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This article examines how ideological frames, certain context factors and emotions influence choice of a retributory, retaliatory or reconciliatory reaction in intergroup conflict situations. Hindu and Muslim respondents supporting secular multiculturalism and composite culturalism gave their reactions to three norm-violating situations of varying intensities. Multinomial logistic regression was used to predict preferred reactions across situations. Reconciliation in comparison to retaliation and retribution was the most preferred reaction of both Hindus and Muslims. Ideological beliefs also predicted preferred reactions of respondents. Muslims with composite culture beliefs preferred retribution over reconciliation in two out of three situations, while Hindus having composite cultural beliefs preferred reconciliation over retaliation only in one situation. Positive out-group attitudes favoured a reconciliatory reaction in both groups. Anger and fear influenced choice of reactions of Hindus but not of Muslims. For Hindus and Muslims, resource power favoured choosing retribution over reconciliation. However, Muslims with greater retaliatory power chose retaliation. Own group identity and fraternalistic relative deprivation (FRD) played only a minor role.

This article examines the differences and similarities in the conception of child competence held by mothers of the Adivasi 1 and non-Adivasi cultural groups of Indian society. Two hundred mothers,100 from each group, who had a school-going child between 7 and 8 years of age (range = 6.5 – 8.5 years), served as respondents. The Adivasi mothers belonged to the Kharwar group, whereas the non-Adivasi mothers were all Hindus and belonged to Yadav and Bania caste groups. Respondents from both groups lived in the same villages. A mother’s conception of ‘competence’ was assessed by asking each mother to imagine a child of 7–8 years who she thought was ‘doing well’ and then point out the domains in which the child was ‘doing well’. It was found that mothers of both groups considered physical and social domains significant to the same degree. The non–Adivasi mothers, more than the Adivasi mothers, used cognitive competence to conceptualise competence, while the Adivasi mothers emphasised, emotional and self-related domains for defining competence. Certain important differences within the sub-domains of each of the five main domains between the two groups were also found. Differences in defining child competence between Adivasi and non-Adivasi mothers are understood in terms of parental ethno-theories and eco-cultural approach.

Biological pathogen-based illnesses pose a risk to the safety of our food supply. Ralstonia solanacearum is a bacterial pathogen that lives in soil and can infect more than 250 plant species, including significant crop plants like tomato, potato, pepper, and banana, leading to significant crop output losses across the globe (Elphinstone, 2005). R. solanacearum invades host plants' roots and colonises their xylem vessels, where it reproduces in large quantities and eventually kills the plant. R. solanacearum needs a type III secretion system, just as other Gram-negative bacterial pathogens, to introduce effector proteins into host cells and cause illness.&nbsp

Vascular plants are invariably vulnerable to biotic agents including bacteria, fungus, viruses, and mites that are present in and above the soil and some of which are the root causes of major diseases. In reality, irreconcilability (resistance) is the norm in nature, whereas microbes (susceptibility) living alongside the host are an exception (Cézilly et al., 2014). The release of toxins that encourage cell death in the vicinity of the invading organism may aid a pathogen's ability to infect and takeover a compatible host.&nbsp

This study relates to examining the illness beliefs of women cancer patients and the strategies they apply in coping with the illness. The sample consisted of 100 women cancer patients diagnosed with cervix cancer. They were administered the tools measuring illness beliefs and coping strategies. The results drawn suggest that patients adopting “avoidance coping” strategies had their causal beliefs that illnesses source from individual, psychological, social, environmental and supernatural aspects. This was comparable to those who adopted “approach coping” strategies. However, the groups differed significantly only for supernatural causes of illness. Patients adopting avoidance strategies were found to believe in supernatural causes compared to those who showed approach coping. The strategies of approach coping were found to be associated with less severe consequences in psychological, interpersonal and physiological domains apart from the pain experienced due to the illness along with hope for positive outcomes of illness management.

Introduction: In the absence of high-quality evidence for Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), supportive care is advocated during this pandemic. We aim to develop a consensus statement from global experts for pharmacological management, based on the pathophysiology of COVID-19. Material and Methods: We used a modified Delphi methodology in three steps: 1) Formulation of the steering committee and questionnaire; 2) Delphi methodology and selection of experts; 3) Final meeting of the steering committee and analysis, discussion, preparation, and presentation of captured data. Results: 34 (73·9%) experts accepted the invitation for the study. We conducted two rounds of Delphi and consensus (>70% votes) was achieved on 11 out of 24 statements after the end of round two. Conclusion: This global consensus suggests that “Anti-viral therapy should be administered in the early infection phase of COVID-19 followed by low dose steroid therapy in pulmonary phase. Prophylactic dose anticoagulation should be used in hospitalized, mild to moderate COVID-19 patients. We make no suggestions for the use of immune modulation therapy”.

Flower Visiting Flies of Fruit Crops in Himachal Pradesh

Effect of Mode of Pollination on Fruit Characteristics of Okra, Abelmoschus esculentus (L) Moench

We report pectoralis major rib osteo myocutaneous flap in reconstruction of cancer floor of the mouth in 8 cases. We have discussed it's advantages in country like ours over the micro vascular graft. The rib (Vascularised bone graft) incorporated in this flap gives ideal support for mandibular arch reconstruction.

Counts of CFU of microfungi, percent carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, and calcium content, and pH were determined in upland, transect, and bottom soils, the transitional zone of Gujar Lake, a subtropical and eutrophic lake in India (25°58′N, 82°39′E). Microfungi in all zones were distributed in aggregate pattern, as evidenced by significant t values (P > 0.001) and F ratios (P > 0.001) of the variance–mean test and Morisita's index. A qualitative survey revealed that Alysidium sp., Arthrinium phaeospermum, Gliomastix murorum, Pythium sp., Tliermomyces sp., Thielavia terricola, Westerdykella multispora, and Varicosporium elodae were found specific to bottom soil of the lake. Key words: distribution, microfungi, transitional zone, subtropical, correlation.

We aimed to determine the type and frequency of critical incidents in a multidisciplinary intensive care unit, to determine outcomes consequent to these incidents and to devise corrective strategies. Prospectively collected data on critical incidents during a 33-month period were analysed. In all, 1918 patients were admitted to the unit during the study period. Each incident was analysed in detail. A system-based corrective strategy was sought for and implemented as appropriate. In these patients, 280 critical incidents were reported during the study period, resulting in 3.4 incidents per 100 patient days. Airway-related incidents were the most frequent (32.8%) followed by line-related (21.8%) and drug-related (15%) incidents. Thirty-two incidents (11.4%) led to adverse outcomes. There were four deaths that occurred as a direct consequence of or contributed to by the incident, all due to airway-related incidents. A major physiological change occurred in 3.6% of incidents, while 6.4% of incidents resulted in a minor physiological change. Critical incidents were common in our multidisciplinary ICU, although adverse outcomes were rare.

This chapter examines Indian perspectives on cognition to show how cognition is conceptualized in traditional Indian systems of thought. Parallels between Indian and Western conceptualizations of cognition are pointed out. Effort is also made to examine the way in which traditional Indian interpretations of cognition can be integrated with current thinking about cognition in general, and cognitive processes and their development in particular.

A combinatorial library of 60C- nucleoside analogs was synthesized by sequential coupling of building blocks followed by cyclative cleavage with DBU in an efficient manner. Only DMSO soluble compounds were tested for their modulatory effect against filarial gamma-glutamyl cysteine synthetase (gamma-GCase) and glutathione-S-transeferases (GSTs). Several compounds were found to be weak inhibitors of filarial gamma-GCase, whereas, most of them stimulated filarial GSTs.

Results of 21 cases of squamous cell carcinoma of anal canal treated by continuous infusion of 5-fluorouracil 1000 mg/sqm for 4 days and mitomycin-C 15 mg/sqm on 1st day by i.v. route with concurrent external beam radiotherapy of 42 Gy from 1st day of chemotherapy were analysed. Out of 21 patients, 16(76.19%) achieved complete remission, 3 (14.28%) partial remission and 2 (9.52%) cases did not respond at all. On follow-up, 7 (33.33%) histopathological positive cases needed abdominoperineal resection with good recovery. After 2 years of follow-up 14 (66.67%) cases were free from the disease and 3 (14.28%) were alive with the disease. The median duration of follow-up was 36 months.

Department of Chemistry, College of Basic Science and Humamties, 0 U A.T, Bhubaneswar-751 003 Department of Chemistry, B J B College, Bhubaneswar-751 014 Nimapara College, Nimapara, Puri-752 106 Manuscript received 15 March 1993, revised 17 August 1993, accepted 9 December 1993 A number of complexes of the composition ML2X2 where M(II) is Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd; X is CI-N0-3, NCS- except the perchlorate complexes which are of the formula (ML2)X2 where X is ClO-4 and L is benzoin phenylhydrazone, and also complexes of the type ML2Cl2and ML2", where M(II) is Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd; L' is benzoin thiosemicarbazone and L" is the anian of L', have been synthesi!.ed. These are characterised on the basis of analytical, conductance, magnetic, infrared and electronic spectral data.

Blood utilization in 40 patients undergoing elective valve surgery was prospectively studied. The patients had valvular lesions of rheumatic origin with a mean age of 29.1 years and a mean preoperative hematocrit of 35.23 +/- 4.16. Blood was removed from all patients after induction of anesthesia and reinfused after bypass (mean 365.12 +/- 66.96 ml). Membrane oxygenator was used in all the patients. All discard suction was routed through a regionally heparinised collecting and processing system, and the resulting red cell concentrate was transfused. At the conclusion of bypass, all blood remaining in the pump oxygenator was also processed by cell saver and used for subsequent reinfusion. Normovolemic anemia was accepted in hemodynamically stable patients. Thirty two patients (80%) received no bank blood or blood products during their entire hospital course. A total of twelve units of whole blood was transfused into eight patients.

Nowadays, the scene of sports has changed as it involves not only money but prestige for self and country. Hence, sports has become aggressive. Any sport which involves movement and momentum can cause spinal injury, like football, water sports, wrestling, rugby, transpoling and ice hockey. Spinal injury can be simple to serious leading to paralysis or death. The team physician should: Identify the injury Stabilise the athlete Transport the athlete to a proper centre. Above all, the team physician should be able to explain the prevention of spinal injury.

Cardiac myxomas are rare cardiac lesions, though they are the commonest tumours of the heart. Seventeen cases of cardiac myxomas have been operated during the last one decade. Exertional dyspnoea, palpitation and chest pain were the main presenting symptoms. Echocardiographic assessment was the only definitive diagnostic investigation required prior to surgery. Early surgical excision was planned in all the cases. Irrespective of the exposure techniques, removal of the tumour with wide excision of its base was practised. There was one early death due to low cardiac output in a patient brought in a shock like state. Follow up study has revealed 14 patients in NYHA class I and two patients are having class II symptoms. Periodic echocardiographic follow up study has not revealed any recurrence till date. It is concluded that an early diagnosis and surgery gives excellent long term results in these cases.

The success of the company lies in understanding the customer preferences and tastes and anticipating the changes required in existing or new products being offered. This study uses a combination of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Analytical Network Process (ANP) for evaluating the most satisfying design for customers. A case study for selection of bike has been presented here to illustrate the proposed approach. The contributions of this paper are (i) Structuring of the decision problem for assessment of impact of decisions after identification of customer attributes, preferences and alternatives (ii) Assessment of strategies to synthesise qualitative and quantitative factors in decision making keeping a check on consistency (iii) Using the additive synthesis of priorities for vector of multilinear forms and general feedback network to reduce multidimensional measurements (iv) Analysis of variances on decision techniques including analytical hierarchy process and analytical network process using the F-test on the results and Chi-square test.

Naso labial flap is an ideal flap for reconstruction of alae of the nose and angle of the mouth after excision for malignancy. Due to inconspicuous deformity of the donor area it is ideal in old age. We report our experience in 7 cases of basal cell carcinoma of the alae of the nose and 11 cases of carcinoma angle of the mouth.

SummaryAt two sites in Himachal Pradesh, India, seed set, seed weight and seed germination were compared for 3 Allium species which were open-pollinated, enclosed in nylon cages or covered with cloth bags. Seed set and germination were significantly higher in open-pollinated than in caged umbels, but there was no significant difference between treatments for mean weight of 100 seeds. The Indian honeybee, Apis cerana indica, was the most frequent insect visitor. Of the three onion species, Allium cepa was preferred by insect visitors over Allium fistulosum and Allium cepa fistulosum. Apis dorsata foraged exclusively for nectar, but although most Apis cerana collected nectar, a small percentage collected both nectar and pollen. The amounts of pollen adhering to the bodies of foraging insects varied greatly, honeybees carrying significantly larger amounts than all other insect species except Eristalis tenax.

SummaryEssential oils were obtained by water distillation of seeds of ajwan (Trachyspermum ammi (L.)) and leaves of chenopodium (Chenopodium ambrosioides L.), citronella (Cymbopogon nardus (L.)), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp.) and lantana (Lantana camara L.). Oils were evaluated in the laboratory for gustatory repellency (CCR50) and stomach toxicity (LD50) to worker honeybees of A. c. indica using benzaldehyde as a reference standard. Oils of ajwan, citronella, chenopodium, lantana and eucalyptus respectively were 6·49, 5·95, 3·20, 1·31 and 0·69 times as repellent and 3·74, 1·15, 2·15, 1·10 and 1·36 times as toxic to bees as benzaldehyde. The order of safety to bees (ratio of LC50 to CCR50) was citronella (11·36) > ajwan (3·81) > chenopodium (3·27) > lantana (2·62) > benzaldehyde (2·19) > eucalyptus (1.11). On the basis of its high gustatory repellency, low toxicity and high margin of safety, citronella appears to be a promising candidate for further repellency tests.

SummaryIn a trial on Brassica campestris L. var. sarson cv. ‘BSH–1’, pod setting, seeds/pod, proportion of healthy and unhealthy (husks) seeds, weight of healthy seeds, oil content and oil yield were compared in net-caged, muslin-bagged and open-pollinated flowers. Per cent pod setting, seeds per pod and proportion of healthy seeds were significantly higher in open-pollinated flowers than in net-caged and muslin-bagged ones. The average weight of 100 seeds and oil content of seeds were significantly greater from muslin-bagged than from net-caged and open-pollinated flowers. Oil yield was 9·76 and 1·55 times higher under open pollination and net caging, respectively, than under muslin-bagging. Although there were many insect flower visitors, Apis cerana indica F. was the most common pollinating species. Bees mainly foraged on the crop for nectar.

The problem of scheduling n jobs on m machines has received considerable research attention over the last 30 years or so. As a result, several optimization and heuristic algorithms are now available. This paper presents a single-pass heuristic scheduling procedure, to yield optimum solution, when the processing times of the jobs are ordered.

SummaryAmong five overripe fruits tested as bait for Vespa spp. in an apiary, pear attracted the maximum number of wasps when compared with other fruits. Feeding of poisoned bait ad lib. to the wasps in cages revealed that LT50 values were 180·9, 62·1 and 28·8 min at 100, 200 and 300 mg fenitrothion kg−1 jaggery, respectively. In the newly developed ‘capsule cup’ technique, one load of poison bait on the thorax of a wasp was shared by more wasps, but the total number of wasps killed did not decrease. With the increase in concentration of bait there was corresponding decrease in LT50) values. A load of 110 mg poison bait (with 1000 ppm fenitrothion) could easily kill 30–35 wasps. In the two field experiments, by sending 25 and 16 loads of poisoned bait, respectively, nests of V. cincta were completely destroyed.

Department of Chemistry, B. J. B. College, Bhubaneswa.r-751 014 V. Deb College, Jeypore Manuscript received 11 April 1983, revised 9 March 1984, accepted 10 August 1984 Studies on Copper(ll) Mixed ��-Diketonates and Their Adducts with Nitrogen Bases

B. J. B. College, Bhubaneswar-751 014 Department of Chemistry, B. 0. B. College, Puri Manuscript received 23 February 1982, revised 14 December 1982,accepted 19 March 1983 Studies on Hydrazones, Semicarbazones, Thiosemicarbazones and Oximes as Ligands. Part-VII : Some Divalent Metal Complexes of Benzalacetone Thiosemicarbazone.

Department of Chemistry, B. J. B College, Bhubaneswar-751014 Department of Chemistry, B. C. B. College, Puri Manuscript received 2 February 1981, revised 2 February 1982, accepted 28 September 1982 A number of complexes of the composition MLX2where M is Co(II),Ni(II), Cu(Il), Zn(II), Cd(II)..X is Cl-,Br-, NO\(_3^-\) and SCN-, except nickel(II) thiocyanate complex (which is of the formula NiL2X2), and of the type ML2X2where X is CIO\(_4^-\) ; M is Ni(II), Cu(II), Cd(II), Mn(II) and L is beazil 2,4-dinitro phenyl hydrazone hare been synthesised and characterised on the basis of elemental analyses, conductance, magnetic susceptibility, infrared and electronic spectral studies.

Department of Chemistry, B. J. B. College, Bhubaneswar-751 014 Department of Chemistry, S. C. S. College, Puri Manuscript received 14 May 1981, revised 2 February 1982, accepted 1 May 1982 A number of complexes of the composition \(MLX_2^-\) or ML2X2, where M is Mn(Il), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn or Cd, X is Cl-, NCS- or\(CIO_4^-\) and L is benzil semicarbazone have been synthesised and characterised on the basis of analysis, conductance, magnetic susceptibility, infrared and electronic spectral data.

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Department of Chemistry, B. J. B. College, Bhubaneswer-751 014 Department of Chemistry, S. C. S. College, Puri Manuscript received 8 September 1981, revised 6 August 1982, accepted 12 November1982 Studies on Some Hydrazones, Semicarbazones, Thiosemicarbazones and Oximes as Ligands. Part-IV : Some Divalent Metal Complexes of Benzalacetone-Semicarbazone and Dibenzalacetone-Semicarbazone &nbsp

Department of Chemistry, B. J. B. College, Bhubaneswar Department of Chemistry, S.C. S. College, Puri Manuscript received 23 March 1981, revised 5 August 1981, accepted 30 October 1981 A number of complexes of the composition MLX2 or ML2X2 where M is Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) Zn, Cd ; X is Gl-, NCS-, NO\(^-_3\) or ClO\(^-_4\)and L is benzil monoxime have been synthesised and characterised on the basis of analysis, conductance, magnetic susceptibility, infrared and electronic spectral data.

Department of Chemistry, B. J. B. College,Bhubaneswa.r-751 014 V. Deb College, Jeypore Manuscriptreceived 11 April 1983, revised 9 March 1984,accepted 10 August 1984 Studies on Copper(ll) Mixed β-Diketonates and Their Adducts with Nitrogen Bases

Approximately since the second half of the 1990s, it has been heatedly debated in Italy as to how and whether data communication networks can offer new learning contexts. In this first phase of intellectual turmoil and experimentation at various levels which, in my opinion finished April 17th, 2003 when a decree was issued, signed by both the Minister of Education and University and the Minister of Innovation and Technology which also establishes Open Universities in Italy, my three year experience while in charge of an on-line course on criminological topics carried out in an undergraduate course for “Security and Social Control Operators” (Faculty of Political Science “Ruffilli”, University of Bologna). I believe that this on-line course represented a real challenge for four different reasons: 1) it was inserted in the syllabus of a three year undergraduate course which had recently been established and was the first university course in Italy intended for the training of operators to carry out an activity which calls for being able to manage modern investigative, security and control strategies; 2) it dealt with the teaching of criminology and it is useful to emphasize that, in Italy, criminology has a difficult time freeing itself from similar disciplines (legal medicine, criminal law, sociology, psychology), even while knowing that it has to maintain a good relationship with them; 3) it dealt with one of the first on-line courses activated at the Faculty “Ruffilli”; 4) it was intended for the university training of the Marshals of the Carabinieri. The on-line teaching activities I organized and managed were preceded by a lesson requiring physical presence and were accompanied by my availability to receive the students face-to-face numerous times each week. The course, in its three years of activation, had the overall participation of 418 students; it was received with favour and interest on the part of the participants and also gave me the possibility to reflect on the potential and the limits of this teaching method. On the one hand, I feel the use of data communication technology is fundamental in liberating teaching from physical presence and established schedules in order to give university students the possibility of personalizing their educational courses on the basis of their needs as well as allowing them to take advantage of university teaching as lifelong learning, also reaching sectors of the population which, for various reasons, find it impossible to take part in “traditional physical presence university education”. On the other hand, I think that the use of e-learning should be concentrated on those areas in which there are major advantages and which would therefore be used strategically for specific pedagogic ends. In fact, I have realized that, if one wants a high quality on-line course, it is necessary to dedicate a lot of time to it, much more in comparison to a traditional course requiring physical presence. A remarkable technological and human resource investment is necessary involving a large amount of change and, more precisely, challenges which, perhaps, not everyone is ready to face.