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C-H hydrogen bonds have remarkable impacts on various chemical systems. Here we consider the influence of C-H hydrogen bonds to iodine atoms. Positioning a methyl group between two iodine halogen bond donors of the receptor engendered intramolecular C-H hydrogen bonding (HBing) to the electron-rich belt of both halogen bond donors. When coupled with control molecules, the role of the C-H hydrogen bond was evaluated. Gas-phase density functional theory studies indicated that methyl C-H hydrogen bonds help bias a bidentate binding conformation. Interaction energy analysis suggested that the charged C-H donors augment the halogen bond interaction-producing a10 kcal mol

Three new [Pd(κ2-PP)MeCl] (PP = 1,1′-bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)ferrocene (dcpf), 1-diphenylphosphino-1′-ditert-butylphosphinoferrocene (dppdtbpf) or 1,1ʹ-bis(5-methyl-2-furanylphosphino)ferrocene (dfurpf)) compounds were prepared and characterized. The X-ray crystal structure of [Pd(dppdtbpf)MeCl] was obtained which allowed for unambiguous determination of the cis/trans- relationship between the methyl and chloride ligands with respect to the different phosphine groups. The oxidative electrochemistry of the three new compounds as well as that of the reported [Pd(κ2-PP)MeCl] (PP = 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene (dppf), or 1,1′-bis(diiso-propylphosphino)ferrocene (dippf)) and [Pd(κ3-dtbpf)Me]Cl (dtbpf = 1,1′- bis(ditert-butylphosphino)ferrocene) was examined. The compounds with the κ2-bis(phosphino)ferrocene ligands react with sodium tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenylborate) to lose a chloride ligand and the catalytic activity of these compounds was investigated for the polymerization of phenylacetylene.

The term “back burner” describes a desired potential romantic/sexual partner with whom one communicates with the intent of establishing a future romantic or sexual connection. Contemporary communication technologies (e.g., mobile phones, social networking applications) facilitate connections with back burners. Two survey studies (Ns = 347, 374) showed that back burner communication is relatively common among college students; however, college students also have many romantic or sexual interests that they do not consider back burners. Additionally, although most college students will not fully disclose their communication with back burners to their partners, approximately half fully disclose communication with romantic or sexual desirables to their partners. Therefore, the results of this study suggest that back burners can be distinguished from those with whom we would entertain having a romantic or sexual connection. Theoretically, they can also be distinguished from other types of casual sexual relation...

In September 2004, an outbreak of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI) was reported among members of a religious community. We conducted a retrospective cohort study on all 175 community members; performed a nasal carriage survey, and environmental swab testing. We identified 24 MRSA cases (attack rate 14%). In multivariate analysis, sauna use [odds ratio (OR) 19·1, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2·7–206·1] and antimicrobial use within 12 months before infection (OR 11·7, 95% CI 2·9–47·6) were risk factors for infection. MRSA nasal carriage rate was 0·6% (1/174). Nine of 10 clinical isolates and an isolate from an administrative office within the community had the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis type USA300. Targeted hygiene improvement, wound care, and environmental cleaning were implemented. We describe the first reported outbreak of MRSA SSTI in a religious community. Adherence to appropriate personal and environmental hygiene might be critical factors in controlling transmission.

"... [F]ew would deny that the problems facing women who wish to bear children while pursuing challenging careers at the same time remain substantial" (1) The purpose of this paper is to review state and federal court cases to determine the current status of the law regarding breast-feeding accommodations that may be required in the workplace. For example, is breast-feeding considered a disability under the Americans with Disabilities Act? If an employer refuses to grant, or extend, leaves of absence, is it guilty of disparate treatment and/or disparate impact? Is such a leave protected by the Family Medical Leave Act? If an employer fails to provide a private place, or extend break time, for a lactating employee using a breast pump, is it a violation of the Pregnancy Discrimination Act? These and other issues are considered in this paper. Currently, there are five states that have statutes expressly dealing with breastfeeding practices in the workplace. These laws are also reviewed. Breast-Feeding Issues in the Courts A review of state and federal cases reveals that there is little in the law to support an employee's right to either nurse their babies during working hours or to set aside time for the expression of milk. Nevertheless, there was an absence of total uniformity in the various courts' reasoning. Dike v. School Board of Orange County, Florida (2) Janice Dike, a schoolteacher, brought an action in federal court challenging the school's refusal to permit her to breast-feed her child during her duty-free lunch period, in privacy, without disruption of school activities. Her husband or babysitter would bring the child to school. However, the principal directed Dike to stop this practice due to a rule prohibiting teachers from bringing their children to work with them for any reason. Thereafter, Dike's child developed an allergic reaction to formula milk and she extracted milk with a breast pump. The infant refused to take bottles with her mother's milk and Dike was forced to take an unpaid leave. Dike then sued the school board, claiming that breast-feeding on the job was necessary to her child's health and she also contended that she had a Constitutional right to breast-feed her child. A district court dismissed her suit, but the Fifth Circuit reversed and voided the lower court's requirement that she pay the School's attorney's fees. According to the Fifth Circuit, the 14th Amendment to the Constitution protects individuals from undue state interference with a citizen's freedom of personal choice in some areas of marriage and family life, including procreation, contraception, abortion, etc. It observed that: "Nourishment is necessary to maintain the child's life, and the parent may choose to believe that breast-feeding will enhance the child's psychological as well as physical health. In light of the spectrum of interests that the Supreme Court has held specially protected we conclude that the Constitution protects from excessive state interference a woman's decision respecting breast-feeding her child." (3) Nevertheless, the court noted that the Constitution does not prohibit all restrictions of protected liberties. The school board might establish, by appropriate pleadings and proof, that its regulations prohibiting teachers from leaving the campus or bring children to school, as applied to teachers who wish to breast-feed their children during non-duty time, may significantly further important state interests. (4) Barrash v. Bowen (5) Rona Barrash was a young married woman who worked for the Social Security Administration (SSA). After the birth of her first child in 1982, she was granted a six-month maternity leave, beginning with the birth of the baby so that she might provide breastfeeding. Meanwhile, the SSA was ordered to restrict the duration of administrative leaves. After the birth of her second baby in 1984, Barrash requested another six-month leave, but was granted one only for six weeks. …

Absolute calibration of an annihilation‐radiation NaI coincidence detection system for short‐lived ion‐induced radioactivity is described. Calibration with a 22Na radioactive source is compared with an independent calibration using the 12C(p,γ)13N(β+) reaction with 1 MeV protons from a Van de Graaff accelerator. These calibrations are consistent, provided correction for summing of the 0.51 and 1.27 MeV gamma rays from the 22Na source in the NaI detectors is included. This summing correction depends on the total efficiency for detecting 1.27 MeV gamma rays and can alter the calibration by as much as a factor of 2, depending on the size and separation of the detectors. A procedure to determine this correction using 60Co and 22Na radioactive sources is described. These two calibrations give a thick‐target yield for the 12C(p,γ)13N reaction at 1 MeV of (8.0±0.4)×10−10 reactions/proton. Intense pulsed proton fluences of 0.08 to 3.7 cal/cm2, determined by coincidence counting β+ annihilation radiation produced ...

Chronic hyperoxia during the first 1–4 postnatal weeks attenuates the hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) subsequently measured in adult rats. Rather than focusing on this long-lasting plasticity, the present study considered the influence of hyperoxia on respiratory control during the neonatal period. Sprague-Dawley rats were born and raised in 60% O2 until studied at postnatal ages (P) of 4, 6–7, or 13–14 days. Ventilation and metabolism were measured in normoxia (21% O2) and acute hypoxia (12% O2) using head-body plethysmography and respirometry, respectively. Compared with age-matched rats raised in room air, the major findings were 1) diminished pulmonary ventilation and metabolic O2 consumption in normoxia at P4 and P6–7; 2) decreased breathing stability during normoxia; 3) attenuation of the early phase of the HVR at P6–7 and P13–14; and 4) a sustained increase in ventilation during hypoxia (vs. the normal biphasic HVR) at all ages studied. Attenuation of the early HVR likely reflects progressive impairment of peripheral arterial chemoreceptors while expression of a sustained HVR in neonates before P7 suggests that hyperoxia also induces plasticity within the central nervous system. Together, these results suggest a complex interaction between inhibitory and excitatory effects of hyperoxia on the developing respiratory control system.

Effective July 22, 1992, the Americans with Disabilities Act, in conjunction with the Rehabilitation Act, will prohibit virtually all public employers from employment discrimination against individuals with disabilities. Compliance with these statutes requires employers to make modifications - called "reasonable accommodations" which permit individuals with disabilities to perform the "essential functions" of the position they hold or seek. The Article examines issues on which there is little literature: when, and to what extent, do these statutes require an employer to modify the job or the workplace to accommodate an individual with a disability? Resolution of these questions requires consideration of three additional, inter-related questions. First, what are the "essential functions" of a position? Second, are there accommodations which would permit the individual to perform its essential functions? Third, would the proposed accommodations impose an "undue hardship" on the employer? The federal government has enacted two significant statutes which prohibit employment discrimination against individuals with disabilities. Those statutes are the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (the "Rehabilitation Act")(1) and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (the "ADA").(2) They require, as part of the obligation of nondiscrimination, that covered employers reasonably accommodate the disabilities of employees and applicants for employment. Reasonable accommodation has been described as the process of removing barriers which prevent individuals with disabilities from performing the "essential functions" of the job they either hold or seek.(3) The obligation to accommodate is not unlimited. Under both statutes and their implementing regulations, an employer is not required to make an accommodation which would impose an "undue hardship" on the employer.(4) This Article examines the scope of the duty of governmental employers to accommodate individuals with disabilities under the Rehabilitation Act and the ADA. The passage of the Rehabilitation Act was the first major attempt to prohibit, by federal statute, disability-based employment discrimination. That statute did not make any express reference to an employer's obligation to make reasonable accommodations for the disabilities of employees or applicants. Nevertheless, the implementing regulations promulgated by the relevant administrative agencies have uniformly required employers to make reasonable accommodations for qualified disabled individuals(5) and courts interpreting the Rehabilitation Act have consistently reached the conclusion that reasonable accommodation is required.(6) The Rehabilitation Act was limited in scope, however, because its prohibition on employment discrimination based on disability was limited to three categories of employers: the federal government,(7) federal contractors (8) and recipients of federal financial assistance.(9) When the employment provisions of the ADA become effective in July 1992, the prohibition on employment discrimination against individuals with disabilities will be extended to virtually all employers, including state and local governments, with 25 or more employees.(10) Two years later, the threshold win be lowered to employers with 15 or more employees. Unlike the Rehabilitation Act, the text of the ADA requires employers to reasonably accommodate the disabled.(11) Although the substantive provisions of the Rehabilitation Act and the ADA and their implementing regulations are, generally, very similar, there are differences in the nomenclature used in those statutes. The regulations implementing the Rehabilitation Act, for example, use the phrase "qualified handicapped person"(12) to describe persons in the protected category, while the ADA uses the phrase "qualified individual with a disability."(13) In spite of the differences in the nomenclature, these two provisions are almost identical. For the sake of brevity, this Article uses the newer terminology of the ADA. …

Summary form only given as follows. Hawk is an inductive store, plasma opening switch driven generator, used at NRL for plasma radiation source (PRS) experiments. The current, in the neon PRS rises to 600-700 kA in 50-100 ns and produces /spl sim/150 Joules/cm of K-shell radiation. Two-dimensional images are obtained using a shearing interferometer (/spl lambda/=532 nm), these images show a current sheath and instability structure. Pinch current and final X-ray pulse are measured in conjunction with the interferometry. The initial gas profile is measured at three axial locations, using a separate high-sensitivity interferometer in a test stand configuration after the PRS experiments. The gas profile is a hollow shell with a nozzle exit diameter of 3.5 cm. A simple ballistic gas-flow model is used as an analytic fit to the gas flow measurements. Computationally, this fit to the gas flow is then snowplow imploded radially at several axial locations, using the measured pinch current. The pinch radius as a function of time predicted from this simulation is compared to that observed via shearing interferometry. Measured K-shell radiation output is compared with the predicted output from a two-level K-shell X-radiation model.

The output of X radiation from gas-puff implosions is studied in reference to its theoretical prediction by simple model. Results show that the gas-puff radius, but not implosion time, controls radiation yield. Radius-scaling models being fairly reliable may lead to an overestimation sometimes. (AIP)

The Gamble I pulsed electron beam generator at NRL recently has undergone several major modifications. The modified generator has a nominal output into a matched 1.5-Ω load of 500 kA at 750 keV, with an 70-nsec (FWHM) pulse length and a 20-nsec (10%–90%) voltage risetime. The distinguishing characteristics of low prepulse (< 1%) and high reproducibility in output voltage and current (± 3%) result primarily from conversion from operation with self-breakdown water switches to operation with triggered high-pressure gas switches. Fast pulse risetime was maintained by using a low-inductance multichannel triggered output switch in conjunction with a new low-inductance vacuum diode with a radial insulator.

Es wird uber 2 Falle von Diabetes mellitus berichtet, die im Verlaufe der Protamin-Zink-Insulinbehandlung ad exitum kamen. In einem der beiden Falle konnte das Fehlen jeglichen Insulinantagonismus durch die Zerstorung beider Nebennieren durch Carcinommetastasen erklart werden. Symptome und Therapie des hypoglykamischen Anfalles nach PZI. werden besprochen und mit der Hypoglykamie nach Altinsulin verglichen. Wahrend bei der Altinsulinhypglykamie die klassische Trias: Zittern, Schwitzen, Heishunger fast nie fehlen, werden diese Symptome bei der PZI.-Hypoglykamie meist vermist; es kann bei der PZI.-Hypoglykamie zum Kollaps kommen, ohne das andere Symptome den hypoglykamischen Zustand eingeleitet oder angezeigt hatten. — In den beiden beschriebenen Fallen traten einige Tage vor dem Tode teigig weiche, leicht eindruckbare Unterschenkelodeme auf, die kurz vor Eintritt der Katastrophe restlos verschwanden. Da wir solche Odeme bei der grosen Anzahl unserer mit PZI. behandelten Diabetiker nur in diesen beiden Fallen gesehen haben, werden sie als Vorboten des Zusammenbruches der Gegenregulation aufgefast und als Kontraindikation gegen die Fortsetzung der PZI.-Therapie betrachtet.

Explorer 18 magnetometer and plasma probe data are used to calculate the magnitude of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability criterion for 42 crossings of the magnetopause. The 30 crossings through the dipole field region show that for low levels of geomagnetic disturbance ( Kp less than or equal to 2) large regions of the magnetopause near the nose are stable, whereas for higher levels of geomagnetic disturbance (Kp greater than 2) only a small region near the nose is stable. The unstable regions are found further downstream. Similarly, the 12 crossings through the tail show that the unstable regions are downstream of the stable regions. The Kelvin-Helmholtz mechanism might be the 'viscous interaction' discussed by Axford and Hines (1961) and the relevant parameter for worldwide geomagnetic disturbance, just as the southward interplanetary field has been firmly established as the major relevant parameter in the case of substorm activity.

Es wird uber 18 Falle von Pericholecystitis (davon 4 Falle ausfuhrlich) berichtet, bei denen Gallensteinkoliken gleichende Zustande im Anschlusse an eine gonorrhoische Genitalinfektion aufgetreten waren. Bei 2 Fallen konnte autoptisch die Pericholecystitis verfiziert werden. Es wird angenommen, das es Pericholecystitisfalle gibt, die atiologisch auf eine Gonorrhoe zuruckzufuhren sind, und es werden die Grunde fur diese Annahme ausgefuhrt. Durch Gonovaccinbehandlung konnten die Falle, bei denen sich eine gonorrhoische Atiologie nachweisen lies, ausgeheilt werden.

Kelvin-Helmholtz instability at magnetopause, initiating semiannual variation of geomagnetic disturbances

Es wird an 11 Fallen die Pituitrinhyperglykamie nach kohlehydrat7 reicher bzw. kohlehydratarmer Kost mit und ohne vorhergehende Uber-insulinisierung studiert. 1. Die Versuche zeigen, das die vorhergehende Diat die Pituitrin-hyperglykamie unbeeinflust last. 2. Durch vorhergehende Insulinisierung wird die Pituitrinhyper-glykamie abgeschwacht, verdeckt oder aufgehoben. Diese Anderung der Pituitrinwirkung nach Insulinvorbehandlung ist meist von der Diat in der Vorperiode abhangig. Bei kohlehydratarmer Kost wird die Pituitrinhyperglykamie abgeschwacht, bei kohlehydratreicher Kost jedoch aufgehoben. Nach Standardkost, also einer Diat von mittlerem Eiweis-, hohem Fett- und niederem Kohlehydratgehalt verlauft nach der Insulini-sierung die Pituitrinblutzuckerkurve fast immer horizontal. 3. In 6 Fallen wurden nach Insulinvorbehandlung bei bestimmten Kostformen 1–3 Stunden nach der Pituitrininjektion Zuckerbelastungs-proben angestellt, um zu sehen, ob die Durchlassigkeit der Leber fur Zucker durch die Vorbehandlung beeinflust wurde. Wir konnten fest-stellen, das die Zuckerbelastungsprobe durch die Pituitrininjektion in keiner Weise verandert wurde und so ausfiel, wie dies nach Vorinsulini-sierung bzw. ohne diese zu erwarten war. 4. Im Verlaufe unserer Versuche konnten wir durch Uberinsulini-sierung bei einer Frau eine viele Tage dauernde Hyperglykamie von uber 200 mg-% Nuchternwert hervorrufen. Dieser Fall zeigte durch 10 Tage hindurch alle Symptome eines echten Diabetes (Hyperglykamie, Glykosurie, vermehrten Durst usw.). 5. Auf Grund unserer Versuche glauben wir nachgewiesen zu haben, das ein echter Antagonismus zwischen Insulin und Pituitrin nicht besteht. Wir schliesen uns der Meinung einiger Voruntersucher an, die annehmen, das der scheinbare Pituitrin-Insulin-Antagonismus am ehesten durch Re-sorptionsveranderungen nach der Pituitrininjektion erklart werden kann.

Es wird uber 6 Falle vonMorbus Dercum berichtet, bei denen durch Novocaininjektionen der Spontanund Druckschmerz der Fettmassen dauernd behoben wurde.

Es wird uber weitere 8 Falle von Pleuraempyem berichtet, die mittels des vonBoller angegebenen Spul- und Jodolverfahrens behandelt wurden. In 3 Fallen erwies sich die Anlegung einer Bulauschen Drainage nach mehrmaligen geschlossenen Pleuraspulungen als notwendig. Bei diesen Fallen wurde die Bulausche Drainage leicht vertragen und konnte auch vermoge regelmasiger Jodolfullungen in relativ sehr kurzer Zeit zu einem erfolgreichen Abschlus gebracht werden. Es wird empfohlen, in jedem Fall von Pleuraempyem zuerst die Spul- und Jodolbehandlung einige Male durchzufuhren. In den meisten Fallen kommt man mit dieser Behandlungsmethode allein zum Ziel. Bei Empyemfallen von schwer septischem Charakter findet man mit der Spul- und Jodolbehandlung des Pleuraempyems nicht das Auslangen. Bei diesen Fallen soll eine Bulausche Drainage angeschlossen und durch Jodolfullungen unterstutzt werden.

1. Es werden an einem Material von 116 lungentuberkulosen Diabetesfallen die Verlaufsformen der Lungentuberkulose und die Prognose besprochen. 2. In der Mehrzahl der Falle trat die Lungentuberkulose als Zweitkrankheit auf. Nur bei wenigen produktiven Formen war der Diabetes mellitus die zweite Krankheit. 3. Der Verlauf der Lungentuberkulose wurde bei denjenigen Fallen, bei denen der Diabetes mellitus als Zweitkrankheit beobachtet wurde, nicht wesentlich verschlechtert. 4. Pathogenetisch wird die exsudative Phthise des Diabetikers als Folge einer exogenen Infektion angesehen. Sie trat im bearbeiteten Krankenmaterial entweder gleichzeitig mit dem Diabetes mellitus oder in verschieden langen Intervallen nach dem Beginn des Diabetes auf. 5. Durch die Insulinbehandlung wurde die Prognose der Lungentuberkulose unserer Diabetiker nur zum Teil verbessert. Die Falle mit sog. Sekundarstreuung heilen bei zweckmasiger Behandlung aus. Bei den Fallen mit einer Phthise fuhrte bei unserem Spitalsmaterial die Insulinbehandlung meist nur zu einer geringen Lebensverlangerung.

A vacuum diode with a rear‐mounted Pilot‐B scintillator has been coupled with a conventional evacuated pinhole camera. The cathode of the diode is fabricated from 2‐μ thick polycarbonate (Kimfol) with a 200‐A aluminum layer on the rear surface. Incident photons with energies above the carbon K edge (284 eV) are highly absorbed in the polycarbonate, but photons with energies below the K edge are absorbed in the aluminum and produce photoelectrons. This yields a photoelectron sensitivity which is peaked at approximately 275 eV. The photoelectrons are accelerated by a 10‐kV cathode potential to an aluminum anode coating on the scintillator, and scintillation photons are observed with an image converter camera. Streak photographs of exploded‐wire x–uv radiation taken with this system are presented.

Es wird uber eine neue Form der Reiztherapie berichtet, die darin besteht, das bei verschiedenen Erkrankungen uber der erkrankten Stelle ein artefizielles Hautemphysem angelegt wird. Die Luftmenge, die subcutan eingeblasen wird, bewegt sich in steigenden Dosen zwischen 100–400 ccm. Die Anlegung des artefiziellen Hautemphysems ist gefahrlos und denkbar einfach. Es wurden bisher etwa 50 Falle der verschiedensten Indikationsgebiete mit dem artefiziellen Hautemphysem behandelt, und es kann nach den bisherigen Erfahrungen, insbesondere fur Falle von Pleuritis exsudativa und sicca, ausgesagt werden, das das artefizielle Hautemphysem den ublichen Methoden der Reiztherapie uberlegen ist. Eine Abgrenzung des Indikationsgebietes bei den verschiedenen Erkrankungen, bei denen bisher chemische oder thermische Reiztherapie angewendet wurde, mus weiteren Erfahrungen vorbehalten bleiben.

A project for increasing public awareness of radon as an environmental hazard was carried out in south central Wisconsin and northwest Illinois using local medical resources. In Wisconsin counties, measured radon levels were equal to or greater than those obtained by a 1986-87 EPA survey. More than 30% of the buildings surveyed exceeded 4 pCi/L, and 10% exceeded 10 pCi/L. Results in Illinois were similar to those from contiguous areas of Wisconsin. In view of the known link between radon-222 exposure and lung cancer, we urge that similar projects be performed by other medical communities across the state and nation.