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A Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) is a network that may be worn on the human body or implanted in the human body to transmit data, audio, and video in real-time to assess how vital organs are performing. A WBAN may be either an inter-WBAN or an intra-WBAN network. Intra-WBAN communication occurs when the various body sensors can share information. This is known as inter-WBAN communication, which occurs when two or more WBANs can exchange data with one another. One difficulty involves getting data traffic from wireless sensor nodes to the gateway with as little wasted energy, dropped packets, and downtime as possible. In this paper, the WBAN protocols have been compared with WBAN under Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), and the performance of various parameters has been analysed for different simulation areas. The WBAN under the PSO protocol reduces the energy consumption by 43.2% against the SIMPLE protocoldue to the effective selection of forwarding nodes based on PSO optimization. In addition to that the experimental WBAN testbed is conducted in indoor environment to study the performance of the routing metrics towards energy and packet reception..

Electricity is one of the prime needs of the humans in our day to day life keeping a track on the consumption of electricity is very important as it is useful in the saving of Electricity. We have created an IOT based project which is used for keeping a track on electric consumption. This IOT based smart electricity energy meter is based on the ESP8266 module and adruino application , this ESP8266 module is helpful for sending the data to the required device and arduino application is used to monitor it. In the project we use both the current and voltage meters for measuring of the quantities ,these measured quantities are been processed and stored in the ESP8266 module and are been transferred to the connected device thus in this way we can always keep a track on the consumption of the energy.

— Goal of this project is to complete five important tasks in the world of agriculture, including 1 – seed planting automation, 2 – weed plucking mechanism building, 3 – plough mechanism control, 4 – providing water where seed is sown, and 5 – soil leveling. All of these mechanisms are connected to a single moving mechanism, and the tasks listed above will be carried out in order. The entire apparatus is meant to be automated and controlled by a remote. The moving mechanism is controlled by a remote control unit that uses RF modules to move in all directions. Initially, this device must be positioned from the row's beginning point, where seeds will be sown one after the other with a predetermined spread. After placing the mechanism, the start button must be pressed, causing the mechanism to travel a short distance ahead before stopping to drop the seeds. After completing this task, the mechanism will be moved farther to supply the water. The mechanism will be halted for a short time while supplying water again, however the mechanism will continue to drop seeds and give water until the stop button is pressed. Keywords—Control keys, DC Motor, Ploughing mechanism, RF Module, Seed planting mechanism, Soil leveling mechanism, Solenoid coil, Vibrating Motor, Water delivering mechanism, Weed plucking mechanism.

The signal system designed here is intended to raise metal rods from the underground of road when red signal is energized. This scheme is adapted to restrict the road traffic strictly. When the red light turned in to green, automatically the metal rods will be lowered to below the road level. In addition after stopping the traffic, pedestrians are allowed to cross the road, for which an automatic announcement will be made to alert them. Since it is a prototype module, basic theme is presented for single road, but for real time applications it can be implemented for all sides of the cross roads . The demo module is constructed with single signal post which contains red, green & yellow signals. The main processing unit constructed with 89C2051 controller chip is programmed to energize indicators one after another automatically with specific timings. Once the system is energized, initially green indicator will be glow, after some time green indicator will be switched off and yellow indicator will be glown, and then red indicator will be energized. As long as red indicator remains in glowing condition, walking person symbol simulated with green LED’s will be flashed continuously until the green indicator glows. During red indicator on, metal rods remains above the road level, after that these rods will be lowered automatically. DC motor is used to raise and lower the metal rods moving mechanism. The moving mechanism is constructed with Rack & pinion. Voice record cum playback unit designed with ISD1820 chip is used to make an auto announcement such that during red signal condition “now pedestrians can cross the road” will be announced automatically. This message will be repeated until the red signal turned off. H Bridge IC is used to drive the DC motor. Especially this system is very useful for school zones.

To Maintain the attendance record with day to day activities is a challenging task. The conventional method of calling name of each student is time consuming and there is always a chance of proxy attendance. The smart attendance management will replace the manual method, which takes a lot of time consuming and difficult to maintain. There are many biometric processes, in that face recognition is the best method. Here we are using the computer vision which is a field of deep learning that is used for the camera reading and writing and using TkInter to create a GUI application.

The Gujarat region, situated in the westernmost part of India, experienced a deadly intraplate 2001 Mw 7.6 Bhuj earthquake. In the aftermath of the disaster, the Institute of Seismological Research established the Gujarat (India) seismic network in 2006. The network is being operated in online and offline modes, whereas, seismicity monitoring is being done in near-real-time, using data received from the online seismic stations. The Coronavirus disease-19 lockdown provided an opportunity to assess the network reliability in a difficult and challenging scenario. The positive aspect of the lockdown is reflected in signal-to-noise ratio, which improved significantly at all the sites during the lockdown, with more prominent being at sites located on top of the Quaternary sediments due to the absence of high-frequency anthropogenic noise. A sharp fall in the seismic background noise is noticed at most of the stations during the lockdown period, with respect to the prelockdown period. We used the lockdown data to identify other natural sources of noise, besides anthropogenic. The lockdown helped in solving the enigma of seismicity in certain pockets, which turned out to be related to quarry blasts.

My paper starts from the question many of us wonder ‘What if an Asteroid hit Earth? The answer depends on how big an asteroid is in terms of dimension- Let’s say an asteroid of baseball ground hits earth, which can completely erase a city. Most of the asteroids are detected by Satellites, Probes and telescopes with large aperture length. Mostly large Telescopes from earth are used for tracking main belt asteroid but what if it gets out of sight from researchers or Scientists; it might take away peoples life. In this paper, I introduced machine learning to detect the asteroid with more than 60 percent of efficiency. The famous Scientist Stephen Hawking wrote in his last book that ‘Asteroids are great threatened to the planets’. Machine learning being a one of the best predictive method without explicitly giving any external command. In this paper, I attempt to introduce new machine learning algorithm in the replacement of Astrometrica software with Pan-Starr Telescope real-time Fits file data which is located in Hawaii, USA.

The genus Phyllanthus L. consists of 750 to 850 species distributed in tropical and subtropical around the world while 51 species in India. Most of them have been used in traditional medicine since ancient times. Phyllanthus spp.. like P. amarus, P. debilis, P. fraternus, P.urinaria and P. virgatus are called bhumyamalaki, used in Ayurveda. More than 514 compounds have been isolated from Phyllanthus, the majority of which are lignins, triterpenoids, flavonoids, and tannins. Lignins like phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin have been shown hepatoprotective activity and tannins exhibit various biological activities. Corilagin, geranin, and gallic acid are another three most prevalent compounds in this genus. P.amarus shows high concentration of Phyllanthin than P. fraternus, P. virgatus, P. maderaspatensis, P. urinaria, and P. debilis. Our aim is toestablish physical constants and fingerprint profile of Phyllanthus species collected from various parts of Eastern Ghats in Andhra Pradesh using high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) technique. It is one of the fast growing techniques, used to analyze the phytochemical constituents. Leaves of thirteen Phyllanthus species were used to prepare methanolic extracts. Extracted samples used for carrying out HPTLC. Sample was spotted on TLC plate as triplicate and developed the plate with the mobile phase as Toluene: Ethyl acetate: Methanol (7: 2: 1). Dried TLC plate was then scanned under the UV at 366nm. All the Phyllanthus spp.. exhibits significant fractions of phyllanthin, niranthin, quercetin and phenolic compounds in alcoholic extracts. It can be used as a diagnostic tool for the correct identification of potential Phyllanthus spp.. and it is useful as a phytochemical marker and also a good estimator of genetic variability in the plant populations.

Aim of the project is to design an amplifier that is capable of taking a weak, low voltage input signal and strengthening it to provide a stable and amplified signal for better use. The project aims to function with biomedical sensor implants that are used to record and report on certain parameters of the human body. Considering a heart patient that requires a pacemaker to live, the amplifier would be capable of improving upon the quality of input to the pacemaker and thus help it provide a better grade of service for the patient. The design would thus have to be fabricated as miniature as possible to provide for smooth installation into the patient’s current system and also need to provide a quality and stable output.

The monotypic genus Dravidogecko, represented by its type-species D. anamallensis, is singular amongst peninsular Indian gekkonid lineages in its endemism to the Western Ghats. Molecular species delimitation approaches reveal at least seven species-level lineages within the genus from its distribution range across the mid–high elevations of the southern Western Ghats of India. These lineages, albeit superficially cryptic, are patently diagnosable from each other by employing a limited but precise set of morphological characters. Six of these lineages that were obscured under the nomen D. anamallensis are herein recognized as distinct species. A reappraisal of the genus Dravidogecko is provided based on external morphology and osteological characters, along with a detailed redescription of the holotype of D. anamallensis. A key to the species based on diagnostic characters is presented. Gene-trees based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA data recovered marginally disparate topologies and were consequently coalesced into a species-tree for phylogenetic inference. Timetree analysis reveals late Miocene cladogenesis in this group and establishes late Palaeocene divergence from its sister genus, Hemidactylus, making Dravidogecko one of the earliest, extant lizard lineages to have colonized peninsular India.

A new rupicolous gecko from the Hemidactylus brookii complex is described from the forests and plateaus of Amboli, in the Western Ghats of Maharashtra. This medium sized (average adult SVL 56.2±5.0 to at least 62 mm), nocturnal species is superficially similar to other congeners from the ‘H. brookii’ clade, but can be distinguished from them in having 17 or 18 fairly regular longitudinal rows of enlarged, conical, keeled tubercles at midbody, extending from posterior part of the head to groin; tubercles in parasagittal rows smaller, feebly keeled and more rounded; approximately six rows of tubercles on either side of parasagittal tubercle rows, highly enlarged, remarkably conical and strongly keeled; lamellae divided in a straight transverse series—seven or eight lamellae beneath fourth digit (manus and pes) and five or six beneath first digit (manus and pes). Males with nine or ten (rarely eight) femoral pores separated by four or five poreless scales; supralabials 11–13; infralabials 8–11. Molecular data based on the mitochondrial ND2 gene supports the distinctiveness of this species and helps ascertain its phylogenetic position within the ‘H. brookii’ group of the Indian Hemidactylus radiation.

The problem of gas leakage and fire is often encountered in our day-to-day life. LPG, Liquified Petroleum Gas, is highly flammable gas used as fuel in heating appliances. Leakage of this gas raises the risk of building fire, suffocation or an explosion. The mentioned problem can be solved with the development of reliable techniques to detect gas leakage. As soon as gas leakage will be detected, user will be notified via SMS and call so that he/she can turn off gas valve from anywhere in his work place. The issue of flame and fire at kitchen can be monitored with the help of fire sensor. The buzzer starts beeping whenever fire is detected. In addition to these, it is often found that a person forgets to book gas cylinder due to his/her busy schedule. The main aim of this paper is to design an IOT based Smart Gas Management System that will be able to detect gas leakage and fire. With the help of load sensor, automatic booking of a gas cylinder is also facilitated. Notification is sent to the booking agency to book a gas cylinder whenever load cell detects that the weight of gas cylinder has reached below a threshold value. At the same time, user will be notified about gas cylinder going empty.

Two new species of the genus Cyrtodactylus are described based on collections from Northeast India, and descriptions and diagnoses of previously described species and synonyms from the region are provided. One of the new species from lowland habitats in Tripura is medium sized, with a continuous series of precloacal pores, and is allied to C. ayeyarwadyensis from Myanmar; while the other new species from West Bengal is smaller, with both femoral and precloacal pores, and is related to C. gubernatoris from West Bengal and Sikkim. We designate a lectotype for Cyrtodactylus khasiensis and recognize the C. khasiensis synonym Gymnodactylus himalayicus as a valid species of Cyrtodactylus based on morphological evidence, and suggest the recognition of the last remaining subspecies of C. khasiensis, C. k. cayuensis, as a valid species based on geography and morphology. The stabilization of the taxa Cyrtodactylus khasiensis and C. gubernatoris with a limited subset of characters and specific distributional data, as well as the elevation of Cyrtodactylus himalayicus comb. nov. from synonymy, will allow the descriptions of many more Cyrtodactylus species from the region.

We use mitochondrial sequence data to identify divergent lineages within the gekkonid genus Cyrtodactylus in northeast India and use morphological data to describe six new species from within the Indo-Burma clade of Cyrtodactylus. The new species share an irregular colour pattern but differ from described species from the region in morphology and mitochondrial sequence data (>11 % uncorrected pairwise sequence divergence). Three new species are from along the Brahmaputra River and three are from mountains south of the Brahmaputra, including the largest Cyrtodactylus from India and the fifth gecko to be described from a major Indian city, Guwahati.

A distinct new gecko of the genus Hemidactylus is described from the Meghamalai massif in Tamil Nadu, India. This large sized (average SVL 88.2±16.0 to at least 112.2 mm), cryptic, rock-dwelling species is superficially similar to its tuberculate South Asian congeners of comparable size, but can be distinguished from them in having 17–19 longitudinal rows of fairly regularly arranged, strongly keeled, striated tubercles with the two most medial parasagittal rows smaller, flatter, strongly keeled and rounded, increasing in size laterally and becoming strongly conical at the flanks; 8–10 and 10–12 sub-digital lamellae under the first and fourth digits respectively of both manus and pes; 17–22 femoral pores on each side separated medially by a diastema of 10–11 poreless scales; 11–15 supralabials and 9–14 infralabials. Molecular data supports the distinctiveness of this species and helps ascertain its phylogenetic position within the larger Indian Hemidactylus clade.

The presented work proposes a suitable power converter design for a Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) connected to a variable speed Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) for grid integrated operations. In the present work energy is derived from WECS and fed to the PMSG. Due to the non-uniformity of the wind velocities the voltage and frequency gained as output of the generator are variable quantities, so that it cannot be synchronized with the grid. The output of the generator is rectified using an uncontrolled three phase diode-rectifier and a constant value is achieved using a closed loop DC-DC converter. The controlled DC-DC Converter is designed using a PI controller based feedback control. Output voltage is continuously sensed and corresponding change in duty ratio of the switch maintains a constant DC-link voltage. The three-phase voltage source inverter (VSI) receives the output of the controlled converter. The inverter uses pulse width modulation (PWM) technique and its output is fed to a variable load which is connected to a grid. Simulation of proposed scheme is presented by MATLAB-Simulink model and the results demonstrate the validity of the developed model.

A new species of Sitana to the ponticeriana group is described herein from southern Tamil Nadu, India. Sitana marudhamneydhal sp.nov. is most similar to Sitana visiri, from which it differs in body scalation and dewlap size. Much like Sitana visiri, the breeding of this species coincides with the North-East monsoon rains (October to December), an adaptation related to its geographic location which receives higher rainfall during the North-East monsoon than the South-West monsoon.

As the internet grows in popularity and therefore also in size more and more transmission takes place mainly because the technology is more readily available and applications have become more user friendly allowing entry to less sophisticated user over a broad spectrum. Most data transfer are mainly text based not secure and vulnerable to various forms of security risks. So the model that uses SSH for securing channel like intranet/internet which provides client authentication encryption and decryption with high degree of security by transferring the data in an encrypted format, up on this model enhances the efficiency of data transmission by encrypting or decrypting the data with AES in Counter Mode. AES is a symmetric key encryption standard. Moreover the permutation controlled by data can be performed at high speed in generic cpu. This scheme also expands the key space without costing more to run. And also finally through the combination of secure shell (ssh) and AES (Counter Mode) not only enhances the security of communication channel. It also provides various applications like remote user creation, remote user deletion, remote command execution, remote system shutdown, remote file transfer applications in a highly secure manner.

Maternal death is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as “the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy irrespective of the duration and site of the pregnancy from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental causes. The world maternal mortality rate has declined 44% since 1990 but still every day 830 women die from pregnancy or childbirth related causes.Most of these deaths and injuries are entirely preventable. The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) estimated that 289000 women died of pregnancy or childbirth related causes in 2013. The global maternal mortality ratio has fallen from 380 maternal deaths per 100000 live births in 1990 to 210 deaths per 100000 live births in 2013 and many countries halved their maternal death rates in the last 10 years. In India 45000 women die every year during childbirth according to WHO. The number of deaths in India during childbirth accounts for 17 per cent of such deaths globally. The World Health Organisation (WHO) said the major cause of maternal deaths is Post-Partum Haemorrhage (PPH) which is often defined as the loss of more than 500-1000 ml of blood within the first 24 hours following childbirth. Based on the World Health Statistics (WHS) 2016 the MMR (Maternal Maternity Rate) of India is 174/100000 live births. Minister of State for Health in a written reply in Indian Parliament had recently said MMR of India has shown a decline from 212 per 100000 live births in 2007-09 to 167 per 100000 live births in 2011-13 as per the latest report of the Registrar General of India Sample Registration System (RGI-SRS). India had earlier said its MMR registered a 5.7 per cent decline and if it continues to fall at this rate the country will achieve its Millennium Development Goal (MDG) of MMR of 139 per 100000 live births. Public health technological and policy approaches are steps that can be taken to drastically reduce the global maternal death. The maternal deaths can be decreased by Improving access to antenatal care in pregnancy skilled care during childbirth improved asepsis fluid management & blood transfusion and better prenatal care. Most maternal deaths are avoidable as the health care solutions to prevent or manage complications are well known. Other approaches include avoiding pregnancy at too young of an age or too old of an age and spacing births. Access to primary care for women even before they become pregnant is essential along with access to contraceptives.

Calotes versicolor (Daudin, 1802) is a widespread species of agamid lizard found commonly in the Indian subcontinent and the Indo-Chinese region with a complicated taxonomic history (Uetz & Hosek, 2016). The type locality of this species has been debatable (Smith, 1935, Amarasinghe et al. 2009) and the recent designation of a neotype from Pondicherry by Gowande et al. (2016) though much warranted, introduces additional complications that impede a thorough taxonomic resolution of this species complex.