude radar-bright spots are also brighter than surrounding terrain at visible wavelengths. (3) High Na atmospheric abundances occur during periods of low solar activity as well as high solar activity. Average zenith column abundances above the spots are 8.6 × 1011and 8.0 × 1011Na atoms cm−2for the northern and southern spot, respectively. These Na abundances are among the highest ever reported, exceeded only by measurements of May, 1988 (maximum value 1.5 × 1012Na atoms cm−2) when Mercury's morning terminator was in view and another radar-bright region centered near ∼240° longitude and ∼15° N was near the noon-point. Both sunspot index and solar F10.7 flux (a proxy for EUV) were close to the solar minimum.

We report results of a part of an organized effort of five observing groups to simultaneously observe sodium in the lunar atmosphere. International Lunar Atmosphere Week spanned the week of September 15–22, 1995. Of the seven nights, we experienced four nights with good viewing conditions. We used the Mt. Lemmon Lunar Coronagraph (MLLC) and DARRK spectrograph. Both are especially designed for lunar atmospheric measurements from the surface extending to an altitude of approximately 1 lunar radius or ∼1700 km (860 km geopotential height). Emission rates for Na were compatible with those previously reported for relatively large phase angles (96° to 129°) with the average total of D2 and D1 emission rate ∼6.9 kRayleigh. A thermal component was observed only on the night of September 17, when the solar zenith angle at the limb was only 6°. We observed a factor of ∼2 greater column abundances over the north pole than over the sunlit equatorial limb on September 18 while on September 19, the equatorial bright limb column abundance was a factor of ∼5 higher than the north polar. Apparent geopotential scale heights varied from 279 to 435 km, indicating an extended atmosphere. If the scale heights are represented by a temperature, values are 985 to 1470 K. The data set appears to support the idea that the dominant source during this period was meteoritic impact volatilization.

This paper presents new results about Triton's atmospheric structure from the analysis of all ground-based stellar occultation data recorded to date, including one single-chord occultation recorded on 1993 July 10 and nine occultation lightcurves from the double-star event on 1995 August 14. These stellar occultation observations made both in the visible and in the infrared have good spatial coverage of Triton, including the first Triton central-flash observations, and are the first data to probe the altitude level 20–100 km on Triton. The small-planet lightcurve model of J. L. Elliot and L. A. Young (1992, Astron. J. 103, 991–1015) was generalized to include stellar flux refracted by the far limb, and then fitted to the data. Values of the pressure, derived from separate immersion and emersion chords, show no significant trends with latitude, indicating that Triton's atmosphere is spherically symmetric at ∼50-km altitude to within the error of the measurements; however, asymmetry observed in the central flash indicates the atmosphere is not homogeneous at the lowest levels probed (∼20-km altitude). From the average of the 1995 occultation data, the equivalent-isothermal temperature of the atmosphere is 47 ± 1 K and the atmospheric pressure at 1400-km radius (∼50-km altitude) is 1.4 ± 0.1 μbar. Both of these are not consistent with a model based on Voyager UVS and RSS observations in 1989 (D. F. Strobel, X. Zhu, M. E. Summers, and M. H. Stevens, 1996, Icarus 120, 266–289). The atmospheric temperature from the occultation is 5 K colder than that predicted by the model and the observed pressure is a factor of 1.8 greater than the model. In our opinion, the disagreement in temperature and pressure is probably due to modeling problems at the microbar level, since measurements at this level have not previously been made. Alternatively, the difference could be due to seasonal change in Triton's atmospheric structure.

The USDA Center for Veterinary Biologics (CVB) has the regulatory authority to issue licenses and permits that allow the marketing of pure, safe, potent, and effective veterinary biological products. Under the standard licensing or permitting process, a manufacturer develops, characterizes, and evaluates a product prior to licensure. The CVB evaluates the submitted information, inspects the manufacturing facilities and methods of production and testing, and confirms key product test results through independent testing. This complete and comprehensive evaluation may not be possible during the emergence of a new animal disease or in response to an introduction of a significant transboundary animal disease agent. Processes are in place in the US that allow for more rapid availability of veterinary products in an emerging or emergency animal health situation. But, it can be advantageous to attain preapproval of products prior to their anticipated need. In this article, issues associated with obtaining approval for use of a biological product under emerging or emergency conditions are discussed.

A 14th magnitude double star was occulted by 2060 Chiron on 1993 November 7. Observations of this event were obtained from five locations in California. An occultation by Chiron's nucleus was recorded at one of these sites, while a possible graze by the nucleus was seen at the next closest location. If this possible graze represents a true detection of the nucleus, Chiron's radius is determined to be 89.6 ± 6.8 km, assuming a circular outline for the shape. If the nucleus was not seen at the second location, Chiron's radius is only constrained as being greater than 90.2 ± 6.5 km. The presence of dust in Chiron's inner coma was also detected in four of the five occultation datasets. Lightcurve features were identified that may be explained by narrow, collimated jets of material, and by a much larger region of dust distributed asymmetrically about Chiron's nucleus. Periodic fluctuations in the dust may have been detected in one of the lightcurves. If this periodicity is real, and is induced as a result of Chiron's rotation, then a minimum expansion velocity for the dust is found to be ∼40 m sec−1.

We report new measurements of Martian atmospheric water vapor for the period 1991–1995 and discuss implications of these and earlier measurements from 1988 to 1989. Our measurements indicate abundances (precipitable micrometers (pr μm)) that show some departures from those of the Viking Mars atmospheric water detector (MAWD) experiment and other ground-based measurement programs. Variation of water abundance within Martian season is sometimes as large as a factor of 3 from one year to the next. However, the seasonal shifts and variations between hemispheres show the same trends as observed by MAWD. Column abundances of water vapor varied from barely detectable

Accurate spacecraft tracking by the NASA Deep Space Network (DSN) antennas must be assured during changing weather conditions. Wind disturbances are the main source of antenna vibrations, and consequently tracking errors. A wind force model is developed, and simulation results of wind-induced vibrations and pointing errors of the DSN antennas are presented. The antenna model includes the antenna structure, the elevation and azimuth servos, and the tracking controller. Simulation results show that pointing errors due to wind gusts are of the same order as errors due to wind steady state pressure, and that (similarly to steady state wind pressure) these errors satisfy the velocity quadratic law. The methodology presented is next used for wind disturbance estimation and for design of an antenna controller with wind disturbance rejection properties.

On September 8, 2001 around 2 h UT, the largest uranian moon, Titania, occulted Hipparcos star 106829 (alias SAO 164538, a V = 7.2 , K0 III star). This was the first-ever observed occultation by this satellite, a rare event as Titania subtends only 0.11 arcsec on the sky. The star's unusual brightness allowed many observers, both amateurs or professionals, to monitor this unique event, providing fifty-seven occultations chords over three continents, all reported here. Selecting the best 27 occultation chords, and assuming a circular limb, we derive Titania's radius: R T = 788.4 ± 0.6 km ( 1 - σ error bar). This implies a density of ρ = 1.711 ± 0.005 g cm −3 using the value G M = ( 2.343 ± 0.006 ) × 10 11 m 3 s −2 derived by Taylor [Taylor, D.B., 1998. Astron. Astrophys. 330, 362–374]. We do not detect any significant difference between equatorial and polar radii, in the limit r eq − r po = − 1.3 ± 2.1 km , in agreement with Voyager limb image retrieval during the 1986 flyby. Titania's offset with respect to the DE405 + URA027 (based on GUST86 theory) ephemeris is derived: Δ α T cos ( δ T ) = − 108 ± 13 mas and Δ δ T = − 62 ± 7 mas (ICRF J2000.0 system). Most of this offset is attributable to a Uranus' barycentric offset with respect to DE405, that we estimate to be: Δ α U cos ( δ U ) = − 100 ± 25 mas and Δ δ U = − 85 ± 25 mas at the moment of occultation. This offset is confirmed by another Titania stellar occultation observed on August 1st, 2003, which provides an offset of Δ α T cos ( δ T ) = − 127 ± 20 mas and Δ δ T = − 97 ± 13 mas for the satellite. The combined ingress and egress data do not show any significant hint for atmospheric refraction, allowing us to set surface pressure limits at the level of 10–20 nbar. More specifically, we find an upper limit of 13 nbar ( 1 - σ level) at 70 K and 17 nbar at 80 K, for a putative isothermal CO2 atmosphere. We also provide an upper limit of 8 nbar for a possible CH4 atmosphere, and 22 nbar for pure N2, again at the 1 - σ level. We finally constrain the stellar size using the time-resolved star disappearance and reappearance at ingress and egress. We find an angular diameter of 0.54 ± 0.03 mas (corresponding to 7.5 ± 0.4 km projected at Titania). With a distance of 170 ± 25 parsecs, this corresponds to a radius of 9.8 ± 0.2 solar radii for HIP 106829, typical of a K0 III giant.

The International Cooperation on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Veterinary Medicinal Products (VICH) was formed in April 1996 and is a programme of collaboration between regulatory authorities and the animal health industries of three world regions: the European Union, Japan and the United States of America. Two other regions, Canada and Australia/New Zealand, have observer status. The principal goal of VICH is to harmonise technical data requirements of participating regulatory authorities before granting marketing authorisation or registration. VICH has finalised six guidelines on the technical requirements for marketing authorisation/registration of biological products. These guidelines have been fully implemented in the regions. Three more technical guidelines are under development by two expert working groups. VICH has also finalised a guideline which specifically deals with pharmacovigilance and veterinary medicinal products, including biological products. A further four guidelines relating to pharmacovigilance are under development by an expert working group.

Europa, one of the satellites of Jupiter, has long been thought to be a dormant icy body, unlike its volcanically active neighbour, Io. Europa lies deep within Jupiter's magnetosphere, however, and is continuously bombarded by energetic ions, which modify the surface ices and are probably responsible for creating Europa's tightly bound oxygen atmosphere. Here we report the discovery of an atmosphere of atomic sodium that extends to at least 25 times Europa's radius. We suggest that this sodium is originally released by Io's volcanoes, after which it is ionized in the magnetosphere and implanted into Europa's surface ice; subsequent sputtering of the ice by magnetospheric ions releases the sodium to form the extended atmosphere. Although sodium is a minor constituent of Europa's atmosphere, it traces the distribution of the major atmospheric components which are not themselves directly observable. The sodium and oxygen could represent the extremes of the distribution of the atmospheric components, with only the heaviest molecules (such as the oxygen) being tightly bound; alternatively the sodium might be in the form of an extended corona, analogous to Io's atmosphere.

The U.S. Department of Agriculture's Center for Veterinary Biologics (CVB) is charged with protecting American agriculture. As part of this effort, CVB licenses manufacturers to produce special biologics for use in individual flocks or livestock herds afflicted by a particular microorganism. These special products, autogenous biologicals, are inactivated vaccines used by or under the direction of a veterinarian or USDA-approved specialist and are produced under a variety of special licensing requirements.

The Virus-Serum-Toxin Act of 1913 (21 US Code 151-159) provides the legal basis for the regulation of veterinary biologicals in the United States and the United States Department of Agriculture's Center for Veterinary Biologics (CVB) has the regulatory authority for the issuing of licences and permits for such products. The law was intended to establish standards and control the importation of products into the United States and the distribution of products interstate assuring the purity, safety, potency, and efficacy of veterinary biological products. Under certain specific circumstances, product licences may be issued in the United States under expedited procedures which assure purity, safety, and a "reasonable expectation" of efficacy. These conditional licences may be authorized to meet an emergency condition, limited market, local situation, or other special circumstances, and provide valuable tools for veterinarians and consumers in improving animal health.

The Virus-Serum-Toxin Act of 1913 (21 US Code 151-159) provides the legal basis for the regulation of veterinary biologicals in the United States; the United States Department of Agriculture's Center for Veterinary Biologicals (CVB) has the regulatory authority for the issue of licences and permits for such products. The law was intended to establish standards and control the importation of products into the United States and the distribution of products interstate assuring the purity, safety, potency, and efficacy of veterinary biological products. Administrative regulations and standards appear in the Title 9, Code of Federal Regulations, Parts 101-118, with additional programme guidance found in CVB Notices, Veterinary Services Memoranda, General Licensing Considerations, and other guidance documents. Pre-licensing data evaluation procedures are designed to assess the purity, safety, potency, and effectiveness of each product and support all product label claims. To fulfil these criteria, data from all phases of product development are evaluated against these key elements. Under the standard licensing process, this spectrum of evaluation includes complete characterization and identification of seed material and ingredients, laboratory and host animal safety and efficacy studies, stability studies, and post-licensing monitoring of field performance. This comprehensive evaluation may not be possible during the emergence of a new animal disease. While there are no specific regulations addressing the licensing standards of products for an emerging animal disease, there are mechanisms that allow for the availability of products in an emergency animal health situation. These mechanisms include autogenous biologicals, conditional licences, experimental and emergency use authorizations, and the importation of products in use elsewhere in the world. Pre-approved vaccine banks provide an additional mechanism.

Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome, a syndrome of multiple malformations and mental retardation that for years was relegated to the atlases of genetic esoterica, was recently found to be a relatively common inborn error of metabolism. The underlying defect is absent or deficient activity of 7-dehydrocholesterol- delta 7-reductase, the enzyme catalysing the final step of cholesterol synthesis. The discovery of the biochemical defect causing Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome has resulted in the development of a diagnostic test and a potentially beneficial treatment (dietary cholesterol supplementation). Infants and young children with the syndrome have shown marked improvement in growth, behaviour and general health after receiving cholesterol therapy; older children and adults have shown some improvement in development and intellectual functioning. Despite the excitement these developments have elicited among geneticists and biochemists, this syndrome remains relatively unknown to many primary care physicians. Increased awareness of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome is needed to identify affected patients so that they and their families can benefit from appropriate treatment and genetic counselling.

Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLO) is caused by inherited enzymatic deficiency of 7-dehydrocholesterol-delta7-reductase and resultant cholesterol deficiency. It comprises a characteristic combination of facial features, malformations, and mental retardation. We report on three related patients (two brothers and their first cousin) with mental retardation and minimal physical signs in whom the diagnosis of SLO was delayed for a number of years. The presence of a third-degree relative in the absence of consanguinity in this family supports the proposed high population carrier frequency. Our report suggests that cases of mild SLO remain undiagnosed and untreated, and that awareness of this common cause of mental retardation is low.

Observations on distribution, water quality, habitat and avoidance behavior are presented for Eubranchipus bundyi, Eubranchipus oregonus, and Eubranchipus serratus (Chirocephalidae) in California, USA. All three species were previously known within California from single localities. Two new localities for E. oregonus in Tuolumne County and in Humbolt County and 21 new localities for E. serratus in Lassen and Shasta Counties are presented. The E. oregonus localities represent substantial range extensions within California, while the E. serratus localities show a large number of populations within the surveyed area. In occupied pools, pH ranged from 5.5 to 9.0, conductivity from 30 to 150 µS, turbidity (NTU) from 0.8 to 140.0 and total alkalinity from 68 to 128 mg 1−1. Pool size varied from small seasonal pools of a few meters in diameter to large seasonal lakes several kilometers across. Limited survey effort and successful “predator” avoidance by the shrimp may have contributed to the lack of distributional information for these species in California.

It is shown by incorporation experiments with 13C bond-labeled substrates, followed by analysis by means of 13C NMR spectroscopy, that two compounds, 1-deoxy-D-xylulose (12) and 4-hydroxy-L-threonine (), serve as precursors of pyridoxol (vitamin B6) (1) in Escherichia coli. Together, these two compounds account for the entire C8N skeleton of the vitamin. 1-Deoxy-D-xylulose supplies the intact C5 unit, C-2',2,3,4,4' of pyridoxol. 4-Hydroxy-L-threonine undergoes decarboxylation in supplying the intact C3N unit, N-1,C-6,5,5'. Both precursors are ultimately derived from glucose. The C5 unit of pyridoxol that is derived from 1-deoxy-D-xylulose originates by union of a triose phosphate (yielding C-3,4,4') with pyruvic acid (which decarboxylates to yield C-2',2). D-Erythroate (11) enters the C3 unit, C-6,5,5', and is therefore an intermediate on the route from glucose into 4-hydroxy-L-threonine.

The National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL) provides laboratory support and technical assistance for animal health programs of the United States Department of Agriculture. During this past year, the NVSL completed strategic planning activities and identified improved quality assurance (QA) as one of the key elements. The specific QA goal was the establishment of an internationally recognized QA program at the NVSL by the year 2000. This article provides a brief summary of the mission of the NVSL and the short- and long-term goals of the QA initiative.

The United Stated Department of Agriculture is responsible for regulating veterinary biological products in the United States, and the regulatory authority is provided in the Animal Virus-serum-Toxin Act of 1913. The act authorizes the Secretary of Agriculture to promulgate regulations for the production, testing, and marketing of veterinary biological products into, within, or from the United States. The current regulatory program consists of extensive prelicensing review of products, labeling, facilities, and personnel and a postlicensing monitoring system of unannounced in-depth inspections, premarketing control of product batches (serials), random check testing of finished product, and postmarketing epidemiological surveillance. This combination of regulatory oversight before and after licensure assures that pure, safe, potent, and effective veterinary biologics are available for use in the United States.

Mouse mesenchyme was grafted into chick embryos to investigate the control of mesenchymal expression of Msx-1 in the developing limb and face. In situ hybridization, using species-specific probes, allows a comparison between Msx-1 expression in the graft and the host tissue. The results show that Msx-1 expression in both limb-to-limb and face-to-face grafts corresponds closely with the level of Msx-1 expression in the surrounding chick mesenchyme. Cells in grafts that end up within the host domain of Msx-1 express the gene irrespective of whether they were from normally expressing, or non-expressing, regions. Therefore Msx-1 expression in both the developing limb and the developing face appears to be position-dependent. Mesenchyme from each of the three major facial primordia behaved in the same way when grafted to the chick maxillary primordium. Reciprocal grafts between face and limb gave a different result: Msx-1 expression was activated when facial mesenchyme was grafted to the limb but not when limb mesenchyme was grafted to the face. This suggests either that there are quantitative or qualitative differences in two local signalling systems or that additional factors determine the responsiveness of the mesenchyme cells.

We evaluated the Clinistat Analyzer (Miles Inc., Diagnostics Division, Elkhart, IN) for measuring cholesterol, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol at three medical centers. The system, based on multilayer film technology, uses precalibrated, dry film reagent disks. Ten microliters of serum is applied to the dry film reagent disk in the test procedure. For HDL-cholesterol measurement, serum is pretreated by precipitation with phosphotungstic acid and magnesium chloride. Total precision (CVs) of each of the three assays was less than or equal to 5%. The assay ranges were linear and satisfactory for clinical use. Patients' results compared well with established methods. No significant interferences were found with hemolysis, icterus, and lipemia.

The occupational interest patterns of technical specialists and R&D managers are compared. The hypothesis was that R&D managers would be similar to technical specialists in the scientific/engineering domain, but exhibit comparatively higher levels in the managerial/organizational interest domain. The findings supported the hypothesis and indicated R&D managers reflect a psychological functioning which simultaneously incorporates the conflict between managerial and scientific motives. This was discussed in terms of increasing the effective utilization of technical personnel, and also in terms of specialized career development applications.

SummaryThe term game is applied to those wild animals which are pursued in the chase or kept for pleasure. When an animal has been domesticated it belongs to the family, lives in or near the habitations of man and is tame, not wild.Wild African buffalo, eland, oryx and gazelle were caught by either dart-immobilization, chasing and roping, or driving into a corral. Weaned, sub-adult animals were preferred. The taming procedures started in small, dark, padded cells and progressed through a series of larger enclosures until the animals were grazing in a 40 ha paddock 7 weeks after capture. Gazelle was the only species which was not established as a domestic herd by this method, because of its liability to self-inflicted injuries.The domestic game animals were grazed over thousands of hectares without fencing, but under supervision of herdsmen. They were subjected to standard domestic animal husbandry procedures including eartagging, dehorning and castration.The conclusion is that some African game animals are easy to domesticate as has also been demonstrated in the prehistoric and recent past. The reason they have not displaced conventional livestock can be found in the history of domestication. The condition originated in the Middle East and spread mainly by the introduction of an alien culture and livestock to Africa. The time when sub-Saharan Africans had established a suitable way of life for domestication coincided with the arrival of cattle, sheep and goats forced south by the desiccating environment.The potential of African game animals to domestic animal production will be evaluated in subsequent papers.

SUMMARYFishmeal, soya-bean meal and urea were compared as nitrogen sources in diets rich in fibre for yearling cattle, using feeding trials and digestibility and nitrogen retention studies. All animals were individually fed. Diets supplemented with fishmeal supported the highest rates of daily live-weight gain and nitrogen retention. There was no response in dry-matter intake and digestibility from extra nitrogen, either from fishmeal or urea, when the crude protein of the diet was 8·5% or over, and a small response in digestibility when soya-bean meal was used.Molar proportions of VFA, rumen NH3-N concentrations and blood urea nitrogen concentrations were all affected by both amount and source of nitrogen supplementation. Multiple regression analysis showed the undegradable protein supply to be more critical with high than with low fibre diets.

The two major protease inhibitors in mouse plasma are alpha 1-protease inhibitor (alpha 1-PI), putative inhibitor of neutrophil elastase, and contrapsin, an inhibitor in vitro of trypsinlike proteases. We have shown by nucleotide sequence analysis that these two inhibitors are related (R. E. Hill, P. H. Shaw, P. A. Boyd, H. Baumann, and N. D. Hastie, Nature (London) 311:175-177, 1984). Here, we show that the contrapsin and alpha 1-PI genes are members of two different multigene families, each containing at least three genes in mice and rats. We established the chromosomal locations of these genes by analyzing the segregation of restriction fragment length polymorphisms in recombinant inbred mouse strains. These experiments show that the multiple genes in each family are clustered and that the two gene families are closely linked on chromosome 12. Thus the genes for contrapsin and alpha 1-PI are likely to have evolved by duplication of a common ancestral gene. The contrapsin multigene family codes for multiple mRNA transcripts in the liver. There is a genetic difference among inbred mouse strains in the regulation of two of these transcripts. In some inbred strains the transcripts are synthesized constitutively; in others they are induced by inflammation. We mapped in recombinant inbred strains the regulatory locus responsible for this genetic variation and found it is linked to the contrapsin multigene family, which suggests a cis-acting regulatory element. We also found that the contrapsin and the alpha 1-PI multigene families have acquired very different regulatory responses since the time of the gene duplication event.

Survival of 10 populations of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) was progressive from north (Morris, Minn.) to south (Portageville, Mo.) except that survival decreased again at Tifton, Ga., because of the stunted condition of the corn and the density of the test insect populations. In the south, increasing temperature overrode photoperiod (shorter photophase, longer scotophase) and reduced the number of borers that diapaused. Conversely, in the north, photoperiod (longer photophase, shorter scotophase) overrode decreasing temperature, but again the result was a reduction in diapause. The highest percentage diapause occurred at the latitude where the photoperiod-temperature interaction was most severe. From the diapause response, populations of European corn borers in North America fit 3 ecotypes: a northern one represented by the Minnesota and Quebec populations; a central one represented by the Iowa, Nebraska, Ohio, and Frederick Co., Md., populations; and a southern one represented by the Alabama, Georgia, Missouri, and Somerset Co., Md., populations.

Liver poly(A) RNA, isolated from adrenalectomized rats after insulin treatment, was translated in a nuclease-treated lysate of rabbit reticulocytes and quantitated for both total activity and the capacity to synthesize the insulin-inducible enzyme tyrosine aminotransferase. Analysis of the translated products from poly(A) RNA isolated 1 h after insulin treatment showed a 2.7-fold increase in activity of tyrosine aminotransferase mRNA. During the same interval, the capacity of poly(A) RNA to direct the synthesis of total protein in lysates also changed, showing a 30 to 40% increase in translational activity/unit of RNA. Increased translatability was apparent in all fractions of poly(A) RNA separated by centrifugation on sucrose gradients. Insulin thus appears to mediate a generalized change in mRNAs leading to increased capacity for translation; induction of tyrosine aminotransferase may reflect sensitivity to effect of the hormone.

Further measurements of atmospheric emission from a site in the Canary Islands (Izana, âltitude 2.4 km) have been made during the month of August 1980. The measurements were made with a polarising Interferometer and a composite Ge bolometer. An independent measurement of the precipitable water vapour was made using Infrared Hygrometers. The experimental details are described and the spectra obtained are compared with model spectra using the measured precipitable water vapour.

MEASUREMENT of fecal clearance of a,-AT has been proposed as a technique for assessing enteric protein loss, but clinical evaluations of the method have yielded conflicting results? :~ Since the technique is simple and does not require radioactive isotopes, it could have advantages over conventional, somewhat laborious radionuclide procedures used for this purpose. A valid, safe and simple technique to measure enteric protein toss would be a decided asset in the diagnosis and continuing evaluation of children with disorders causing proteinlosing enteropathies. We measured fecal a,-AT clearance in a group of children and compared our results with data on enteric protein loss obtained using a conventional radionuclide procedure in the same patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS During a 12-month period, we studied 15 children ranging in age from 4 months to 18 years. In each case, the findings had suggested the diagnosis of a protein-losing enteropathy and led to a request that the patient undergo a standard ~'CrCt:, protein-labeling test for enteric protein loss. In the study there were ten children with inflammatory bowel disease; five with Crohn disease involving ileum and colon, one with Crohn disease of the small bowel only, two with eosinophilic gastr0enteritis of the small bowel, and one with ulcerative colitis. Inflammatory involvement of the colon caused heavy blood staining of the stools in two of these patients. The remainder of the study group was composed of single cases of intestinal lymphangiectasia, constrictive pericarditis, soy protein intolerance, colonic polyposis, congenital biliary dysplasia, and one child who was malnourished because of psychosocial deprivation. When appropriate, diagnostic investigations included barium contrast roentgenograms of the upper and lower bowel, endoscopy, and suction biopsies of the duodenal or rectal mucosa. Liver function studies were normal in all but the one child with congen

Shuttle orbiter launch vibration and acoustic environments for cargo bay/payload interfaces are predicted. Data acquired during Shuttle flight tests are compared with the preflight estimates. Vibration response data for payload attachment locations are presented, along with acoustic data in the form of noise-level spectra measured at various locations in the cargo bay and space averages of the noise levels. It is shown that the payload-bay vibration and acoustic environments are generally less severe than predicted.

In unanesthetized ponies, arterial blood gas tensions, pulmonary mechanics, and lung volumes were determined before and 24 to 48 hours after oral administration of 500 ml of corn oil or 100 mg of 3-methylindole (3MI)/kg of body weight in 500 ml of corn oil. In the latter group, variables were also measured after bilateral cervical vagotomy. Respiratory rate and minute ventilation were increased by 3MI treatment and decreased after vagotomy, suggesting that the tachypnea induced by 3MI was vagally mediated. The arterial O2 tension (PaO2) was unaffected but arterial CO2 tension (PaCO2) decreased below base line after 3 MI and vagotomy. Specific respiratory conductance and dynamic compliance wee decreased by 3MI. Specific conductance increased again after vagotomy. Functional residual capacity, which increased after 3MI, was unaffected by vagotomy. Total lung capacity and quasistatic compliance were unaffected by either treatment. Minimal volume was larger in 3MI-treated ponies than in untreated ponies. Decreased dynamic compliance and specific respiratory conductance and increased functional residual capacity and minimal volume are all compatible with small airway obstruction produced by the necrotizing bronchiolitis and bronchiolar obstruction observed histologically in 3MI-treated ponies.

Hox-1.6, a mouse homeo-box-containing gene member of the Hox-1 complex, is described. The Hox-1.6 homeo-box shows more divergence than the other members of the complex with the Drosophila Antennapedia-like homeo-box class. This previously undescribed gene was studied with respect to its transcription pattern and was found to be expressed during mouse fetal development in an intestine-specific manner in adults, and in tumours or cell types exhibiting early endodermal-like differentiation. The study of embryonic partial Hox-1.6 cDNA clones revealed structural features common to other Drosophila and vertebrate homeo-box-containing genes, but also indicated that Hox-1.6 transcripts might display splicing patterns more complex than those known for other vertebrate homeo-genes. One of these cDNA clones contains a rather short open reading frame which would encode a protein of approximately 14.5 kd. The use of this clone as a probe for S1 nuclease mapping confirmed that different Hox-1.6 transcripts were present both in embryonic total RNA and in embryonal carcinoma cell cytoplasmic RNA. These various transcripts are probably generated by an alternative splicing mechanism and may thus encode a set of related proteins.