132 results on '"R. Chris Fraley"'
Search Results
2. Life events sometimes alter the trajectory of personality development: Effect sizes for 25 life events estimated using a large, frequently assessed sample
- Author
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Keely A. Dugan, Randi L. Vogt, Anqing Zheng, Omri Gillath, Pascal R. Deboeck, R. Chris Fraley, and D. A. Briley
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Social Psychology - Published
- 2023
3. The roles of parental and partner attachment working models in romantic relationships
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Keely A. Dugan and R. Chris Fraley
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Sociology and Political Science ,Social Psychology ,Communication ,Developmental and Educational Psychology - Abstract
Attachment theory suggests that romantic relationship dynamics are not only shaped by how people relate to their partners but also by the bonds they share with other important people in their lives. The present study investigated how parental and partner attachment representations work together to predict romantic relationship functioning. In addition, we examined how the associations between these working models and relationship functioning might differ in newer versus more established relationships. We measured attachment representations and relationship functioning in a sample of 1,469 adults involved in romantic relationships. Our results suggest that partner-specific attachment might mediate the associations between parental attachment working models and relationship satisfaction. Furthermore, it appears that the association between partner-specific attachment anxiety and relationship satisfaction is stronger in more established relationships, whereas partner-specific avoidance is associated with satisfaction to similar degrees across relationships of varying lengths.
- Published
- 2022
4. Changes in global and relationship-specific attachment working models
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Keely A. Dugan, R. Chris Fraley, Omri Gillath, and Pascal R. Deboeck
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Sociology and Political Science ,Social Psychology ,Communication ,Developmental and Educational Psychology - Abstract
Attachment theorists suggest that people construct a number of distinct working models throughout life. People develop global working models, which reflect their expectations and beliefs concerning relationships in general, as well as relationship-specific working models of close others—their mothers, fathers, romantic partners, and friends. The present research investigated the interplay of these different working models over time. We analyzed longitudinal data collected from 4,904 adults (mean age = 35.24 years; SD = 11.63) who completed between 3 and 24 online survey assessments (median test–retest interval = 35 days). Using latent growth curve modeling, we examined the associations among both long-term changes and short-term fluctuations in participants’ working models. Our findings suggest that different working models not only change together over the long run, but also exhibit co-occurring, short-term fluctuations. This was true concerning the associations between global and relationship-specific models as well as among different relationship-specific models.
- Published
- 2022
5. Attachment and Timing of Trauma (Study 2)
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Zumdahl, Moriah and R. Chris Fraley
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Social and Behavioral Sciences - Abstract
This project is a replication of the previous one that involves two minor changes. First, the analyses have been simplified to only include linear terms (previous analyses suggested this was appropriate). Second, the method of data collection has been changed to allow for us to collect data from a larger sample.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Author Activity and Fan Perception - Study 2
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Howell, Kristina and R. Chris Fraley
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Social and Behavioral Sciences - Abstract
This project will examine how fictional character parasocial relationships are impacted by transgressions on the part of the creator.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Author Activity and Fan Perception
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Howell, Kristina and R. Chris Fraley
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Social and Behavioral Sciences - Abstract
This project will examine how fictional character parasocial relationships are impacted by transgressions on the part of the creator.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Do life events lead to enduring changes in adult attachment styles? A naturalistic longitudinal investigation
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Pascal R. Deboeck, R. Chris Fraley, and Omri Gillath
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Adult ,Male ,Longitudinal study ,Sociology and Political Science ,Social Psychology ,05 social sciences ,Individuality ,Life events ,050109 social psychology ,PsycINFO ,Quarter (United States coin) ,Object Attachment ,Life Change Events ,Interpersonal relationship ,Attachment theory ,Humans ,Female ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Longitudinal Studies ,sense organs ,skin and connective tissue diseases ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,Naturalism - Abstract
Research has shown that a variety of life events are associated with changes in adult attachment styles. What is unknown, however, is the extent to which those changes are transient or enduring. To investigate this issue, we followed a sample of over 4,000 people in a multiwave longitudinal study in which people naturalistically experienced a variety of life events (e.g., starting new relationships, changing jobs, average n across events = 392). This allowed us to examine people's attachment trajectories before (Mwaves = 6.51) and after (Mwaves = 8.04) specific life events took place, for spans of time ranging from 6 months to 40 (M = 23 months). We found that half of the life events we studied were associated with immediate changes in attachment styles. However, on average, people tended to revert back to levels of security similar to those that would be expected on the basis of their preevent trajectories. Nonetheless, the average person changed in enduring ways in response to a quarter of the events we studied, suggesting that some experiences lead to enduring changes in attachment. Moreover, there were considerable individual differences in the extent to which people changed: Even in cases in which the average person did not show enduring change, there was evidence that some people became more secure and others less so in enduring ways. The ways in which people construed the events (positive vs. negative) were related to the extent to which their attachment styles changed. We discuss the implications of these findings for theoretical models of attachment dynamics. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
- Published
- 2021
9. Author response for 'Journal N-Pact Factors From 2011 to 2019: Evaluating the Quality of Social/Personality Journals With Respect to Sample Size and Statistical Power'
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null R. Chris Fraley, null Jia Y. Chong, null Kyle A. Baacke, null Anthony J. Greco, null Hanxiong Guan, and null Simine Vazire
- Published
- 2022
10. Dyadic effects of attachment and relationship functioning
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Wing Yan Sze, Jia Y. Chong, Elizabeth B. Lozano, and R. Chris Fraley
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050103 clinical psychology ,Sociology and Political Science ,Social Psychology ,Communication ,05 social sciences ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Psychology ,Dyadic data ,Social psychology - Abstract
Some scholars have proposed that people in couples in which at least one person is secure are just as satisfied as people in which both members are secure (i.e., buffering hypothesis). The present investigation tested this hypothesis by examining how relationship satisfaction varies as a function of the attachment security of both dyad members. Secondary analyses were performed using data from two studies (Study 1: 172 couples; Study 2: 194 couples) in which heterosexual dating couples were asked to complete self-reports of their own attachment style and relationship satisfaction. To evaluate the buffering hypothesis, we fit a standard APIM using SEM and added an actor × partner interaction term to our model. Contrary to expectations, our results suggested that secure partners do not “buffer” insecurely attached individuals. Moreover, partner attachment did not explain satisfaction much above and beyond actor effects. This work addresses a gap in the literature with respect to the dynamic interplay of partner pairing, allowing scholars to better understand attachment processes in romantic relationships.
- Published
- 2021
11. Your Personality does not Care Whether you Believe it Can Change: Beliefs about Whether Personality can Change do not Predict Trait Change among Emerging Adults
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Daniel A. Briley, R. Chris Fraley, William J. Chopik, and Nathan W. Hudson
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Social Psychology ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Trait ,Personality ,Big Five personality traits ,Psychology ,Developmental psychology ,media_common - Abstract
Theorists have suggested that beliefs about whether personality can change might operate in a self–fulfilling fashion, leading to growth in personality traits across time. In the present two studies, we collected intensive longitudinal data from a total of 1339 emerging adults ( ns = 254 and 1085) and examined the extent to which both global beliefs that personality can change (e.g. ‘You can change even your most basic qualities’) and granular beliefs that the individual Big Five personality domains can change (e.g. ‘You can change how extraverted and enthusiastic you generally are’) predicted trait change across approximately 4 months. Results indicated that traits did change across time, yet beliefs that personality can change were almost completely unrelated to actual change in personality traits. Our findings suggest that personality development during emerging adulthood does not depend to any meaningful degree on whether or not individuals believe that their traits can change. © 2020 European Association of Personality Psychology
- Published
- 2020
12. Why Has Personality Psychology Played an Outsized Role in the Credibility Revolution?
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Joanne M. Chung, Richard E. Lucas, Sanjay Srivastava, Felix Cheung, David M. Condon, Rodica Ioana Damian, Jennifer L. Tackett, Julia M. Rohrer, Luke D. Smillie, Stephen Antonoplis, Sara J. Weston, R. Chris Fraley, Jessie Sun, Brent W. Roberts, David C. Funder, M. Brent Donnellan, Christopher J. Soto, Kelci Harris, K. Paige Harden, Hayley Jach, Simine Vazire, Olivia E. Atherton, Daniel K. Mroczek, and Katherine S. Corker
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Replication crisis ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Field (Bourdieu) ,Perspective (graphical) ,Credibility ,Personality ,General Medicine ,Personality psychology ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,Ideal (ethics) ,media_common ,Skepticism - Abstract
Personality is not the most popular subfield of psychology. But, in one way or another, personality psychologists have played an outsized role in the ongoing “credibility revolution” in psychology. Not only have individual personality psychologists taken on visible roles in the movement, but our field’s practices and norms have now become models for other fields to emulate (or, for those who share Baumeister’s (2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2016.02.003) skeptical view of the consequences of increasing rigor, a model for what to avoid). In this article we discuss some unique features of our field that may have placed us in an ideal position to be leaders in this movement. We do so from a subjective perspective, describing our impressions and opinions about possible explanations for personality psychology’s disproportionate role in the credibility revolution. We also discuss some ways in which personality psychology remains less-than-optimal, and how we can address these flaws.
- Published
- 2022
13. Development and change in attachment: A multiwave assessment of attachment and its correlates across childhood and adolescence
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Jaclyn C. Theisen, Benjamin L. Hankin, R. Chris Fraley, Jia Y. Chong, Jami F. Young, and Faaiza Khan
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Adult ,Male ,Parents ,Adolescent ,Sociology and Political Science ,Social Psychology ,Human Development ,media_common.quotation_subject ,050109 social psychology ,PsycINFO ,Interpersonal communication ,Article ,Developmental psychology ,Young Adult ,Interpersonal relationship ,Longitudinal methods ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Longitudinal Studies ,Parent-Child Relations ,Longitudinal cohort ,Young adult ,Child ,Object Attachment ,media_common ,Depression ,05 social sciences ,Friendship ,Female ,Psychology ,Social psychology - Abstract
This research examines the contextual factors that facilitate development and change in attachment during later childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood using a longitudinal cohort design involving 690 children (7-19 years old) and their parents. At each wave, a variety of interpersonal variables (e.g., parent-child stress) were measured. We examined alternative developmental processes (i.e., long-term, catalytic, and short-term processes) that have not been previously distinguished in attachment research. Preregistered analyses revealed that nondevelopmental processes can explain the associations between almost all of the interpersonal variables of interest and attachment security, suggesting that previous research using traditional longitudinal methods may have misattributed nondevelopmental processes for developmental ones. For example, we found that friendship quality, although prospectively associated with attachment both in prior work and in the current study, was not developmentally associated with attachment. However, after controlling for nondevelopmental sources of covariation, we identified a number of developmental processes that may help explain change in attachment. For example, we found that initial levels of parental depression, as well as growth in parent-child stress, were related to growth in adolescent insecurity over 3 years. We also examined 12 genetic variants studied in previous research and found that they were not related to average levels or changes in attachment. These results highlight how distinguishing unique kinds of developmental processes allows for a more comprehensive understanding of attachment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
- Published
- 2020
14. Mothers' Attachment Style as a Predictor of Breastfeeding and Room-Sharing Practices
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Roseriet Beijers, Jude Cassidy, Jacquelyn T. Gross, Jason D. Jones, R. Chris Fraley, and Carolina de Weerth
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Adult ,Parents ,Stress-related disorders Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience [Radboudumc 13] ,Psychological intervention ,Breastfeeding ,Mothers ,Social Development ,Developmental psychology ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,030225 pediatrics ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,Attachment theory ,Humans ,Medicine ,Netherlands ,Parenting ,business.industry ,Infant, Newborn ,Infant ,Object Attachment ,Test (assessment) ,Breast Feeding ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,Mixed effects ,Female ,business ,Breast feeding ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
ObjectiveTo prospectively assess breastfeeding and room-sharing practices during the infant’s first 6 months and investigate whether mothers’ own adult attachment style predicts the initiation and course of these recommended parenting behaviors.MethodThis study included 193 mother–infant dyads living in the Netherlands. Diary methodology was used to generate 27 weekly measures of breastfeeding and room-sharing during the infant’s first 6 months. Multilevel mixed effects models were used to examine trajectories of breastfeeding and room-sharing and to test whether mothers’ own adult attachment style predicted the initiation and course of these behaviors, adjusting for covariates.ResultsMost (86%) mothers initiated breastfeeding immediately after birth and the rates of breastfeeding declined steadily over the 6 months (b = −2.47, SE = 0.19, p < .001). Mothers with higher attachment avoidance showed faster decreases in breastfeeding than less avoidant mothers (b = −1.07, SE = 0.21, p < .001). Sixty-four percent of mothers engaged in room-sharing after birth which also decreased steadily over the 6 months (b = −3.51, SE = 0.21, p < .001). Mothers’ attachment style did not predict the initiation or course of room-sharing.ConclusionsGiven the major implications of breastfeeding and room-sharing for infants’ health, safety, and development, the pediatrics community has issued clear guidelines encouraging these behaviors. Yet many new parents do not adhere to the recommended practices. This study identifies mothers’ adult attachment style as a predictor of breastfeeding over time that could be incorporated into interventions for parents.
- Published
- 2020
15. Change Goals Robustly Predict Trait Growth: A Mega-Analysis of a Dozen Intensive Longitudinal Studies Examining Volitional Change
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Daniel A. Briley, William J. Chopik, Nathan W. Hudson, and R. Chris Fraley
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Social Psychology ,05 social sciences ,050109 social psychology ,050105 experimental psychology ,Developmental psychology ,Dozen ,Clinical Psychology ,Trait ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,sense organs ,Mega analysis ,Big Five personality traits ,skin and connective tissue diseases ,Psychology - Abstract
Research suggests that change goals (desires to change personality traits) predict subsequent trait growth. In this article, we (re)analyzed all data our labs have collected as of May 2019 that included measures of change goals and repeated measures of personality traits (12 studies; total n = 2,238). Results indicated that change goals robustly predicted growth in all five traits. Effect sizes were largest for extraversion and emotional stability (people with high change goals were predicted to experience ∼0.16 SDs greater growth across 16 weeks than their peers with average goals) and smallest for agreeableness and openness (people with high change goals were predicted to experience ∼0.05 SDs greater growth across 16 weeks than their peers with average goals). Thus, our analyses reinforce that people change in ways that align with their desires across time.
- Published
- 2020
16. Attachment in donor‐conceived adults: Curiosity, search, and contact
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R. Chris Fraley, Elizabeth B. Lozano, and Wendy Kramer
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Donor Conception ,Psychoanalysis ,Social Psychology ,Anthropology ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,Identity (social science) ,Curiosity ,Life-span and Life-course Studies ,Psychology ,media_common - Published
- 2019
17. Attachment in Adulthood: Recent Developments, Emerging Debates, and Future Directions
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R. Chris Fraley
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Adult ,Human Development ,media_common.quotation_subject ,05 social sciences ,050109 social psychology ,Object Attachment ,050105 experimental psychology ,Developmental psychology ,Interpersonal relationship ,Insecure attachment ,Thriving ,Humans ,Personality ,Interpersonal Relations ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Emotional development ,Psychology ,Function (engineering) ,General Psychology ,Personality change ,media_common - Abstract
Some of the most emotionally powerful experiences result from the development, maintenance, and disruption of attachment relationships. In this article, I review several emerging themes and unresolved debates in the social-psychological study of adult attachment, including debates about the ways in which attachment-related functions shift over the course of development, what makes some people secure or insecure in their close relationships, consensual nonmonogamy, the evolutionary function of insecure attachment, and models of thriving through relationships.
- Published
- 2019
18. Dismissing Attachment and Global and Daily Indicators of Subjective Well-Being: An Experience Sampling Approach
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Keely A. Dugan, Faaiza Khan, and R. Chris Fraley
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Social Psychology - Abstract
The present research examined whether a dismissing attachment style (i.e., being high in attachment avoidance and low in attachment anxiety) is a risk factor for low subjective well-being (SWB). Specifically, we examined the associations between dismissing attachment and two indicators of SWB: global life satisfaction and daily affect. Self-reports of attachment and overall life satisfaction were collected from 257 adults at an initial lab session. Afterward, experience sampling methodology was used to gather repeated measures of positive and negative affect, as well as social context, from the sample for 8 days. Our findings indicate that, on average, dismissing people reported fairly modest levels of overall life satisfaction. Moreover, they experienced relatively low levels of both negative affect and positive affect across the 8-day study period. Overall, our results suggest that dismissing people have a “muted” or dull emotional life.
- Published
- 2022
19. The N-pact factor: evaluating the quality of empirical journals with respect to sample size and statistical power.
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R Chris Fraley and Simine Vazire
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Medicine ,Science - Abstract
The authors evaluate the quality of research reported in major journals in social-personality psychology by ranking those journals with respect to their N-pact Factors (NF)-the statistical power of the empirical studies they publish to detect typical effect sizes. Power is a particularly important attribute for evaluating research quality because, relative to studies that have low power, studies that have high power are more likely to (a) to provide accurate estimates of effects, (b) to produce literatures with low false positive rates, and (c) to lead to replicable findings. The authors show that the average sample size in social-personality research is 104 and that the power to detect the typical effect size in the field is approximately 50%. Moreover, they show that there is considerable variation among journals in sample sizes and power of the studies they publish, with some journals consistently publishing higher power studies than others. The authors hope that these rankings will be of use to authors who are choosing where to submit their best work, provide hiring and promotion committees with a superior way of quantifying journal quality, and encourage competition among journals to improve their NF rankings.
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- 2014
- Full Text
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20. Supplemental Material, sj-docx-1-spr-10.1177_0265407521999443 - Dyadic effects of attachment and relationship functioning
- Author
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Lozano, Elizabeth B., Sze, Wing Yan, R. Chris Fraley, and Chong, Jia Y.
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200199 Communication and Media Studies not elsewhere classified ,FOS: Media and communications ,FOS: Psychology ,170199 Psychology not elsewhere classified - Abstract
Supplemental Material, sj-docx-1-spr-10.1177_0265407521999443 for Dyadic effects of attachment and relationship functioning by Elizabeth B. Lozano, Wing Yan Sze, R. Chris Fraley and Jia Y. Chong in Journal of Social and Personal Relationships
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- 2021
- Full Text
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21. Matches Made With Information: Fitting Measurement Models to Adult Attachment Data
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R. Chris Fraley, Tianjun Sun, and Fritz Drasgow
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Adult ,Psychometrics ,05 social sciences ,050401 social sciences methods ,Anxiety ,Personality psychology ,Personality Assessment ,Object Attachment ,Clinical Psychology ,Dominance (ethology) ,0504 sociology ,0502 economics and business ,Item response theory ,Humans ,Self Report ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,050203 business & management ,Applied Psychology ,Personality - Abstract
Many self-report inventories in social/personality psychology are developed and scored using dominance-based assumptions. Specifically, they assume that the relationship between item endorsement and the latent trait is monotonically increasing; thus, individuals with high standings on the trait would be likely to endorse all items. It is possible, however, that the item response process for these inventories follows an ideal point process in which respondents only endorse items that best describe them, leading to nonmonotonic relations between item responses and latent traits. This research examined whether the item response process underlying the Experiences in Close Relationships–Revised—a commonly used self-report measure of adult attachment styles—is best understood as a dominance or ideal point process. Study 1 showed that the ideal point model provided a good account of the response process and provided better interpretability for the full trait continuum than a dominance model. Importantly, people who were the most insecure were the most likely to be scored differently under these two item response models. In Study 2, the association between attachment anxiety and subjective well-being scores was higher using ideal point than dominance-based scoring, and this was especially the case among subsets of people who were highly insecure. Study 3 demonstrated a similar pattern using simulation data. In summary, when dominance-based methods are used to measure adult attachment, people who are extremely insecure may be assessed in suboptimal ways.
- Published
- 2020
22. Assessment_Supp_RR2_clean – Supplemental material for Matches Made With Information: Fitting Measurement Models to Adult Attachment Data
- Author
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Tianjun Sun, R. Chris Fraley, and Drasgow, Fritz
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FOS: Psychology ,160807 Sociological Methodology and Research Methods ,170199 Psychology not elsewhere classified ,FOS: Sociology - Abstract
Supplemental material, Assessment_Supp_RR2_clean for Matches Made With Information: Fitting Measurement Models to Adult Attachment Data by Tianjun Sun, R. Chris Fraley and Fritz Drasgow in Assessment
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Supplementary_material – Supplemental material for Matches Made With Information: Fitting Measurement Models to Adult Attachment Data
- Author
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Tianjun Sun, R. Chris Fraley, and Drasgow, Fritz
- Subjects
FOS: Psychology ,160807 Sociological Methodology and Research Methods ,170199 Psychology not elsewhere classified ,FOS: Sociology - Abstract
Supplemental material, Supplementary_material for Matches Made With Information: Fitting Measurement Models to Adult Attachment Data by Tianjun Sun, R. Chris Fraley and Fritz Drasgow in Assessment
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Does attachment anxiety promote the encoding of false memories? An investigation of the processes linking adult attachment to memory errors
- Author
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Nathan W. Hudson and R. Chris Fraley
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Adult ,Male ,Adolescent ,Sociology and Political Science ,Social Psychology ,Memory, Episodic ,050109 social psychology ,False memory ,050105 experimental psychology ,Young Adult ,Interpersonal relationship ,Attachment theory ,medicine ,Humans ,Interpersonal Relations ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Association (psychology) ,Object Attachment ,Memory errors ,05 social sciences ,nutritional and metabolic diseases ,Middle Aged ,Mental Recall ,Anxiety ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,Priming (psychology) ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
Previous research has suggested that people's attachment styles influence memory processes. Most of this work has focused on the encoding and retrieval of information about events that actually took place. The purpose of the present research was to determine (a) whether attachment styles also predict memories for events that never occurred (false memories); (b) whether experimentally induced attachment anxiety leads to the generation of false memories for interpersonal experiences; and (c) whether these errors arise during encoding, maintenance, or retrieval processes. Our results indicated that attachment anxiety is associated with people's propensities to experience false alarms on recognition tasks for relational stimuli. Moreover, experimentally altering participants' state levels of attachment anxiety led to more numerous false alarms, as compared with an unprimed control group. These findings are consistent with the idea that attachment-related anxiety might selectively bias and desensitize the encoding of interpersonal events, ultimately leading people to remember events that did not occur. However, experimentally priming anxiety did not lead to more false alarms relative to groups primed with security, raising the possibility that the anxiety-false memory association could be because of making relational issues salient rather than increasing attachment anxiety per se. (PsycINFO Database Record
- Published
- 2018
25. Are People Attracted to Others Who Resemble Their Opposite-Sex Parents? An Examination of Mate Preferences and Parental Ethnicity Among Biracial Individuals
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R. Chris Fraley, Marie E. Heffernan, and Jia Y. Chong
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Clinical Psychology ,Social Psychology ,05 social sciences ,Ethnic group ,050109 social psychology ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Psychology ,050105 experimental psychology ,Developmental psychology - Abstract
It is generally believed that people tend to be attracted to and pair with others who resemble their opposite-sex parents. Studies 1A ( n = 1,025) and 1B ( n = 3,105) tested this assumption by examining whether biracial adults were more likely to be paired with partners who matched their opposite-sex parent’s ethnicity. Study 2 ( n = 516) examined whether biracial adults were more likely to be attracted to targets whose ethnicity matched that of their opposite-sex parent. Although biracial adults were more likely to pair with and be attracted to others who resembled their parents compared to those who did not, the sex of the parent was largely inconsequential. These findings have implications for models of mate preferences, including the traditional perspectives (which assume that the opposite-sex parent has greater influence on adult mating preferences) and ethological models (which assume that the sex of the parent is irrelevant with regard to influence on mating preferences).
- Published
- 2018
26. Relationship Maintenance from an Attachment Perspective
- Author
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Juwon Lee, Omri Gillath, R. Chris Fraley, and Gery C. Karantzas
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Perspective (graphical) ,Relationship maintenance ,Psychology ,Evolutionary psychology ,Epistemology - Published
- 2019
27. Moving toward greater security: The effects of repeatedly priming attachment security and anxiety
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R. Chris Fraley and Nathan W. Hudson
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Social Psychology ,Personality development ,05 social sciences ,Attachment security ,050109 social psychology ,Attachment anxiety ,050105 experimental psychology ,Developmental psychology ,Trait ,medicine ,Anxiety ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,sense organs ,Valence (psychology) ,medicine.symptom ,skin and connective tissue diseases ,Psychology ,General Psychology - Abstract
Contemporary models of personality development suggest that state-level changes that are maintained for long periods of time have the potential to coalesce into more enduring trait-level changes. In this research, we explored whether repeatedly increasing participants’ state-level attachment security via priming might educe trait-level changes over the course of four months. Results indicated that both repeated security and anxiety primes were effective in reducing participants’ trait levels of attachment anxiety over time. In contrast, neither prime generally affected participants’ well-being. The fact that both primes had similar results suggests that one “active ingredient” in attachment priming may be reflecting upon close relationships—irrespective of the valence of those relationships. Moreover, our findings are compatible with the notion that repeated or prolonged changes to state-level security have the potential to coalesce into trait-level changes.
- Published
- 2018
28. How do attachment styles change from childhood through adolescence? Findings from an accelerated longitudinal Cohort study
- Author
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William J. Chopik, Jami F. Young, Benjamin L. Hankin, Jaclyn C. Theisen, and R. Chris Fraley
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050103 clinical psychology ,Social Psychology ,05 social sciences ,medicine ,Attachment theory ,Anxiety ,050109 social psychology ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,medicine.symptom ,Longitudinal cohort ,Psychology ,General Psychology ,Developmental psychology - Abstract
Attachment theorists emphasize both the stability of attachment styles across time and their potential for change. The authors examined mean-level changes in attachment styles using an accelerated longitudinal cohort design. Specifically, 690 children, aged 8–19, completed self-report measures of attachment to their mothers 3 times over 3 years in 3 distinct cohorts (Grades 3, 6, and 9). Attachment-related anxiety started and remained low across time. Attachment-related avoidance, however, started low but gradually increased over time. These results suggest that, although children continue to see their mothers as available if needed, they come to relate to their mothers in more avoidant ways during this important developmental period.
- Published
- 2018
29. Early Maternal Sensitivity and Teacher–Student Relationship Quality Across Grade School: Enduring or Transient Associations?
- Author
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Sophia W. Magro, R. Chris Fraley, and Glenn I. Roisman
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Male ,media_common.quotation_subject ,education ,Closeness ,Article ,050105 experimental psychology ,Education ,Developmental psychology ,Child Development ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,Humans ,Interpersonal Relations ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Quality (business) ,Prospective Studies ,Child ,Students ,Association (psychology) ,media_common ,Grade school ,Schools ,05 social sciences ,Social change ,Infant ,Object Attachment ,Mother-Child Relations ,Maternal sensitivity ,Child, Preschool ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,Normative ,Female ,School Teachers ,Psychological Theory ,Psychology ,Positive Youth Development ,050104 developmental & child psychology - Abstract
Although teacher-student relationships are assumed to in part reflect early caregiving quality, their social provisions also undergo notable normative change over the course of primary school, shifting from a secure base for social exploration to an instrumental relationship centered on achieving academic goals. This report leveraged prospective, longitudinal data from the Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (N = 1,306, 52% male, 77% White/non-Hispanic) to investigate whether the association between early caregiving and subsequent teacher-student relationship quality remains stable or diminishes in magnitude over time. Associations between early maternal sensitivity and teacher-student closeness faded from Kindergarten to Grade 6. In contrast, associations between early caregiving and teacher-student conflict endured and were partially accounted for by child externalizing problems.
- Published
- 2019
30. Developmental trajectories of attachment and depressive symptoms in children and adolescents
- Author
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Faaiza Khan, Benjamin L. Hankin, Jami F. Young, and R. Chris Fraley
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Male ,Time Factors ,Adolescent ,Depression ,05 social sciences ,050109 social psychology ,Anxiety ,Object Attachment ,Article ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Insecure attachment ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Female ,Longitudinal Studies ,Longitudinal cohort ,Psychology ,Association (psychology) ,Child ,Depression (differential diagnoses) ,Depressive symptoms ,050104 developmental & child psychology ,Clinical psychology - Abstract
Previous research has found that insecure attachment is associated with depression. In the present study, we use an accelerated longitudinal cohort design to examine how the association between attachment and depression develops during childhood and adolescence. Specifically, 690 children from 3 distinct cohorts (grades 3, 6, and 9) completed self-report measures of attachment and depressive symptoms 3 times over 3 years. Growth curve analyses indicated that attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance were uniquely related to depressive symptoms. Higher levels of attachment anxiety and avoidance predicted higher levels of depressive symptoms over time. Additionally, changes in attachment security were associated with changes in depressive symptoms. The analyses suggest that insecure attachment and depressive symptoms co-vary and that these dynamics are evident in childhood and adolescence.
- Published
- 2019
31. Put your mask on first to help others: Attachment and sentinel behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic
- Author
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Elizabeth B. Lozano and R. Chris Fraley
- Subjects
Hand washing ,Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ,media_common.quotation_subject ,05 social sciences ,Face (sociological concept) ,050109 social psychology ,Payment ,050105 experimental psychology ,Pandemic ,Attachment theory ,medicine ,Personality ,Anxiety ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,medicine.symptom ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,General Psychology ,media_common - Abstract
The objective of this research was to learn whether attachment style is related to the ways people try to warn, protect, and care for others during the pandemic and what kinds, if any, personal protective measures they are taking. Data were collected in early May 2020 from 200 Amazon MTurk (AMT) workers who participated in exchange for payment. People who were high in attachment-related anxiety were more likely to behave as “sentinels” (i.e., warning loved ones to engage in safe practices such as hand washing, wearing a face mask), whereas those high in attachment avoidance were less likely to do so. These findings suggest that insecure attachment may contribute to peoples' willingness to protect themselves and others during the pandemic.
- Published
- 2021
32. Adult attachment and perceptions of closeness
- Author
-
R. Chris Fraley and Nathan W. Hudson
- Subjects
Social Psychology ,media_common.quotation_subject ,05 social sciences ,Closeness ,050109 social psychology ,Attachment anxiety ,050105 experimental psychology ,Anthropology ,Affection ,Perception ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Life-span and Life-course Studies ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,media_common - Abstract
An online sample of more than 150,000 participants was used to examine whether—in addition to predicting how much intimacy people want—attachment styles also predict how people define and perceive intimacy. Results indicated that, as compared with relatively secure individuals, people with high levels of attachment anxiety required more time, affection, and self-disclosure to construe a relationship as “close.” Additionally, anxious individuals perceived less intimacy in relationship vignettes than did their less anxious peers. In contrast, highly avoidant individuals required less time, affection, and self-disclosure to define a relationship as “close,” and they perceived more intimacy in vignettes than did their more secure peers. These findings indicate that people who are relatively anxious not only want more intimacy in their relationships, but they are also less likely to perceive intimacy, as compared with their less anxious peers. Conversely, people high in avoidance not only want less intimacy, but they are also more sensitive to its presence, as compared with their less avoidant peers.
- Published
- 2016
33. Do People’s Desires to Change Their Personality Traits Vary With Age? An Examination of Trait Change Goals Across Adulthood
- Author
-
R. Chris Fraley and Nathan W. Hudson
- Subjects
Clinical Psychology ,Social Psychology ,05 social sciences ,Trait ,050109 social psychology ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,sense organs ,Big Five personality traits ,skin and connective tissue diseases ,Psychology ,050105 experimental psychology ,Developmental psychology ,Clinical psychology - Abstract
Research suggests most people want to change their personality traits. Existing studies have, however, almost exclusively examined college-aged samples. Thus, it remains unclear whether older adults also wish to change their personalities. In the present study, the authors sampled 6,800 adults, aged 18 to 70, and examined the associations between age and change goals. Results indicated change goals were slightly less prevalent among older adults. Moreover, older adults expressed desires for slightly smaller increases in each trait. Nevertheless, these effects were small, and a minimum of 78% of people of any age wanted to increase in each big five dimension. These findings have implications for understanding people’s attempts to change their traits—and personality development more broadly—across adulthood.
- Published
- 2016
34. Equivalence of Narcissistic Personality Inventory constructs and correlates across scoring approaches and response formats
- Author
-
Brent W. Roberts, Eunike Wetzel, Anna Brown, and R. Chris Fraley
- Subjects
050103 clinical psychology ,Social Psychology ,Narcissistic Personality Inventory ,Two-alternative forced choice ,05 social sciences ,HA ,BF ,050109 social psychology ,humanities ,Rating scale ,mental disorders ,Narcissism ,medicine ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,medicine.symptom ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,Equivalence (measure theory) ,General Psychology - Abstract
The prevalent scoring practice for the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) ignores the forced-choice nature of the items. The aim of this study was to investigate whether findings based on NPI scores reported in previous research can be confirmed when the forced-choice nature of the NPI’s original response format is appropriately modeled, and when NPI items are presented in different response formats (true/false or rating scale). The relationships between NPI facets and various criteria were robust across scoring approaches (mean score vs. model-based), but were only partly robust across response formats. In addition, the scoring approaches and response formats achieved equivalent measurements of the vanity facet and in part of the leadership facet, but differed with respect to the entitlement facet.
- Published
- 2016
35. Not all attachment relationships develop alike: Normative cross-sectional age trajectories in attachment to romantic partners, best friends, and parents
- Author
-
R. Chris Fraley, Nathan W. Hudson, Marie E. Heffernan, and William J. Chopik
- Subjects
Social Psychology ,Negatively associated ,Romantic partners ,Normative ,Attachment anxiety ,Psychology ,General Psychology ,Developmental psychology - Abstract
Previous research has found that age is negatively correlated with general-romantic attachment anxiety and positively correlated with general-romantic attachment avoidance. The present study examined cross-sectional age trajectories in global attachment, as well as relationship-specific attachment with romantic partners, best friends, mothers, and fathers. Across all specific relationships, older individuals reported higher attachment avoidance. In contrast, attachment anxiety with romantic partners and friends was negatively associated with age, whereas attachment anxiety with parents normatively increased as a function of age. These findings underscore the importance of examining the normative age trajectories of attachment across both global and specific levels of abstraction.
- Published
- 2015
36. Interpreting Behavior Genetic Models: Seven Developmental Processes to Understand
- Author
-
Jonathan Livengood, R. Chris Fraley, Daniel A. Briley, Jaime Derringer, Elliot M. Tucker-Drob, and Brent W. Roberts
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Genetics, Behavioral ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Genetic variation ,Genetic model ,Genetics ,Humans ,Meaning (existential) ,Set (psychology) ,Genetics (clinical) ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,media_common ,Models, Genetic ,Interpretation (philosophy) ,Variance (accounting) ,Certainty ,Health psychology ,030104 developmental biology ,Phenotype ,Gene-Environment Interaction ,Growth and Development ,Psychology ,Goals ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
Behavior genetic findings figure in debates ranging from urgent public policy matters to perennial questions about the nature of human agency. Despite a common set of methodological tools, behavior genetic studies approach scientific questions with potentially divergent goals. Some studies may be interested in identifying a complete model of how individual differences come to be (e.g., identifying causal pathways among genotypes, environments, and phenotypes across development). Other studies place primary importance on developing models with predictive utility, in which case understanding of underlying causal processes is not necessarily required. Although certainly not mutually exclusive, these two goals often represent tradeoffs in terms of costs and benefits associated with various methodological approaches. In particular, given that most empirical behavior genetic research assumes that variance can be neatly decomposed into independent genetic and environmental components, violations of model assumptions have different consequences for interpretation, depending on the particular goals. Developmental behavior genetic theories postulate complex transactions between genetic variation and environmental experiences over time, meaning assumptions are routinely violated. Here, we consider two primary questions: (1) How might the simultaneous operation of several mechanisms of gene-environment interplay affect behavioral genetic model estimates? (2) At what level of gene-environment interplay does the ‘gloomy prospect’ of unsystematic and non-replicable genetic associations with a phenotype become an unavoidable certainty?
- Published
- 2018
37. A Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Associations between Substance Use and Interpersonal Attachment Security
- Author
-
Daniel A. Briley, Dahyeon Kang, R. Chris Fraley, Benjamin L. Hankin, Talia Ariss, and Catharine E. Fairbairn
- Subjects
Male ,Adolescent ,Substance-Related Disorders ,media_common.quotation_subject ,030508 substance abuse ,050109 social psychology ,PsycINFO ,Article ,Correlation ,03 medical and health sciences ,Interpersonal relationship ,Young Adult ,History and Philosophy of Science ,medicine ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Interpersonal Relations ,Longitudinal Studies ,Prospective Studies ,Child ,Social Behavior ,Object Attachment ,General Psychology ,media_common ,05 social sciences ,Emotional security ,Infant, Newborn ,Infant ,Models, Theoretical ,medicine.disease ,Substance abuse ,Distress ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Meta-analysis ,Child, Preschool ,Female ,0305 other medical science ,Psychology ,Clinical psychology - Abstract
Substance use has long been associated with close relationship distress. Although the direction of influence for this association has not been established, it has often been assumed that substance use is the causal agent and that close relationship distress is the effect. But research seeking to establish temporal precedence in this link has produced mixed findings. Further, theoretical models of substance use and close relationship processes present the plausibility of the inverse pathway-that insecure close relationships may serve as a vulnerability factor for the development of later substance problems. The current review applies an attachment-theoretical framework to the association between close social bonds and substance use and substance-related problems. Targeting longitudinal studies of attachment and substance use, we examined 665 effect sizes drawn from 34 samples (total N = 56,721) spanning time frames ranging from 1 month to 20 years (M = 3.8 years). Results revealed a significant prospective correlation between earlier attachment and later substance use (r = -.11, 95% CI [-.14, -0.08]). Further, cross-lagged coefficients were calculated which parsed auto-regressive effects, indicating that lower attachment security temporally preceded increases in substance use (r = -.05, 95% CI [-.06, -.04]). Analyses further indicated that the pathway from earlier attachment to later substance use was significantly stronger than that from earlier substance use to later attachment. Results also revealed several moderators of the attachment-substance use link. These findings suggest that insecure attachment may be a vulnerability factor for substance use, and indicate close relationship quality as a promising line of inquiry in research on substance use disorder risk. (PsycINFO Database Record
- Published
- 2018
38. Developmental processes across the first two years of parenthood: Stability and change in adult attachment style
- Author
-
R. Chris Fraley, Jessica A. Stern, Phillip R. Shaver, Jude Cassidy, Jacquelyn T. Gross, and Jason D. Jones
- Subjects
Poison control ,050109 social psychology ,Developmental psychology ,Interpersonal relationship ,Young Adult ,Injury prevention ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,medicine ,Attachment theory ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Life-span and Life-course Studies ,Maternal Behavior ,Object Attachment ,Demography ,Parenting ,Depression ,Adult development ,05 social sciences ,Infant, Newborn ,Human factors and ergonomics ,Infant ,Mother-Child Relations ,Anxiety ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,Psychology ,050104 developmental & child psychology - Abstract
The first months after becoming a new parent are a unique and important period in human development. Despite substantial research on the many social and biological changes that occur during the first months of parenthood, little is known about changes in mothers' attachment. The present study examines developmental stability and change in first-time mothers' attachment style across the first 2 years of motherhood. At Time 1, 162 economically stressed primiparous mothers (Mage = 23.98 years, SD = 5.18) completed measures of attachment anxiety and avoidance at five time points: when their children were 0, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months of age. Converging results of stability functions and latent growth curve models suggest that attachment styles were generally stable during the first 2 years of motherhood, even in this economically stressed sample. Furthermore, model comparisons revealed that a prototype model better characterized the developmental dynamics of mothers' attachment style than did a revisionist model, consistent with previous studies of adults and adolescents. This suggests that a relatively enduring prototype underlies mothers' attachment style and anchors the extent to which mothers experience attachment-related changes following the birth of their first child. Within this overall picture of continuity, however, some mothers did show change over time, and specific factors emerged as moderators of attachment stability, including maternal depressive symptoms and overall psychological distress, as well as sensitive care from their own mothers. Findings shed light on patterns of continuity and change in new parents' development. (PsycINFO Database Record
- Published
- 2018
39. The Legacy of Early Abuse and Neglect for Social and Academic Competence From Childhood to Adulthood
- Author
-
R. Chris Fraley, K. Lee Raby, Glenn I. Roisman, Jeffry A. Simpson, Madelyn H. Labella, and Jodi Martin
- Subjects
Child abuse ,Adult ,Male ,Adolescent ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Academic achievement ,050105 experimental psychology ,Education ,Neglect ,Developmental psychology ,Social Skills ,Interpersonal relationship ,Young Adult ,Social skills ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Interpersonal Relations ,Longitudinal Studies ,Child ,Child neglect ,media_common ,Academic Success ,Adult Survivors of Child Abuse ,05 social sciences ,Social change ,Child development ,Child, Preschool ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,Female ,Psychology ,050104 developmental & child psychology - Abstract
This study used data from the Minnesota Longitudinal Study of Risk and Adaptation (N = 267) to investigate whether abuse and neglect experiences during the first 5 years of life have fading or enduring consequences for social and academic competence over the next 3 decades of life. Experiencing early abuse and neglect was consistently associated with more interpersonal problems and lower academic achievement from childhood through adulthood (32-34 years). The predictive significance of early abuse and neglect was not attributable to the stability of developmental competence over time, nor to abuse and neglect occurring later in childhood. Early abuse and neglect had enduring associations with social (but not academic) competence after controlling for potential demographic confounds and early sensitive caregiving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
40. The development of adult attachment styles: four lessons
- Author
-
Glenn I. Roisman and R. Chris Fraley
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Adolescent ,05 social sciences ,Socialization ,Psychology, Adolescent ,Psychology, Child ,Object Attachment ,050105 experimental psychology ,Developmental psychology ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Psychological Theory ,Attachment theory ,Selection (linguistics) ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Female ,Psychology ,Child ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,General Psychology - Abstract
Why are some adults secure or insecure in their relationships? The authors review four lessons they have learned from longitudinal research on the developmental antecedents of adult attachment styles. First, although adult attachment appears to have its origins in early caregiving experiences, those associations are weak and inconsistent across measurement domains. Second, attachment styles appear to be more malleable in childhood and adolescence than in adulthood, leading to asymmetries in socialization and selection processes. Third, early experiences do not determine adult outcomes. Fourth, there is still a lot to learn, and future research requires examining relationship-specific attachment patterns, the distinction between distal and proximal factors, and interactions between relational and genetic vulnerabilities.
- Published
- 2018
41. The latent structure of secure base script knowledge
- Author
-
Brian E. Vaughn, Gabrielle Coppola, Glenn I. Roisman, Ryan D. Steele, Kelly K. Bost, Ashley M. Groh, R. Chris Fraley, Theodore E. A. Waters, and Manuela Veríssimo
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Adolescent ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Attachment ,Attachment script assessment ,computer.software_genre ,Article ,Developmental psychology ,Likert scale ,Young Adult ,Interpersonal relationship ,Taxometrics ,Cognition ,Schema (psychology) ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,Attachment theory ,Humans ,Interpersonal Relations ,Life-span and Life-course Studies ,Object Attachment ,Secure base script knowledge ,Demography ,media_common ,Emotional security ,Middle Aged ,Caregivers ,Scripting language ,Female ,Factor analysis ,Factor Analysis, Statistical ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,computer ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
Building on foundational work by cognitive and developmental psychologists on event schemas and scripts (e.g., Bretherton, 1987; Schank & Abelson, 1977), Waters and Waters (2006) claimed that an individual’s history of secure base support is represented in memory as a secure base script—that is, a temporal-causal representation of secure base use and support. According to attachment theory (Bowlby, 1969/1982), a history of reliable and effective secure base support becomes generalized as an expectation that attachment figures will consistently be available, and that they will be wise and competent enough to restore balance to ongoing activities as difficulties arise. Thus, Waters and Waters (2006) defined the secure base script as one in which: (1) the attached individual is engaged in constructive activity, (2) a challenge is encountered that disrupts this activity and/or leads to distress, (3) the attached individual signals for assistance, (4) the attachment figure recognizes the signal and responds in a manner consistent with the message, (5) the assistance is accepted, (6) the assistance is effective in resolving the challenge, (7) comforting behavior occurs as well, and (8) the attached individual resumes the activity or initiates a new one. In order to assess individual differences in access to this secure base script (i.e., secure base script knowledge), Waters and Rodrigues-Doolabh (2001) developed the Attachment Script Assessment (ASA). The ASA is a word-prompt procedure in which columns of words form an outline of a beginning, middle, and end of four stories. Embedded in the story outlines are references to some distress or difficulty that an attachment figure could plausibly respond to in a sensitive and responsive manner. In the adolescent version of the measure (Dykas et al., 2006; Steele et al., 2014), participants tell two stories about maternal and two stories about paternal caregivers. In the adult version of the ASA, two of the attachment-relevant word-prompts focus on romantic partners and two on mother-child dyads (Waters & Rodrigues-Doolabh, 2001). In most studies of the ASA conducted to date, coders rate individual differences in participants’ secure base script knowledge on a Likert scale under the assumption that all of the attachment-relevant stories can be averaged to form a single, continuously distributed index of secure base script knowledge. Using this approach, recently published research demonstrates not only that the quality of parental care experienced from infancy to adolescence is associated with secure base script knowledge in late adolescence (Steele et al., 2014), but also that individual differences in secure base script knowledge are reflected in adolescents’ and adults’ attachment-related behaviors. For example, higher levels of secure base script knowledge in adulthood are associated with observations of higher-quality parenting as well as attachment security in the next generation—even when such associations are studied among genetically unrelated caregivers and their adopted children (e.g., Coppola et al., 2006; Monteiro et al., 2008; Vaughn et al., 2007; Verissimo & Salvaterra, 2006). Although we have learned a great deal about the correlates of secure base script knowledge in the last few years, we know almost nothing about its latent structure. For example, the literature provides little guidance as to (a) whether individuals generalize script knowledge across attachment relationships and (b) whether individual differences in secure base script knowledge are categorically or continuously distributed. These are significant gaps because, as we discuss next, gaining information about the factor structure and distributional properties of secure base script knowledge has important conceptual implications for our understanding of how representations of early experience are organized and generalized as well as methodological consequences related to maximizing statistical power and precision.
- Published
- 2015
42. Broadening the investment model
- Author
-
Noam Segal and R. Chris Fraley
- Subjects
Longitudinal study ,Sociology and Political Science ,Social Psychology ,Communication ,05 social sciences ,050109 social psychology ,Investment (macroeconomics) ,050105 experimental psychology ,Interpersonal relationship ,Dynamics (music) ,Close relationship ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,Attachment theory ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Psychology ,Social psychology - Abstract
The investment model is one of the most influential theoretical frameworks for understanding commitment in close relationships. Nonetheless, few studies have examined commitment dynamics using within-persons designs. In addition, there have been few attempts to examine potential antecedents of investment dynamics. The current research attempts to integrate the investment model with contemporary perspectives on attachment and perceived partner responsiveness by examining relationship dynamics within and between persons in a yearlong, intensive longitudinal design. We found that across levels of analysis, perceived partner responsiveness shaped investment model variables which, in turn, shaped commitment. We also found that individual differences in attachment moderated some of these dynamics, such that people who were insecurely attached were less likely than others to perceive their partner as responsive. We suggest taking a more integrationist approach to close relationship research and explore romantic relationship dynamics on the within-person level.
- Published
- 2015
43. Do early caregiving experiences leave an enduring or transient mark on developmental adaptation?
- Author
-
Glenn I. Roisman and R. Chris Fraley
- Subjects
Empirical data ,Attachment theory ,Interpersonal communication ,Adaptation (computer science) ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,General Psychology ,Developmental psychology - Abstract
There are vast individual differences in the ways in which people approach close relationships. Where do these differences come from? According to developmental perspectives, including attachment theory, these differences are rooted in people's interpersonal experiences, starting with their earliest relationships. In the present review we outline alternative models on whether and how early experiences with primary caregivers shape developmental adaptation. We also review recent empirical data which suggests that, at least in some domains, early experiences can leave an enduring mark on psychological development.
- Published
- 2015
44. The Effect of Response Format on the Psychometric Properties of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory
- Author
-
R. Chris Fraley, Robert A. Ackerman, Brent W. Roberts, and M. Brent Donnellan
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Agreeableness ,050103 clinical psychology ,Adolescent ,Personality Inventory ,Psychometrics ,media_common.quotation_subject ,050109 social psychology ,Personality psychology ,Personality Disorders ,Young Adult ,Reference Values ,Rating scale ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Narcissism ,medicine ,Humans ,Personality ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Applied Psychology ,Aged ,media_common ,Internet ,Two-alternative forced choice ,Narcissistic Personality Inventory ,05 social sciences ,Reproducibility of Results ,Middle Aged ,Clinical Psychology ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,Personality Assessment Inventory ,Factor Analysis, Statistical ,Psychology ,Social psychology - Abstract
The Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) is currently the most widely used measure of narcissism in social/personality psychology. It is also relatively unique because it uses a forced-choice response format. We investigate the consequences of changing the NPI’s response format for item meaning and factor structure. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: 40 forced-choice items ( n = 2,754), 80 single-stimulus dichotomous items (i.e., separate true/false responses for each item; n = 2,275), or 80 single-stimulus rating scale items (i.e., 5-point Likert-type response scales for each item; n = 2,156). Analyses suggested that the “narcissistic” and “nonnarcissistic” response options from the Entitlement and Superiority subscales refer to independent personality dimensions rather than high and low levels of the same attribute. In addition, factor analyses revealed that although the Leadership dimension was evident across formats, dimensions with entitlement and superiority were not as robust. Implications for continued use of the NPI are discussed.
- Published
- 2015
45. The Enduring Predictive Significance of Early Maternal Sensitivity: Social and Academic Competence Through Age 32 Years
- Author
-
Jeffry A. Simpson, R. Chris Fraley, Glenn I. Roisman, and K. Lee Raby
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Longitudinal study ,Adolescent ,Human Development ,Academic achievement ,Article ,Education ,Developmental psychology ,Social Skills ,Young Adult ,Social skills ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,Humans ,Longitudinal Studies ,Child ,Social change ,Infant ,Achievement ,Child development ,Mother-Child Relations ,Educational attainment ,Maternal sensitivity ,Child, Preschool ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,Educational Status ,Female ,Social competence ,Psychology ,Clinical psychology - Abstract
This study leveraged data from the Minnesota Longitudinal Study of Risk and Adaptation (N = 243) to investigate the predictive significance of maternal sensitivity during the first 3 years of life for social and academic competence through age 32 years. Structural model comparisons replicated previous findings that early maternal sensitivity predicts social skills and academic achievement through midadolescence in a manner consistent with an enduring effects model of development and extended these findings using heterotypic indicators of social competence (effectiveness of romantic engagement) and academic competence (educational attainment) during adulthood. Although early socioeconomic factors and child gender accounted for the predictive significance of maternal sensitivity for social competence, covariates did not fully account for associations between early sensitivity and academic outcomes.
- Published
- 2014
46. Partner similarity matters for the insecure: Attachment orientations moderate the association between similarity in partners’ personality traits and relationship satisfaction
- Author
-
R. Chris Fraley and Nathan W. Hudson
- Subjects
Relationship satisfaction ,Social Psychology ,media_common.quotation_subject ,05 social sciences ,Emotional security ,050109 social psychology ,16. Peace & justice ,050105 experimental psychology ,Developmental psychology ,Insecure attachment ,Perception ,Similarity (psychology) ,Attachment theory ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Big Five personality traits ,Association (psychology) ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,General Psychology ,media_common - Abstract
A longitudinal sample of romantic couples was used to examine whether attachment security moderates the association between partners’ personality-trait-similarity to each other and their relationship satisfaction. Replicating previous research, there were no bivariate associations between trait-similarity and satisfaction. However, partners’ perceptions of personality-similarity were associated with satisfaction. Attachment styles also moderated the curvilinear associations between partners’ trait-similarity and satisfaction. People with high attachment avoidance and low attachment anxiety (dismissing attachment) seemed to have an optimal level of similarity in which satisfaction was maximized at moderate levels of similarity. People with low avoidance and high anxiety (preoccupied attachment) exhibited the opposite pattern, expressing higher levels of satisfaction if their partner was highly similar or dissimilar to them.
- Published
- 2014
47. Similarities and differences regarding changes in attachment preferences and attachment styles in relation to romantic relationship length: longitudinal and concurrent analyses
- Author
-
Tomotaka Umemura, R. Chris Fraley, Lenka Lacinová, and Kristína Kotrčová
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Time Factors ,Adolescent ,050109 social psychology ,Friends ,Developmental psychology ,Young Adult ,Sex Factors ,5. Gender equality ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,Attachment theory ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Interpersonal Relations ,Longitudinal Studies ,Parent-Child Relations ,Relation (history of concept) ,Czech Republic ,05 social sciences ,Multilevel model ,Age Factors ,Courtship ,Romance ,Object Attachment ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Female ,sense organs ,Psychology ,Psychological Theory ,Social psychology ,050104 developmental & child psychology - Abstract
This study examines whether attachment preferences and attachment styles with different figures (mother, father, romantic partner, and friends) change over the course of a romantic relationship. Study 1 employed a three-wave longitudinal sample of Czech young adults who were currently in a romantic relationship (N = 870; mean age = 21.57; SD = 1.51; 81% females). Multilevel modeling analyses revealed that, as romantic relationships progressed, attachment preferences for romantic partners increased and preferences for friends decreased. However, preferences for the mother or for the father did not change over time. The parallel pattern was found for attachment avoidance; as romantic relationships progressed, attachment avoidance with romantic partners decreased and avoidance with the best friend increased. Avoidance with mother or with father, however, did not change over time. Study 2 employed a cross-sectional international sample (n = 2,593; mean age = 31.99; SD = 12.13; 79% females). Multiple regression analyses replicated the findings of attachment avoidance in the longitudinal data.
- Published
- 2017
48. Attachment states of mind among internationally adoptive and foster parents
- Author
-
Heather A. Yarger, R. Chris Fraley, Teresa Lind, Esther M. Leerkes, Mary Dozier, and K. Lee Raby
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Internationality ,Adolescent ,education ,Ethnic group ,Education, Nonprofessional ,050105 experimental psychology ,Article ,Developmental psychology ,Foster Home Care ,Rating scale ,Risk Factors ,Adoption ,Interview, Psychological ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Parent-Child Relations ,Child ,Object Attachment ,Socioeconomic status ,Poverty ,Reactive Attachment Disorder ,Child Protective Services ,05 social sciences ,Middle Aged ,Confirmatory factor analysis ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Child, Preschool ,Female ,Psychology ,Attachment measures ,Foster parents ,050104 developmental & child psychology - Abstract
The first aim of the current study was to examine the latent structure of attachment states of mind as assessed by the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) among three groups of parents of children at risk for insecure attachments: parents who adopted internationally (N= 147), foster parents (N= 300), and parents living in poverty and involved with Child Protective Services (CPS;N= 284). Confirmatory factor analysis indicated the state of mind rating scales loaded on two factors reflecting adults’ preoccupied and dismissing states of mind. Taxometric analyses indicated the variation in adults’ preoccupied states of mind was more consistent with a dimensional than a categorical model, whereas results for dismissing states of mind were indeterminate. The second aim was to examine the degree to which the attachment states of mind of internationally adoptive and foster parents differ from those of poverty/CPS-referred parents and low-risk parents. After controlling for parental age, sex, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status, (a) internationally adoptive parents had lower scores on the dismissing dimension than the sample of community parents described by Haltigan, Leerkes, Supple, and Calkins (2014); (b) foster parents did not differ from community parents on either the dismissing or the preoccupied AAI dimension; and (c) both internationally adoptive and foster parents had lower scores on the preoccupied dimension than poverty/CPS-referred parents. Analyses using the traditional AAI categories provided convergent evidence that (a) internationally adoptive parents were more likely to be classified as having an autonomous state of mind than low-risk North American mothers based on Bakermans-Kranenburg and van IJzendoorn's (2009) meta-analytic estimates, (b) the rates of autonomous states of mind did not differ between foster and low-risk parents, and (c) both internationally adoptive and foster parents were less likely to be classified as having a preoccupied state of mind than poverty/CPS-referred parents.
- Published
- 2017
49. Stability of Attachment Style in Adolescence: An Empirical Test of Alternative Developmental Processes
- Author
-
Jason D. Jones, R. Chris Fraley, Jessica A. Stern, Katherine B. Ehrlich, Phillip R. Shaver, Jude Cassidy, and Carl W. Lejuez
- Subjects
Male ,Longitudinal study ,Adolescent ,Family Conflict ,Stability (learning theory) ,050109 social psychology ,Developmental & Child Psychology ,Article ,Education ,Developmental psychology ,Empirical research ,Sex Factors ,Divorce ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,Attachment theory ,Psychology ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Longitudinal Studies ,Minority status ,Child ,Object Attachment ,Minority Groups ,Pediatric ,05 social sciences ,Adolescent Development ,Moderation ,Developmental dynamics ,Adolescent Behavior ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,Cognitive Sciences ,Female ,050104 developmental & child psychology - Abstract
Few studies have examined stability and change in attachment during adolescence. This 5-year longitudinal study (a) examined whether prototype or revisionist developmental dynamics better characterized patterns of stability and change in adolescent attachment (at T1, N=176; Mage =14.0years, SD=0.9), (b) tested potential moderators of prototype-like attachment stability, and (c) compared attachment stability in adolescence to stability in adulthood. The results supported the prototype model, which assumes that there is a stable, enduring factor underlying stability and change in attachment. Exploratory moderation analyses revealed that family conflict, parental separation or divorce, minority status, and male sex might undermine the prototype-like stability of adolescent attachment. Stability of attachment was lower in adolescence relative to adulthood.
- Published
- 2017
50. The development of attachment styles
- Author
-
Nathan W. Hudson and R. Chris Fraley
- Subjects
05 social sciences ,Socialization ,Selection (linguistics) ,Attachment theory ,050109 social psychology ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,050104 developmental & child psychology ,Developmental psychology - Abstract
Many of the enduring questions in attachment theory and research concern the origins of individual differences in attachment. Specifically, what makes some people more secure than others? How are those differences sustained across time? And what leads people to change? The purpose of this chapter is to review briefly theory and research on how attachment patterns develop and the processes that give rise to continuity and change. We also highlight some new directions in attachment research that have implications for how we understand continuity and change.
- Published
- 2017
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