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In this work, the development of a continuous monitoring system of a human’s respiratory rate (RR) is presented. The system is based on the impedance pneumography method and it is divided into two main blocks: the electronic circuit and the electrodes. For the electrodes, two technologies are considered: the first one is Ag/AgCl disposable electrodes frequently used in clinical applications. The second one, known as textile electrode, is built on electrically conductive fabric. The performance of both types of electrodes is compared. Therefore, the experimental tests are carried out in two stages. In both stages, 5 records of 10 min were acquired in 5 healthy subjects. The first stage is recorded with disposable electrodes and the second one with textile electrodes. In order to compare the results obtained in each case, reference values were simultaneously recorded in each subject with a commercial polysomnography system. This system records respiratory activity using a method based on piezoelectric respiratory effort bands placed in the abdomen and thorax. Finally, the absolute (eA) and relative (eR) errors are computed taking into account RR values obtained from the designed and reference system for each stage. The results show similar performance among textile and disposable electrodes.

The “Gold Standard” for Sleep Apnea/Hypopnea Syndrome (SAHS) diagnosis is the study of Polysomnography (PSG) in a sleep laboratory. It consists of connect to patient’s body several sensors. The standards are the oronasal airflow (OAS) and pulse oximeter (SpO2) sensors while Respiratory Inductance Plethysmography sensor (RIP) is alternative. The airflow signal can be estimated from RIP signal (RIPFlow). Hypopneas are detected in %SpO2 desaturation events through baseline. However, there isn’t a consensus about this value’s definition. The signals sent by such sensors are analyzed by an expert to get the Apnea/Hypopnea Index (AHI) and to classify the patients into four groups: Normal, Mild, Moderate and Severe. In this study, an alternative method for scoring apnea/hypopnea events based on thorax and abdomen RIP sensor and for analyzing the %SpO2 values variations using Median Absolute Deviation (MAD) is proposed. For time domain comparison, the Pearson’s correlation coefficient was computed on the RIPFlow with the respiratory flow signal. Also, the automatic algorithms from standard and proposed method were implemented to obtain AHI. In order to test the proposed method’s performance, PSG recordings acquired in 23 adult patients are used. The Sensitivity (Sen), Specificity (Sp) and Accuracy (Acc) values were calculated considering patients classification for the standard method and well as the one proposed. Results indicate a high correlation (p-value < 0.05) in flow estimation and an improvement in patient classification using the model based on the RIPflow and the MAD-SpO2.

The Electroencephalogram (EEG) is the non-invasive record of electrical cerebral activity. It is used commonly in sleep studies and in the diagnosis of brain diseases and injuries. In order to reduce noise in the acquisition process and enable new EEG applications such as BCI and home polysomnography studies, we carry out the design and manufacture of a portable wireless system for acquisition of EEG signals. In this paper, we carried out the validation of the system designed by comparing signals acquired with commercial EEG equipment from the AKONIC company. Different EEG recordings were obtained in 4 healthy adult subjects using standard Ag/AgCl cup electrodes and dry electrodes TDE-200 from Florida Research Instruments. Also, we performed the analysis of the acquired signals in eyes-closed and eyes-open resting condition. We conclude that the designed system has low noise levels (0.147 μVRMS and 0.984 μVp-p) and a signal quality comparable to that of commercial equipment, which allows its use in research tasks and portable studies. On the other hand, we observe that the quality of the signal obtained with the dry electrodes is worse, due to the high skin-electrode impedance, but even so it is good enough to detect the eyes-closed and eyes-open resting condition, allowing a more comfortable use of the system.

In this study we compare the traditionally scoring of apnea hypopnea events (based on the respiratory flow with oxygen desaturation) with the obtained by applying an alternative methodology (based on the Respiratory Inductance Plethysmography flow estimation and oxygen saturation variability features: MAD and IQR), in 23 polisomnographic recordings. Two new models were proposed and compared with the standard one. The Apnea-Hypopnea Index was measuredand root mean square was computed with the expert’s scores. Patients were classified with the American Academy of Sleep Medicine recommended rules. Results indicate an improvement in AHI estimation using the model based on the RIPflow and the SpO2MAD.

In this work it is described the progresses carried out in the implementation of a wireless sensor network for seismic monitoring with possibility of access to the Internet via modem GSM/GPRS. The network is designed to minimize implementation and localization costs in order to deploy a large number of sensors in mesh topology in areas covering the civil structure to be monitored.

An irrigation experiment with saline water at different concentrations was carried out over a 7-year period on the same clay–silty soil in the Volturno Valley at Vitulazio to evaluate long-term effects of irrigation with saline water on crops and soil. The spatial distribution of the experimental treatments remained the same throughout the 7-year period in order to assess the effects of salt accumulation. Three saline concentrations of irrigation water (0.25–0.5 and 1% of NaCl) and two irrigation levels (100% and 40% restitution of evapotranspiration) were applied. The electrolytic concentration (ECe) was measured every year in spring before the irrigation season. Autumn–spring rainfall caused leaching of salts from 0 to 0.4 m layer and an accumulation of salt in the deeper layers. Accumulation was directly correlated to the quantity of NaCl applied with irrigation. This allowed us to calculate, for the 0.4–1.1 m layer, the mean annual increase in ECe in (dS m −1 per t ha −1 year −1 of NaCl given). At the end of the experiment, it was observed that there was an increase in ECe at a depth of 3 m for the saltiest treatments. The percentage of exchangeable sodium (ESP), however, increased with the saline concentration of the irrigation water (quantity of NaCl) above all in the 0–0.4 m layer, and gradually decreased with depth. Irrigation with saline water led to an increase in ESP and a degradation of the soil physical properties that were estimated indirectly by measuring aggregate stability in water (IASW). The index of aggregate stability in water for the top layer (0–0.15 m) was inversely correlated to the ESP values, even after the leaching due to the autumn–spring rainfall.

This paper describes the implementation of an algorithm for detecting episodes of Ventricular Fibrillation (VF) in a MSP430F6659 microcontroller. Statistical and digital signal processing techniques were used in its design. The validity of its performance was carried out in 3 ECG records from the MIT-BIH Arrhythmia Database, 1 record of the MIT-BIH Malignant Ventricular Arrhythmia Database and in 10 records of the Creighton University Ventricular Tachyarrhythmia Database. These records correspond to patients who suffered of VF episodes during the ECG study. The algorithm was able to detect 100 % of VF events and has a time of computation of approximately 100 μs.

This work describes the design of an algorithm for detecting apnea episodes, based on analysis of thorax respiratory effort signal. Inspiration and expiration time, and range amplitude of respiratory cycle were evaluated. For range analysis the standard deviation statistical tool was used over respiratory signal temporal windows. The validity of its performance was carried out in 8 records of Apnea-ECG database that has annotations of apnea episodes. The results are: sensitivity (Se) 73%, specificity (Sp) 83%. These values can be improving eliminating artifact of signal records.

The proportion of peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients on automated peritoneal dialysis (APD) has been steadily increasing over the past decade. In the US, the percentage of PD patients on APD has steadily risen from 9% in 1993 to 54% in 2000. In continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), PD exchanges are performed manually, while in APD a mechanical device to assist the delivery and drainage of dialysate is employed. In CAPD, the patient or carer must perform at least 4-5 exchanges everyday. Many problems inherent to CAPD such as lack of sustained patient motivation over long periods of time, technique failure and recurrent peritonitis, led to a resurgence of interest in APD. APD has been reported to have several advantages over CAPD including lower incidence of peritonitis, better small solute clearances and reduced incidences of hernias. APD, especially in the form of nocturnal intermittent peritoneal dialysis (NIPD), has also been suggested to offer a number of psychosocial and physical benefits over CAPD mainly on account of fewer connections and being free of fluid in the abdomen during daytime. Such benefits relate to better dialysis acceptability for workers, school students or carers of elderly patients, pain and body image difficulties and reduced intra-abdominal pressures. APD is also considered to be more suitable form of PD in patients who have a rapid rate of solute transfer across their peritoneal membrane (high transporters) because of the ability to perform rapid frequent exchanges with shorter dwell times. It is not still clear if, with APD when compared to CAPD, a more rapid decline in residual renal function is present. Since the direct costs of APD are over 20% greater than CAPD and given this increasing trend towards greater use of APD, the aim of this paper is to understand if there are really differences in terms of quality of life and outcomes in favor of APD when compared to CAPD.

Assessment of quality of life in patients with different degrees of chronic kidney disease is an important issue because of its impact on clinical decisions and financial resource management in the health-care system. The aim of this study was to assess whether a generic instrument like the SF-36 questionnaire is able to discriminate three different populations of patients with different degrees of renal disease (pre-ESRD, ESRD, TxR). Five hundred sixty-three patients from 12 Italian nephrology units completed the SF-36 scales by themselves. The results from these samples were compared with those from the general population. Univariate analysis and multivariate regression were used. The generic SF-36 questionnaire proved to be a powerful instrument to discriminate populations with different degrees of chronic renal failure. The quality of life of patients on dialysis is significantly worse than that of the normal population and other patients with less severe renal function impairment.

CF-MAC is an energy efficient collision-free MAC protocol for wireless ad-hoc networks, based on the theory of Balanced Incomplete Block Design (BIBD). It has been originally designed considering energy saving as primary aim. In this paper, using computer simulations, its ability to handle voice calls has been evaluated. Specifically, the Mean Opinion Score and the Cumulative Distribution Function of the one way packet delay have been analyzed, for various protocol parameters and network scenarios. Moreover, a comparison between CF-MAC and classical 802.11 DCF access function has been proposed. Simulation results have shown that by properly selecting protocol parameters, CF-MAC can effectively support VoIP calls.

Peritoneal catheter exit-site and tunnel infections remain critical problems in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis. Catheter-related peritonitis occurs in about 20% of patients and exit-site infections are responsible for catheter removal in more than one-fifth of the cases. For the last 2 years in the Department of Nephrology, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy, we have been treating exit-site infections caused by Pseudomonas with sodium hypochlorite packs as well as systemic and local antibiotic therapy. Considering the encouraging results obtained on Pseudomonas infection, we decided to utilize the same schedule for the treatment of exit-site infections caused by other germs which are generally difficult to eradicate to prevent peritonitis and catheter removal. Between 2003 and 2004, 10 patients contracted infection of the exit-site. All patients underwent a swab test because of the reddening and the purulent secretion of the exit-site. The swab resulted positive for Pseudomonas in 7 patients, Corynebacterium sp. in 2 patients, and Candida albicans in 1 patient. All patients were treated with systemic antibiotic therapy or antifungal therapy, local sodium hypochlorite 50% packs. After 15 days all patients were submitted to a swab test of the exit site. In all patients, the swab test resulted negative after 15 days and 1 month, and they could continue peritoneal dialysis. This procedure avoided peritoneal catheter removal and temporary switch to hemodialysis in all patients with exit site infection. The mechanism of action is related to the wide antimicrobial spectrum and the rapid action of sodium hypochlorite possibly creating a protective barrier on the exit-site.

Speech quality assessment is an emergent QoS aspect in cellular network monitoring. This contribution deals with the estimation of perceived speech quality in GSM networks, by means of parametric models. Our goal is to provide a model for MOS estimation, based on parameters available in the Operation and Maintenance Centre (OMC) and in the measurement reports from mobile stations. Specifically, based on MOS values from a large database obtained performing intrusive tests in a real GSM network, and on the correspondent measured transmission parameters, an extensive data analysis has been conducted. The correlation coefficients of GSM parameters with the objective speech quality have been then maximized, and a simple linear model has been proposed. Moreover, handover events have been considered and their impact on perceived speech quality has been proved.

Obesity is a well-known cause of increased morbidity and mortality in the general population, while its influence on the hemodialysis population is yet to be defined. Obesity probably has a protective effect on survival in hemodialysis. In this study, we evaluated the prevalence of obesity in the hemodialysis population of Puglia and Lucania, two regions of Southern Italy, by using simple and easily accessible parameters collected by the participating centres.One thousand five hundred and forty-six patients on stable hemodialysis for at least 6 months from 23 Centres were studied. One hundred and sixty patients had a body mass index (BMI) more than 25 kg/m2; "preobesity" was defined as a BMI ranging between 25 and 30 kg/mq, while "obesity" as a BMI30. All data regarding the underlying renal disease, the use of low-protein diet before beginning hemodialysis, weight and height at the beginning of treatment and the different kinds of treatment were collected. A careful analysis of the last dialysis treatment by means of biochemical data was carried out.The prevalence of preobesity and obesity was 3.1 and 7.3%, respectively. Eighty-three percent of patients in the preobesity group and seventy-two percent in the obesity group were female (p0.001). The prevalence of diabetes was 19 and 24% in the preobesity and obesity groups, respectively, while it was 8% in patient with normal BMI (p0.0001). Age and duration of low-protein diet were similar to those observed in the general population, while dialytic age was greater in preobesity group (p0.01). Conclusions. Our study has shown that the prevalence of obese people undergoing hemodialysis is increasing. It is therefore necessary to introduce new measures to obtain a good nutritional status in end stage renal disease patients; in particular fat free mass is to be increased, since an improvement in the patient's nutritional status acts as a protecting factor against morbidity and mortality.

Calorie-protein malnutrition is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in hemodialysis patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of malnutrition in uremic patients treated with hemodialysis in two areas of Southern Italy.A questionnaire was sent out to all Dialysis Centers in the two regions to select and enrol eligible patients by considering these parameters: Body Mass Index (BMI), serum albumin, serum creatinine, urea, calcium, phosphate, triglycerides, cholesterol, body weight. Enrolment criteria were patients on dialysis for at least six months and BMI less than 21 kg/m2. The dialytic dose was evaluated by reporting the hours of dialysis and filter surfaces. The number of weekly sessions (n. 3) remained unchanged over time.Twenty-three Dialysis Centers in the two Regions replied to our questionnaire and 149 patients were enrolled in the study out of the 1546 patients examined. The overall prevalence of calorie-protein malnutrition was observed in 9.6% of the patients. The prevalence of malnutrition was found to be higher in males and in patients on dialysis for longer time. We observed no correlation with the hypoproteic diet administered in the pre-dialysis phase. Malnourished patients showing progressive weight loss were older and had undergone dialysis for a longer time.This retrospective study indicates low prevalence of malnutrition in the two regions examined. The lack of correlation between the hypoproteic diet and dialytic dose suggests the need for further studies to evaluate if increased dialytic dose or early start of dialysis could improve the nutritional status and quality of life in elderly patients.

Mediterranean type ecosystems (MTE) are suffering from human disturbance, land use changes and climate change. Given such a scenario, actions to monitor mass and energy fluxes are a priority. The possibility to assess C-fluxes depends on the capacity to scale up observations, made with eddy correlation (EC) ground stations, to the landscape or regional scale. MTEs are mosaics of different land use types and up-scaling can only be obtained by the integration of approaches ranging from ecosystem physiology to remote sensing and modelling. In the last few years new methods have been considered, including boundary layer (CBL) budgeting and the use of instrumented aircraft. More recently the idea developed to use a small island (SI) as a model system. SI provide an analogue for the main land and a unique opportunity to work on systems with little external disturbance and to measure atmospheric profiles easily. EC C-fluxes can be combined with atmospheric budgeting methods and aircraft measurements as, under conditions of relatively constant and unidirectional wind, it is reasonable to expect significant differences in the atmospheric CO2 profiles measured at the upwind and the downwind side of a SI. Perturbation in CO2 concentrations caused by vegetation activity are therefore likely to be observed as CO2 depletion or enrichment of the air that passed over the island. Finally, differences in vertical profiles must reflect the sum of the individual contributions of the different land patches. In the spring of 2002 PianosaLab, a multidisciplinary project, started continuous monitoring of C and water fluxes by means of an eddy covariance (EC) tower placed in the centre of the island. To validate and extend EC data, an atmospheric profiling system was devised, aimed at calculating C budget by applying the mass balance concept - on the basis of wind, CO2 and H2O profiles. The set-up consisted in a 12 m high pneumatic mast - for measurements at 3, 6 and 12 m - and an 8 m3 tethered balloon for heights up to 125 m, which is typically outside the CBL of the island. Preliminary results from CBL budgets are reported and comparisons are made with EC C fluxes during late spring and summer.

The biometeorology laboratory of the CNR ISAFOM has an established expertise into devising measuring apparatus aimed at applications in ecophysiology and micrometeorology of crop and forest systems. The activity is carried out in the main lab, in the adjacent open terrace and in the hardware shop one level below. Experimental apparatus are assembled in the lab and occasionally in the hardware shop, then tested in the terrace or garden. Remote link connections allow for real time monitoring of the instrumentation under test by means of acquisition devices placed inside. The actual experimental use of the instrumentation - after passing functional trials - is inside the laboratory, or rather in the experimental fields of ISAFOM and on forest or agricultural sites belonging to private farms or public institutions. The main lab is L-shaped and it is organized into two functional areas. In the micrometeorology area, it is carried out: assembling of experimental devices, calibration of sensors, functional and quality checks of set-ups aimed at logging of environmental data; chemicals are stored in this area; it is connected to the terrace and the backyard by means of data transmission lines. Includes a control area, equipped with a PC connected to data acquisition devices - dataloggers, scale, gas exchange apparatus etc. - via serial or Ethernet lines. In the agronomy and ecophysiology area the following activities are carried out: growth of potted plants; assembling, calibration, functional checks of devices for gas exchange and water relation measurements. It is equipped with a mini-phytotron and includes an area for biometric (dry matter and leaf area) and ecophysiological determinations (leaf and canopy gas exchange, xylem potential etc.). The station for technical gas management - typically N2, N20, CO2, dry air, certified tanks - is sited in this area. A bench is dedicated to soil related activities (TDR, soil respiration, soil temperature, soil heat flux etc.). Some among the most meaningful devices realized are briefly decribed.

The side effects of glucose degradation products (GDPs) in conventional peritoneal dialysis (PD) fluids are well described. Using the three-compartment bag concept--that is, in situ preparation of concentrated glucose solution into a standard ionic solution--a GDP-free solution can be processed. To investigate the possible impact of this product on biological and clinical parameters, we carried out a prospective cross-over study with 31 patients, comparing the short-term effects of conventional PD and GDP-free PD solutions. Classical peritoneal parameters and ultrafiltration rate did not change during the study. After three months and after six months with the three-compartment bag, cancer antigen 125 (CA125) concentration in overnight fluid increased significantly (p0.001) from 24.4 IU/mL to 44.4 IU/mL and 41.1 IU/mL respectively. CA125 decreased significantly (p0.01) to 21.7 IU/mL after three months with the conventional solution. No change in hyaluronan concentration was observed. A slight increase of procollagen III N-terminal peptide in overnight effluent with the GDP-free solution was followed by a significant reduction after three months with standard solution. In summary, our data show that the GDP-free PD fluid improves mesothelial cell mass and turnover even after a short-term period of three months. A better quality of PD solution is obtained by using the three-compartment bag.

A new blood module for continuous renal replacement therapies has been utilized to perform CVVH in critically ill patients. The features of the new module named (HP300 and manufactured by Medica srl (Medolla, Modena) are the easy installation and transportability to the bedside, the simple and safe management and the continuous measurement of the pre and post filter pressure with automatic calculation of the end-to-end pressure drop inside the filter. The last feature permits to detect early malfunctions of the filter due to fibers clotting or due to the internal coating of the hollow fibers by plasma proteins. In both cases the efficiency of the treatment can be reduced because of a significant reduction of the ultrafiltration rates or a remarkable decay of the membrane permeability and solute sieving coefficients. In many cases this reduction is only detected when important effects on solute removal have already occurred. In our experience, the new module permitted the substitution of the filters when early malfunctions were detected and maximal treatment efficiency was therefore guaranteed over extended periods of time.

Infection is a frequent complication and the major cause of death among end-stage renal patients. Polymorphonuclear phagocytes (PMNL) are important in host defense mainly because of bacterial destruction by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase-related free radical production following phagocytosis. In this study, hexose monophosphate pathway glycolytic activity, delivering energy to NADPH oxidase, is evaluated in vivo and in vitro, in healthy controls and in dialyzed renal failure patients. Our results show a marked parallel and correlated inhibition in the response to three stimuli for phagocytic activity (Staphylococcus aureus, formyl-methionine-leucine-phenylalanine, phorbol myristic acid) in predialysis samples. These data point to a main suppression of metabolic pathways, possibly beyond protein kinase C. This response is further suppressed at the 15th minute of cuprophane dialysis, for all stimuli studied (-40 to -94%; p0.001) except PMA. PMNL response remains intact during dialysis with non-complement-activating dialyzers. In vitro experiments confirm decreased PMNL glycolytic activity after the suspension of cuprophane fragments in normal whole blood. We conclude that polymorphonuclear cell energy delivery to NADPH oxidase is impaired in patients with end-stage renal failure. The impaired response against various stimuli is different in predialysis blood samples compared to samples collected during cuprophane dialysis, and may be related to two different conditions. These events probably contribute to the acquired immune suppression of uremia and the high incidence of infection among dialysis patients.

For application at modern colliders, the \ensuremath{\varphi}\ensuremath{\varphi} symmetry tests are generalized to the generic sequential decay X\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${V}_{1}$${V}_{2}$ where at least one of the vector bosons decays into a lepton and an antilepton, or a quark and an antiquark. The general decay correlation function I(${\mathrm{theta}}_{1}$,${\mathrm{theta}}_{2}$,\ensuremath{\varphi}) and its integrated distributions are simultaneously characterized in convenient \ensuremath{\alpha}'s, \ensuremath{\beta}'s, and \ensuremath{\gamma}'s which are simple triquadratic functions of the three sets of helicity amplitudes. From a JJ, \ensuremath{\Upsilon}\ensuremath{\Upsilon}, or ${Z}^{0}$${Z}^{0}$ mode the parity ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{P}$ or the CP eigenvalue ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{\mathrm{CP}}$ of X can always be determined if the decay is respectively P or CP invariant, as can (${\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}})}^{J}$ of X except in certain circumstances. From a ${W}^{+}$${W}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ mode, ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{\mathrm{CP}}$ can always be determined. For modes such as \ensuremath{\varphi}J, J\ensuremath{\Upsilon}, and \ensuremath{\varphi}${Z}^{0}$, ${\mathrm{JZ}}^{0}$, ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{P}$${(\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}})}^{J}$, or ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{\mathrm{CP}}$${(\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}})}^{J}$ can be determined provided certain amplitudes do not accidentally vanish. Generalization to the ${\mathrm{gZ}}^{0}$ and gg decay channels, g=gluon jet, is discussed.

In a \ensuremath{\varphi}J, JJ, or J\ensuremath{\Upsilon} decay channel sin 2\ensuremath{\varphi} and/or sin \ensuremath{\varphi} terms in the azimuthal distribution would imply that P and CP separately are violated. Similarly in a \ensuremath{\varphi}${Z}^{0}$, ${\mathrm{JZ}}^{0}$, ${Z}^{0}$${Z}^{0}$, or ${W}^{+}$${W}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ decay channel sin 2\ensuremath{\varphi} terms would imply that CP is violated. For these latter modes there are several distinct \ensuremath{\alpha} and \ensuremath{\gamma} signatures for CP violation. Analogous signatures for expected P violation occur in a charged \ensuremath{\varphi}${W}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$, ${\mathrm{JW}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$, or ${Z}^{0}$${W}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ decay channel. Stronger tests for violations occur when the two vector bosons are identical and the X has odd spin because for J=1 (g1) there are only two (three) independent amplitudes. For X of spin 0 many signatures and consistency checks are tabulated for (i) the violation of both P invariance and CP invariance in a \ensuremath{\varphi}${\ensuremath{\rho}}^{0}$, \ensuremath{\varphi}\ensuremath{\varphi}, ${K}^{\mathrm{*}+}$${K}^{\mathrm{*}\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$, \ensuremath{\varphi}J, JJ, or J\ensuremath{\Upsilon} decay channel, for (ii) the violation of CP invariance in a \ensuremath{\varphi}${Z}^{0}$, ${\mathrm{JZ}}^{0}$, ${Z}^{0}$${Z}^{0}$, or ${W}^{+}$${W}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ decay channel, and for (iii) the expected violation of P invariance in a charged \ensuremath{\varphi}${W}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$, ${\mathrm{JW}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$, or ${Z}^{0}$${W}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ decay channel.

A technipion and an elementary Higgs particle with a mass greater than about 10 GeV can always be distinguished by a 10–20% accuracy measurement of the full sequential decay correlation function I(E1, E2, cos ψ12) = S + γCPD in the Higgs/technipion rest frame for a decay mode such as τ τ with τ ± → l ± ν ν or t t with t → bμ+ν, t → b μ − ν , where E1,2 are the charged lepton energies and ψ12 is the angle between the charged lepton momenta. For the charged leptons back-to-back, in the extreme relativistic scaling limit D/S ≅ 21% for E1 = E2 ≅ (Emax/2), whereas for MH = 70 GeV already D/S ≅ 19% so the scaling limit is rapidly reached. If for the t t mode the b jets′ momenta are also measured, then a correlation function in t quark rest frames′ helicity angles and energies can be used instead to determine γCP but from a much smaller number of events. This procedure is possible because the standard ν ν correlation function is symmetric in the azimuthal angle φ ν ν , so cos φ ν ν and the helicity polar angles θν and θ ν of the missing and antineutrino are measurable in spite of a two-fold kinematic ambiguity in the t and t momenta directions. If the top quark has a mass mt ≥ 100 GeV, the t t mode with t → bW+, t → b W − can be used to determine γCP by measuring the two b jets′ momenta.

For spin- 0 decay into τ+τ− yielding an observable lepton pair l1l2 from τ ± → l ± ν ν , the full sequential decay correlation function I(E1, E2, cos ψ12) = S + γCPD in the Higgs/technipion rest frame is obtained analytically for massless final leptons where ψ12 is the angle between the l1 and l2 momenta. For fixed ψ12, contour plots of this decay correlation function for MH = 9 GeV show that there is about a 10% difference between γCP = ±. In the near non-relativistic limit where MH ≅ 2mτ the γCP signature is a much larger effect, |D/S| is roughly ∼ 50%. In contrast, the energy correlation function I(E1, E2) does not depend on γCP.