Search

Your search keyword '"R. Chechik"' showing total 67 results
Start Over Author "R. Chechik"
67 results on '"R. Chechik"'

1. First attempts at prediction of DNA strand-break yields using nanodosimetric data

Author

Vladimir Bashkirov, G Garty, S. Shchemelinin, Bernd Grosswendt, Corinne Leloup, G Assaf, Reinhard W. Schulte, R. Chechik, and Amos Breskin

Subjects
Databases, Factual, Pilot Projects, Lesion formation, Radiation Dosage, DNA Strand Break, chemistry.chemical_compound, Ionization, Nanotechnology, Computer Simulation, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Radiometry, Physics, Radiation, Models, Genetic, Radiological and Ultrasound Technology, Microchemistry, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation, Statistical model, DNA, General Medicine, Models, Chemical, chemistry, Atomic physics, Algorithms, DNA Damage
Abstract

We present the first results of our attempts to correlate yields of ionisation clusters in a gas model of DNA and corresponding double-strand break (DSB) yields in irradiated plasmids, using a simple statistical model of DNA lesion formation. Based on the same statistical model, we also provide a comparison of simulated nanodosimetric data for electrons and published DSB yields obtained with the PARTRAC code.

Published
2006

2. Ion-counting nanodosemeter with particle tracking capabilities

Author

Bernd Grosswendt, Amos Breskin, Guy Garty, R. Chechik, S. Schemelinin, Hartmut Sadrozinski, Vladimir Bashkirov, Reinhard W. Schulte, and Andrew J. Wroe

Subjects
Proton, Monte Carlo method, Radiation Dosage, Tracking (particle physics), Sensitivity and Specificity, law.invention, Telescope, Optics, law, Ionization, Nanotechnology, Linear Energy Transfer, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Radiometry, Ions, Physics, Miniaturization, Radiation, Radiological and Ultrasound Technology, business.industry, Track (disk drive), Resolution (electron density), Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Reproducibility of Results, Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation, Equipment Design, General Medicine, Equipment Failure Analysis, Protons, business, Beam (structure)
Abstract

An ion-counting nanodosemeter (ND) yielding the distribution of radiation-induced ions in a low-pressure gas within a millimetric, wall-less sensitive volume (SV) was equipped with a silicon microstrip telescope that tracks the primary particles, allowing correlation of nanodosimetric data with particle position relative to the SV. The performance of this tracking ND was tested with a broad 250 MeV proton beam at Loma Linda University Medical Center. The high-resolution tracking capability made it possible to map the ion registration efficiency distribution within the SV, for which only calculated data were available before. It was shown that tracking information combined with nanodosimetric data can map the ionisation pattern of track segments within 150 nm-equivalent long SVs with a longitudinal resolution of approximately 5 tissue-equivalent nanometers. Data acquired in this work were compared with results of Monte Carlo track structure simulations. The good agreement between 'tracking nanodosimetry' data acquired with the new system and simulated data supports the application of ion-counting nanodosimetry in experimental track-structure studies.

Published
2006

4. Photoelectron transport in CsI and CsBr coating films of alkali antimonide and CsI photocathodes

Author

Amos Breskin, I. Feldman, Hagai Cohen, Bhartendu K. Singh, R. Chechik, E. Shefer, and T. Boutboul

Subjects
Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Chemistry, business.industry, Attenuation length, General Physics and Astronomy, Photoionization, Electron, engineering.material, Photoelectric effect, Coating, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Antimonide, Physics::Atomic and Molecular Clusters, engineering, Rectangular potential barrier, Optoelectronics, Atomic physics, business
Abstract

The transport of low-energy (

Published
2002

5. Effect of moderate heating on the negative electron affinity and photoyield of air-exposed hydrogen-terminated chemical vapor deposited diamond

Author

C. Coluzza, R. Chechik, O. Katz, G. Piantanida, Alon Hoffman, A. Laikhtman, and Amos Breskin

Subjects
Hydrogen, Chemistry, Ultra-high vacuum, technology, industry, and agriculture, Analytical chemistry, General Physics and Astronomy, Diamond, chemistry.chemical_element, engineering.material, medicine.disease_cause, Oxygen, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Electron affinity, engineering, medicine, Molecule, Ultraviolet
Abstract

The effect of moderate heating (200–300 °C) in vacuum on the photoemission from air-exposed hydrogen-terminated chemical vapor deposited diamond films was studied in the photon spectral range of 140–210 nm (8.9–5.9 eV). A three- to fivefold enhancement was observed, stable in high vacuum and in some high purity gases, but unstable in air. The surfaces were also examined by x-ray induced photoelectron spectroscopy and ultraviolet induced photoelectron spectroscopy before and after the heating process and upon exposure to air and to oxygen. The results provide good evidence that the strong dipole originating from H2O molecules absorbed on the diamond surface is responsible for the observed effect. A simple model is presented for quantitative estimation of the effect.

Published
2001

6. An improved model for ultraviolet- and x-ray-induced electron emission from CsI

Author

A. Gibrekhterman, A. Akkerman, Amos Breskin, R. Chechik, and T. Boutboul

Subjects
Physics, Photomultiplier, Photon, Field (physics), Electric field, Secondary emission, medicine, General Physics and Astronomy, Electron, Atomic physics, medicine.disease_cause, Particle detector, Ultraviolet
Abstract

A microscopic theoretical model is proposed for calculating the characteristics of ultraviolet photoemission and x-ray secondary electron emission induced from CsI photoconverters. This approach is based on a realistic picture of the basic interactions of photons and induced electrons within the material. Both differential and integral emission characteristics, such as energy spectra and quantum efficiencies, are estimated according to the model and are found to agree, in general, with experimental data. The model-calculated photoemission enhancement under high external electric fields is also considered and is fairly compatible with measured values. The applicability of the model in the field of radiation detectors incorporating solid photoconverters is discussed.

Published
1999

8. Escape length of ultraviolet induced photoelectrons in alkali iodide and CsBr evaporated films: Measurements and modeling

Author

A. Akkerman, T. Boutboul, Amos Breskin, and R. Chechik

Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification, Photon, Annealing (metallurgy), Iodide, Analytical chemistry, General Physics and Astronomy, Quantum yield, Electron, Photoelectric effect, Alkali metal, medicine.disease_cause, chemistry, medicine, Atomic physics, Ultraviolet
Abstract

The escape length of electrons photoinduced from thin CsI, KI, RbI, NaI, and CsBr evaporated films was measured in the 140–180 nm photon spectral range. Theoretical model predictions of the escape length value are in fair agreement with the experimental results. They vary between 10 and 40 nm, the highest values being for CsI, RbI and CsBr. For CsI, measured and calculated ultraviolet-induced escape length values are consistent with that determined from x-ray photoemission quantum yield data. Post-evaporation annealing of the films had no major impact on the measured electron transport properties.

Published
1998

9. Ultraviolet photoabsorption measurements in alkali iodide and caesium bromide evaporated films

Author

André Braem, G. Lion, Amos Breskin, T. Boutboul, and R. Chechik

Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification, Range (particle radiation), Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Chemistry, Iodide, Analytical chemistry, General Physics and Astronomy, Thermal treatment, medicine.disease_cause, Alkali metal, chemistry.chemical_compound, Caesium bromide, medicine, Absorption (electromagnetic radiation), Ultraviolet
Abstract

Ultraviolet–photon absorption constants were measured for thin CsI, KI, RbI, NaI and CsBr evaporated films, in the 140–200 nm spectral range. The constant measured for CsI is consistent with literature data; the absorption data for the other materials are given here for the first time. The absorption lengths for all materials investigated vary between 10 and 40 nm. Post-evaporation thermal treatment of the films, known to enhance the photoemission properties of CsI, NaI and CsBr films, had no effect on their photoabsorption properties.

Published
1998

10. Low‐energy electron transport in alkali halides

Author

A. Akkerman, T. Boutboul, R. Chechik, A. Gibrekhterman, and Amos Breskin

Subjects
Photon, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Solid-state physics, Phonon, Chemistry, Monte Carlo method, General Physics and Astronomy, Electron, Atomic physics, Photon energy, Electron scattering
Abstract

A model of electron transport in alkali halides, below 10 eV, is described. It is based on theoretically calculated microscopic cross sections of electron interactions with lattice phonons. Both acoustic and optical scatterings are taken into account, the former being also treated as a quasielastic process that randomizes the electron motion. Monte Carlo calculations based on the model simulate the UV‐induced photoelectron emission from CsI. The calculated quantum efficiency and energy spectra are in good agreement with experimental data, in the photon energy range of 6.3–8.6 eV. The probability for an electron to escape from CsI, NaCl, and KCl is provided as a function of its energy and creation depth. A comparison is made between our approach and other phenomenological models.

Published
1994

11. Spatial characteristics of electron‐ and photon‐induced secondary electron cascades in CsI

Author

A. Akkerman, A. Gibrekhterman, Amos Breskin, and R. Chechik

Subjects
Range (particle radiation), Electron density, Photon, Cascade, Chemistry, Secondary emission, Electron beam processing, General Physics and Astronomy, Electron, Atomic physics, Secondary electrons
Abstract

Our microscopic model for electron transport in alkali halides was used for the calculation of the spatial characteristics of secondary electron cascades induced by x rays and electrons in an infinite CsI volume, in the energy range of 5–50 keV. The results show that the shape of the cascade cloud preserves the features of the primary interactions only at the core, where the cascade has an elongated, forward peaked shape for incident electrons and is spherically symmetric for photons. At the periphery the cloud is practically spherical, and of very low electron density. The maximal cascade dimensions do not exceed 10 μm at the highest considered energy. The impact of these characteristics on secondary electron emission from finite thickness CsI layers is discussed.

Published
1994

12. Measurement of electromagnetically produced e+e−-pairs in distant SPt collisions

Author

A. Shor, C. P. de Los Heros, H. Nägele, P. Fischer, J. P. Wurm, A. Wörner, H. J. Specht, A. Wermes, Amos Breskin, R. Chechik, I. Tserruya, F. Heß, G. Tel-Zur, P. Rehak, K.H. Noffz, T. F. Günzel, E. Gatti, Z. Fraenkel, Th. Ullrich, A. Schon, V. Steiner, Reinhard Männer, A. Drees, D. Irmscher, S. Tapprogge, I. Ravinovich, C. Schwick, R. Bauer, J. Gläß, Ch. Fuchs, C. Jacob, Peter Glassel, L. H. Olsen, J. Schukraft, U. Faschingbauer, B. Schmitt, M. Sampietro, and A. Pfeiffer

Subjects
Electromagnetic field, Physics, Scattering cross-section, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Projectile, Nuclear Theory, Nuclear physics, symbols.namesake, symbols, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Feynman diagram, Atomic physics, Polar coordinate system, Nuclear Experiment, Particle Physics - Experiment
Abstract

We have for the first time identified e + e − -pairs produced by strongly varying electromagnetic fields in distant SPt collisions at 200 GeV/u projectile energy at the CERN-SPS. The differential cross section for the mass range 10 MeV/ c 2 ≤ m ee ≤ 100 MeV/ c 2 and the polar angle range 141 mrad ≤ θ e ≤ 260 mrad agrees well with a lowest-order perturbation QED-calculation.

Published
1994

13. THGEM-based detectors for sampling elements in DHCAL: laboratory and beam evaluation

Author

Andrew White, J.M.F. dos Santos, Michael Pitt, R. Chechik, Ryan Herbst, Gunther Haller, J.F.C.A. Veloso, Jong-Sung Yu, Martin Breidenbach, Lior Arazi, C.D.R. Azevedo, Eraldo Oliveri, H. Natal da Luz, S. T. Park, D. Freytag, Adam Rubin, Marco Cortesi, Carlos R. Oliveira, D. S. Covita, and Amos Breskin

Subjects
Resistive touchscreen, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Materials science, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Detector, FOS: Physical sciences, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), 01 natural sciences, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Anode, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Optics, 0103 physical sciences, Detectors and Experimental Techniques, 010306 general physics, business, Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics
Abstract

We report on the results of an extensive R&D program aimed at the evaluation of Thick-Gas Electron Multipliers (THGEM) as potential active elements for Digital Hadron Calorimetry (DHCAL). Results are presented on efficiency, pad multiplicity and discharge probability of a 10x10 cm2 prototype detector with 1 cm2 readout pads. The detector is comprised of single- or double-THGEM multipliers coupled to the pad electrode either directly or via a resistive anode. Investigations employing standard discrete electronics and the KPiX readout system have been carried out both under laboratory conditions and with muons and pions at the CERN RD51 test beam. For detectors having a charge-induction gap, it has been shown that even a ~6 mm thick single-THGEM detector reached detection efficiencies above 95%, with pad-hit multiplicity of 1.1-1.2 per event; discharge probabilities were of the order of 1e-6 - 1e-5 sparks/trigger, depending on the detector structure and gain. Preliminary beam tests with a WELL hole-structure, closed by a resistive anode, yielded discharge probabilities of, 15 pages, 11 figures, MPGD2011 conference proceeding

Published
2011
Full Text
View/download PDF

14. Characteristics of secondary electron emission from CsI induced by x rays with energies up to 100 keV

Author

A. Gibrekhterman, A. Akkerman, R. Chechik, and Amos Breskin

Subjects
Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Chemistry, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Secondary emission, Monte Carlo method, General Physics and Astronomy, Halide, Angle of incidence, Electron, Atomic physics, Microscopic theory, Alkali metal, Secondary electrons
Abstract

A microscopic model for low energy electron interaction in alkali halides was used to simulate secondary electron emission from CsI induced by x rays with energies up to 100 keV. The integral ‘‘current’’ and ‘‘pulse’’ yields were calculated as function of the x‐ray energy, CsI convertor thickness, and angle of incidence. We observe a decrease in true low energy (

Published
1993

15. New prospective for non-invasive detection, grading, size evaluation, and tumor location of prostate cancer

Author

M, Cortesi, E, Fridman, A, Volkov, S Sh, Shilstein, R, Chechik, A, Breskin, D, Vartsky, G, Raviv, and J, Ramon

Subjects
Male, Zinc, Histocytochemistry, Humans, Prostatic Neoplasms, Computer Simulation, Longitudinal Studies, Adenocarcinoma, Neoplasm Staging
Abstract

PSA blood test and other present screening tools fail to provide the required sensitivity and specificity and, at early stages, lack correlation with tumor grade, volume, and location. Thus alternative approaches are highly desired. We present and assess a novel method for PCa detection, grading, volume evaluation and tumor location, based on non-invasive zinc concentration mapping in the gland by means of a dedicated rectal probe.Zinc-concentration values measured in histologically examined tissue fragments from needle biopsy of 598 patients were analyzed. They were used to generate computer simulated zinc-concentration maps, further analyzed with image-processing tools. The tumor detection performances versus Gleason grade were assessed.A significant increase of zinc depletion with increasing Gleason pattern (grade) classification was established. Tumor detection performance in zinc-concentration maps progressively improves with the cancer's first component score. Reliable information on the location, size and Gleason-grade combination of the lesion can be extracted for clinically relevant volumes.Zinc depletion in the prostate peripheral zone is the basis for a novel, non-invasive PCa detection, localization, volume evaluation and grading method. Its realization and application as a pre-biopsy and pre-treatment examination, or a follow-up tool, relies on the development of a dedicated transrectal probe. It should have significant impact on biopsy effectiveness, point at a possible extraprostatic extension and provide critical data for focal treatment. The information on tumor grade and distribution may have an important impact on disease management.

Published
2010

16. Towards THGEM UV-photon detectors for RICH: on single-photon detection efficiency in Ne/CH4 and Ne/CF4

Author

A. Lyashenko, C.D.R. Azevedo, J. Escada, Amos Breskin, J.M.F. dos Santos, R. Chechik, J.F.C.A. Veloso, Vladimir Peskov, Marco Cortesi, and J. Miyamoto

Subjects
Photon, Materials science, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Photon detector, Detector, FOS: Physical sciences, Context (language use), Electron, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Photocathode, High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Optoelectronics, Detectors and Experimental Techniques, business, Instrumentation, Photon detection, Mathematical Physics, Voltage
Abstract

The article deals with the detection efficiency of UV-photon detectors consisting of Thick Gas Electron Multipliers (THGEM) coated with CsI photocathode, operated in atmospheric Ne/CH4 and Ne/CF4 mixtures. We report on the photoelectron extraction efficiency from the photocathode into these gas mixtures, and on the photoelectron collection efficiency into the THGEM holes. Full collection efficiency was reached in all gases investigated, in some cases at relatively low multiplication. High total detector gains for UV photons, in excess of 10^5, were reached at relatively low operation voltages with a single THGEM element. We discuss the photon detection efficiency in the context of possible application to RICH., 13 pages, 9 figures, 1 table. Presented at MPGD09, Crete, June 2009; to be published in JINST-proceedings

Published
2009

18. The photon-assisted cascaded electron multiplier operation in CF4 for ion backflow suppression

Author

Amos Breskin, A. Lyashenko, F. D. Amaro, J.F.C.A. Veloso, R. Chechik, and J.M.F. dos Santos

Subjects
Physics, Scintillation, Cascade, Electron multiplier, Multiplier (economics), Electron, Atomic physics, Photocathode, Ion, Backflow
Abstract

The operation of the recently introduced Photon Assisted Cascaded Electron Multiplier (PACEM) in CF4 is investigated. The PACEM uses the VUV scintillation produced in the electron avalanches of the first multiplier of the cascade to transfer the signal to the subsequent ones. The VUV scintillation induces the emission of a large number of photoelectrons from a Csl photocathode placed on the top-surface of the second multiplier. The photoelectrons are further multiplied in the subsequent stages of the cascade, resulting in efficient signal amplification. A mesh, set at a fixed voltage, is placed between the first and the second multipliers to block the charge transfer between them, thus suppressing all the ion backflow (IBF) heading to the first cascade element. The PACEM electrically isolates the first multiplier of the cascade and only the ions produced in the electron avalanches of the first element may flow back into the drift region. Operating in CF4, absolute IBFs as low as ~1 ion per primary electron are achieved for drift fields of 0.1 kV/cm , while for fields of 0.5 kV/cm the absolute IBF is ~10 ions/primary electron. This corresponds to an IBF of 10-4 at gains of 106 for GPM operating conditions. of 104, for TPC operating conditions, and IBFs of ~10-5 at gains of 106 for GPM operating conditions.

Published
2007

19. Absolute quantum photoyield of diamond thin films: Dependence on surface preparation and stability under ambient conditions

Author

Alon Hoffman, E. Shefer, Y. Avigal, Yeshayahu Lifshitz, Amos Breskin, A. Laikhtman, R. Chechik, and Rafi Kalish

Subjects
Materials science, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Hydrogen, Analytical chemistry, Diamond, chemistry.chemical_element, Chemical vapor deposition, Plasma, engineering.material, Oxygen, chemistry, engineering, Degradation (geology), Quantum, Microwave
Abstract

Absolute quantum photoyield (QPY) measurements (140–210 nm) of chemical vapor deposited (CVD) diamond films are reported. The dependence of the QPY on hydrogenation by exposure to a hydrogen microwave (MW) plasma and oxidation by a mixture of acids or on exposure to air under ambient conditions have been studied. Films deposited by MWCVD display a higher QPY than those grown by hot filament (HF) CVD. The QPY values are found to depend on the state of the surface. Hydrogen-terminated films exhibit values above 12% at 140 nm, whereas even small amounts of oxygen strongly degrade the QPY. B-doping, at the level of 1500 ppm, has no apparent effect on the photoemission properties. Exposure of the hydrogenated films to ambient conditions results in oxygen adsorption, leading to degradation of the photoemission properties. Analysis of the data within the three-step model of photoemission clearly shows that the state of the surface is a dominant factor determining the QPY.

Published
1998

20. Absolute photoyield from chemical vapor-deposited diamond and diamond-like carbon films in the UV

Author

E. Shefer, Rafi Kalish, R. Chechik, D. Bacon, Amos Breskin, Y. Lifshitz, and Y. Avigal

Subjects
Materials science, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Diamond-like carbon, Analytical chemistry, Diamond, chemistry.chemical_element, Nanotechnology, Electron, Chemical vapor deposition, engineering.material, Amorphous solid, Carbon film, chemistry, engineering, Detectors and Experimental Techniques, Thin film, Carbon
Abstract

The absolute photoyields of chemical vapor deposited (CVD) diamond and amorphous hydrogen-free diamondlike carbon (DLC) films, in the range of 140–300 nm, are reported. CVD diamond films exhibit a large photoyield, of a few percent in the range 140–180 nm. DLC films have a 20–50 times lower yield. Post growth hydrogenation is found to substantially increase the photoyield of CVD diamond films. We discuss the applicability of these films as UV photocathodes coupled to electron multipliers based on gaseous charge multiplication.

Published
1997

21. Evidence for thin‐film protection of visible photocathodes

Author

M. Prager, R. Chechik, E. Shefer, Amos Breskin, and A. Buzulutskov

Subjects
Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), business.industry, Chemistry, Inorganic chemistry, Optoelectronics, chemistry.chemical_element, Visible radiation, Thin film, business, Oxygen, Ultraviolet radiation
Abstract

NaI and CsI protective coatings on visible cesium‐antimony photocathodes have been studied. With NaI protective films the photocathodes are shown to withstand exposure to considerable doses of oxygen and dry air. This opens the way to their handling and operation in gas media.

Published
1996

22. Thick GEM-like hole multipliers: properties and possible applications

Author

R CHECHIK, A BRESKIN, C SHALEM, and D MORMANN

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, FOS: Physical sciences, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Instrumentation
Abstract

The properties of thick GEM-like (TGEM) gaseous electron multipliers, operated at 1-740 Torr are presented. They are made of a G-10 plate, perforated with millimeter-scale diameter holes. In single-multiplier elements, effective gains of about 104, 106, and 105 were reached at respective pressures of 1, 10 Torr isobutane and 740 Torr Ar/5%CH4, with pulse rise-times in the few nanosecond scale. The high effective gain at atmospheric pressure was measured with a TGEM coated with a CsI photocathode. The detector was operated in single and cascaded modes. Potential applications in ion and photon detection are discussed., Comment: Contribution to the 2004 Vienna Conference on Instrumentation

Published
2004
Full Text
View/download PDF

23. Methods of preparation and results of sealed gas photomultipliers for visible light

Author

D. Mörmann, M. Kiln, Bhartendu K. Singh, E.D.C. Freitas, Amos Breskin, R. Chechik, M. Rappaport, and Marcin Balcerzyk

Subjects
Physics, High-gain antenna, Photomultiplier, Atmospheric pressure, business.industry, Electron multiplier, Detector, Optoelectronics, Quantum efficiency, business, Photocathode, Visible spectrum
Abstract

We describe the preparation of a sealed, atmospheric pressure gaseous photomultiplier (GPMT) for the visible spectral range and present the properties of the first prototypes. They consist of a 50 mm diameter semitransparent bialkali photocathode coupled to a 30/spl times/30 mm Kapton-made multi-GEM electron multiplier. High gain of 2/spl times/10/sup 4/ in two-GEM mode and a quantum efficiency of 13% at 405 nm have been reached at atmospheric pressure of Ar/CH/sub 4/ (95:5). The detector structure and experimental setup are described; results are presented on the GPMT gain, ion-feedback and its suppression, stability, and other critical parameters in various gas mixtures. We examine also hot sealing techniques with In/Sn and In/Bi solders.

Published
2003

25. ATLAS DETECTOR AND PHYSICS PERFORMANCE TECHNICAL DESIGN REPORT

Author

John Baines, T. Yang, J. Dodd, J-M. Noppe, S. Meuser, T. Embry, Ludovico Pontecorvo, V. V. Lapin, Alexander Cheplakov, S. P. Baranov, S. R. Hou, S. Errede, Valerio Vercesi, D. J. Schotanus, M. Keil, J. Stastny, H. Wellenstein, V.V. Gilevsky, W. J. Murray, I. A. Pless, Pavol Strizenec, J. Salt, V. A. Korotkov, Peter Jenni, M. Tadel, F. Tang, E. Sayouty, F. Rossel, J. M. Butterworth, W. Burris, M. El Kacimi, Akira Yamamoto, Ph. Demierre, Polina Kuzhir, Y. Jacquier, D. Hayes, A. Krivchitch, S. W. O'Neale, H. Ten Kate, F. Waldner, Petr Sicho, F. M. Newcomer, G. Chiefari, Jianqiao Ye, G. Lehmann, M. A. Dobbs, Yu.A. Khokhlov, Francesco Spanò, L. Holm, K. J. Anderson, H. Drevermann, Ph Martin, D.J. Martin, A. Atag, S. M. Fisher, H. van der Bij, Odette Benary, Mihai Caprini, C. Brouwer, M. Holder, M. Franklin, F. E. Taylor, P.R. Turner, Sam Daniel Mullin, G. Sette, V.A. Onuchin, J. Sorokina, Joleen Pater, Hiroshi Sakamoto, V.I. Sirotenko, Simon George, P. G. Estabrooks, R. K. Keeler, D. Glenzinsky, A. Astvatsaturov, Takahiko Kondo, L. S. Peak, A. G. Clark, Yu. Merzlyakov, F. Crijns, B. Canton, H. J. Burckhart, Jacqueline Batley, K. Jon-And, M. Vassiliou, D. Bocian, F. Haug, Sp. Dedoussis, J. J. Thaler, Rupert Leitner, M. Tyndel, Osamu Sasaki, V. Filimonov, P. Stassi, D. Kuhn, M. Spitalieri, F. Zuffranieri, J. Hrivnac, John Hart, Yu.I. Salomatin, A. Lebedev, G. Blanchot, David Francis, Marcello Fanti, A.G. Shamov, Stefan Koperny, Susanne Kersten, Theodora Papadopoulou, B. Kaan, G. Reinmuth, Kaushik De, B. Yang, L. Tuura, R. Hashemi-Nezhad, J. Pouxe, Th. Baer, A. Kerr, Uwe Bratzler, O. Martin, Patrick Fassnacht, J. M. Lopez, D. Calvet, G. Martin-Chassard, Vincent Hedberg, D. Sopromadze, Sylvain Fichet, A. Ferrer, Serge Smirnov, T. Lari, C. Zeitnitz, B. Dulny, M.V. Kuzmin, T. Kohriki, Vasiliki A Mitsou, P. M. Watkins, Elemer Nagy, M. Wunsch, R. J. Cashmore, Fridolin Dittus, V.V. Bryzgalov, D. Axen, Stephane Jezequel, Tomas Davidek, Edward Diehl, D. Breton, Shlomo Dado, B. Nicquevert, Bengt Lund-Jensen, L. Gustafsson, A. N. Sissakian, B. G. Pope, Daniel Lellouch, Laurent Vacavant, K. Hashemi, R. Beccherle, A.M. Lee, J. Fent, H. Schuijlenburg, A. Onofre, J. M. Crespo, M. Cambiaghi, T. Hansl-Kozanecka, V. V. Tokmenin, Andreas Petridis, M. Cailles, Anna Zuzana Dubnickova, Vitaliano Chiarella, H. A. Neal, Y. Iwata, K. Zitek, A. Perus, D. Bintinger, H.J. Rzayev, J. Ludvig, M. L. Ferrer, Henry Lubatti, Alexi Gongadze, Giovanni Darbo, P. N. Ratoff, J. F. Martin, D. Fasssouliotis, Paolo Camarri, Stefan Tapprogge, J. Vanko, A. Maio, Cheng Chen, Sylvain Tisserant, Sk Noor Alam, S. Rizek, S. Cologna, Yu. Gouz, A. V. Akimov, A. Artamonov, Jolanta Olszowska, D. Manjavidze, Andrej Filipcic, B. Rolker, Georges Azuelos, Alberto Aloisio, Krzysztof Piotrzkowski, A. Greenall, H. Groenstege, C. Mayri, V. M. Malyshev, Helmut Vincke, Barry King, F. Alessandria, B. Thooris, J. Drees, I. O. Skillicorn, Z. Metreveli, Veljko Radeka, Thomas Trefzger, T. Liu, P. Rosinsky, H. Wahlen, J. Proudfoot, V. Snyatkov, D.G. Ebling, J. Ludwig, Lidia Smirnova, Laurent Chevalier, R. Arsenescu, A. Tchountonov, I. Tsoukerman, Javier Lozano, Ian Hinchliffe, A. Di Ciaccio, C. Hebrard, Evgeny Starchenko, K. Runge, T. Dubbs, B. Athar, A. Airapetian, W. Heubers, Z. Khorguashvili, A. Chekhtman, K. Mahboubi, J. Silva, Kiyotomo Kawagoe, M. Kucera, G. Hughes, Bianca Osculati, V. Grabsky, R. Yoshida, J.L. Beney, R. E. Hughes-Jones, Ryuichi Takashima, M. Jirina, M. Mencik, W. Ockenfels, F. Gianotti, N. D. Topilin, N. A. McCubbin, V. Soergel, K. Pretzl, B. Zhang, Martin Hoeferkamp, Alexander Borissov, Evangelos Gazis, S.C. Timm, I.E. Chirikov-Zorin, Petr Tas, S. H. Oh, S. Leven, Alan Poppleton, J. Weichert, R. Tirler, S. A. Robins, Yoshio Arai, Claude Guyot, I. Stekl, F. Kong, Bertrand Laforge, K. H. Becks, Leonardo Paolo Rossi, A. Liolios, E. Marschalkowski, John H. L. Hansen, P. Schwemling, S. Kullander, V. Kovtun, Marina Cobal, Oleg Fedin, O. Boyle, Elizabeth H. Simmons, Calin Alexa, Driss Goujdami, V. Koshtoev, James Shank, F. Dydak, Oscar Blanch, Barbara Liberti, Z. Tomiak, D. Prokofiev, Jianming Qian, A. Moreton, E. Vigeolas, B. Repetti, Georg Zobernig, A. Koutchenkov, C. Weber, S. Jarp, Yoji Hasegawa, M. Seman, G. Lutz, T. Haelen, J. C. Hill, Irinel Caprini, M. Hass, L. Micu, B. Scuri, D. Striegel, Martine Bosman, E. Hazen, F. Combley, A. Breskin, Margherita Primavera, T. Emura, B. Gallet, Francesco Ragusa, P. Malecki, G. D. Kekelidze, A. Amadon, H. Simmler, Paul Hanke, P. de Girolamo, A. Nichols, M. Chardalas, Samuel Silverstein, C. N. Booth, G. D. Alexeev, Flera Rizatdinova, Stefano Veneziano, B. Lorstad, Ketevi Assamagan, B. Dinkespiler, M Mandl, L. Zanello, Sally Seidel, G. D. Hallewell, R. Davisson, C. Conta, Yuehong Xie, Klaus Hamacher, M. Hess, Tatiana Klioutchnikova, M. Maneira, S. Zeldovich, A. Manabe, A. Konstantinov, T. Grigalashvili, E. Rulikowska-Zarebska, Oliver Keith Baker, F. Chollet-LeFlour, J-F. Grivaz, S. D. Kolya, D. Makowiecki, Luc Poggioli, Christine Kourkoumelis, R. Hamatsu, I. A. Gaponenko, G. Crone, G. Ridolfi, M. Ziolkowski, H. Korsmo, Livio Mapelli, N. Hill, J. Kotcher, A. Pozzo, R. W. L. Jones, A. Rudge, V. Senchishin, Laura Perini, V. Zaitsev, Victor Maleev, Armen Vartapetian, G. Passardi, G. Kieft, Karl Jakobs, O. Celik, A. Astbury, J. R. Carter, J. Hobbs, Yoshiji Yasu, F. Ballester, N. Cartiglia, A. Andreazza, Yoram Rozen, O. Bystrom, Mauro Iodice, Tord Ekelof, S. V. Mouraviev, Dirk Zerwas, D. H. Saxon, P. P. Allport, Nigel Hessey, F. Luehring, J. Ban, S. Basiladze, R. Stanek, Daniel Froidevaux, J. W. Chapman, Vadim Gratchev, H. L. Li, Frank Paige, V. Zhuravlev, V. V. Glagolev, T. Mouthuy, Bruno Mansoulie, N. K. Watson, H. Meinhard, S-O. Holmgren, P. J. Hendriks, P. Morettini, Remi Lafaye, Maria Smizanska, F. Broggi, Maia Mosidze, W. Kozanecki, G. Mace, S. Patricelli, T. O. Niinikoski, M. Kollegov, R. Carrasco, A. Bogush, Michal Suk, T. W. Pritchard, S. Patritchev, R. Zitoun, Marcella Capua, I. Shein, J. V. Dawson, Sanchita Bhadra, L. Azhgirei, D. Akerman, S. Kruchinin, J. Boniface, S. Wheeler, A. Masserot, C. H. Wang, S. V. Kopikov, Mikhail Kirsanov, J.B. Romance, P. Kyberd, S. P. Ahlen, P. Le Du, Alessandro Paoloni, C. Arnault, Speranza Falciano, G.A. Blair, R. Suglia, P. Gorbunov, Fernando Barreiro, P. Puzo, Giosuè Costa, J. Prast, M. Chalifour, D. V. Dedovich, M. Pepe-Altarelli, Jeffrey D Steinberg, Joaquin Santander, R. A. McLaren, Ole Røhne, L.E. Kirsh, Claus Goessling, D. Newman-Coburn, Edward May, C. Haber, Junichi Kanzaki, Joao Seixas, Leonardo Merola, G. Vegni, D. Zontar, G. A. Chelkov, R. Richter, H. O. Danielsson, N. Yamdagni, J. Blocki, H. Boterenbrood, Glen A. Evans, S.P. Konovalov, S. W. Snow, W. Bonivento, Enrique J. Fernández, G. Mirabelli, R. S. Orr, Alexander Lincoln Read, K. Bos, T. J. Sloan, Luiz Caloba, M. Stavrianakou, I.S. Satsunkevich, Ralf P. Richter, Sten Hellman, J. T. Fraser, Mogens Dam, N. A. Smith, Paola Sala, Lei Zhang, J. Snow, Jan Jakubek, C. Chollet, R. Salukvadze, M.L. Levitsky, Michael Rijssenbeek, T. Stockmanns, V. G. Zaets, M. Nikolenko, B. Renk, J. Zhao, M.J. Varanda, B. M. Hawes, B. Pineiro, N. Juravlev, A. DiMattia, D. G. Charlton, F. Constantin, R. Cranfield, J.A. Dijkema, V. Dodonov, D. C. Bailey, A. Semenov, A. De Angelis, C. Rabier, J. Koehler, Andrea Negri, V.N. Mikhailin, Dugan O'Neil, G.F. Moorhead, L. Chikovani, F. Marzano, K. Merle, P. Creti, S. González de la Hoz, T-Y. Chen, Jordan Martins, J.J. Mares, I. P. Duerdoth, M Morrissey, A. G. Frodesen, J. R. Bensinger, Yu. Sedykh, Yu. Tsyupa, B. Van Eijk, H. Takeda, Jozef Ferencei, G. C. Barrand, B. A. Khomenko, C.W. Fabjan, E. Anderssen, N. Graf, M. Dobson, Gokhan Unel, R. Othegraven, B. Merkel, Richard Brenner, L. Gabunia, V. Pancheluga, Igor Gavrilenko, Pavel P. Povinec, V. Anosov, W. J. Robertson, D. Levin, Roberto Cardarelli, V.S. Panin, F. Daudon, G. Comes, A. Scheltckov, Val O'Shea, I. Mandjavidze, M. Fortner, Q. Ouyang, J. G. Loken, G.-J. Pols, C. Lesmond, T. Medcalf, Dario Barberis, Horst Oberlack, M. Huet, G. P. Benincasa, A. Filippas, C. A. Heusch, C.K. Jung, P. S. Marrocchesi, Alessandra Ciocio, K. Sliwa, J. T. Linnemann, S. Klimenko, Peter Schmid, J. Stanicek, Arnaud Ferrari, K. Tittel, D. Fasching, M. Blaquiere, Konrad Kleinknecht, R. Maenner, J-J. Veillet, D. Shabalin, S.E. Willis, B.T. Payne, A. Fernandez, Petre Dita, Yu.F. Lomakin, A. Ulvi Yilmazer, M. Aderholz, Shaun Roe, Z. Hajduk, Simonetta Gentile, A. Geiser, A. Soroko, M. Zdrazil, Q. Zhang, Yasushi Nagasaka, K-H. Noffz, K. Wyllie, Tara Shears, Vladimir Sulin, Edisher Tskhadadze, P. Roy, A.J. Flavell, D. Kouba, S. Dagan, P. B. Renton, K. Ryabchenko, E. Spiriti, K. Honscheid, G. Zuk, M. Simic, P. Gerlach, F. Molinie, Patrick Slattery, P. de Saintignon, Christoph Schwick, R. Spiwoks, J. Callahan, P. F. Klok, M. H. Shaevitz, A. H. Mahmood, I. Stumer, V. Klasen, G. De Zorzi, Paul Keener, M. Strauss, N. Zhang, Raymond Brock, F. Schaefer, Doug Gingrich, V. M. Kotov, K. Fuchs, K.H. Geib, R.L. English, Victor Kukhtin, S. Podkladkin, M. Valdata-Nappi, T. Hoare, U. Pfeiffer, H. Schick, Jie Chen, M. J. Kobel, Manuel Lozano, R. Marchesini, E. Pod, Christopher Bee, E.R.S. Candlin, Giovanna Ambrosini, K. W. Glitza, T. A. Hodges, O. Pukhov, Ph. Schune, William Trischuk, Christophe Clement, Yury Tikhonov, Rachid Mazini, V. Sosnovtzev, P. Perrodo, N.I. Bozko, Christoph Posch, D. Cacaut, R. de Asmundis, Reiner Hauser, I. Falleau, T. Buran, L. Bjorset, Y. Eisenberg, T. J. McMahon, M. J. Losty, J. Rothberg, R. Langstaff, Stavros Maltezos, W. Flegel, C. Geweniger, Irakli Minashvili, A. Staude, P. Breugnon, N. Dumont-Dayot, Dan Pantea, V. Cook, B. Kisielewski, Marjorie Shapiro, J.M. Yamartino, S. L. Wu, V. Konstantinov, Isabelle Wingerter-Seez, T. Kawamoto, P R Poffenberger, Gene E. Alexander, T. H. Burnett, H. Saidi, J. Treis, Wim Lavrijsen, D. J. Candlin, Guido Gagliardi, G. Midttun, K. Homma, A. Y. Savine, Roberto Ferrari, L. Tremblet, M. J. Goodrick, J. M. Foster, Y. Watase, I. R. Boyko, A. Kulemzin, F. S. Merritt, Els Koffeman, I. Lochak, V.A. Senko, N. Khovansky, O. Kurtulus, D. Schweiger, P. Farthouat, L. Tkachev, Carmen Maidantchik, V. Flyagin, R. Santonico, E. Auge, Pascal Pralavorio, A-C. Schaffer, J. Schwindling, A. Lagatta, Lamberto Luminari, D. Bloess, Didier Imbault, A. Miagkov, Johann Collot, P. Skubic, M. J. Pearce, M. Campbell, A. Charalambous, Fedor Prokoshin, G. Sauvage, A. A. Minaenko, E. Perrin, R.J. Staley, M. Kulseth, Bt Huffman, K. Efstathiou, C. Raine, V. Flaminio, S. Semenov, M. Gold, C. Bourdarios, D. Schamberger, J. David, D. Wells, T. Ohsugi, P. H. Hansen, A. Vanyashin, R. C. W. Henderson, Andrei Kiryunin, Stanislav Nemecek, H. Hakopian, V. Tchmil, Enrique Sanchis, Riccardo Paoletti, J. Gara, E. E. Kluge, P. Sutcliffe, J. Soulhat, D. Lissauer, M. Stedron, Nicola Labanca, Portuguesa U., Figueira da Foz Nova U., Lisboa, Vasile Mihai Ghete, K. Nurdan, Jemal Khubua, Parker, G. Gogiberidze, R. Heeley, Franz E. Bauer, B. Di Girolamo, M. J. Shochet, Alexandre Rozanov, T. Kobayashi, R. Pose, Claudio Santoni, A. Napier, A. Le Van Suu, M. G. D. Gilchriese, J. A. Strong, G. Gorfine, Pavel Shatalov, B. Ye, W. Tribanek, Hasko Stenzel, A. Nozdrin, P. Sinervo, S. Gadomski, Joey Huston, E. Usenko, Denis Salihagic, L. Hinz, Kevin M. Smith, W. Witzeling, Gerald Oakham, N. Meric, C. Billat, Olga Botner, P. Starovoytov, L. S. Vertogradov, Erez Etzion, B. J. Saunders, Krzysztof Korcyl, Amnon Harel, O. Milgrome, F. Rohrbach, J. C. Vermeulen, J. Sondericker, R. Lefèvre, J.C. Hewlett, M. Kollefrath, A. Radu, Juan Antonio Garcia Pascual, I. R. Kenyon, J. A. Wilson, G. Pauletta, V. Tocut, X. Riccadonna, R. G. Wagner, David Robinson, A. Kojine, M. O'Neil, D. Kiesilewska, Milos Lokajicek, Alexander Solodkov, F. Astesan, H. Danielson, M.J. Murtagh, M. Sosebee, F. Marullo, C. Bacci, Miguel Ullan, K. H. Ackermann, A. N. Karyukhin, J.M. Rey, A. Mitra, E. Mazzoni, G. Scherberger, G. A. Beck, J. Garvey, W. Bertoli, T. W. Jones, Peter Chochula, E. Pace, T. Conka, Norbert Wermes, Shlomit Tarem, G. Tarle, Hong Ma, S. Norton, Z. Krumstein, S. Almehed, R. J. Teuscher, D. England, A. Leger, Marcel Vreeswijk, Adriaan Koenig, Carmen García, L.S. Osborne, D. Laugier, Edmond L. Berger, J. L. Schlereth, N. Palaio, Edda Gschwendtner, P. Lichard, A. Lanza, V. Rehmann, Stanislav Pospisil, E. Acerbi, Michael Schernau, S. J. M. Peeters, Z.D. Thome, R. Garabik, A. White, Vincenzo Cavasinni, Steven Goldfarb, C. Fukunaga, E. Blucher, R. Chadelas, H. Singpiel, Mariusz Sapinski, M. J. Price, C. J. Oram, L. Wampler, B. Lundberg, M. Olcese, Karlheinz Meier, M. Kopytine, G. Meddeler, D. R. Botterill, B. Chiladze, C. Meessen, Jiri Dolejsi, A.V. Selikov, V. O. Tikhomirov, M. Aleppo, C. Biscarat, I. Turk, V. M. Romanov, Leonid Kurchaninov, A. Olshevski, S. Rescia, V. Teterin, J. D. Dowell, Pawel Grybos, Gunter Quast, A. Macpherson, A. M. Segar, Gilbert Poulard, H. Niggli, P. M. Mockett, A. B. Lazarev, Fares Djama, Hiderou Yoshida, Jean-Francois Laporte, John Scott Whitaker, R. J. Apsimon, K. K. Gan, F. Cevenini, J. Thadome, J. Kubasta, K. Kornmesser, L. P. Says, P. Carlson, A. Berejnoi, Namig Javadov, Tamar Djobava, L. Martin, Serkant Ali Cetin, V. Iamburenko, K. A. Johns, Britt Anderson, M. C. Edwards, D. Karmanov, J.M. Pentney, A. Mailov, C. Arnaud, P.W. Dunne, G. Schuler, Hisaya Kurashige, G. Belot, R. W. Stephens, C. Berriaud, J. Lesueur, C. Olivier, M. J. Oreglia, G. Volpini, B. Beaugiraud, Dmitri Melikhov, R. P. Middleton, Clara Troncon, Alessandro Cardini, W.J. Willis, N. Dressnandt, L. Blanquart, H. van der Graaf, J. P. Schuller, J.M. Ma, Carlos Moreno Martinez, Emmanuel Monnier, M. Dosil, Xin Wu, A. R. Weidberg, A. A. Grillo, João Carvalho, E. Borissov, E. G. Zverev, M. Belov, Y. Morita, Cesare Bini, J. A. Parsons, C. Hauviller, E.U. Ladygin, L. Popov, M. Asai, N. Massol, Masaharu Nomachi, Y. Tanaka, M. Imori, D. P. Stoker, Y. A. Gornushkin, P. Werneke, H. Sanders, M. Sinor, J.R. Hubbard, Are Strandlie, Uli Schaefer, Alison Holmes, D. Fortin, M.Yu. Bogoliubsky, Craig Buttar, A. P. Vorobiev, S. Negroni, G. N. Taylor, R. J. Sobie, D. Greenfield, Pierre Jarron, Dominique Pallin, James Pinfold, Michele Livan, R. E. Blair, P. Kubinec, J. Armitage, Halina Bilokon, R.W. Hatley, E. Delagnes, S. Cheng, M. Kostrikov, T.-M. Chou, F. Butin, B. Tanoren, D. A. Forbush, Fernando Marroquim, R. Engelmann, Marco Schioppa, F. Cerutti, Z. Sun, Gerard Montarou, W. J. Metzger, V. Tchepournov, Graham Thompson, G. Tzanakos, Anton Jusko, H. O. Ogren, D. Errede, Christoph Geich-Gimbel, N.A. Russakovich, F. Kaioumov, H. Carling, C. Linder, M. Dameri, E. Spencer, Ryszard Stroynowski, A. Duchesneau, Jan Godlewski, E. Fede, Andrei Snesarev, J. Klereborn, Wladyslaw Dabrowski, A. Moszczynski, B. Aubert, M. Ryabinin, B. Dulach, David Howell, P-Y. Duval, J. D. Hansen, Sanda Dita, H. Wu, T. P. A. Åkesson, Ladislav Andricek, A. Joshi, C. Gruhn, Francesca Campabadal, Th. Lagouri, Elliott Cheu, V. Goryatchev, M. Virchaux, M. Boosten, A. Kazymov, P. Amaral, N. Hoimyr, F. R. Wappler, Fabian Huegging, A. M. Zaitsev, O. Cloue, E. Neuheimer, G. Chlachidze, R. W. Clifft, Ilias Efthymiopoulos, John Huth, Y. Fu, Margret Fincke-Keeler, P. Borgeaud, S. Moccia, V.J.O. Perera, Claude Leroy, V. Kallinikov, V. V. Ammosov, A. Fedorov, Igor Potrap, A. Dael, L. E. Price, R Chytracek, Masahiro Ikeno, Alan Litke, M. Mazzanti, A. A. Carter, M. Engstrom, Vadim Kostyukhin, M. Luptak, J.G. Lynch, Aldo Saavedra, F. Andre, M. Blagov, V. Jemanov, Francesco Lacava, Philip Phillips, E. K. Johansson, U. Egede Anderson, R. Bonino, J.L. Chevalley, Jing Li, M. Fedotov, E. Casarejos, G.F. Xu, S. Kakurin, Pavlos Ioannou, D. Buira-Clarke, A. Manz, A. Pacheco, D.M. Hughes, Andrea Dell'Acqua, Richard H. Milburn, H. H. Williams, Stephen Haywood, I. Ivaniouchenkov, Yu. Merekov, H. Dietl, Alexei Maslennikov, Paul O'Connor, F. Parodi, T. Sasaki, M. Ackers, J. P. Dauvergne, C. Bohm, José Paulo Santos, Steinar Stapnes, F. Bertinelli, Valery Schegelsky, R. J. Thompson, Ilya Korolkov, Tim Jones, E. Spiridenkov, Giuseppe Mornacchi, E.J. Buis, M. G. Alviggi, P. Holik, C. N. P. Gee, S. Dubnicka, S. L. Lloyd, Stephen Maxfield, Bin Zhou, S. J. De Jong, H. F.W. Sadrozinski, Claudia Gemme, M. Speransky, H. Fujii, P. Staaf, Vladimir Vinogradov, F.P. Juster, JG Sanchez, F. Cataneo, A. Feshenko, M. Turala, A. Putzer, Z. Oussoubov, V. Boldea, R. Dankers, Ivan Sykora, Armin Michael Nairz, M. Ljablin, Tadeusz Kowalski, Giuseppe Francesco Tartarelli, W.K. McFarlane, P. Rewiersma, K. Borer, S. Kolos, R. Lay, Aleandro Nisati, An. Zalite, G. Battistoni, P. Imbert, Marek Idzik, O. Gachelin, G. Perrot, G. Polesello, G. L. Usai, J.P. Taguet, D. Rousseau, T. Fahlund, J. Budagov, A. Pazin, Michel Lefebvre, H. Landesman, Igor Alexandrov, Th.A.M. Wijnen, I. M. Gregor, V. Paolone, H. Guldenmann, Juan Fuster, F. Henry-Couannier, A. Reichold, Helio Takai, M. Webel, H. van Hille, J. Riabov, P. Girtler, Sonia González, S. Loken, Dimos Sampsonidis, H. Kristiansen, D. J. Munday, A. Webster, L. Drage, Jozef Masarik, Oliver Kortner, M. Rey-Campagnolle, M. Crouau, J-P. Coulon, A. Gomes, R. Caloi, Marco Fraternali, V. A. Gapienko, J.K. Mayer, V. G. Bondarenko, J. Kaplon, M. Schaller, Dirk Meier, M. E. Sevior, R. E. Hall, C. Del Papa, B. Szeless, F. Lugiez, M. Ibbotson, Y. B. Pan, B. Sellden, K. Kipiani, R. Kowalewski, H. Brettel, Giovanni Maccarrone, Vaclav Vrba, H. Kagan, A.Yu. Dushkin, Paula Eerola, F. Lemeilleur, G. Parrour, J. Petersen, A. R. Gillman, C. Caso, F. Desages, R. Kluit, Tomiyoshi Haruyama, J. Ernwein, Petra Riedler, Francois Touchard, Y. Usov, R. K. Mommsen, A. Placci, C. Hackett, P. Birney, A. T. Watson, A.S. Vovenko, Domizia Orestano, L. Zhichao, A. Marshal, Zdenek Dolezal, T.P. Shah, R. Lednicky, R. Marshall, D. J. White, C. Onions, L. Bugge, Abdeslam Hoummada, B. Gastineau, G. G. Hanson, S. Tatsis, B. McCarthy, L. Topchishvili, J. Damet, G.G.G. Massaro, Y. Pabot, B. Schoefer, R. A. Richards, B. Yu, J. Grunhaus, C. De La Taille, G. Bachy, A. Dos Anjos, G.J. Tappern, L. Xue, Elizabeth Gallas, A. B. Fenyuk, Halina Abramowicz, Cristian Stanescu, D. Attree, Ovsat Abdinov, Marko Mikuz, G. F. Susinno, N. Lupu, B. Alikov, T. J. Brodbeck, Claudio Luci, M. Mur, A. Soldatov, S. Los, R. Boyd, M. L. Andrieux, J. Freestone, Hans Peter Beck, W.W. Armstrong, A. Akhoundov, M. A. Shupe, P.G. Bright-Thomas, V. Shigaev, D. Hauff, M. Qi, R. Gomes, F. Machefert, A. V. Pleskach, Ch. Guicheney, A. Gazizov, G.G. Stairs, V.D. Khovansky, A. Khelashvili, R. Van Berg, C. Daum, E. Vernay, T. Del Prete, John Rutherfoord, Massimo Caccia, P. R. Norton, V. Kozlov, Maria Curatolo, V. Khomoutnikov, S. Tokar, P. D. Grannis, V. Zmouchhko, Ehud Duchovni, Vladimir Peshekhonov, P. Coe, José Bernabéu, M. Roney, A. Seiden, Wolfgang Walkowiak, A. Nadtochy, M. Deile, B.F. Wadsworth, O. Kuznetsov, Paolo Musico, Helmut Wolters, S. Lauxtermann, C. Weaverdyck, Peter Schacht, Y. Zolnierowski, V. Kalinichenko, J. Soukup, R. Gurin, Filippo Ceradini, Manolis Dris, B. Vuandel, S. Chouridou, M. Treichel, S. Berglund, Nicolas Ellis, M. Napolitano, Jorge Gomes, Michael Haney, A. T. Doyle, L. Labarga, N. Giokaris, S. J. Hillier, F. Hakl, Satoshi Tanaka, Andrei Micu, António Amorim, C. Rondot, J. Teiger, Srinivasan Rajagopalan, V.V. Tikhonov, D. Burckhart, A. Chilingarov, Irene Vichou, B. A. Dolgoshein, Leanne P. Guy, M. Vanickova, L.J. Carroll, W. Sippach, G. J. Bobbink, M. S. Dixit, Francisco Camarena, V. Medvedev, Yann Coadou, G. Ciapetti, G. Yarygin, Laurent Serin, John Hill, Alain Bellerive, L. Nodulman, A. Le Coreller, Igor Soloviev, Venetios Polychronakos, Gregor Kramberger, J. Pinhao, J. M. Maugain, Gary Drake, Anatoli Romaniouk, Horst Severini, Susumu Terada, Andreas Kugel, P.A. Fischer, M.V. Castillo, K. Amako, Y. Ermoline, J. Bohm, L. Miralles, R. Cherkaoui, Vyacheslav Klyukhin, B.J. Green, François Fleuret, A. B. Wicklund, Hubert Kroha, P. Karst, Asunción Moreno, M. I. Gostkin, E. Chesi, G. J. Feldman, S. Protopopescu, N. Seguin-Moreau, C. Girard, X. Meng, Chiara Roda, J. Bystricky, M. Leltchouk, S. Lami, J. Thion, B. Hallgren, A. Shikanyan, D.C. Rahm, Dominique Durand, S.N. Tovey, K. Soustruznik, S. Kashigin, S. Golubykh, E. Ros, A.B. Erasov, Fr Pastore, A. Batrakov, Kevin Einsweiler, O. Dorholt, I.L. Pisarev, Yu M. Sviridov, L. Koepke, N. Kundu, P. Weilhammer, A. Khasanov, V. Paschhoff, H. M. Braun, Hiroyuki Iwasaki, J.C. Pena, S. Pier, T.R. McMahon, F. Vales, Dorothee Schaile, R. Ball, J. N. Jackson, Per Werner, R. Irsigler, Genady Gavrilov, R.L. Wastie, D.E. Baynham, I.J. Scott, W. Kittel, Y. Zamora, V. Kravtsov, I. Valin, S. Jagielski, Allan Hallgren, R. J. Homer, Antonio Baroncelli, Ulrich Landgraf, Yu.V. Gilitsky, A. Shalyugin, G. W. Brandenburg, Aston Komar, F. Podlyski, L. Shaver, J-C. Clemens, J-P. Richer, B. Sopko, A. I. Kononov, Stefan Valkar, H. Cunitz, Y. Kulchitsky, P. Perrin, Lorne Levinson, Phillip Gutierrez, I. Wilhelm, J. Knobloch, E. Fokitis, B. Esposito, Anna Kaczmarska, M. H. Lehto, Dusan Bruncko, M. Postranecky, Mark Hatch, V.G Ivochkin, V. Rumyantsev, A. J. Lankford, J. Wuestenfeld, D.V. Camin, G. Renzoni, V. Golikov, T. Kuhl, A. Cavallari, Eugene P. Gross, R. Barratt, Z. Quian, O. Palamara, J.B. Lane, S. Malyukov, A. Hacinliyan, Serban Constantinescu, Adele Rimoldi, Richard Nickerson, S. Kotov, D. Tompkins, R. Fakhroutdinov, C. Lasseur, Georgios Stavropoulos, A. Akhmedov, Y. Velikzhanin, G. A. Smith, Marcin Wladyslaw Wolter, B. Madeyski, S. Schael, Edoardo Gorini, Houlden, B. Martin, S. Yu. Sivoklokov, P. Paschalias, A. Ostankov, D. Martin, C. Petridou, C. Bouzakis, M. Rouger, M. Nozaki, Ian Dawson, J. Soderqvist, M.I. Levchuk, Juan Bautista Roldán, Ulf Mjörnmark, C. Havet, B. Stugu, Mikhail Ignatenko, Carlos Lacasta, H. Higon, W.D. Lu, Baturitsky, Francis Anghinolfi, Monika Wielers, C. F. Feng, W. Blum, Elzbieta Richter-Was, D. R. Rust, Martin Aleksa, F.T. Khalilzade, Josue J. Lopez, G. Rudolph, N. Bingefors, U. Karshon, Tiefu Zhao, B. Kocper, J. Siegrist, I. Savin, M. J. Costa, C. Yanagisawa, H. F. Hoffmann, Luis Hervas, J. Schaapman, O. Le Dortz, H. Weerts, Francois Vazeille, J. McDonald, A. Gordeev, Saverio D'Auria, O. Solovianov, E. Arik, C. Couyoumtzelis, Alexey Dudarev, E. C. Katsoufis, P. Modesto, Pierre Petroff, C. Bromberg, S. Zimin, Silvia Resconi, A. Liparteliani, R. Chechik, Michael L. Barnett, Valery I. Telnov, R. D. Kass, C. H. Daly, C. Grigson, L. Santi, I. Lehraus, J. Colas, Marzio Nessi, Hiroto Kambara, S. Vorozhtsov, R. Ayad, X.Q. Yu, R. Davis, W. L. Ebenstein, F. Fares, D. Nicod, Ralph Bock, Andrey Ostapchuk, Y. V. Grishkevich, V. Batarin, G. Eigen, Yu.M. Antipov, B. Sundal, P. Gauzzi, Emilio Petrolo, J. Belorgey, F. K. Loebinger, P.S.L. Booth, S. N. Shilov, Z. Trka, F.L. Linde, Gideon Bella, S. Backovic, Peter Sherwood, D. Mercer, Eduard Kladiva, A. Farilla, Y. Unno, Tohru Takeshita, Alexander Mann, O. Gildemeister, Vicente González, S. P. Denisov, S. Behrends, A. Henriques, M. Y. Kazarinov, F. Grancagnolo, D. Sauvage, M. Abolins, Göran Jarlskog, S. Ruehl, D. Myers, G. Kantardjian, Sergey Chekulaev, F. Bergsma, O. Cakir, A. Fallou, B. Epp, Ph. Cros, Joseph A. Paradiso, F. Giancomini, Igor Mandić, P. Jovanovic, D. Hill, M. Zamani, D.E. Dorfan, A. Kandasamy, B. Dick, E. Eisenhandler, T. Kurca, S. Petrera, S. Alforque, Davide Costanzo, M. Nagamatsu, J.D. Richardson, V. Tcherniatine, E. Kuper, W. Iwanski, J. Ota, K. Jelen, J. A. Bogaerts, Jason Lea Oliver, G. Aielli, G. Tong, V. Epchtein, L. La Rotonda, M. Yakimenko, Mauro Citterio, Emmerich Kneringer, Nikolay Nikitin, Michel Gouanère, Mihai Niculescu, W. E. Cleland, Donatella Cavalli, P. Evtukhovich, P. Haridas, Rudiger Voss, F. Etienne, G. Lenzen, P. E. L. Clarke, Peter Loch, D. Dzahini, G.L. Bashindjagian, Mario David, N. Felt, E. L. Barberio, R. Fedorchuk, W. Mohr, T. Schmid, V. Vuillemin, Didier Lacour, P. Grenier, D. La Marra, L. Mandelli, A.N. Larichev, T. K. Ohska, G. Mikenberg, C. Schumacher, M. J. Woudstra, S. Kiourkos, H. G. Moser, V.V. Sytnik, S. Vanini, Fred Wickens, Shawn McKee, J. Del Peso, P A. Delpierre, R.W. Dobinson, R. von Boehn-Bucholz, J. Sodomka, N. Sasao, F. Hartjes, R. Berthier, P.A. Cooke, H. Chakir, M. Merkin, J. Spelt, P. Stavina, V. Maximov, R.R. Mekhdiyev, M. Sessler, Jörgen Sjölin, P. Ponsot, E. Badescu, L. Vassilieva, J. Ulrichs, A. Pilling, D.V. Amelin, J. Wotschack, R. Nacasch, G. H. Trilling, D. Stephani, Richard C. Jared, Howard Gordon, F. Hogbe-Nlend, P. Pailler, Werner Riegler, R.A. Madsen, Jinan, I.G. Knowles, S. Sultansoy, Craig Blocker, D. Cauz, Ronald E. Miller, Gregor Herten, Miriam Lucio Martinez, P. Delebecque, A. Mirea, Chiara Meroni, M. P. J. Landon, Jose Flix, A. Joudon, Stefan Simion, Peter Kluit, J. E. Pilcher, Matteo Cavalli-Sforza, Alevtina Shmeleva, A. Klovning, Yona Oren, Daniel Fournier, Vladimir Cindro, H. Tischhauser, R. P. Thun, M. Moynot, Gibson, R. Wunstorf, Viktor Kramarenko, E. Gornicki, V. J. Guarino, J-Y. Hostachy, Helmuth Spieler, J. Bremer, J. Rabel, Paolo Bagnaia, A.M. Moiseev, Raimund Ströhmer, V. Simak, and A. T. Goshaw

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear physics, Particle physics, Atlas (topology), Atlas detector, Bibliography, Drell–Yan process, Technicolor, Supersymmetry, Particle detector, Technical design
Published
1999

26. Photoemission through thin dielectric coating films

Author

Amos Breskin, A. Buzulutskov, and R. Chechik

Subjects
Materials science, Inorganic chemistry, Analytical chemistry, Attenuation length, General Physics and Astronomy, Quantum yield, Dielectric, Electron, engineering.material, Alkali metal, Coating, Electron affinity, engineering, Detectors and Experimental Techniques, Layer (electronics)
Abstract

Photoemission through thin coating films was studied in the scope of protection of sensitive photocathodes. The transmission of low energy (∼1 eV) electrons was measured for a large number of dielectric films (LiF, NaF, CsF, NaI, MgF2, BaF2, SiO, SiO2, Al2O3, n-C36H74), evaporated in vacuum on CsI and CuI photocathodes. Some films like CsF, NaI and n-C36H74 were found to have a fairly large electron attenuation length, varying from about 20 to 100 A at a maximum initial electron energy of 1 eV. A thin CsF layer deposited on top of CuI and Al photocathodes was found to significantly increase their quantum yield. An enhancement of the photoyield following exposure to water vapour was observed for alkali fluoride-coated photocathodes. We interpret this effect as a decrease of the electron affinity by about 0.3–0.4 eV, induced by adsorption of polarized H2O dipoles.

Published
1996

27. Enhanced production of low-mass electron pairs in 200 GeV/nucleon S-Au collisions at the CERN super proton synchrotron

Author

Jurgen Schukraft, R. Chechik, U. Faschingbauer, Z. Fraenkel, Jacob C, A. Shor, Y. Panebrattsev, B. Lenkeit, J.P. Wurm, F. Hess, Amos Breskin, H. J. Specht, Peter Glassel, Ch. Fuchs, A. Drees, Ravinovich I I, Peter Fischer, Tserruya I I, G. Tel-Zur, Andreas Pfeiffer, Th. Ullrich, D. Irmscher, S. Shimansky, R. Baur, E. Gatti, de los Heros Cp, Yurevich, Pavel Rehak, G. Agakichiev, Steiner, T. Gunzel, S. Tapprogge, Marco Sampietro, L. Olsen, and A. Schön

Subjects
Nuclear reaction, Physics, Particle physics, Annihilation, Proton, Hadron, General Physics and Astronomy, Super Proton Synchrotron, Nuclear physics, Pair production, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Production (computer science), Nuclear Experiment, Nucleon
Abstract

We report on measurements of low-mass electron pairs in 450 GeV $p$-Be, $p$-Au, and 200 GeV/nucleon S-Au collisions at central rapidities. For the proton induced interactions, the low-mass spectra are, within the systematic errors, satisfactorily explained by electron pairs from hadron decays, whereas in the S-Au system an enhancement over the hadronic contributions by a factor of $5.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.7(\mathrm{stat})\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.0(\mathrm{syst})$ in the invariant mass range $0.2lml1.5\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{GeV}{/c}^{2}$ is observed. The properties of the excess suggest that it arises from two-pion annihilation $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$.

Published
1995

28. ELECTROSTATIC IMAGING OF PARTICLE TRAJECTORIES

Author

R. Chechik, R. Bouclier, Amos Breskin, J. Lewiner, and Georges Charpak

Subjects
Physics, Materials science, Atmospheric pressure, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, General Engineering, Analytical chemistry, Charge (physics), Electron, Electric charge, Molecular physics, Ion, Full width at half maximum, Electric field, Particle, Detectors and Experimental Techniques
Abstract

The ions liberated in a high-pressure gas or in some liquids can be collected, by electric fields, on the surface of insulators and can be accurately localized. In a simulation of this method at atmospheric pressure, we applied it to α particles, with the additional amplification from a parallel grid gap. By directly measuring the static electric charges collected on mylar foils, we observe tracks of 1 mm fwhm and charge densities as low as 10 4 electrons/mm 2 . The combination of multistep gated avalanche chambers with this read-out method should permit high-accuracy measurements of minimum ionizing particles. The limits of the method and some conditions for detection by liquid toners are discussed.

Published
1995

29. A Single-Electron Counter for Nanodosimetry

Author

S. Shchemelinin, Amos Breskin, G. Tornielli, A. Pansky, V. Conte, P. Colautti, R. Chechik, L. De Nardo, and G. Talpo

Subjects
Single electron, Radiation, Materials science, Low pressure gas detector, Radiological and Ultrasound Technology, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Nanodosimetry, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Single electron counter, General Medicine, Atomic physics
Published
1995

30. Field enhancement of the photoelectric and secondary electron emission from CsI

Author

A. Buzulutskov, R. Chechik, and Amos Breskin

Subjects
Physics, Electron multiplier, General Physics and Astronomy, Field strength, Electron, Photoelectric effect, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Cathode, law.invention, Field electron emission, law, Secondary emission, Quantum efficiency, Atomic physics
Abstract

We have measured the electron emission from a CsI‐coated multiwire cathode, induced by ultraviolet photons and electrons, in vacuum at high electric fields. We found an enhancement in quantum efficiency of a factor of 1.5 at 160 nm, 3 at 185 nm, and 25 above 200 nm, at a field of 500 kV/cm. At the short wavelengths the amplitude of the effect is a linear function of the square root of the field strength. The enhancement of the electron‐induced secondary electron emission yield is dependent on the primary electron energy: for energies above 1 keV it varies by a factor of 2 to 10. A simple model of the field enhancement of the photoemission is suggested. Practical applications are discussed.

Published
1994

31. A new method of measuring electron emission induced by low energy ions from solids

Author

O. Ternyak, Amos Breskin, R. Chechik, S Shckemelinin, H Zhang, and E. Cheifetz

Subjects
Materials science, Argon, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Applied Mathematics, Electron multiplier, Ionic bonding, chemistry.chemical_element, Electron, Kinetic energy, Ion, Field electron emission, chemistry, Physics::Plasma Physics, Secondary emission, Atomic physics, Instrumentation, Engineering (miscellaneous)
Abstract

A newly developed experimental system for measurements of electron emission induced by low energy ions at below low ion flux (105 ions s−1 cm−2) avoiding the fast emission degradation caused by high ion fluxes (usually applied 1010–1013 ions s−1 cm−2) has been established. The method, based on an event-by-event recording of the emitted cluster of electrons for each impinging ion event, overcomes the difficulty of measurement of reliable ion-induced secondary electron emission (IIEE) yield, associated with fast degradation of the electron yield. This method provides not only the average number (γ) of IIEE under a given ionic impact, but actually higher moments of their distribution, which contains more information on the physical processes involved in the IIEE phenomenon. The secondary electron emission coefficients showed a dependence on the kinetic energy of incident argon ions and protons ranging from 1 keV to 10 keV on hydrogenated diamond film surfaces.

Published
2008

32. Nuclear size and boundary effects on the fusion barrier of oxygen with carbon

Author

Y. Eyal, R. Chechik, Z. Fraenkel, H. Stocker, and M. Beckerman

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Boundary effects, chemistry.chemical_element, Fusion barrier, Oxygen, Spectral line, Neon, chemistry, Excited state, Atomic physics, Nuclear Experiment, Carbon, Energy (signal processing)
Abstract

Absolute yields, energy spectra, and angular distributions of heavy residual nuclei ranging from Ne to Si have been measured in the reactions $^{16}\mathrm{O}$ + $^{12}\mathrm{C}$, $^{17}\mathrm{O}$ + $^{12}\mathrm{C}$, and $^{18}\mathrm{O}$ + $^{12}\mathrm{C}$. For each system measurements have been performed at seven beam energies corresponding to the range 7 to 14 MeV c.m. The formation of the above products is shown to be consistent with a reaction which proceeds through the formation and decay of an excited and equilibrated composite system. Systematic differences between the absolute magnitudes of the fusion cross sections of the three reactions have been observed. It is shown that these differences are closely related to the expected differences in the nuclear size and surface diffuseness of the oxygen isotopes. Possible implications for astrophysical processes are briefly discussed.NUCLEAR REACTIONS Complete fusion of $^{16}\mathrm{O}$ + $^{12}\mathrm{C}$, $^{17}\mathrm{O}$ + $^{12}\mathrm{C}$, and $^{18}\mathrm{O}$ + $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ at $E=7\ensuremath{-}14$ MeV c.m. Measured $\ensuremath{\sigma}(E,\ensuremath{\theta})$ of evaporation residues. Deduced fusion barrier characteristics.

Published
1976

33. Some applications of the imaging proportional chamber

Author

F. Sauli, J. Gaudaen, D. Sauvage, Amos Breskin, W. Dominik, R. Chechik, Georges Charpak, J. P. Fabre, V. Peskov, and Masayo Suzuki

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Scintillation, Photon, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Image intensifier, Particle detector, Charged particle, law.invention, Electron avalanche, Optics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, law, Emission spectrum, Detectors and Experimental Techniques, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business, Cherenkov radiation
Abstract

Photons emitted by avalanches in gases can be detected with an image intensifier coupled to a solid-state camera. Some vapors enhance the emission at wavelengths close to the visible. Progress made in using this technique to image charged particles and Cherenkov photons is described. Results are presented for various gas mixtures containing TEA and TMAE. >

Published
1988

34. A highly efficient low-pressure UV-rich detector with optical avalanche recording

Author

V. Steiner, Z. Fraenkel, P. GlńSsel, H. Ries, Georges Charpak, F. Sauli, Peter Fischer, Masayo Suzuki, H. J. Specht, I. Tserruya, R. Chechik, J. P. Fabre, J. Gaudaen, Amos Breskin, A. Schön, W. Dominik, and D. Sauvage

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Photon, Argon, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Cherenkov detector, Detector, chemistry.chemical_element, Image intensifier, Electron, law.invention, Optics, chemistry, law, Torr, Optoelectronics, Detectors and Experimental Techniques, business, Instrumentation, Cherenkov radiation
Abstract

UV photons from a Cherenkov radiator are multiplied in a multistep avalanche chamber operating in a gated mode at low gas pressure (40 Torr). The gas mixture is C 2 H 6 -argon ( 80 20 ) and TMAE at 34°C. Visible light emitted from single photoelectron avalanches is detected by a CCD camera coupled to an image intensifier system. The detector was tested with 5 GeV c electrons, using a CH 4 radiator gas at 1 atm. Cherenkov rings essentially free of particle background and of secondary photon feedback were obtained in this mode of operation with a mean number n ≅ 11.5 ( N 0 ≅ 76 cm −1 ). We present this new method and discuss its performance.

Published
1988

35. Neutron multiplicity in deep inelastic collisions: 400 MeV Cu+Au system

Author

M. Dakowski, M. Morjean, R. Chechik, C. Signarbieux, B. Lucas, Jean Péter, C. Ngô, M. Ribrag, H. Fuchs, B. Tamain, F. Hanappe, and C. Mazur

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Nuclear Theory, Inelastic collision, Neutron multiplicity, Coincidence, Neutron time-of-flight scattering, Nuclear physics, Neutron detection, Neutron, Atomic physics, Nuclear Experiment, Beam (structure), Excitation
Abstract

We have detected in nine different positions of space the neutrons associated with the collision of 63 Cu on 197 Au at 400 MeV bombarding energy. The deep inelastic products were detected at two different angles: close to the grazing angle and 30° forwards of it. Their masses were measured using a time-of-flight technique. The neutrons were detected in coincidence with the fragments - the efficiency of the neutron detectors was measured relatively to a 252 Cf source during beam time. The neutron threshold was set at 300 keV. Within an accuracy of 10% all the emitted neutrons are evaporated by the fully accellerated deep inelastic fragments. It is shown that the excitation energy is shared between the fragments in proportion to their masses and that the relaxation time for internal equilibration of the composite system is very short (∼10 −22 s).

Published
1979

36. Nonequilibrium Neutron Emission in Deep-Inelastic Collisions ofKr86onEr166at 1.02 GeV

Author

Amos Breskin, Rainer Arno Ernst Renfordt, I. Tserruya, M. Dakowski, R. Chechik, S. Wald, R. Bass, K. Stelzer, U. Arlt, N. Zwang, R. Bock, A. Gobbi, G. Kreyling, Z. Fraenkel, and H. Sann

Subjects
Nuclear reaction, Physics, Neutron emission, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Nuclear Theory, Inelastic collision, General Physics and Astronomy, Kinetic energy, Coincidence, Spectral line, Nuclear physics, Fragmentation (mass spectrometry), Neutron, Atomic physics, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract

Neutrons were measured in coincidence with both fragments of the deep-inelastic collisions of /sup 86/Kr on /sup 166/Er at 11.9 MeV/amu. The velocity and angular distributions of the neutrons cannot be explained by assuming only statistical neutron evaporation from the fully accelerated fragments.

Published
1981

37. The angular distributions of gamma rays following (α, n) and (p, n) reactions

Author

Ch. Drory, A. Wolf, R. Chechik, A.A. Jaffe, L. Birstein, and E. Friedman

Subjects
Nuclear reaction, Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Gamma ray, medicine.anatomical_structure, Excited state, Yield (chemistry), medicine, Atomic physics, Spin (physics), Multipole expansion, Nucleus, Excitation
Abstract

The angular distribution of gamma rays excited by both (p, n) and (α, n) reactions leading to the final nuclei 59 Ni, 63 Zn and 68 Ga have been investigated. The observed angular distributions are consistent with those theoretically predicted by the compound nucleus statistical model whenever the spin sequence is previously known. The (p, n) and (α, n) reactions yield identical values of the multipole mixing ratios for all the transitions. The variation of the gamma-ray angular distributions with incident energy following the (p, n) reaction is correctly predicted by the model. The energies of the low-lying levels of 68 Ga have been accurately determined, and the first excited state at 175 keV excitation is found to have a spin 2 (+) . The results indicate that the level at 375 keV is probably a doublet.

Published
1968

40. The angular distribution of gamma rays following (α, n) and (p, n) reactions

Author

A. Wolf, E. Friedman, A.A. Jaffe, L. Birstein, Ch. Drory, and R. Chechik

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Analytical chemistry, Gamma ray, medicine.anatomical_structure, Angular distribution, Yield (chemistry), Excited state, medicine, Incident energy, Atomic physics, Nuclear Experiment, Spin (physics), Multipole expansion, Nucleus
Abstract

The angular distribution of gamma rays excited by both the (p,n) and (α,n) reactions leading to the final nuclei 63 Zn and 68 Ga have been measured. The results have been compared with the compound nucleus statistical model and it is found that: a) the correct spin for the 190 keV level of 63 Zn is uniquely determined; b) the (p,n) and (α,n) reactions yield identical values for the multipole mixing ratios; c) the variation of the gamma-ray angular distributions with incident energy, following the (p,n) reaction, is correctly predicted by the model.

Published
1968

41. Transverse energy distributions in16O-nucleus collisions

Author

B. Sellden, C. Leroy, A. L. S. Angelis, Y. M. Park, V. Sidorov, I. Stumer, Paolo Giubellino, J. Sunier, A. Marzari-Chiesa, H. W. Bartels, G. Romano, Peter Fischer, M. L. McCubbin, H. Ries, Francois Corriveau, J. Soltani, W. Sondheim, A. Dress, V. Tcherniatin, C.W. Fabjan, S. Dell'Uomo, J. R. Dodd, Odette Benary, M. A. Mazzoni, M. J. Price, N. Armenise, S. Nilsson, A. Gaidot, M. Sekimoto, B. V. Jacak, Yona Oren, J. M. Beaulieu, H. Hecke, Göran Jarlskog, M. Clemen, H. Kramer, H. En'yo, Gilbert Poulard, A. Lounis, I. Gavrilenko, A. Hölscher, Torsten Paul Ake Åkesson, J. P. Pansart, H. Beker, H. J. Specht, Matthias Neubert, A. Sumarokov, N. DiGiacomo, Z. Fraenkel, J. H. Bartley, L. Riccati, B. Erlandsson, Y. Sirois, K. Dederichs, A. Shmeleva, D. Bettoni, V. Tikhomirov, R. Roosen, D. Lissauer, Vincent Hedberg, V. Bisi, Sverker Johansson, Ulf Mjörnmark, Stephan J. Huber, M. J. Esten, R. Heifetz, P. T. Trent, B. Lörstad, N. A. McCubbin, J. Russ, Boris Dolgoshein, S. Almehed, A. Kalinovski, Peter Glassel, P. Aubry, J. A. Thompson, T. Ludlam, Sergei Smirnov, A. Kantserov, Hans Henrik Thodberg, F. Lamarche, F. Piuz, P. Shotton, R. Chechik, U. Goerlach, F.F. Heymann, G. Rosa, Richard Wigmans, P. Nevski, M. Faessler, M. Seman, W. E. Cleland, W. J. Willis, P. Depommier, L. A. Hamel, R.C.E. Devenish, V. Kroh, L. Olsen, A. Pfeiffer, P. McGaughey, H. Bøggild, S. DiLiberto, M. Murray, H. Sletten, S. Simone, S. Dagan, Franco Meddi, I. Tserruya, H. Atherton, R. Haglund, Amos Breskin, M. T. Muciaccia, Massimo Masera, Jurgen Schukraft, D.C. Rahm, B. Collick, I. Blevis, G. London, Venetios Polychronakos, S. Mayburov, F. Gibrat-Debu, L. Ramello, and G. Beaudoin

Subjects
Physics, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Nuclear Theory, Elementary particle, Quark gluon plasma, Nuclear physics, Transverse plane, medicine.anatomical_structure, Quark–gluon plasma, medicine, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Field theory (psychology), Quantum field theory, Nuclear Experiment, Nucleon, Particle Physics, Engineering (miscellaneous), Nucleus, Energy (signal processing)
Abstract

Transverse-energy distributions have been measured in the pseudo-rapidity region −0.1 >ηlab

Published
1988

42. The transverse energy distribution in16O-nucleus collisions at 60 and 200 GeV per nucleon

Author

M. Clemen, M. J. Esten, D. Bettoni, Franco Meddi, D. Lissauer, M. Faessler, C. Leroy, Paolo Giubellino, S. Dell'Uomo, M. A. Mazzoni, P. Shotton, V. Bisi, R.C.E. Devenish, A. L. S. Angelis, Y. M. Park, V. Sidorov, F.F. Heymann, R. Chechik, J. M. Beaulieu, Torsten Paul Ake Åkesson, I. Stumer, P. Depommier, A. Gaidot, G. Jarslkog, H. Beker, Venetios Polychronakos, W. J. Willis, A. Holscher, H. En'yo, Odette Benary, B. Lörstad, C.W. Fabjan, A. Sumarokov, L. Riccati, Richard Wigmans, V. Kroh, V. Tcherniatin, L. A. Hamel, A. Marzari-Chiesa, G. Beaudoin, K. Dederichs, S. Nilsson, M. Sekimoto, I. Tserruya, A. Pfeiffer, H. Atherton, F. Piuz, Massimo Masera, A. Lounis, N. Armenise, R. Haglund, H. Kraner, H. W. Bartels, Gilbert Poulard, P. McGaughey, H. Bøggild, G. Romano, Francois Corriveau, I. Gavrilenko, Matthias Neubert, Yona Oren, Sergei Smirnov, B. Erlandsson, T. Ludlam, S. Almehed, Y. Sirois, N. Di Giacomo, J. P. Pansart, B. Sellden, F. Lamarche, G. Rosa, S. Dagan, J. R. Dodd, U. Goerlach, Peter Fischer, J. A. Thompson, Jurgen Schukraft, S. Mayburov, D.C. Rahm, M. J. Price, J. Russ, J. Sunier, J. Soltani, S. Simone, P. Nevski, M. L. McCubbin, M. Seman, N. A. McCubbin, L. Ramello, H. J. Specht, Z. Fraenkel, H. W. Van Hecke, L. Olsen, Amos Breskin, V. Tikhomirov, G. London, Boris Dolgoshein, M. Murray, H. Sletten, F. Gibrat-Debu, A. Shmeleva, R. Roosen, S. Di Liberto, Sverker Johansson, Ulf Mjörnmark, Stephan J. Huber, R. Heifetz, A. Kantserov, W. E. Cleland, W. Sondheim, A. Dress, B. Collick, I. Blevis, B. V. Jacak, J. H. Bartley, M. T. Muciaccia, Vincent Hedberg, P. T. Trent, H. Ries, A. Kalinovski, Peter Glassel, P. Aubry, and Hans Henrik Thodberg

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear reaction, Particle physics, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Heavy Ion Physics, Nuclear Theory, Carbon-12, Parton, Alpha particle, Charged particle, Nuclear physics, Orders of magnitude (time), Pseudorapidity, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Nuclear Experiment, Nucleon, Engineering (miscellaneous), Particle Physics - Experiment
Abstract

Transverse-energy distributions have been measured in the pseudorapidity region −0.12.9 decreases with increasingA. The distributions are compared with the predictions of a dual parton model. Finally the question of the energy density is addressed.

Published
1988

43. Alignment and misalignment of fragment spins in 255 MeV Ar+Bi deep inelastic reactions

Author

C. Le Brun, J.P. Patry, R. Chechik, J.C. Steckmeyer, M. L'Haridon, J.F. Lecolley, A. Osmont, F. Lefebvres, Guesnon, Sandrine, Laboratoire de physique corpusculaire de Caen (LPCC), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Caen (ENSICAEN), and Normandie Université (NU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)

Subjects
Nuclear reaction, Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Angular momentum, Spins, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Fission, [PHYS.NEXP] Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], Inelastic collision, [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], Inelastic scattering, Deep inelastic scattering, 01 natural sciences, 0103 physical sciences, Atomic physics, Nuclear Experiment, 010306 general physics, Spin (physics)
Abstract

Angular distribution of sequential fission fragment of the heavy reaction product in coincidence with the light reaction product in the deep inelastic collision of 255 MeV /sup 40/Ar by /sup 209/Bi has been measured. For the first time, an important increase of the out-of-plane angular distribution width is observed as a function of the in-plane angle. The spins extracted from our data show clearly that the rigid rotation limit of the two nuclei is reached. The spin misalignment is preferentially located in a plane perpendicular to the line of centers of the two nuclei.

Published
1982

44. Wall-less ion-counting nanodosimetry applied to protons

Author

R. Chechik, Bernd Grosswendt, Reinhard W. Schulte, Itzhak Orion, S. Shchemelinin, G.P. Guedes, G Garty, Vladimir Bashkirov, and Amos Breskin

Subjects
Radiation, Materials science, Radiological and Ultrasound Technology, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation, General Medicine, Models, Theoretical, Ion, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Volume (thermodynamics), Gas pressure, Propane, Low temperature combustion, Electric field, Computer Simulation, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Protons, Atomic physics, Radiometry, Monte Carlo Method
Abstract

A wall-less ion-counting nanodosemeter, conceived for precise ionisation-cluster measurements in an accelerator environment, is described. The technique provides an accurate means for counting single radiation-induced ions, in dilute gas models of condensed matter. The sensitive volume dimensions, a few tissue-equivalent nm in diameter by a few tens of nm, are tunable by a proper choice of the gas pressure and electric fields; nanometric sub-sections can be electronically selected. Detailed ion-cluster distributions are presented for protons of 7.15, 13.6 and 19.3 MeV, in biologically relevant DNA-like sensitive volumes of low-pressure propane. Experimental results are compared to model simulations.

45. Recent investigations of cascaded GEM and MHSP detectors

Author

J.M.F. dos Santos, D. Moermann, D. Vartzky, Gustavo Paiva Guedes, J.F.C.A. Veloso, R. Chechik, V. Dangendorf, J.M. Maia, and Amos Breskin

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Photon, business.industry, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Neutron imaging, Detector, Radiation imaging, FOS: Physical sciences, Electron, Optics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), business, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract

We present results from our recent investigations on detectors comprising cascaded gas electron multipliers (GEM) and cascaded GEMs with micro-hole and strip (MHSP) electrodes. We discuss the factors governing the operation of these fast radiation imaging detectors, that have single-charge sensitivity. The issue of ion-backflow and ion-induced secondary effects is discussed in some detail, presenting ways for its reduction and suppression. Applications are presented in the fields of photon imaging in the UV-to-visible spectral range as well as x-ray and neutron imaging., Comment: 8 pages, IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium

46. First measurements of ionisation clusters on the DNA scale in a wall-less sensitive volume

Author

S. Shchemelinin, Reinhard W. Schulte, R. Chechik, Amos Breskin, and P. Colautti

Subjects
Radiation, Materials science, Radiological and Ultrasound Technology, Scale (ratio), Electron multiplier, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, General Medicine, Molecular physics, Spectral line, Ion, Volume (thermodynamics), Ionization, Cluster (physics), Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Atomic physics, Diffusion (business)
Abstract

A nanodosimetric technique and first ionisation cluster spectra on the DNA scale are presented. Single radiation-induced ions are extracted through a small aperture from a wall-less sensitive volume formed in a tissue-equivalent gas; after acceleration in vacuum, the ions are counted by an electron multiplier. Low ion diffusion pernilts the formation of well defined tissue-equivalent sensitive volumes, down to the scale of 0.1 nm; the upper limit is of the order of a few tens of nm. Distributions of ionisation clusters deposited by a particles in sensitive volumes down to 1.1 nm X I nm (diameter X length) are presented, with the relevance to nanodosimetric studies on the DNA scale. Present limitations and possible improvements are discussed.

47. Absolute quantum photoyield of ion damaged diamond surfaces

Author

A. Laikhtman, R. Chechik, Alon Hoffman, Rafi Kalish, and Amos Breskin

Subjects
Materials science, business.industry, Analytical chemistry, General Physics and Astronomy, Diamond, Plasma, engineering.material, Ion, Ion implantation, Semiconductor, Electron affinity, Secondary emission, engineering, Irradiation, business
Abstract

We report on the absolute quantum photoyield (QPY) measurements from defective diamond surfaces in the 140–200 nm spectral range. The effect of defects on the photoemission properties of polycrystalline diamond films is studied by intentionally introducing damage using room temperature 30 keV Xe+ ion bombardment at doses ranging from 2×1013 to 2×1015 ions/cm2. Ion bombardment results in a drastic degradation of the QPY, to less than 1% at 140 nm, even at the lowest implantation dose, compared to ∼11.5% measured for the unimplanted diamond film. The decrease in QPY is associated with a change of the electron affinity from negative to positive as determined by secondary electron emission measurements. Microwave hydrogen plasma treatment of the damaged diamond films results in complete regeneration of the photoemission properties for diamond films implanted to Xe+ doses up to 2×1014 ions/cm2; however, only partial recovery is obtained for films irradiated with higher ion dose.

48. Evidence for shape deformations of fragments in deep inelastic collisions

Author

C. Mazur, C. Signarbieux, H. Fuchs, B. Lucas, J. Péter, M. Morjean, M. Ribrag, F. Hanappe, M. Dakowski, B. Tamain, and R. Chechik

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Neutron emission, Nuclear Theory, Inelastic collision, Nuclear fusion, Neutron, Deformation (engineering), Atomic physics, Nuclear Experiment, Spectral line, Energy (signal processing), Excitation
Abstract

The number and energy spectra of neutrons evaporated by the heavy and light fragments in deep inelastic collisions have been obtained for the system 240 MeV40Ar +197Au. They indicate that at the scission point the deformation energy is a large part of the total excitation energy espe cially for the light fragment. In the last two years, neutron emission has been studied in deep inelastic reactions1−6. All the results are similar: the incident energy which is lost during the process is transformed into excitation energy of the final fragments and is shared between the two products proportionnally to their masses. This means that the nuclear temperature was uniform in the composite system. The excitation energy equilibration time is really very short since equilibration is achieved after reaction times as small as 10−22 s2,6. Moreover, no preequilibrium emission (direct neutrons-) has been observed.

Published
1980

49. X-ray fluorescence-based differentiation of neck tissues in a bovine model: implications for potential intraoperative use.

Author

Lahav G, Shilstein S, Shchemelinin S, Ikher S, Halperin D, Chechik R, and Breskin A

Subjects
Algorithms, Animals, Cattle, Intraoperative Period, Organ Specificity, Trace Elements analysis, Trace Elements chemistry, Neck, Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission methods
Abstract

This study explores the possibility of using X-ray fluorescence (XRF)-based trace-element analysis for differentiation of various bovine neck tissues. It is motivated by the requirement for an intra-operative in-vivo method for identifying parathyroid glands, particularly beneficial in surgery in the central neck-compartment. Using a dedicated X-ray spectral analysis, we examined ex-vivo XRF spectra from various histologically verified fresh neck tissues from cow, which was chosen as the animal model; these tissues included fat, muscle, thyroid, parathyroid, lymph nodes, thymus and salivary gland. The data for six trace elements K, Fe, Zn, Br, Rb and I, provided the basis for tissue identification by using multi-parameter analysis of the recorded XRF spectra. It is shown that the combination of XRF signals from these elements is sufficient for a reliable tissue differentiation. The average total abundance of these trace elements was evaluated in each tissue type, including parathyroid and salivary gland for the first time. It is shown that some tissues can unequivocally be identified on the basis of the abundance of a single element, for example, iodine and zinc for the identification of thyroid gland and muscle, respectively., (Copyright © 2015 Associazione Italiana di Fisica Medica. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Published
2015
Full Text
View/download PDF

50. New prospective for non-invasive detection, grading, size evaluation, and tumor location of prostate cancer.

Author

Cortesi M, Fridman E, Volkov A, Shilstein SSh, Chechik R, Breskin A, Vartsky D, Raviv G, and Ramon J

Subjects
Adenocarcinoma diagnosis, Computer Simulation, Histocytochemistry, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Neoplasm Staging methods, Prostatic Neoplasms diagnosis, Adenocarcinoma chemistry, Adenocarcinoma pathology, Prostatic Neoplasms chemistry, Prostatic Neoplasms pathology, Zinc analysis
Abstract

Background: PSA blood test and other present screening tools fail to provide the required sensitivity and specificity and, at early stages, lack correlation with tumor grade, volume, and location. Thus alternative approaches are highly desired. We present and assess a novel method for PCa detection, grading, volume evaluation and tumor location, based on non-invasive zinc concentration mapping in the gland by means of a dedicated rectal probe., Methods: Zinc-concentration values measured in histologically examined tissue fragments from needle biopsy of 598 patients were analyzed. They were used to generate computer simulated zinc-concentration maps, further analyzed with image-processing tools. The tumor detection performances versus Gleason grade were assessed., Results: A significant increase of zinc depletion with increasing Gleason pattern (grade) classification was established. Tumor detection performance in zinc-concentration maps progressively improves with the cancer's first component score. Reliable information on the location, size and Gleason-grade combination of the lesion can be extracted for clinically relevant volumes., Conclusions: Zinc depletion in the prostate peripheral zone is the basis for a novel, non-invasive PCa detection, localization, volume evaluation and grading method. Its realization and application as a pre-biopsy and pre-treatment examination, or a follow-up tool, relies on the development of a dedicated transrectal probe. It should have significant impact on biopsy effectiveness, point at a possible extraprostatic extension and provide critical data for focal treatment. The information on tumor grade and distribution may have an important impact on disease management.

Published
2010
Full Text
View/download PDF

Catalog

Books, media, physical & digital resources
See catalog results