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Resumen: Antecedentes y objetivos: El Wound-QoL es un cuestionario validado para medir la calidad de vida en pacientes con heridas crónicas, que fue desarrollado originalmente para su uso en alemán.El objetivo de este estudio fue traducir el cuestionario Wound-QoL para su uso en la práctica clínica y estudios de investigación en España, así como validar esta versión. Materiales y métodos: Se realizaron dos traducciones independientes del Wound-QoL, directa e inversa, a partir de la versión original en alemán, seguidas de un consenso de expertos sobre las versiones resultantes. Después de su perfeccionamiento se realizó un estudio piloto y posteriormente el estudio de validación. Resultados: Se incluyó un total de 115 pacientes. La edad media fue de 69,5 (DE 14,5) años, y el 60,0% eran mujeres. La versión española del Wound-QoL mostró una excelente consistencia interna (índice alfa de Cronbach > 0,8 en todas las escalas). El análisis factorial dio como resultado las mismas escalas que la versión original. Se objetivaron características satisfactorias de la distribución de la puntuación global y de las subescalas. La validez de constructo y la validez convergente con otros resultados (calidad de vida genérica, tasa de curación) fueron satisfactorias. La gran mayoría de los pacientes consideraron que el cuestionario era una herramienta sencilla y factible. El tiempo medio necesario para completar el cuestionario fue de 5 minutos. El 99,1% de los participantes consideraron que las preguntas eran fáciles de entender y el 94,7% declaró que personal. Conclusiones: La versión española del Wound-QoL muestra una excelente validez en la práctica clínica. Por lo tanto, puede ser recomendada para su uso tanto en la rutina clínica como en los ensayos. Abstract: Background and aims: The Wound-QoL is a validated and feasible questionnaire for measuring disease-specific health-related quality of life in chronic wounds, originally developed for use in German.The objective of this study was to translate the Wound-QoL for use in clinical care and in clinical trials in Spain and to validate this version. Materials and methods: Two independent fourth- and back translations of the Wound-QoL from the original German version were conducted, followed by an expert consensus of the resulting versions. After refinement, the final tool was piloted in N = 10 patients and then used in the validation study. Results: A total of 115 patients were recruited. Mean age was 69.5 (SD 14.5) years, 60.0% were female. The Spanish version of Wound-QoL showed high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha > 0.8 in all scales). Factor analysis resulted in the same scales as the original version. There were satisfactory distribution characteristics of the global score and the subscales. Construct validity and convergent validity with other outcomes (generic QoL, healing rate) were satisfactory. The vast majority of patients considered the Wound-QoL a simple and feasible tool. Mean time needed for completing the questionnaire was 5 minutes. Overall, 99.1% of the participants found it easy to understand the questions and 94.7% stated that the questionnaire suits the personal situation. Conclusions: The Spanish version of the Wound-QoL shows good validity in clinical practice. It can be recommended for use in clinical routine and trials.

Introducción: El deporte, desde su visión androcéntrica y a través de la sociedad patriarcal imperante en este ámbito a lo largo de los años, ha limitado, no en pocas ocasiones, la acción y el desarrollo personal de aquellas personas que no se rigen por lo socialmente establecido. En este sentido, esta situación afecta no solo al colectivo de lesbianas, gays, transexuales, bisexuales e intersexuales (LGTBI), sino a todas aquellas personas que no siguen el patrón establecido por la heteronormatividad. Aunque es cierto que ha habido avances reseñables al respecto en nuestra sociedad, evolucionando hacia un clima de mayor tolerancia, aún se puede advertir la presencia de numerosas situaciones de discriminación y violencia hacia aquellas minorías que cuestionan la normativa heterosexual. Es necesario, por tanto, hacer uso de las funciones educativas, sociales, culturales y psicológicas saludables que la actividad físico-deportiva puede ejercer en las personas. Objetivo: El objetivo principal de este estudio fue conocer la actitud de alumnado de Educación Secundaria hacia la diversidad sexual en el ámbito deportivo. Método: En el estudio participaron 87 estudiantes con un rango de edad que oscilaba entre los 15 y 17 años. Para conocer la actitud del alumnado hacia la diversidad sexual se empleó la Escala de Actitudes hacia la Diversidad Sexual en el Deporte (EDSD). Resultados: En general se han hallado actitudes positivas hacia la diversidad sexual en el deporte, siendo los chicos los que presentaron puntuaciones más negativas que las chicas, principalmente hacia las personas transgénero. A la luz de los resultados se puede advertir que una parte del alumnado presenta actitudes negativas hacia la diversidad sexual, por lo que se considera necesario plantear líneas de actuación educativas que trabajen contra esta problemática.Abstract. Introduction: From its androcentric vision and through the prevailing patriarchal society in this field over the years, sport has constrained, not infrequently, the action and personal development of those people who are not governed by socially established rules. In this sense, this situation affects not only the group of homosexuals, bisexuals, transsexuals, and intersexuals (LGBTI), but all those individuals who do not follow the pattern established by heteronormativity. Although it is true that there have been notable advances in this regard in our society, evolving towards a climate of greater tolerance, the presence of numerous situations dominated by discrimination and violence towards those minorities who question heterosexual norms is still present. Therefore, it is necessary to make use of the healthy educational, social, cultural, and psychological functions that physical-sports activities can play towards people. Objectives: The main objective of this study was to evaluate the attitude of Secondary Education students towards sexual diversity in the sports environment. Methods: The study involved 87 students ranging in age from 15 to 17 years old. The Attitudes towards Sexual Diversity in Sport Scale was used to determine students' attitudes towards sexual diversity. Results: In general, positive attitudes towards sexual diversity in sport were found, boys scoring more negatively than girls, mainly towards transgender individuals. Based on these results, it is evident that some of the students have negative attitudes towards sexual diversity, hence, proposing educational action lines that work against this situation is considered necessary.

Background Physical exercise seems to improve cognitive abilities at different physiological levels. Numerous studies have examined the relationship between physical fitness (PF), physical activity and cognition among populations without intellectual disabilities (ID), but very few have addressed this question with respect to people with ID. This study aimed to determine the correlation between intelligence quotient (IQ) and factors related to PF in healthy adults with ID. Methods A multicentre cross-sectional study was conducted in 91 individuals with ID. All participants were assessed with the K-BIT tests and the following test items from the SAMU DIS-FIT Battery: body mass index, handgrip strength (HGS), leg strength, dynamic balance and physical endurance. Results Significant differences between men and women were tested by multiple regression. IQ was found to be statistically related to HGS and leg strength, with a medium effect size. Statistical relationships were also found between sex and physical endurance, with a medium effect size, and HGS, with a large effect size. Conclusions The study results highlight relationships between the variables of muscular strength and the participants' IQ. Further studies with experimental designs are needed to enhance the understanding of the relationships between PF and cognition in persons with ID.

Background. People with intellectual disabilities (IDs) seem to have a lower physical fitness (PF) than their peers without disabilities, which coincides with reduced autonomy, life expectancy and quality of life. To assess PF in these individuals, it is necessary to use appropriate tools that permit the assessment of their physical capacities taking into account their specific characteristics. The aim of this work is to study the feasibility and reliability of the Assessing Levels of Physical Activity (ALPHA)‐Fit test battery for adults in a group of men and women with mild to moderate ID. Methods. Forty‐one adults with ID of both sexes, ranging in age from 20 to 60 years old, participated in the study. To identify the feasibility and reliability of the ALPHA‐Fit test battery for adults, two complete assessments were done for each one of the tests included in the battery. The assessments were performed for a period of no more than 2 weeks (test–retest). An intraclass correlation coefficient was used to determinate test–retest reliability, and a mixed analysis of variance factorial was used for each of the dependent variables. Bland–Altman plots were also used to assess consistency between the two measurements. Feasibility was calculated as the percentage of people who were able to perform the tests correctly (not feasible 75%). In order to determine other psychometric properties, minimal detectable change and standard error of measurement (SEM) were also calculated. Results. Of the 10 tests in the ALPHA‐Fit test battery, eight were shown to be feasible. High reliability was obtained (>0.90) for the variables related to body composition. In the hand‐grip test, reliability was high in the men's group but low in the women's group. Good reliability results were also found (0.80–0.89) in the dynamic sit‐up test for women, but not for men. Fair reliability (0.70–0.79) was found in jump‐and‐reach and neck‐shoulder mobility tests. The variables in the 2‐km walk and agility tests indicated poor reliability. All tests showed SEM values related to high variability. However, Bland–Altman plots showed results related to lack of consistency. Conclusions. The feasibility and reliability calculations, as well as the SEM values, confirm that not all the tests of the ALPHA‐Fit Test Battery for Adults are suitable for the assessment of PF in adults with ID, probably because of the complexity of the motor fitness tests. The authors emphasise the necessity of making adaptations to the protocols used or of using other tests more appropriate to the characteristics of people with mild to moderate ID.

For the assessment of the health-related physical fitness (PF) of individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID), tools designed for people without disabilities have generally been used. Also, the results of these assessments have routinely been compared with the scores obtained by people without ID. The objectives of the present study are to present the rationale for the design of an assessment battery for PF, the so-called SAMU DIS-FIT battery, and to present the results obtained by the participants classified according to age, sex, and level of PF (physical fitness). The selection criteria for the tests that would make up the battery were: (i) utility, (ii) psychometric properties, (iii) easiness and diversity, (iv) simplicity of execution, (v) familiarity and motivation, and (vi) economy of resources. A cross-sectional study was designed to assess the PF of 261 individuals with ID. To interpret the results obtained by the participants, each of the quantitative variables of PF was categorized into three levels: lower-fit, mid-fit, and higher-fit. The findings of this study serve as a first step in establishing PF baseline values for individuals with ID.

This article presents a study on the perceptions of university professors of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences about the causes of lack of learning motivation of students with and without disabilities and the actions they take to motivate them. 16 semi-structured interviews were analyzed in an inductive manner. The results suggest that university teachers value students, enable positive learning environments, and address the interests and needs of all students through inclusive curricular practices.

Eventos catastróficos en los ecosistemas de bosques templados, como los incendios forestales, alteran la dinámica de los procesos biogeoquímicos. Las enzimas del suelo son fundamentales para el ciclaje de nutrientes y sus actividades potenciales pueden ser bioindicadores sensibles de la resiliencia de los ecosistemas de bosques templados después de eventos de incendios forestales. En este contexto, en este estudio preliminar, que tuvo como objetivo principal evaluar las actividades de las enzimas del suelo y sus relaciones con los parámetros químicos del suelo en un bosque de Araucaria–Nothofagus después de tres años de incendio forestal. Las muestras de suelo fueron recolectadas a una profundidad de 0-20 y 20-40 cm, desde dos parcelas quemadas (P1 y P2) y una parcela de control no quemada (PC), tres años después de un incendio forestal. Se analizaron muestras compuestas de cada parcela (PC, P1 y P2) y cada profundidad. Las actividades enzimáticas del suelo medidas fueron catalasa (CA), celulasa (CE) y ureasa (UR). Además, se midió el nitrógeno total, el carbono total, el fósforo Olsen, el fósforo total, la suma de bases intercambiables y el pH. Se realizó un análisis de regresión lineal múltiple para relacionar las actividades de las enzimas del suelo y las propiedades químicas del suelo. Los resultados mostraron que las actividades de las enzimas no mostraron ninguna estacionalidad evidente. Por otro lado, el análisis de regresión lineal múltiple demostró una asociación débil entre los parámetros químicos del suelo y la actividad CA (R² = 0,47) y la actividad CE (R² = 0,20), y una asociación fuerte con la actividad UR (R² = 0,83). Como conclusión preliminar, la actividad UR del suelo podría ser un bioindicador potencial de las alteraciones provocadas por los incendios forestales en los bosques de Araucaria–Nothofagus, ya que tres años después de los incendios forestales existían diferencias en su actividad entre parcelas quemadas y no quemadas.

Introduction The Spanish Mohs Surgery Registry is used to collect data on the use and outcomes of Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) in Spain. The aim of this study was to describe perioperative and intraoperative data recorded for MMS procedures performed between July 2013 (when the registry started) and January 2016. Material and methods Prospective cohort study of data from 18 hospitals. The data collected included type of anesthesia, surgical technique, hospital admission, number of Mohs stages, management of preoperative risk factors, additional treatments, previous treatments, type of tumor, operating time, and complications. Results Data were available for 1796 operations. The most common tumor treated by MMS was basal cell carcinoma (85.96%), followed by squamous cell carcinoma (6.18%), lentigo maligna (2.81%), and dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (1.97%). Primary tumors accounted for 66.9% of all tumors operated on; 19.2% of tumors were recurrent and 13.9% were persistent. The most common previous treatment was surgical. MMS was mostly performed under local anesthesia (86.7% of cases) and as an outpatient procedure (71.8%). The frozen section technique was used in 89.5% of cases. One stage was needed to achieve tumor-free margins in 56.45% of patients; 2 stages were required in 32.1% of patients, 3 in 7.1%%, 4 in 2.7%, and 5 or more in 1.8%. The defect was reconstructed by the dermatologist in 98% of patients and the most common technique was flap closure (47.2%). Intraoperative complications were recorded for just 1.62% of patients and the median (interquartile range) duration of surgery was 75 (60-100) minutes. Conclusion The characteristics of the patients and tumors treated by MMS are similar to those reported for similar studies in other geographic areas. Lentigo maligna and dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans accounted for a higher proportion of cases in our series, and repair of the surgical defect by a dermatologist was also more common. Operating times in MMS are not much longer than those reported for other procedures and the rate of intraoperative complications is very low.

espanolObjetivo: Evaluar la composicion corporal y el equilibrio corporal de adultos con discapacidad intelectual. Metodos: Estudio transversal descriptivo y comparacion de resultados con valores de referencia presentados en poblacion sin discapacidad. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 86 hombres y 36 mujeres con discapacidad intelectual con edades comprendidas entre los 21 y los 60 anos. Se evaluaron el equilibrio estatico, dinamico y la composicion corporal mediante las pruebas del Alpha-Fit Test Battery for Adults. Resultados: Los resultados obtenidos por los participantes fueron comparados con valores de referencia de personas sin discapacidad y se muestran como media y desviacion tipica para diferentes grupos de edad. Los analisis descriptivos mostraron que las personas con discapacidad obtuvieron resultados relacionados con un alto riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular en relacion a la composicion corporal, presentando la mayoria de ellos sobrepeso y valores elevados de circunferencia de cintura. En relacion al equilibrio, tanto en posiciones estaticas como dinamicas, los participantes presentaron resultados vinculados a una baja condicion fisica. Conclusiones: La composicion corporal y la capacidad de equilibrio de las personas con discapacidad intelectual evaluadas en el presente estudio son comparables a la de adultos mayores sin discapacidad de referencia. EnglishPurpose: To assess body composition and body balance, both static and dynamic, of adults with intellectual disabilities. Methods: A cross sectional descriptive study was used. 86 men and 36 women with intellectual disabilities participated in the study (21-60 years old). The Alpha-Fit Test Battery for Adults was used to evaluate dynamic and static balance and body composition. Results: Results were compared to published reference values from people without disabilities. Results are showed as mean and standard deviation for each age group. Body composition variables of participants with intellectual disabilities were related to high risk of cardiovascular disease: Most of them presented overweight and high values of waist circumference. Relates to body balance, both static and dynamic, people with disabilities showed performances related to a very low physical condition. Conclusion: In the present study people with intellectual disabilities of any age showed results related to body composition and body balance comparable to older adults without disabilities.

Background People with intellectual disability (ID) have lower performances in physical fitness (PF) tests than people without ID, a situation that exists during all the life stages. However, the assessment of the FP of persons with ID often uses instruments that were designed for non-disabled people. Aim To check the reliability and feasibility of 8 PF tests in adults with mild to moderate ID. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out with a test-retest design in a maximum interval of 2 weeks with 240 adults (160 men and 80 women) with mild to moderate ID in order to assess the feasibility and reliability of the following 8 tests: body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), the timed up & go test (TUG), the deep trunk flexion test (DTF), the hand grip test (HG), the timed stand test (TST), the 30-s sit-up (SUP) test, and the 6-min walk test (6MWT). The complete battery was called the SAMU-Disability Fitness Battery (SAMU-DISFIT). The psychometric properties of the battery, feasibility, reliability, the standard error of the measurement (SEM) and the minimal detectable change (MDC) were calculated. Results The TUG, DTF, HG, TST, and 6MWT showed an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) from fair to high reliability. Only the SUP test in men had an ICC lower than 0.7 and high SEM values. Conclusion The psychometric properties provide robust data on the use of the SAMU-DISFIT battery in people with ID and can be considered a useful tool for assessing PF in adults with mild to moderate ID in future research.

Background:Psoriasis (Ps) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) have a major impact on patients’ health-related quality of life. Cost of illness of patients with Ps, PsA and both diseases (PsA+Ps) is an important subject as they are associated with a substantial economic impact, with implications from a health management perspective.Objectives:To describe the economic burden of direct non-healthcare and indirect resources of patients with Ps, PsA and PsA+Ps in Spain.Methods:COEPSO (“Evaluation of Costs in patients with Psoriatic Disease”) was an observational, retrospective, cross-sectional study performed in 22 Spanish centers (17 Dermatology and 14 Rheumatology Services), from February 2017 to February 2018, including moderate to severe Ps and PsA patients (with or without Ps), naive to biologics. Direct non-healthcare (social services, home care, physical adaptations, private health and non-health professionals, non-reimbursed and non-pharmaceutical therapies), indirect (loss of productivity) and total costs (direct non-healthcare and indirect costs) related to the disease during the previous year to the study were obtained. Unitary costs (€, 2018) were calculated: out-of-pocket costs were specified directly by patients and loss of productivity costs by means of average salaries based on occupation specified by patients. The information was collected through a case report form filled out by the investigators and a telephone survey administered to the patients.Results:A total of 318 patients were included (196 Ps; 43 PsA and 79 PsA+Ps), mean age 48.7 years and 51.3% males. Metabolic syndrome was the most frequent comorbidity in all groups. The average annual total cost per patient was 1,042.71€ (SD 3,817.55), 1,137.84€ (SD 3,070.39) and 1,830.26€ (SD 5,835.81) for Ps, PsA and PsA+Ps, respectively. The average annual direct non-healthcare cost per patient was 749.57€ (SD 2,393.77), 750.50€ (SD 1,641.82) and 1,247.56€ (SD 4,467.19) for Ps, PsA and PsA+Ps, respectively. The average annual indirect cost per patient was 293.14€ (SD 2,855.27), 387.35€ (SD 2,409.63) and 582.71€ (SD 3,842.12) for Ps, PsA and PsA+Ps, respectively.Patients with combined PsA+Ps had higher annual total cost (direct non-healthcare and indirect costs) than patients with only one of these manifestations separately (75.5% and 60.9% above patients with Ps and PsA, respectively). Total costs in patients with Ps and PsA were similar. Direct non-healthcare costs represent between 66.0% (patients with PsA) to 71.9% (patients with Ps) of total cost. Indirect costs represent between 28.1% (patients with Ps) to 34.0% (patients with PsA) of total cost.Conclusion:PsA and Ps have proved to be diseases with a high economic burden, and the total costs were mainly driven by direct non-healthcare costs. Moreover, although annual total costs in patients with PsA were similar to those of Ps patients, the combination of both manifestations yielded the highest costs suggesting the importance of the increased disease load.Disclosure of Interests:Santos Castañeda: None declared, Esther Vicente Speakers bureau: BMS, Roche., Mar Llamas Velasco: None declared, Javier Sanchez Perez: None declared, José Pardo: None declared, Rita Cabeza-Martínez: None declared, Mercedes Miranda-Fontes: None declared, Juan Márquez: None declared, Jaime Calvo Grant/research support from: Lilly, UCB, Consultant of: Abbvie, Jansen, Celgene, susana armesto: None declared, Isabel Belinchón: None declared, Alejandro Gómez: None declared, María Dolores Miranda: None declared, Silvia Martinez Pardo: None declared, Leticia Merino-Meléndez: None declared, Miguel Angel Casado Consultant of: UCB Pharma, María Yébenes: None declared, Araceli Casado: None declared

Background: Down syndrome (DS) is a genetic disorder that occurs because of an abnormal division between cells that results in an extra copy of chromosome 21. Some studies show that physical exercise in people with DS increases some cognitive capacities, such as memory, and improves the quality of life. Aim: The main aim of this study was to perform an analysis of the reliability and feasibility of the SAMU-Disability Fitness (DISFIT) battery in adults with DS. Methods: A cross-sectional study with a test&ndash, retest design was performed in a maximum interval of 2 weeks in 37 subjects (11 women and 26 men) aged between 21 and 58 years old with DS. Eight field-based fitness tests were proposed to assess the physical fitness (PF) of adults with DS: Body Mass Index (BMI), Waist Circumference (WC), the Timed Up and Go test (TUG), the Deep Trunk Flexibility test (DTF), the Hand Grip test (HG), the Timed Stand Test (TST), the 30-s Sit-Up (SUP) and the 6-Min Walk Test (6MWT). Results: The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) in all the tests was good and high (&gt, 0.80), except for the 6MWT, whose reliability was fair. Conclusion: The SAMU-DISFIT battery is a reliable and feasible physical fitness battery which has been created with the purpose of establishing tests which measure the four basic components of PF (flexibility, cardiorespiratory fitness, musculoskeletal fitness and motor fitness) in adults with DS.

ResumenObjetivoEn la presente investigación hemos planteado como objetivos principales, por un lado, valorar el efecto del ejercicio físico y el entrenamiento vibratorio sobre la amplitud de movimiento en mujeres con fibromialgia (FM) y, por otro, determinar si existe alguna relación entre dicha variable y el dolor y la rigidez.MétodoLa muestra estuvo constituida por un total de cuarenta y seis mujeres (edad: 58,2±8,5 años; peso: 72,1±9,6kg; altura: 156,9±6,1cm) diagnosticadas con FM. Los participantes fueron divididos aleatoriamente en tres grupos: ejercicio físico y entrenamiento vibratorio (WBV + EJ; n=15); ejercicio físico sin vibraciones (EJ; n=15) y un grupo control (GC; n=16). Los grupos WBV + EJ y EJ realizaron dos sesiones semanales de ejercicio físico durante 8 semanas. Además, los integrantes de WBV + EJ realizaron 3 sesiones semanales de entrenamiento vibratorio (30Hz, 4mm). Las pruebas de evaluación incluyeron el test de sit and reach (variable principal), la valoración del número de tender points (TP) y una escala analógica visual (VAS) para determinar la rigidez.ResultadosLos resultados derivados del análisis intra e intergrupo no mostraron diferencias significativas en la rigidez o el número de TP, si bien, la prueba de sit and reach mostró una mejora estadísticamente significativa en WBV + EJ (58%; p

Objectives The main goal of our study is to compare the hamstring/quadriceps ( H / Q ) ratio at different knee angles between level-matched male and female soccer players and to determine whether differences in the H / Q ratio exist between the dominant and the non-dominant leg. Methods A cross-sectional study design was used to compare an isometric H / Q ratio and functional isokinetic ratio (between hamstring in eccentric contraction and quadriceps in concentric contraction) between males ( n = 14) and females ( n = 14). These ratios were studied at two different speeds of movement (60° s −1 and 180° s −1 ) and in five different positions (40°, 50°, 60°, 70° and 80° degrees of knee flexion). Results Our results showed no differences in the H / Q ratio between genders. The ratio in the dominant leg showed an average of 9% higher values. The ratios were an average of 53.4% lower in positions near flexion than in positions near extension. Conclusions For both men and women, the results showed lower ratios in the non-dominant leg compared to the dominant leg. At higher velocities, the force ratios were higher, while in more knee-flexed positions, the ratios were lower. Finally, we did not find differences in ratios between men and women.

The main objective of this study is to understand the differences in equilibrium control between normal subjects and those with Down syndrome. A total of 54 subjects participated voluntarily, divided into control group and Down syndrome group. The equilibrium of the subjects was tested under two conditions: bipedal support with eyes open and closed. The signals were analyzed in a time and frequency domain. The statistical parameters selected (i.e., RMS distance, mean velocity, mean frequency and sway area) to analyze the behavior of the center of pressures (CoP) are calculated employing the result of the combination of the time series data in both directions (i.e. resultant distance). In order to calculate the frequency bands produced by the displacements of the CoP, a Fast Fourier Transform of the data was performed. The group with Down syndrome showed poorer static equilibrium control than the control group in the time domain. In the frequency domain, we found differences between the groups in the distribution of energy in the frequency bands analyzed. In addition, we observed the existence of an interaction effect of the group and the condition tested (p

Se presentan aquí los efectos de un videojuego de simulación (CAESAR III) en el proceso de aprendizaje geográfico de un alumno. Aunque quedan aún cuestiones sin resolver, se ha podido constatar un aumento de la motivación para el aprendizaje significativo, una mejora de la comprensión de los conceptos y un desarrollo tanto de las habilidades para la resolución de problemas como del pensamiento creativo.

A viable fully on-line adaptive brain computer interface (BCI) is introduced. On-line experiments with nine naive and able-bodied subjects were carried out using a continuously adaptive BCI system. The data were analyzed and the viability of the system was studied. The BCI was based on motor imagery, the feature extraction was performed with an adaptive autoregressive model and the classifier used was an adaptive quadratic discriminant analysis. The classifier was on-line updated by an adaptive estimation of the information matrix (ADIM). The system was also able to provide continuous feedback to the subject. The success of the feedback was studied analyzing the error rate and mutual information of each session and this analysis showed a clear improvement of the subject's control of the BCI from session to session.

Fundamento Existen varias opciones terapeuticas para los pacientes con un primer episodio de neumotorax espontaneo idiopatico. El objetivo de este estudio es comparar la efectividad de dos alternativas de tratamiento, la puncionaspiracion con cateter fino y el drenaje pleural grueso. Pacientes y metodos Comparamos una serie actual de 91 pacientes tratados con puncion-aspiracion con una serie historica de 216 casos tratados con drenaje pleural grueso. La puncion-aspiracion fue realizada por los medicos de los servicios de urgencias hospitalarias y el drenaje pleural grueso por cirujanos toracicos. Se siguio a los pacientes tras el tratamiento durante un periodo de 24 meses. Resultados La efectividad inmediata de la puncion-aspiracion fue superior al drenaje pleural grueso (el 86,7 frente al 76%; p Conclusiones La puncion-aspiracion es una maniobra terapeutica tan efectiva como el drenaje pleural grueso. Se trata de un procedimiento sencillo, que los medicos de los servicios de urgencias hospitalarias pueden realizar correctamente. Las incomodidades para el paciente, el coste sanitario y el tiempo de ingreso se reducen de forma notable.

Introduction Turpentine is an oleoresin obtained from various species of pine. It contains a volatile oil (oil of turpentine) which is responsible for its properties and this is the form generally used. Opportunity for contact with turpentine is widespread. It is universally used as a solvent to dissolve and thin lacquers, varnishes and paints. It is also an ingredient in many liniments and cold remedies. Turpentine is regarded as both a local irritant and a sensitizer. Cases of allergic contact dermatitis in painters, mechanics, shoe repairers and home decorators have been reported. Case report We report a case of a non-professional painter who developed a contact allergic dermatitis due to his exposure to turpentine while doing oil-painting as a hobby. Discussion Dermatitis is one of the biggest dangers of working with art materials and occupational contact dermatitis is often detected on the hands of the painters. Solvents are indispensable and turpentine is the most important and the traditional one used in oil-painting. Contact allergy to oil of turpentine was reported to have become rare in Europe but over the last few years, increased rates of turpentine sensitization have been reported.

El eccema herpetico o erupcion variceliforme de Kaposi es una variante clinica de la infeccion por el virus herpes simple (VHS) en pacientes con dermopatia previa. A pesar de ser infrecuente, es considerada como una urgencia dermatologica. La entidad subyacente mas frecuente es la dermatitis atopica. Se caracteriza por la aparicion de lesiones vesiculosas y pustulosas diseminadas asociadas a mal estado general. La sobreinfeccion bacteriana es una complicacion frecuente en el eczema herpeticum severo. Se recomienda el tratamiento antiviral sistemico precoz para controlar la replicacion viral y prevenir lesiones cicatriciales. Se suele emplear aciclovir durante 8 dias. Se aconsejan cuidados locales (fomentos, antiobiotico topico) y, en caso de sobreinfeccion importante, antibioterapia sistemica. Un buen control de la dermatitis atopica es importante para prevenir el eczema herpeticum y su recurrencia.

The aim of this study was to assess eff ects of a short-term resistance program on strength in fi t young women using weight machines / free weights or elastic tubing. 42 physically fi t women (21.79 ± 0.7 years) were randomly assigned to the following groups: (i) the Thera-Band ® Exercise Station Group (TBG); (ii) the weight machines / free weights group (MFWG); or (iii) the control group (CG). Each experimental group performed the same periodised training program that lasted for 8 weeks, with 2 – 4 sessions per week and 3 – 4 sets of 8 – 15 submaximal reps. A load cell (Isocontrol; ATEmicro, Madrid, Spain) was used to test the evolution of the Maximum Isometric Voluntary Contraction (MIVC) in 3 diff erent exercises: Vertical Rowing (VR), Squat (S) and Back Extension (BE). A mixed model MANOVA [group (CG, TBG, MFWG) x testing time (pre-test, post-test)] was applied to determine the eff ect of the diff erent resistance training devices on strength. The only groups to improve their MIVC (p < 0.005) were TBG and MFWG, respectively: VR 19.87 % and 19.76 % ; S 14.07 and 28.88; BE 14.41 % and 14.00 % . These results indicate that resistance training using elastic tubing or weight machines / free weights have equivalent improvements in isometric force in short-term programs applied in fi t young women.

A number of functional systems are involved in the control of eye movements. The vestibulo-ocular and optokinetic reflexes are automatic responses that compensate for the movements of the head and those of the visual environment in order to stabilize the retinal image on a given fixation point. The saccadic movements are quick displacements of fixation from one to another point in the visual field. The smooth pursuit movements consist in the gaze following a moving target. Finally, there are some involuntary movements of very small amplitude during fixation maintenance. Each functional modality of movement depends on specific neuronal circuits that work in a coordinated manner for encoding the contraction of the oculomotor muscles to reach an adequate position at every moment. These neuronal systems can be altered by many neurological processes of different kinds and localizations, causing a broad variety of oculomotor disturbances. The most salient aspects of the physiopathology and the recording systems of eye movements are reviewed.

La hernia pulmonar o neumocele es una protrusion del pulmon a traves de un defecto de la pared toracica. Presentamos un caso de hernia pulmonar intercostal espontanea y realizamos una descripcion de la patogenia y de la clasificacion de las hernias pulmonares. Se discuten los hallazgos clinicos y radiologicos, asi como los diferentes metodos de tratamiento. En este caso, el paciente presento un intenso dolor toracico en la base del hemitorax izquierdo. Las imagenes obtenidas por radiografia simple y tomografia axial computarizada (TAC) toracicas pusieron de manifiesto la existencia de una hernia intercostal izquierda. Despues del diagnostico radiologico se realizo tratamiento quirurgico reparador con buenos resultados.

One of the functions most affected by the aging process is our memory for personally experienced past events, or episodic memory. The advent of human brain imaging techniques has greatly advanced our knowledge of the neural basis of episodic memory and its decline with age. Both structural and functional neuroimaging studies indicate important roles for medial temporal and prefrontal regions in age-related memory decline. Intriguingly, recent findings indicate that aging is not exclusively associated with decline. In fact, some older adults seem to cope with brain decline by shifting to alternative brain resources that can compensate for their memory deficits.

Background Full-thickness skin grafts are an important tissue source for reconstructive surgery. Burow's grafts are full-thickness skin grafts that use adjacent lax skin as the donor site. This technique has also been referred to as island grafts, dog-ear grafts or adjacent-tissue skin grafts. Objective The objective was to describe the technique of Burow's grafts for reconstruction of facial defects taking account of its benefits and limitations. Methods The operative technique is simple: after a circular excision of the cutaneous lesion, we enlarged the excision line (towards one or both sides of the defect) following the relaxed tension lines. We created a secondary triangular defect by excising skin that is then used for the graft (as donor site). After adequate undermining, we proceeded to direct linear closure of this secondary defect. Finally, the graft was placed and sutured in the remaining defect. Results The proximity of the donor site provides an excellent tissue match because colour, hair density, texture, sebaceous features and thickness are similar to the recipient site. A good cosmetic result is therefore ensured. Conclusion Burow's grafts can be a good choice for reconstruction of extensive facial surgical defects because of aesthetic results. In addition, it is a simple technique that can be performed in one sole surgical act, with local anaesthesia and without changing the operative site.

We present the result of on-line feedback Brain Computer Interface experiments using adaptive and non-adaptive feature extraction methods with an on-line adaptive classifier based on Quadratic Discriminant Analysis. Experiments were performed with 12 naïve subjects, feedback was provided from the first moment and no training sessions were needed. Experiments run in three different days with each subject. Six of them received feedback with Adaptive Autoregressive parameters and the rest with logarithmic Band Power estimates. The study was done using single trial analysis of each of the sessions and the value of the Error Rate and the Mutual Information of the classification were used to discuss the results. Finally, it was shown that even subjects starting with a low performance were able to control the system in a few hours: and contrary to previous results no differences between AAR and BP estimates were found.

The spatial and temporal characteristics of the brain processes underlying memory retrieval were studied with both event‐related potentials (ERP) and positron emission tomography (PET) techniques. Subjects studied lists of 20 words and then performed episodic (old/new judgment) or semantic (living/nonliving decision) retrieval tasks on multiple four‐item test lists, each lasting 10 sec. The PET and ERP measurements at test were assessed in relation to both the task (episodic vs. semantic) and the item (old vs. new or living vs. nonliving). Episodic retrieval was associated with increased blood flow in the right frontal lobe (Brodmann Area 10) and a sustained, slowly developing positive ERP shift recorded from the right frontopolar scalp. Semantic retrieval was associated with increased blood flow in the left frontal (Area 45) and temporal (Area 21) lobes but no clear ERP concomitant. The two retrieval tasks also differed from each other in the ERPs to single items in an early (300–500 ms) time window. Item‐related comparisons yielded convergent results mainly if the retrieved information was relevant to the given task (e.g., old/new items during episodic retrieval and living/nonliving items during semantic retrieval). Episodically retrieved old items were associated with increased blood flow in the left medial temporal lobe and a transient increase in the amplitude of the late positive component (500–700 ms) of the ERP. Semantically retrieved living items were associated with increased blood flow in the left frontal cortex and anterior cingulate and a transient late frontal slow wave (700–1,500 ms) in the ERPs. These results indicate that the brain regions engaged in memory retrieval are active in either a sustained or transient manner. They map task‐related processes to sustained and item‐related processes to transient neural activity. But they also suggest that task‐related factors can transiently affect early stages of item processing. Hum. Brain Mapping 13:104–123, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

In pulmonary hernia or pneumocele the lung protrudes through a defect in the chest wall. In this report of a case of spontaneous intercostal lung hernia, we describe the pathogenesis and classification of such hernias, including signs, symptoms, radiological findings and treatment methods. Our patient presented with severe chest pain at the base of the left hemithorax. A chest film and computed tomography of the region showed an left intercostal hernia. Surgical treatment was successful.

Several options are available for treating patients with a first episode of primary spontaneous pneumothorax (ISP). The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of two treatment alternatives: puncture-aspiration (PA) using a small caliber catheter, and pleural drainage through a chest tube (DCT).We compared a current series of 91 patients treated with PA with a retrospective series of 216 patients treated with DCT. PA was performed by emergency room physicians and DCT was performed by chest surgeons. Patients were followed for a period of 24 months.The immediate efficacy of PA was superior to DCT (86.7% versus 76%, p0.05). The proportion of recurrences after each treatment was similar (23% and 17%, respectively, NS). Duration of hospital stay was shorter for PA-treated patients (24 h) than for DCT-treated patients (138 h) (p0.05). The efficacy of the two procedures 24 months later was similar (63.7% and 62.9%, respectively, NS), and the cost of PA was three times less than that of DCT.PA is as effective a treatment procedure as DCT. PA is simple enough for emergency room physicians to perform correctly. Inconvenience to the patient, cost to the health care system, and time of hospital stay are all significantly less with PA.

Synaptosomes incorporated mixed brain gangliosides at a rapid initial rate followed by a slower phase of net movement from the protein-associated fraction into the membrane core. The pattern of incorporated gangliosides reflected the pattern available for incorporation. Intact synaptosomes incorporated approximately 100 pmol GM1/mg protein. Synaptosomes preincubated with proteolytic enzymes (trypsin, chymotrypsin, and papain) at different pH values (6.2, 7.4, 7.8) incorporated more exogenous gangliosides than synaptosomes preincubated in buffer alone. This effect was maximal at pH 7.8, though analysis of variance revealed that the proteolytic treatment and pH effects were probably independent processes. Overall uptake of exogenous gangliosides correlated significantly with amount of membrane protein loss, indicating that initial access of exogenous gangliosides to synaptosomal membranes is retarded by cell-surface proteins. These results suggest synaptosomes as a useful alternative to cultured cells for investigating the interaction of gangliosides with other cell surface constituents.

The bronchogenic cyst is a tracheobronchial tree congenital malformation, normally intrathoracic. Usually presenting as an acute respiratory insufficiency (especially during infancy) or as recurrent respiratory infections or may be an accidental finding in asymptomatic patients. We present a rare case of cervical localization which began as an acute respiratory distress following a tonsilar infection.

Four cases of costal chondrosarcoma were observed in the Thoracic Surgery Department of Nostra Señora de Aránzazu Hospital in San Sebastián. This tumour rarely occurs in the ribs and no papers concerning more than one personal case, over such a brief interval, have been reported. The diagnosis was established on the basis of clinical and radiological data in three cases and after biopsy in the fourth case. Large surgical resection allowed complete histological examination, which confirmed the diagnosis of chondrosarcoma. The tumours were classified into grade I and II according to the degree of differentiation of the tumour cells. All 4 patients were treated exclusively by surgical resection. Marlex mesh was necessary to repair the chest wall defect in 3 cases. The functional result was satisfactory. One of these patients was lost to follow-up and no signs of recurrence have been observed in the other 3 patients, although the follow-up remains relatively short (9, 8 and 7 months, respectively).

The present experiments measured the release of acetylcholine (ACh) by the cat superior cervical ganglia in the presence of, and after exposure to, 2-(4-phenylpiperidino)cyclohexanol (AH5183), a compound known to block the uptake of ACh by cholinergic synaptic vesicles. We confirmed that AH5183 blocks evoked ACh release during preganglionic nerve stimulation when approximately 13-14% of the initial ganglial ACh stores had been released; periods of rest in the presence of the drug did not promote recovery from the block, but ACh release recovered following the washout of AH5183. ACh was synthesized in AH5183-treated ganglia, as determined by the synthesis of [3H]ACh from [3H]choline, and this [3H]ACh could be released by stimulation following drug washout. The specific activity of the released ACh matched that of the tissue's ACh, and thus we conclude that ACh synthesized in the presence of AH5183 is a releasable as pre-existing ACh stores once the drug is removed. We tested the relative releasability of ACh synthesized during AH5183 exposure (perfusion with [3H]choline) and that synthesized during recovery from the drug's effects (perfusion with [14C]choline: the ratio of [3H]ACh to [14C]ACh released by stimulation was similar to the ratio in the tissue. These results suggest that the mobilization of ACh for release by ganglia during recovery from an AH5183-induced block is independent of the conditions under which the ACh was synthesized. Unlike nerve impulses, black widow spider venom (BWSV) induced the release of ACh from AH5183-blocked ganglia, even in the drug's continued presence. Venom-induced release of ACh from AH5183-treated ganglia was not less than the venom-induced release from tissues not exposed to AH5183. This effect of BWSV was attributed to the action of the protein, alpha-latrotoxin, because an anti-alpha-latrotoxin antiserum blocked the venom's action. ACh synthesized during AH5183 exposure was labelled from [3H]choline, and subsequent treatment with BWSV released [3H]ACh with the same temporal pattern as the release of total ACh. To exclude a nonexocytotic origin for the [3H]ACh released by BWSV, ganglia were preloaded with [3H]diethylhomocholine to form [3H]acetyldiethylhomocholine, an ACh analogue excluded from vesicles; the venom did not increase the rate of [3H]acetyldiethylhomocholine efflux. It is concluded that a vesicular ACh pool insensitive to the inhibitory action of AH5183 might exist and that this vesicular pool is not mobilized by electrical stimulation to exocytose in the presence of AH5183, but it is by BWSV.

Objetivo:Valorar el equilibrio de adultos con síndrome de Down a través del estudio del desplazamiento del centro depresiones. Método: Estudio transversal de casos y controles. Doce sujetos con síndrome de Down y 12 sin síndrome de Down formaron parte del estudio. Todos los participantes realizaron 2 pruebas sobre plataforma dinamométrica: i)estática con ojos abiertos y ii) estática con ojos cerrados. Las señales del centro de presiones fueron analizadas en el dominio temporal. Se utilizaron contrastes no paramétricos para el análisis estadístico de los datos Resultados:Los resultados mostraron diferencias significativas entre- grupos en las variables rango ante-roposterior, fuerza anteroposterior y fuerzamedio-lateral(p