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1. Modeling the 2014–2015 Vesicular Stomatitis Outbreak in the United States Using an SEIR-SEI Approach

Author

John M. Humphreys, Angela M. Pelzel-McCluskey, Phillip T. Shults, Lauro Velazquez-Salinas, Miranda R. Bertram, Bethany L. McGregor, Lee W. Cohnstaedt, Dustin A. Swanson, Stacey L. P. Scroggs, Chad Fautt, Amber Mooney, Debra P. C. Peters, and Luis L. Rodriguez

Subjects
vesicular stomatitis, vector-borne diseases, epidemiology, transmission, compartmental model, Microbiology, QR1-502
Abstract

Vesicular stomatitis (VS) is a vector-borne livestock disease caused by the vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus (VSNJV). This study presents the first application of an SEIR-SEI compartmental model to analyze VSNJV transmission dynamics. Focusing on the 2014–2015 outbreak in the United States, the model integrates vertebrate hosts and insect vector demographics while accounting for heterogeneous competency within the populations and observation bias in documented disease cases. Key epidemiological parameters were estimated using Bayesian inference and Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods, including the force of infection, effective reproduction number (Rt), and incubation periods. The model revealed significant underreporting, with only 10–24% of infections documented, 23% of which presented with clinical symptoms. These findings underscore the importance of including competence and imperfect detection in disease models to depict outbreak dynamics and inform effective control strategies accurately. As a baseline model, this SEIR-SEI implementation is intended to serve as a foundation for future refinements and expansions to improve our understanding of VS dynamics. Enhanced surveillance and targeted interventions are recommended to manage future VS outbreaks.

Published
2024
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2. Interrogating Genomes and Geography to Unravel Multiyear Vesicular Stomatitis Epizootics

Author

John M. Humphreys, Phillip T. Shults, Lauro Velazquez-Salinas, Miranda R. Bertram, Angela M. Pelzel-McCluskey, Steven J. Pauszek, Debra P. C. Peters, and Luis L. Rodriguez

Subjects
vesicular stomatitis, vector-borne diseases, livestock, phylogenetics, spatial epidemiology, Microbiology, QR1-502
Abstract

We conducted an integrative analysis to elucidate the spatial epidemiological patterns of the Vesicular Stomatitis New Jersey virus (VSNJV) during the 2014–15 epizootic cycle in the United States (US). Using georeferenced VSNJV genomics data, confirmed vesicular stomatitis (VS) disease cases from surveillance, and a suite of environmental factors, our study assessed environmental and phylogenetic similarity to compare VS cases reported in 2014 and 2015. Despite uncertainties from incomplete virus sampling and cross-scale spatial processes, patterns suggested multiple independent re-invasion events concurrent with potential viral overwintering between sequential seasons. Our findings pointed to a geographically defined southern virus pool at the US–Mexico interface as the source of VSNJV invasions and overwintering sites. Phylodynamic analysis demonstrated an increase in virus diversity before a rise in case numbers and a pronounced reduction in virus diversity during the winter season, indicative of a genetic bottleneck and a significant narrowing of virus variation between the summer outbreak seasons. Environment–vector interactions underscored the central role of meta-population dynamics in driving disease spread. These insights emphasize the necessity for location- and time-specific management practices, including rapid response, movement restrictions, vector control, and other targeted interventions.

Published
2024
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4. Epidemiologic and economic considerations regarding persistently infected cattle during vaccinate-to-live strategies for control of foot-and-mouth disease in FMD-free regions

Author

Shankar Yadav, Amy H. Delgado, Amy D. Hagerman, Miranda R. Bertram, Karla I. Moreno-Torres, Carolina Stenfeldt, Lindsey Holmstrom, and Jonathan Arzt

Subjects
foot-and-mouth disease, FMD, vaccination, carrier, virus, economic model, Veterinary medicine, SF600-1100
Abstract

Development of a foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) carrier state following FMD virus (FMDV) infection is a well-established phenomenon in cattle. However, the proportion of cattle likely to become carriers and the duration of the carrier state at a herd or population-level are incompletely understood. The objective of this study was to examine the epidemiologic and economic impacts of vaccination-to-live strategy in a disease-free region or country. We developed and simulated scenarios of FMD spread and control in the US livestock population, which included depopulation for a limited period, followed by a vaccinate-to-live strategy with strong biosecurity and movement restrictions. Six scenarios of FMD spread and control were simulated in the InterSpread Plus (ISP) modeling tool. Data on the number of infected and depopulated cattle (by operation types) from ISP model runs were used to estimate the monthly number of infected but not depopulated (potential carrier) cattle after the infection. Using available literature data on the FMD carrier state, we estimated the monthly proportion of carrier cattle (from infected but not depopulated cattle) over time following infection. Among the simulated scenarios, the median (25th, 75th percentile) number of infected cattle ranged from 43,217 (42,819, 55,274) head to 148,907 (75,819, 205,350) head, and the epidemic duration ranged from 20 (11, 30) to 76 (38, 136) days. In general, larger outbreaks occurred when depopulation was carried out through longer periods, and the onset of the vaccination was late (p > 0.05). The estimated proportion of surviving cattle, which were infected and not depopulated and had the potential to become persistently infected ranged from 14 to 35% of total infected cattle. Production losses in beef and dairy sectors were higher when outbreaks started in multiple states simultaneously, but production losses were small compared to trade losses and consumer avoidance losses. These results can be used to inform the consideration of a vaccinate-to-live strategy for FMD outbreaks and the development of appropriate post-outbreak management strategies. Furthermore, this output will enable a more detailed examination of the epidemiologic and economic implications of allowing convalescent cattle to survive and remain in production chains after FMD outbreaks in FMD-free regions.

Published
2022
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5. Differential cross-section measurements for the electroweak production of dijets in association with a Z boson in proton–proton collisions at ATLAS

Author

G. Aad, B. Abbott, D. C. Abbott, A. Abed Abud, K. Abeling, D. K. Abhayasinghe, S. H. Abidi, O. S. AbouZeid, N. L. Abraham, H. Abramowicz, H. Abreu, Y. Abulaiti, B. S. Acharya, B. Achkar, L. Adam, C. Adam Bourdarios, L. Adamczyk, L. Adamek, J. Adelman, M. Adersberger, A. Adiguzel, S. Adorni, T. Adye, A. A. Affolder, Y. Afik, C. Agapopoulou, M. N. Agaras, A. Aggarwal, C. Agheorghiesei, J. A. Aguilar-Saavedra, A. Ahmad, F. Ahmadov, W. S. Ahmed, X. Ai, G. Aielli, S. Akatsuka, M. Akbiyik, T. P. A. Åkesson, E. Akilli, A. V. Akimov, K. Al Khoury, G. L. Alberghi, J. Albert, M. J. Alconada Verzini, S. Alderweireldt, M. Aleksa, I. N. Aleksandrov, C. Alexa, T. Alexopoulos, A. Alfonsi, F. Alfonsi, M. Alhroob, B. Ali, S. Ali, M. Aliev, G. Alimonti, C. Allaire, B. M. M. Allbrooke, B. W. Allen, P. P. Allport, A. Aloisio, F. Alonso, C. Alpigiani, E. Alunno Camelia, M. Alvarez Estevez, M. M. Alviggi, Y. Amaral Coutinho, A. Ambler, L. Ambroz, C. Amelung, D. Amidei, S. P. Amor Dos Santos, S. Amoroso, C. S. Amrouche, F. An, C. Anastopoulos, N. Andari, T. Andeen, J. K. Anders, S. Y. Andrean, A. Andreazza, V. Andrei, C. R. Anelli, S. Angelidakis, A. Angerami, A. V. Anisenkov, A. Annovi, C. Antel, M. T. Anthony, E. Antipov, M. Antonelli, D. J. A. Antrim, F. Anulli, M. Aoki, J. A. Aparisi Pozo, M. A. Aparo, L. Aperio Bella, N. Aranzabal, V. Araujo Ferraz, R. Araujo Pereira, C. Arcangeletti, A. T. H. Arce, F. A. Arduh, J.-F. Arguin, S. Argyropoulos, J.-H. Arling, A. J. Armbruster, A. Armstrong, O. Arnaez, H. Arnold, Z. P. Arrubarrena Tame, G. Artoni, K. Asai, S. Asai, T. Asawatavonvanich, N. Asbah, E. M. Asimakopoulou, L. Asquith, J. Assahsah, K. Assamagan, R. Astalos, R. J. Atkin, M. Atkinson, N. B. Atlay, H. Atmani, K. Augsten, V. A. Austrup, G. Avolio, M. K. Ayoub, G. Azuelos, H. Bachacou, K. Bachas, M. Backes, F. Backman, P. Bagnaia, M. Bahmani, H. Bahrasemani, A. J. Bailey, V. R. Bailey, J. T. Baines, C. Bakalis, O. K. Baker, P. J. Bakker, E. Bakos, D. Bakshi Gupta, S. Balaji, E. M. Baldin, P. Balek, F. Balli, W. K. Balunas, J. Balz, E. Banas, M. Bandieramonte, A. Bandyopadhyay, Sw. Banerjee, L. Barak, W. M. Barbe, E. L. Barberio, D. Barberis, M. Barbero, G. Barbour, T. Barillari, M.-S. Barisits, J. Barkeloo, T. Barklow, R. Barnea, B. M. Barnett, R. M. Barnett, Z. Barnovska-Blenessy, A. Baroncelli, G. Barone, A. J. Barr, L. Barranco Navarro, F. Barreiro, J. Barreiro Guimarães da Costa, U. Barron, S. Barsov, F. Bartels, R. Bartoldus, G. Bartolini, A. E. Barton, P. Bartos, A. Basalaev, A. Basan, A. Bassalat, M. J. Basso, R. L. Bates, S. Batlamous, J. R. Batley, B. Batool, M. Battaglia, M. Bauce, F. Bauer, K. T. Bauer, P. Bauer, H. S. Bawa, A. Bayirli, J. B. Beacham, T. Beau, P. H. Beauchemin, F. Becherer, P. Bechtle, H. C. Beck, H. P. Beck, K. Becker, C. Becot, A. Beddall, A. J. Beddall, V. A. Bednyakov, M. Bedognetti, C. P. Bee, T. A. Beermann, M. Begalli, M. Begel, A. Behera, J. K. Behr, F. Beisiegel, M. Belfkir, A. S. Bell, G. Bella, L. Bellagamba, A. Bellerive, P. Bellos, K. Beloborodov, K. Belotskiy, N. L. Belyaev, D. Benchekroun, N. Benekos, Y. Benhammou, D. P. Benjamin, M. Benoit, J. R. Bensinger, S. Bentvelsen, L. Beresford, M. Beretta, D. Berge, E. Bergeaas Kuutmann, N. Berger, B. Bergmann, L. J. Bergsten, J. Beringer, S. Berlendis, G. Bernardi, C. Bernius, F. U. Bernlochner, T. Berry, P. Berta, C. Bertella, A. Berthold, I. R. Bertram, O. Bessidskaia Bylund, N. Besson, A. Bethani, S. Bethke, A. Betti, A. J. Bevan, J. Beyer, D. S. Bhattacharya, P. Bhattarai, V. S. Bhopatkar, R. Bi, R. M. Bianchi, O. Biebel, D. Biedermann, R. Bielski, K. Bierwagen, N. V. Biesuz, M. Biglietti, T. R. V. Billoud, M. Bindi, A. Bingul, C. Bini, S. Biondi, C. J. Birch-sykes, M. Birman, T. Bisanz, J. P. Biswal, D. Biswas, A. Bitadze, C. Bittrich, K. Bjørke, T. Blazek, I. Bloch, C. Blocker, A. Blue, U. Blumenschein, G. J. Bobbink, V. S. Bobrovnikov, S. S. Bocchetta, D. Bogavac, A. G. Bogdanchikov, C. Bohm, V. Boisvert, P. Bokan, T. Bold, A. E. Bolz, M. Bomben, M. Bona, J. S. Bonilla, M. Boonekamp, C. D. Booth, A. G. Borbély, H. M. Borecka-Bielska, L. S. Borgna, A. Borisov, G. Borissov, D. Bortoletto, D. Boscherini, M. Bosman, J. D. Bossio Sola, K. Bouaouda, J. Boudreau, E. V. Bouhova-Thacker, D. Boumediene, S. K. Boutle, A. Boveia, J. Boyd, D. Boye, I. R. Boyko, A. J. Bozson, J. Bracinik, N. Brahimi, G. Brandt, O. Brandt, F. Braren, B. Brau, J. E. Brau, W. D. Breaden Madden, K. Brendlinger, R. Brener, L. Brenner, R. Brenner, S. Bressler, B. Brickwedde, D. L. Briglin, D. Britton, D. Britzger, I. Brock, R. Brock, G. Brooijmans, W. K. Brooks, E. Brost, P. A. Bruckman de Renstrom, B. Brüers, D. Bruncko, A. Bruni, G. Bruni, L. S. Bruni, S. Bruno, M. Bruschi, N. Bruscino, L. Bryngemark, T. Buanes, Q. Buat, P. Buchholz, A. G. Buckley, I. A. Budagov, M. K. Bugge, F. Bührer, O. Bulekov, B. A. Bullard, T. J. Burch, S. Burdin, C. D. Burgard, A. M. Burger, B. Burghgrave, J. T. P. Burr, C. D. Burton, J. C. Burzynski, V. Büscher, E. Buschmann, P. J. Bussey, J. M. Butler, C. M. Buttar, J. M. Butterworth, P. Butti, W. Buttinger, C. J. Buxo Vazquez, A. Buzatu, A. R. Buzykaev, G. Cabras, S. Cabrera Urbán, D. Caforio, H. Cai, V. M. M. Cairo, O. Cakir, N. Calace, P. Calafiura, G. Calderini, P. Calfayan, G. Callea, L. P. Caloba, A. Caltabiano, S. Calvente Lopez, D. Calvet, S. Calvet, T. P. Calvet, M. Calvetti, R. Camacho Toro, S. Camarda, D. Camarero Munoz, P. Camarri, M. T. Camerlingo, D. Cameron, C. Camincher, S. Campana, M. Campanelli, A. Camplani, V. Canale, A. Canesse, M. Cano Bret, J. Cantero, T. Cao, Y. Cao, M. D. M. Capeans Garrido, M. Capua, R. Cardarelli, F. Cardillo, G. Carducci, I. Carli, T. Carli, G. Carlino, B. T. Carlson, E. M. Carlson, L. Carminati, R. D. Carney, S. Caron, E. Carquin, S. Carrá, G. Carratta, J. W. S. Carter, T. M. Carter, M. P. Casado, A. F. Casha, F. L. Castillo, L. Castillo Garcia, V. Castillo Gimenez, N.F. Castro, A. Catinaccio, J. R. Catmore, A. Cattai, V. Cavaliere, V. Cavasinni, E. Celebi, F. Celli, K. Cerny, A. S. Cerqueira, A. Cerri, L. Cerrito, F. Cerutti, A. Cervelli, S. A. Cetin, Z. Chadi, D. Chakraborty, J. Chan, W. S. Chan, W. Y. Chan, J. D. Chapman, B. Chargeishvili, D. G. Charlton, T. P. Charman, C. C. Chau, S. Che, S. Chekanov, S. V. Chekulaev, G. A. Chelkov, B. Chen, C. Chen, C. H. Chen, H. Chen, J. Chen, S. Chen, S. J. Chen, X. Chen, Y. Chen, Y.-H. Chen, H. C. Cheng, A. Cheplakov, E. Cheremushkina, R. Cherkaoui El Moursli, E. Cheu, K. Cheung, T. J. A. Chevalérias, L. Chevalier, V. Chiarella, G. Chiarelli, G. Chiodini, A. S. Chisholm, A. Chitan, I. Chiu, Y. H. Chiu, M. V. Chizhov, K. Choi, A. R. Chomont, Y. S. Chow, L. D. Christopher, M. C. Chu, X. Chu, J. Chudoba, J. J. Chwastowski, L. Chytka, D. Cieri, K. M. Ciesla, D. Cinca, V. Cindro, I. A. Cioară, A. Ciocio, F. Cirotto, Z. H. Citron, M. Citterio, D. A. Ciubotaru, B. M. Ciungu, A. Clark, M. R. Clark, P. J. Clark, S. E. Clawson, C. Clement, Y. Coadou, M. Cobal, A. Coccaro, J. Cochran, R. Coelho Lopes De Sa, H. Cohen, A. E. C. Coimbra, B. Cole, A. P. Colijn, J. Collot, P. Conde Muiño, S. H. Connell, I. A. Connelly, S. Constantinescu, F. Conventi, A. M. Cooper-Sarkar, F. Cormier, K. J. R. Cormier, L. D. Corpe, M. Corradi, E. E. Corrigan, F. Corriveau, M. J. Costa, F. Costanza, D. Costanzo, G. Cowan, J. W. Cowley, J. Crane, K. Cranmer, R. A. Creager, S. Crépé-Renaudin, F. Crescioli, M. Cristinziani, V. Croft, G. Crosetti, A. Cueto, T. Cuhadar Donszelmann, H. Cui, A. R. Cukierman, W. R. Cunningham, S. Czekierda, P. Czodrowski, M. M. Czurylo, M. J. Da Cunha Sargedas De Sousa, J. J. Da Fonseca Pinto, C. Da Via, W. Dabrowski, F. Dachs, T. Dado, S. Dahbi, T. Dai, C. Dallapiccola, M. Dam, G. D’amen, V. D’Amico, J. Damp, J. R. Dandoy, M. F. Daneri, M. Danninger, V. Dao, G. Darbo, O. Dartsi, A. Dattagupta, T. Daubney, S. D’Auria, C. David, T. Davidek, D. Davis, I. Dawson, K. De, R. De Asmundis, M. De Beurs, S. De Castro, N. De Groot, P. de Jong, H. De laTorre, A. De Maria, D. De Pedis, A. De Salvo, U. De Sanctis, M. De Santis, A. De Santo, J. B. De Vivie De Regie, C. Debenedetti, D. V. Dedovich, A. M. Deiana, J. Del Peso, Y. Delabat Diaz, D. Delgove, F. Deliot, C. M. Delitzsch, M. Della Pietra, D. Della Volpe, A. Dell’Acqua, L. Dell’Asta, M. Delmastro, C. Delporte, P. A. Delsart, D. A. DeMarco, S. Demers, M. Demichev, G. Demontigny, S. P. Denisov, L. D’Eramo, D. Derendarz, J. E. Derkaoui, F. Derue, P. Dervan, K. Desch, K. Dette, C. Deutsch, M. R. Devesa, P. O. Deviveiros, F. A. Di Bello, A. Di Ciaccio, L. Di Ciaccio, W. K. Di Clemente, C. Di Donato, A. Di Girolamo, G. Di Gregorio, B. Di Micco, R. Di Nardo, K. F Di Petrillo, R. Di Sipio, C. Diaconu, F. A. Dias, T. Dias Do Vale, M. A. Diaz, F. G. Diaz Capriles, J. Dickinson, M. Didenko, E. B. Diehl, J. Dietrich, S. Díez Cornell, C. Díez Pardos, A. Dimitrievska, W. Ding, J. Dingfelder, S. J. Dittmeier, F. Dittus, F. Djama, T. Djobava, J. I. Djuvsland, M. A. B. Do Vale, M. Dobre, D. Dodsworth, C. Doglioni, J. Dolejsi, Z. Dolezal, M. Donadelli, B. Dong, J. Donini, A. D’onofrio, M. D’Onofrio, J. Dopke, A. Doria, M. T. Dova, A. T. Doyle, E. Drechsler, E. Dreyer, T. Dreyer, A. S. Drobac, D. Du, T. A. du Pree, Y. Duan, F. Dubinin, M. Dubovsky, A. Dubreuil, E. Duchovni, G. Duckeck, O. A. Ducu, D. Duda, A. Dudarev, A. C. Dudder, E. M. Duffield, M. D’uffizi, L. Duflot, M. Dührssen, C. Dülsen, M. Dumancic, A. E. Dumitriu, M. Dunford, A. Duperrin, H. Duran Yildiz, M. Düren, A. Durglishvili, D. Duschinger, B. Dutta, D. Duvnjak, G. I. Dyckes, M. Dyndal, S. Dysch, B. S. Dziedzic, M. G. Eggleston, T. Eifert, G. Eigen, K. Einsweiler, T. Ekelof, H. El Jarrari, V. Ellajosyula, M. Ellert, F. Ellinghaus, A. A. Elliot, N. Ellis, J. Elmsheuser, M. Elsing, D. Emeliyanov, A. Emerman, Y. Enari, M. B. Epland, J. Erdmann, A. Ereditato, P. A. Erland, M. Errenst, M. Escalier, C. Escobar, O. Estrada Pastor, E. Etzion, H. Evans, M. O. Evans, A. Ezhilov, F. Fabbri, L. Fabbri, V. Fabiani, G. Facini, R. M. Fakhrutdinov, S. Falciano, P. J. Falke, S. Falke, J. Faltova, Y. Fang, G. Fanourakis, M. Fanti, M. Faraj, A. Farbin, A. Farilla, E. M. Farina, T. Farooque, S. M. Farrington, P. Farthouat, F. Fassi, P. Fassnacht, D. Fassouliotis, M. Faucci Giannelli, W. J. Fawcett, L. Fayard, O. L. Fedin, W. Fedorko, A. Fehr, M. Feickert, L. Feligioni, A. Fell, C. Feng, M. Feng, M. J. Fenton, A. B. Fenyuk, S. W. Ferguson, J. Ferrando, A. Ferrante, A. Ferrari, P. Ferrari, R. Ferrari, D. E. Ferreira de Lima, A. Ferrer, D. Ferrere, C. Ferretti, F. Fiedler, A. Filipčič, F. Filthaut, K. D. Finelli, M. C. N. Fiolhais, L. Fiorini, F. Fischer, J. Fischer, W. C. Fisher, T. Fitschen, I. Fleck, P. Fleischmann, T. Flick, B. M. Flierl, L. Flores, L. R. Flores Castillo, F. M. Follega, N. Fomin, J. H. Foo, G. T. Forcolin, B. C. Forland, A. Formica, F. A. Förster, A. C. Forti, E. Fortin, M. G. Foti, D. Fournier, H. Fox, P. Francavilla, S. Francescato, M. Franchini, S. Franchino, D. Francis, L. Franco, L. Franconi, M. Franklin, G. Frattari, A. N. Fray, P. M. Freeman, B. Freund, W. S. Freund, E. M. Freundlich, D. C. Frizzell, D. Froidevaux, J. A. Frost, M. Fujimoto, C. Fukunaga, E. Fullana Torregrosa, T. Fusayasu, J. Fuster, A. Gabrielli, S. Gadatsch, P. Gadow, G. Gagliardi, L. G. Gagnon, G. E. Gallardo, E. J. Gallas, B. J. Gallop, R. Gamboa Goni, K. K. Gan, S. Ganguly, J. Gao, Y. Gao, Y. S. Gao, F. M. Garay Walls, C. García, J. E. García Navarro, J. A. García Pascual, C. Garcia-Argos, M. Garcia-Sciveres, R. W. Gardner, N. Garelli, S. Gargiulo, C. A. Garner, V. Garonne, S. J. Gasiorowski, P. Gaspar, A. Gaudiello, G. Gaudio, I. L. Gavrilenko, A. Gavrilyuk, C. Gay, G. Gaycken, E. N. Gazis, A. A. Geanta, C. M. Gee, C. N. P. Gee, J. Geisen, M. Geisen, C. Gemme, M. H. Genest, C. Geng, S. Gentile, S. George, T. Geralis, L. O. Gerlach, P. Gessinger-Befurt, G. Gessner, S. Ghasemi, M. Ghasemi Bostanabad, M. Ghneimat, A. Ghosh, B. Giacobbe, S. Giagu, N. Giangiacomi, P. Giannetti, A. Giannini, G. Giannini, S. M. Gibson, M. Gignac, D. T. Gil, B. J. Gilbert, D. Gillberg, G. Gilles, D. M. Gingrich, M. P. Giordani, P. F. Giraud, G. Giugliarelli, D. Giugni, F. Giuli, S. Gkaitatzis, I. Gkialas, E. L. Gkougkousis, P. Gkountoumis, L. K. Gladilin, C. Glasman, J. Glatzer, P. C. F. Glaysher, A. Glazov, G. R. Gledhill, I. Gnesi, M. Goblirsch-Kolb, D. Godin, S. Goldfarb, T. Golling, D. Golubkov, A. Gomes, R. Goncalves Gama, R. Gonçalo, G. Gonella, L. Gonella, A. Gongadze, F. Gonnella, J. L. Gonski, S. González de la Hoz, S. González Fernandez, R. González Lopez, C. González Renteria, R. González Suarez, S. Gonzalez-Sevilla, G. R. Gonzalvo Rodriguez, L. Goossens, N. A. Gorasia, P. A. Gorbounov, H. A. Gordon, B. Gorini, E. Gorini, A. Gorišek, A. T. Goshaw, M. I. Gostkin, C. A. Gottardo, M. Gouighri, A. G. Goussiou, N. Govender, C. Goy, I. Grabowska-Bold, E. C. Graham, J. Gramling, E. Gramstad, S. Grancagnolo, M. Grandi, V. Gratchev, P. M. Gravila, F. G. Gravili, C. Gray, H. M. Gray, C. Grefe, K. 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Plotnikova, P. Podberezko, R. Poettgen, R. Poggi, L. Poggioli, I. Pogrebnyak, D. Pohl, I. Pokharel, G. Polesello, A. Poley, A. Policicchio, R. Polifka, A. Polini, C. S. Pollard, V. Polychronakos, D. Ponomarenko, L. Pontecorvo, S. Popa, G. A. Popeneciu, L. Portales, D. M. Portillo Quintero, S. Pospisil, K. Potamianos, I. N. Potrap, C. J. Potter, H. Potti, T. Poulsen, J. Poveda, T. T. Powell, G. Pownall, M. E. Pozo Astigarraga, P. Pralavorio, S. Prell, D. Price, M. Primavera, M. L. Proffitt, N. Proklova, K. Prokofiev, F. Prokoshin, S. Protopopescu, J. Proudfoot, M. Przybycien, D. Pudzha, A. Puri, P. Puzo, D. Pyatiizbyantseva, J. Qian, Y. Qin, A. Quadt, M. Queitsch-Maitland, M. Racko, F. Ragusa, G. Rahal, J. A. Raine, S. Rajagopalan, A. Ramirez Morales, K. Ran, D. M. Rauch, F. Rauscher, S. Rave, B. Ravina, I. Ravinovich, J. H. Rawling, M. Raymond, A. L. Read, N. P. Readioff, M. Reale, D. M. Rebuzzi, G. Redlinger, K. Reeves, J. Reichert, D. Reikher, A. Reiss, A. Rej, C. Rembser, A. 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Sharma, P. B. Shatalov, K. Shaw, S. M. Shaw, M. Shehade, Y. Shen, A. D. Sherman, P. Sherwood, L. Shi, S. Shimizu, C. O. Shimmin, Y. Shimogama, M. Shimojima, I. P. J. Shipsey, S. Shirabe, M. Shiyakova, J. Shlomi, A. Shmeleva, M. J. Shochet, J. Shojaii, D. R. Shope, S. Shrestha, E. M. Shrif, E. Shulga, P. Sicho, A. M. Sickles, E. Sideras Haddad, O. Sidiropoulou, A. Sidoti, F. Siegert, Dj. Sijacki, M.Jr. Silva, M. V. Silva Oliveira, S. B. Silverstein, S. Simion, R. Simoniello, C. J. Simpson-allsop, S. Simsek, P. Sinervo, V. Sinetckii, S. Singh, M. Sioli, I. Siral, S. Yu. Sivoklokov, J. Sjölin, A. Skaf, E. Skorda, P. Skubic, M. Slawinska, K. Sliwa, R. Slovak, V. Smakhtin, B. H. Smart, J. Smiesko, N. Smirnov, S. Yu. Smirnov, Y. Smirnov, L. N. Smirnova, O. Smirnova, E. A. Smith, H. A. Smith, M. Smizanska, K. Smolek, A. Smykiewicz, A. A. Snesarev, H. L. Snoek, I. M. Snyder, S. Snyder, R. Sobie, A. Soffer, A. Søgaard, F. Sohns, C. A. Sanchez, E. Yu. Soldatov, U. Soldevila, A. A. Solodkov, A. Soloshenko, O. V. Solovyanov, V. Solovyev, P. Sommer, H. Son, W. Song, W. Y. Song, A. Sopczak, A. L. Sopio, F. Sopkova, S. Sottocornola, R. Soualah, A. M. Soukharev, D. South, S. Spagnolo, M. Spalla, M. Spangenberg, F. Spanò, D. Sperlich, T. M. Spieker, G. Spigo, M. Spina, D. P. Spiteri, M. Spousta, A. Stabile, B. L. Stamas, R. Stamen, M. Stamenkovic, E. Stanecka, B. Stanislaus, M. M. Stanitzki, M. Stankaityte, B. Stapf, E. A. Starchenko, G. H. Stark, J. Stark, P. Staroba, P. Starovoitov, S. Stärz, R. Staszewski, G. Stavropoulos, M. Stegler, P. Steinberg, A. L. Steinhebel, B. Stelzer, H. J. Stelzer, O. Stelzer-Chilton, H. Stenzel, T. J. Stevenson, G. A. Stewart, M. C. Stockton, G. Stoicea, M. Stolarski, S. Stonjek, A. Straessner, J. Strandberg, S. Strandberg, M. Strauss, T. Strebler, P. Strizenec, R. Ströhmer, D. M. Strom, R. Stroynowski, A. Strubig, S. A. Stucci, B. Stugu, J. Stupak, N. A. Styles, D. Su, W. Su, X. Su, V. V. Sulin, M. J. Sullivan, D. M. S. Sultan, S. Sultansoy, T. Sumida, S. Sun, X. Sun, K. Suruliz, C. J. E. Suster, M. R. Sutton, S. Suzuki, M. Svatos, M. Swiatlowski, S. P. Swift, T. Swirski, A. Sydorenko, I. Sykora, M. Sykora, T. Sykora, D. Ta, K. Tackmann, J. Taenzer, A. Taffard, R. Tafirout, E. Tagiev, R. Takashima, K. Takeda, T. Takeshita, E. P. Takeva, Y. Takubo, M. Talby, A. A. Talyshev, K. C. Tam, N. M. Tamir, J. Tanaka, R. Tanaka, S. Tapia Araya, S. Tapprogge, A. Tarek Abouelfadl Mohamed, S. Tarem, K. Tariq, G. Tarna, G. F. Tartarelli, P. Tas, M. Tasevsky, T. Tashiro, E. Tassi, A. Tavares Delgado, Y. Tayalati, A. J. Taylor, G. N. Taylor, W. Taylor, H. Teagle, A. S. Tee, R. Teixeira De Lima, P. Teixeira-Dias, H. Ten Kate, J. J. Teoh, S. Terada, K. Terashi, J. Terron, S. Terzo, M. Testa, R. J. Teuscher, S. J. Thais, N. Themistokleous, T. Theveneaux-Pelzer, F. Thiele, D. W. Thomas, J. O. Thomas, J. P. Thomas, E. A. Thompson, P. D. Thompson, E. Thomson, E. J. Thorpe, R. E. Ticse Torres, V. O. Tikhomirov, Yu. A. Tikhonov, S. Timoshenko, P. Tipton, S. Tisserant, K. Todome, S. Todorova-Nova, S. Todt, J. Tojo, S. Tokár, K. Tokushuku, E. Tolley, R. Tombs, K. G. Tomiwa, M. Tomoto, L. Tompkins, P. Tornambe, E. Torrence, H. Torres, E. Torró Pastor, C. Tosciri, J. Toth, D. R. Tovey, A. Traeet, C. J. Treado, T. Trefzger, F. Tresoldi, A. Tricoli, I. M. Trigger, S. Trincaz-Duvoid, D. A. Trischuk, W. Trischuk, B. Trocmé, A. Trofymov, C. Troncon, F. Trovato, L. Truong, M. Trzebinski, A. Trzupek, F. Tsai, J. C.-L. Tseng, P. V. Tsiareshka, A. Tsirigotis, V. Tsiskaridze, E. G. Tskhadadze, M. Tsopoulou, I. I. Tsukerman, V. Tsulaia, S. Tsuno, D. Tsybychev, Y. Tu, A. Tudorache, V. Tudorache, T. T. Tulbure, A. N. Tuna, S. Turchikhin, D. Turgeman, I. Turk Cakir, R. J. Turner, R. Turra, P. M. Tuts, S. Tzamarias, E. Tzovara, K. Uchida, F. Ukegawa, G. Unal, M. Unal, A. Undrus, G. Unel, F. C. Ungaro, Y. Unno, K. Uno, J. Urban, P. Urquijo, G. Usai, Z. Uysal, V. Vacek, B. Vachon, K. O. H. Vadla, T. Vafeiadis, A. Vaidya, C. Valderanis, E. Valdes Santurio, M. Valente, S. Valentinetti, A. Valero, L. Valéry, R. A. Vallance, A. Vallier, J. A. Valls Ferrer, T. R. Van Daalen, P. Van Gemmeren, S. Van Stroud, I. Van Vulpen, M. Vanadia, W. Vandelli, M. Vandenbroucke, E. R. Vandewall, A. Vaniachine, D. Vannicola, R. Vari, E. W. Varnes, C. Varni, T. Varol, D. Varouchas, K. E. Varvell, M. E. Vasile, G. A. Vasquez, F. Vazeille, D. Vazquez Furelos, T. Vazquez Schroeder, J. Veatch, V. Vecchio, M. J. Veen, L. M. Veloce, F. Veloso, S. Veneziano, A. Ventura, A. Verbytskyi, V. Vercesi, M. Verducci, C. M. Vergel Infante, C. Vergis, W. Verkerke, A. T. Vermeulen, J. C. Vermeulen, C. Vernieri, M. C. Vetterli, N. Viaux Maira, T. Vickey, O. E. Vickey Boeriu, G. H. A. Viehhauser, L. Vigani, M. Villa, M. Villaplana Perez, E. M. Villhauer, E. Vilucchi, M. G. Vincter, G. S. Virdee, A. Vishwakarma, C. Vittori, I. Vivarelli, M. Vogel, P. Vokac, S. E. von Buddenbrock, E. Von Toerne, V. Vorobel, K. Vorobev, M. Vos, J. H. Vossebeld, M. Vozak, N. Vranjes, M. Vranjes Milosavljevic, V. Vrba, M. Vreeswijk, R. Vuillermet, I. Vukotic, S. Wada, P. Wagner, W. Wagner, J. Wagner-Kuhr, S. Wahdan, H. Wahlberg, R. Wakasa, V. M. Walbrecht, J. Walder, R. Walker, S. D. Walker, W. Walkowiak, V. Wallangen, A. M. Wang, A. Z. Wang, C. Wang, F. Wang, H. Wang, J. Wang, P. Wang, Q. Wang, R.-J. Wang, R. Wang, S. M. Wang, W. T. Wang, W. Wang, W. W. Wang, Y. Wang, Z. Wang, C. Wanotayaroj, A. Warburton, C. P. Ward, D. R. Wardrope, N. Warrack, A. T. Watson, M. F. Watson, G. Watts, B. M. Waugh, A. F. Webb, C. Weber, M. S. Weber, S. S. Weber, A. R. Weidberg, J. Weingarten, M. Weirich, C. Weiser, P. S. Wells, T. Wenaus, B. Wendland, T. Wengler, S. Wenig, N. Wermes, M. Wessels, T. D. Weston, K. Whalen, A. M. Wharton, A. S. White, A. White, M. J. White, D. Whiteson, B. W. Whitmore, W. Wiedenmann, C. Wiel, M. Wielers, N. Wieseotte, C. Wiglesworth, L. A. M. Wiik-Fuchs, H. G. Wilkens, L. L. Wilkins, H. H. Williams, S. Williams, S. Willocq, P. J. Windischhofer, I. Wingerter-Seez, E. Winkels, F. Winklmeier, B. T. Winter, M. Wittgen, M. Wobisch, A. Wolf, R. Wölker, J. Wollrath, M. W. Wolter, H. Wolters, V. W. S. Wong, N. L. Woods, S. D. Worm, B. K. Wosiek, K. W. Woźniak, K. Wraight, S. L. Wu, X. Wu, Y. Wu, J. Wuerzinger, T. R. Wyatt, B. M. Wynne, S. Xella, L. Xia, J. Xiang, X. Xiao, X. Xie, I. Xiotidis, D. Xu, H. Xu, L. Xu, T. Xu, W. Xu, Z. Xu, B. Yabsley, S. Yacoob, K. Yajima, D. P. Yallup, N. Yamaguchi, Y. Yamaguchi, A. Yamamoto, M. Yamatani, T. Yamazaki, Y. Yamazaki, J. Yan, Z. Yan, H. J. Yang, H. T. Yang, S. Yang, T. Yang, X. Yang, Y. Yang, Z. Yang, W.-M. Yao, Y. C. Yap, Y. Yasu, E. Yatsenko, H. Ye, J. Ye, S. Ye, I. Yeletskikh, M. R. Yexley, E. Yigitbasi, P. Yin, K. Yorita, K. Yoshihara, C. J. S. Young, C. Young, J. Yu, R. Yuan, X. Yue, M. Zaazoua, B. Zabinski, G. Zacharis, E. Zaffaroni, J. Zahreddine, A. M. Zaitsev, T. Zakareishvili, N. Zakharchuk, S. Zambito, D. Zanzi, D. D. Zaripovas, S. S. Zeißner, C. Zeitnitz, G. Zemaityte, J. C. Zeng, O. Zenin, T. Ženiš, D. Zerwas, M. Zgubič, B. Zhang, D. F. Zhang, G. Zhang, J. Zhang, Kaili Zhang, L. Zhang, M. Zhang, R. Zhang, S. Zhang, X. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Z. Zhang, P. Zhao, Z. Zhao, A. Zhemchugov, Z. Zheng, D. Zhong, B. Zhou, C. Zhou, H. Zhou, M. S. Zhou, M. Zhou, N. Zhou, Y. Zhou, C. G. Zhu, C. Zhu, H. L. Zhu, H. Zhu, J. Zhu, Y. Zhu, X. Zhuang, K. Zhukov, V. Zhulanov, D. Zieminska, N. I. Zimine, S. Zimmermann, Z. Zinonos, M. Ziolkowski, L. Živković, G. Zobernig, A. Zoccoli, K. Zoch, T. G. Zorbas, R. Zou, L. Zwalinski, and ATLAS Collaboration

Subjects
Astrophysics, QB460-466, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

Abstract Differential cross-section measurements are presented for the electroweak production of two jets in association with a Z boson. These measurements are sensitive to the vector-boson fusion production mechanism and provide a fundamental test of the gauge structure of the Standard Model. The analysis is performed using proton–proton collision data collected by ATLAS at $$\sqrt{s}=13\ \hbox {TeV}$$ s = 13 TeV and with an integrated luminosity of $$139\ \hbox {fb}^{-1}$$ 139 fb - 1 . The differential cross-sections are measured in the $$Z\rightarrow \ell ^+\ell ^-$$ Z → ℓ + ℓ - decay channel ( $$\ell =e,\mu $$ ℓ = e , μ ) as a function of four observables: the dijet invariant mass, the rapidity interval spanned by the two jets, the signed azimuthal angle between the two jets, and the transverse momentum of the dilepton pair. The data are corrected for the effects of detector inefficiency and resolution and are sufficiently precise to distinguish between different state-of-the-art theoretical predictions calculated using Powheg+Pythia8, Herwig7+Vbfnlo and Sherpa 2.2. The differential cross-sections are used to search for anomalous weak-boson self-interactions using a dimension-six effective field theory. The measurement of the signed azimuthal angle between the two jets is found to be particularly sensitive to the interference between the Standard Model and dimension-six scattering amplitudes and provides a direct test of charge-conjugation and parity invariance in the weak-boson self-interactions.

Published
2021
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6. Phylogeography as a Proxy for Population Connectivity for Spatial Modeling of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Outbreaks in Vietnam

Author

Umanga Gunasekara, Miranda R. Bertram, Nguyen Van Long, Phan Quang Minh, Vo Dinh Chuong, Andres Perez, Jonathan Arzt, and Kimberly VanderWaal

Subjects
Bayesian space-time models, INLA, outbreak risk, mobility, host movement, phylodynamics, Microbiology, QR1-502
Abstract

Bayesian space–time regression models are helpful tools to describe and predict the distribution of infectious disease outbreaks and to delineate high-risk areas for disease control. In these models, structured and unstructured spatial and temporal effects account for various forms of non-independence amongst case counts across spatial units. Structured spatial effects capture correlations in case counts amongst neighboring provinces arising from shared risk factors or population connectivity. For highly mobile populations, spatial adjacency is an imperfect measure of connectivity due to long-distance movement, but we often lack data on host movements. Phylogeographic models inferring routes of viral dissemination across a region could serve as a proxy for patterns of population connectivity. The objective of this study was to investigate whether the effects of population connectivity in space–time regressions of case counts were better captured by spatial adjacency or by inferences from phylogeographic analyses. To compare these two approaches, we used foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) outbreak data from across Vietnam as an example. We identified that accounting for virus movement through phylogeographic analysis serves as a better proxy for population connectivity than spatial adjacency in spatial–temporal risk models. This approach may contribute to design surveillance activities in countries lacking movement data.

Published
2023
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7. Coordination of pancreatic islet rhythmic activity by delayed negative feedback

Author

N. Bruce, I.-A. Wei, W. Leng, Y. Oh, Y.-C. Chiu, M. G. Roper, and R. Bertram

Subjects
Islets of Langerhans, Glucose, Physiology, Physiology (medical), Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Insulin Secretion, Insulin, Feedback
Abstract

Secretion of insulin from the pancreas is pulsatile, driven by intrinsic oscillations within individual islets of Langerhans. The secretions are coordinated among the many islets distributed throughout the pancreas producing a synchronized rhythm in vivo that is essential for maintaining normal glucose levels. One hypothesized mechanism for the coordination of islet activity is negative feedback, whereby sequestration of glucose in response to elevated insulin leads to a reduction in the blood glucose level that is sensed by the islet population. This global signal of glucose then coordinates the individual islets. In this study, we tested how this coordination mechanism is affected by time delays in the negative feedback, using a microfluidic system to monitor Ca

Published
2023

8. Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Interserotypic Recombination in Superinfected Carrier Cattle

Author

Ian Fish, Carolina Stenfeldt, Edward Spinard, Gisselle N. Medina, Paul A. Azzinaro, Miranda R. Bertram, Lauren Holinka, George R. Smoliga, Ethan J. Hartwig, Teresa de los Santos, and Jonathan Arzt

Subjects
foot-and-mouth disease virus, aphthovirus, FMD, FMDV, pathogenesis, coinfection, Medicine
Abstract

Viral recombination contributes to the emergence of novel strains with the potential for altered host range, transmissibility, virulence, and immune evasion. For foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), cell culture experiments and phylogenetic analyses of field samples have demonstrated the occurrence of recombination. However, the frequency of recombination and associated virus–host interactions within an infected host have not been determined. We have previously reported the detection of interserotypic recombinant FMDVs in oropharyngeal fluid (OPF) samples of 42% (5/12) of heterologously superinfected FMDV carrier cattle. The present investigation consists of a detailed analysis of the virus populations in these samples including identification and characterization of additional interserotypic minority recombinants. In every animal in which recombination was detected, recombinant viruses were identified in the OPF at the earliest sampling point after superinfection. Some recombinants remained dominant until the end of the experiment, whereas others were outcompeted by parental strains. Genomic analysis of detected recombinants suggests host immune pressure as a major driver of recombinant emergence as all recombinants had capsid-coding regions derived from the superinfecting virus to which the animals did not have detectable antibodies at the time of infection. In vitro analysis of a plaque-purified recombinant virus demonstrated a growth rate comparable to its parental precursors, and measurement of its specific infectivity suggested that the recombinant virus incurred no penalty in packaging its new chimeric genome. These findings have important implications for the potential role of persistently infected carriers in FMDV ecology and the emergence of novel strains.

Published
2022
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9. Viral Population Diversity during Co-Infection of Foot-And-Mouth Disease Virus Serotypes SAT1 and SAT2 in African Buffalo in Kenya

Author

Rachel M. Palinski, Barbara Brito, Frederick R. Jaya, Abraham Sangula, Francis Gakuya, Miranda R. Bertram, Steven J. Pauszek, Ethan J. Hartwig, George R. Smoliga, Vincent Obanda, George P. Omondi, Kimberly VanderWaal, and Jonathan Arzt

Subjects
foot-and-mouth disease, short-read sequencing, intra-host diversity, serotype A, Microbiology, QR1-502
Abstract

African buffalo are the natural reservoirs of the SAT serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in sub-Saharan Africa. Most buffalo are exposed to multiple FMDV serotypes early in life, and a proportion of them become persistently infected carriers. Understanding the genetic diversity and evolution of FMDV in carrier animals is critical to elucidate how FMDV persists in buffalo populations. In this study, we obtained oropharyngeal (OPF) fluid from naturally infected African buffalo, and characterized the genetic diversity of FMDV. Out of 54 FMDV-positive OPF, 5 were co-infected with SAT1 and SAT2 serotypes. From the five co-infected buffalo, we obtained eighty-nine plaque-purified isolates. Isolates obtained directly from OPF and plaque purification were sequenced using next-generation sequencing (NGS). Phylogenetic analyses of the sequences obtained from recombination-free protein-coding regions revealed a discrepancy in the topology of capsid proteins and non-structural proteins. Despite the high divergence in the capsid phylogeny between SAT1 and SAT2 serotypes, viruses from different serotypes that were collected from the same host had a high genetic similarity in non-structural protein-coding regions P2 and P3, suggesting interserotypic recombination. In two of the SAT1 and SAT2 co-infected buffalo identified at the first passage of viral isolation, the plaque-derived SAT2 genomes were distinctly grouped in two different genotypes. These genotypes were not initially detected with the NGS from the first passage (non-purified) virus isolation sample. In one animal with two SAT2 haplotypes, one plaque-derived chimeric sequence was found. These findings demonstrate within-host evolution through recombination and point mutation contributing to broad viral diversity in the wildlife reservoir. These mechanisms may be critical to FMDV persistence at the individual animal and population levels, and may contribute to the emergence of new viruses that have the ability to spill-over to livestock and other wildlife species.

Published
2022
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10. Duration of Contagion of Foot-And-Mouth Disease Virus in Infected Live Pigs and Carcasses

Author

Carolina Stenfeldt, Miranda R. Bertram, George R. Smoliga, Ethan J. Hartwig, Amy H. Delgado, and Jonathan Arzt

Subjects
foot-and-mouth disease, foot-and-mouth disease virus, FMD, FMDV, pig, transmission, Veterinary medicine, SF600-1100
Abstract

Data-driven modeling of incursions of high-consequence, transboundary pathogens of animals is a critical component of veterinary preparedness. However, simplifying assumptions and excessive use of proxy measures to compensate for gaps in available data may compromise modeled outcomes. The current investigation was prospectively designed to address two major gaps in current knowledge of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) pathogenesis in pigs: the end (duration) of the infectious period and the viability of FMDV in decaying carcasses. By serial exposure of sentinel groups of pigs to the same group of donor pigs infected by FMDV A24 Cruzeiro, it was demonstrated that infected pigs transmitted disease at 10 days post infection (dpi), but not at 15 dpi. Assuming a latent period of 1 day, this would result in a conservative estimate of an infectious duration of 9 days, which is considerably longer than suggested by a previous report from an experiment performed in cattle. Airborne contagion was diminished within two days of removal of infected pigs from isolation rooms. FMDV in muscle was inactivated within 7 days in carcasses stored at 4oC. By contrast, FMDV infectivity in vesicle epithelium harvested from intact carcasses stored under similar conditions remained remarkably high until the study termination at 11 weeks post mortem. The output from this study consists of experimentally determined data on contagion associated with FMDV-infected pigs. This information may be utilized to update parameterization of models used for foot-and-mouth disease outbreak simulations involving areas of substantial pig production.

Published
2020
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11. Extinction Dynamics of the Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Carrier State Under Natural Conditions

Author

Miranda R. Bertram, Shankar Yadav, Carolina Stenfeldt, Amy Delgado, and Jonathan Arzt

Subjects
foot-and-mouth disease, FMDV, persistent infection, extinction dynamics, Vietnam, India, Veterinary medicine, SF600-1100
Abstract

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most economically important livestock diseases worldwide. Following the clinical phase of FMD, a large proportion of ruminants remain persistently infected for extended periods. Although extinction of this carrier state occurs continuously at the animal and population levels, studies vary widely in their estimates of the duration of persistent infection. There is a need for robust statistical models to capture the dynamics of persistent infection for the sake of guiding FMD control and trade policies. The goal of the current study was to develop and assess statistical models to describe the extinction of FMD virus (FMDV) persistent infection using data from primary longitudinal studies of naturally infected cattle and Asian buffalo in Vietnam and India. Specifically, accelerated failure time (AFT) models and generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) were developed to predict the probability of persistent infection in seropositive animals and identified carriers at the individual animal level at sequential time points after outbreaks. The primary studies were analyzed by country and combined using an individual-participant data meta-analysis approach. The models estimated similar trends in the duration of persistent infection for the study/species groups included in the analyses, however the significance of the trends differed between the models. The overall probabilities of persistent infection were similar as predicted by the AFT and GLMM models: 6 months: 99% (AFT) /80% (GLMM), 12 months: 51% (AFT) /32% (GLMM), 18 months: 6% (AFT) /5% (GLMM), 24 months: 0.8% (AFT) /0.6% (GLMM). These models utilizing diverse and robust data sets predict higher probabilities of persistence than previously published, suggesting greater endurance of carriers subsequent to an outbreak. This study demonstrates the utility of statistical models to investigate the dynamics of persistent infection and the importance of large datasets, which can be achieved by combining data from several smaller studies in meta-analyses. Results of this study enhance current knowledge of the FMDV carrier state and may inform policy decisions regarding FMDV persistent infection.

Published
2020
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12. Outbreak investigations of foot and mouth disease virus in Nepal between 2010 and 2015 in the context of historical serotype occurrence

Author

Ganesh Adhikari, Krishna P. Acharya, Mukul Upadhyay, Rabin Raut, Krishna Kaphle, Tanka Khanal, Miranda R. Bertram, Carolina Stenfeldt, and Jonathan Arzt

Subjects
analysis, Epidemiological, FMD, Nepal, Outbreak, Serotypes, Veterinary medicine, SF600-1100
Abstract

Abstract Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is endemic in Nepal and causes substantial economic losses in the livestock industry. The goal of this study was to perform an epidemiological analysis of FMD outbreaks reported to the Veterinary Epidemiology Center, Tripureshwor, Nepal during 2010–2015, in order to strengthen the National FMD Control Program. These current data were considered in the context of historical data on FMD virus (FMDV) serotypes detected in the country between 1965 and 2015. During 2010–2015, a total of 1333 livestock holdings reported FMD outbreaks in Nepal. On average, 71.2 animals were affected in each outbreak, with a case fatality rate of 3.6%. FMD was reported throughout the country, and the proportion of affected holdings was not significantly among eco‐zones, regions, or species. The Hill eco‐zone had the highest number of holdings affected (782), followed by Mountain (304), and Terai (247). When analysed by the developmental region, the Western (381) and Central (368) Developmental Regions had the highest numbers of holdings affected. Cattle were the most frequently affected species (39%), followed by buffalo (33%), and goats (19%). FMD occurred throughout the year, with peaks in winter (December/January) and in the pre‐monsoon period (April/May). Between 1965 and 2015 FMDV serotype O had the highest prevalence (81%), followed by Asia‐1 (11%), A (6%), and C (2%). Serotype C was not detected after 1996, and only serotype O was reported after 2011. These descriptive analyses provide critical landmarks to establish baselines, and document early progress of the ongoing Progressive Control Pathway of FMD (PCP‐FMD) which could be useful in Nepal and other South Asian nations.

Published
2018
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13. Use of Slaughterhouses as Sentinel Points for Genomic Surveillance of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Southern Vietnam

Author

Umanga Gunasekara, Miranda R. Bertram, Do H. Dung, Bui H. Hoang, Nguyen T. Phuong, Vo V. Hung, Nguyen V. Long, Phan Q. Minh, Le T. Vu, Pham V. Dong, Andres Perez, Kimberly VanderWaal, and Jonathan Arzt

Subjects
genetic diversity, phylogenetics, subclinical infection, molecular epidemiology, disease control, surveillance, Microbiology, QR1-502
Abstract

The genetic diversity of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) poses a challenge to the successful control of the disease, and it is important to identify the emergence of different strains in endemic settings. The objective of this study was to evaluate the sampling of clinically healthy livestock at slaughterhouses as a strategy for genomic FMDV surveillance. Serum samples (n = 11,875) and oropharyngeal fluid (OPF) samples (n = 5045) were collected from clinically healthy cattle and buffalo on farms in eight provinces in southern and northern Vietnam (2015–2019) to characterize viral diversity. Outbreak sequences were collected between 2009 and 2019. In two slaughterhouses in southern Vietnam, 1200 serum and OPF samples were collected from clinically healthy cattle and buffalo (2017 to 2019) as a pilot study on the use of slaughterhouses as sentinel points in surveillance. FMDV VP1 sequences were analyzed using discriminant principal component analysis and time-scaled phylodynamic trees. Six of seven serotype-O and -A clusters circulating in southern Vietnam between 2017–2019 were detected at least once in slaughterhouses, sometimes pre-dating outbreak sequences associated with the same cluster by 4–6 months. Routine sampling at slaughterhouses may provide a timely and efficient strategy for genomic surveillance to identify circulating and emerging FMDV strains.

Published
2021
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14. Pulsatile Basal Insulin Secretion Is Driven by Glycolytic Oscillations

Author

P. A. Fletcher, I. Marinelli, R. Bertram, L. S. Satin, and A. S. Sherman

Subjects
Islets of Langerhans, Glucose, Physiology, Insulin Secretion, Humans, Insulin, Calcium, Review, Glycolysis
Abstract

In fasted and fed states, blood insulin levels are oscillatory. While this phenomenon is well studied at high glucose levels, comparatively little is known about its origin under basal conditions. We propose a possible mechanism for basal insulin oscillations based on oscillations in glycolysis, demonstrated using an established mathematical model. At high glucose, this is superseded by a calcium-dependent mechanism.

Published
2023

15. Identical Viral Genetic Sequence Found in Black Flies (Simulium bivittatum) and the Equine Index Case of the 2006 U.S. Vesicular Stomatitis Outbreak

Author

Barbara S. Drolet, Will K. Reeves, Kristine E. Bennett, Steven J. Pauszek, Miranda R. Bertram, and Luis L. Rodriguez

Subjects
vesicular stomatitis virus, horse, black fly, Simulium bivittatum, Medicine
Abstract

In 2006, vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus (VSNJV) caused outbreaks in Wyoming (WY) horses and cattle after overwintering in 2004 and 2005. Within two weeks of the outbreak onset, 12,203 biting flies and 194 grasshoppers were collected near three equine-positive premises in Natrona County, WY. Insects were identified to the species level and tested by RT-qPCR for VSNJV polymerase (L) and phosphoprotein (P) gene RNA. Collected dipterans known to be competent for VSV transmission included Simulium black flies and Culicoides biting midges. VSNJV L and P RNA was detected in two pools of female Simulium bivittatum and subjected to partial genome sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis based on the hypervariable region of the P gene from black flies showed 100% identity to the isolate obtained from the index horse case on the same premises. This is the first report of VSNJV in S. bivittatum in WY and the first field evidence of possible VSV maintenance in black fly populations during an outbreak.

Published
2021
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16. Genetic and antigenic variation of foot-and-mouth disease virus during persistent infection in naturally infected cattle and Asian buffalo in India.

Author

Jitendra K Biswal, Rajeev Ranjan, Saravanan Subramaniam, Jajati K Mohapatra, Sanjay Patidar, Mukesh K Sharma, Miranda R Bertram, Barbara Brito, Luis L Rodriguez, Bramhadev Pattnaik, and Jonathan Arzt

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

The role of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) persistently infected ruminants in initiating new outbreaks remains controversial, and the perceived threat posed by such animals hinders international trade in FMD-endemic countries. In this study we report longitudinal analyses of genetic and antigenic variations of FMDV serotype O/ME-SA/Ind2001d sublineage during naturally occurring, persistent infection in cattle and buffalo at an organised dairy farm in India. The proportion of animals from which FMDV RNA was recovered was not significantly different between convalescent (post-clinical) and sub-clinically infected animals or between cattle and buffalo across the sampling period. However, infectious virus was isolated from a higher proportion of buffalo samples and for a longer duration compared to cattle. Analysis of the P1 sequences from recovered viruses indicated fixation of mutations at the rate of 1.816 x 10-2substitution/site/year (s/s/y) (95% CI 1.362-2.31 x 10-2 s/s/y). However, the majority of point mutations were transitional substitutions. Within individual animals, the mean dN/dS (ω) value for the P1 region varied from 0.076 to 0.357, suggesting the selection pressure acting on viral genomes differed substantially across individual animals. Statistical parsimony analysis indicated that all of the virus isolates from carrier animals originated from the outbreak virus. The antigenic relationship value as determined by 2D-VNT assay revealed fluctuation of antigenic variants within and between carrier animals during the carrier state which suggested that some carrier viruses had diverged substantially from the protection provided by the vaccine strain. This study contributes to understanding the extent of within-host and within-herd evolution that occurs during the carrier state of FMDV.

Published
2019
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17. Contact Challenge of Cattle with Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Validates the Role of the Nasopharyngeal Epithelium as the Site of Primary and Persistent Infection

Author

Carolina Stenfeldt, Ethan J. Hartwig, George R. Smoliga, Rachel Palinski, Ediane B. Silva, Miranda R. Bertram, Ian H. Fish, Steven J. Pauszek, and Jonathan Arzt

Subjects
foot-and-mouth disease, foot-and-mouth disease virus, FMD, FMDV, cattle, pigs, Microbiology, QR1-502
Abstract

ABSTRACT The pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in cattle was investigated through early and late stages of infection by use of an optimized experimental model for controlled contact exposure. Time-limited exposure of cattle to FMDV-infected pigs led to primary FMDV infection of the nasopharyngeal mucosa in both vaccinated and nonvaccinated cattle. In nonvaccinated cattle, the infection generalized rapidly to cause clinical disease, without apparent virus amplification in the lungs prior to establishment of viremia. Vaccinated cattle were protected against clinical disease and viremia; however, all vaccinated cattle were subclinically infected, and persistent infection occurred at similarly high prevalences in both animal cohorts. Infection dynamics in cattle were consistent and synchronous and comparable to those of simulated natural and needle inoculation systems. However, the current experimental model utilizes a natural route of virus exposure and is therefore superior for investigations of disease pathogenesis and host response. Deep sequencing of viruses obtained during early infection of pigs and cattle indicated that virus populations sampled from sites of primary infection were markedly more diverse than viruses from vesicular lesions of cattle, suggesting the occurrence of substantial bottlenecks associated with vesicle formation. These data expand previous knowledge of FMDV pathogenesis in cattle and provide novel insights for validation of inoculation models of bovine FMD studies. IMPORTANCE Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is an important livestock pathogen that is often described as the greatest constraint to global trade in animal products. The present study utilized a standardized pig-to-cow contact exposure model to demonstrate that FMDV infection of cattle initiates in the nasopharyngeal mucosa following natural virus exposure. Furthermore, this work confirmed the role of the bovine nasopharyngeal mucosa as the site of persistent FMDV infection in vaccinated and nonvaccinated cattle. The critical output of this study validates previous studies that have used simulated natural inoculation models to characterize FMDV pathogenesis in cattle and emphasizes the importance of continued research of the unique virus-host interactions that occur within the bovine nasopharynx. Specifically, vaccines and biotherapeutic countermeasures designed to prevent nasopharyngeal infection of vaccinated animals could contribute to substantially improved control of FMDV.

Published
2018
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18. Molecular Epidemiology of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in the Context of Transboundary Animal Movement in the Far North Region of Cameroon

Author

Miranda R. Bertram, Carla Bravo de Rueda, Rebecca Garabed, Simon Dickmu Jumbo, Mark Moritz, Steven Pauszek, Souley Abdoulkadiri, Luis L. Rodriguez, and Jonathan Arzt

Subjects
transboundary, cattle, FMDV, Cameroon, epidemiology, foot-and-mouth disease, Veterinary medicine, SF600-1100
Abstract

Transboundary movement of animals is an important mechanism for foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) spread in endemic regions, such as Cameroon. Several transboundary animal trade routes cross the Far North Region of Cameroon, and cattle moved on foot along these routes often come in contact with native (sedentary and transhumant) herds. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of transboundary trade cattle in the epidemiology of FMDV in the Far North Region of Cameroon. A total of 582 oropharyngeal fluid (OPF) samples were collected from asymptomatic transboundary trade cattle at official border check points and 57 vesicle epithelial tissues were collected from clinically affected native cattle in the Far North Region of Cameroon during 2010–2014. Viral protein 1 (VP1) coding sequences were obtained from 6 OPF samples from transboundary cattle (4 serotype O, 2 serotype SAT2) and 19 epithelial tissue samples from native cattle (7 serotype O, 3 serotype SAT2, 9 serotype A). FMDV serotype O viruses belonged to two topotypes (East Africa-3 and West Africa), and phylogenetic analyses suggested a pattern of continuous transmission in the region. Serotype SAT2 viruses belonged to a single topotype (VII), and phylogenetic analysis suggested a pattern of repeated introductions of different SAT2 lineages in the region. Serotype A viruses belonged to topotype AFRICA/G-IV, and the pattern of transmission was unclear. Spearman rank correlation analysis of VP1 coding sequences obtained in this study from transboundary and native cattle showed a positive correlation between genetic distance and time for serotype O (ρ = 0.71, p = 0.003) and between genetic distance and geographic distance for serotype SAT2 (ρ = 0.54, p = 0.1). These data suggest that transboundary trade cattle participate in the transmission of FMDV in the Far North Region of Cameroon, however the dynamics and direction of transmission could not be determined in this study. Results of this study contribute to the understanding of transboundary FMDV epidemiology in Central Africa and will help to inform control programs in Cameroon and in the region.

Published
2018
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19. Lack of Transmission of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus From Persistently Infected Cattle to Naïve Cattle Under Field Conditions in Vietnam

Author

Miranda R. Bertram, Le T. Vu, Steven J. Pauszek, Barbara P. Brito, Ethan J. Hartwig, George R. Smoliga, Bui H. Hoang, Nguyen T. Phuong, Carolina Stenfeldt, Ian H. Fish, Vo V. Hung, Amy Delgado, Kimberley VanderWaal, Luis L. Rodriguez, Ngo T. Long, Do H. Dung, and Jonathan Arzt

Subjects
foot-and-mouth disease virus, FMD, carriers, sentinels, transmission, duration of carrier state, Veterinary medicine, SF600-1100
Abstract

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), caused by FMD virus (FMDV; Aphthovirus, Picornaviridae), is a highly contagious and economically important disease of cloven-hoofed domestic livestock and wildlife species worldwide. Subsequent to the clinical phase of FMD, a large proportion of FMDV-infected ruminants become persistently infected carriers, defined by detection of FMDV in oropharyngeal fluid (OPF) samples 28 days or more post-infection. The goal of this prospective study was to characterize the FMD carrier state in cattle subsequent to natural infection under typical husbandry practices in Vietnam. Ten persistently infected cattle on eight farms in the Long An province in southern Vietnam were monitored by monthly screening of serum and oropharyngeal fluid samples for 12 months. To assess transmission from FMDV carriers, 16 naïve cattle were intentionally brought into direct contact with the persistently infected animals for 6 months, and were monitored by clinical and laboratory methods. The restricted mean duration of the FMD carrier state was 27.7 months, and the rate of decrease of the proportion of carrier animals was 0.03 per month. There was no evidence of transmission to naïve animals throughout the study period. Additionally, there was no detection of FMDV infection or seroconversion in three calves born to carrier animals during the study. The force of infection for carrier-to-contact transmission was 0 per month, with upper 95% confidence limit of 0.064 per month. Phylogenetic analysis of viral protein 1 (VP1) coding sequences obtained from carriers indicated that all viruses recovered in this study belonged to the O/ME-SA/PanAsia lineage, and grouped phylogenetically with temporally and geographically related viruses. Analysis of within-host evolution of FMDV, based upon full-length open reading frame sequences recovered from consecutive samples from one animal, indicated that most of the non-synonymous changes occurred in Lpro, VP2, and VP3 protein coding regions. This study suggests that the duration of FMDV persistent infection in cattle may be longer than previously recognized, but the risk of transmission is low. Additional novel insights are provided into within-host viral evolution under natural conditions in an endemic setting.

Published
2018
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20. Genome Sequences of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus SAT1 Strains Purified from Coinfected Cape Buffalo in Kenya

Author

Rachel M. Palinski, Abraham Sangula, Francis Gakuya, Miranda R. Bertram, Steven J. Pauszek, Ethan J. Hartwig, George R. Smoliga, Vincent Obanda, George P. Omondi, Kimberly VanderWaal, and Jonathan Arzt

Subjects
Immunology and Microbiology (miscellaneous), Genetics, Molecular Biology
Abstract

Nearly complete genomes of 49 novel foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) SAT1 strains acquired from oropharyngeal fluid samples from asymptomatic African Cape buffalo in Kenya in 2016 were determined. Sequences were from primary passage or plaque-purified dually SAT1/SAT2-infected samples. These sequences are important for elucidation of the molecular epidemiology of persistent and subclinical FMDV infections.

Published
2022

21. The risk and mitigation of foot‐and‐mouth disease virus infection of pigs through consumption of contaminated feed

Author

Miranda R. Bertram, Scott Dee, Carolina Stenfeldt, Haillie C Meek, Diego G. Diel, George R. Smoliga, Ethan J. Hartwig, Megan C. Niederwerder, and Jonathan Arzt

Subjects
Swine Diseases, Infectivity, Veterinary medicine, General Veterinary, General Immunology and Microbiology, Foot-and-mouth disease, Swine, Animal feed, Infectious dose, Soybean meal, Food Contamination, General Medicine, Biology, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Animal Feed, Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus, Infectious disease (medical specialty), Foot-and-Mouth Disease, medicine, Animals, Foot-and-mouth disease virus, Pathogen
Abstract

Transboundary movement of animal feed and feed ingredients has been identified as a route for pathogen incursions. While imports of animals and animal-derived products are highly regulated for the purpose of infectious disease prevention, there has been less consideration of the viability of infectious agents in inanimate products, such as feed. This study investigated the ability of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) to remain infectious as a contaminant of commercial whole pig feed and select pig feed ingredients, and to establish the minimum infectious dose (MIDF ) required to cause foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in pigs that consumed contaminated feed. FMDV viability in vitro varied depending on virus strain, feed product, and storage temperature, with increased duration of infectivity in soybean meal compared to pelleted whole feed. Specifically, both strains of FMDV evaluated remained viable through to the end of the 37 day observation period in experimentally contaminated soybean meal stored at 4 or 20°C . The MIDF for pigs consuming contaminated feed varied across virus strains and exposure duration in the range of 106.2 to 107 TCID50 . The ability of FMDV to cause infection in exposed pigs was mitigated by pre-treatment of feed with two commercially available feed additives, based on either formaldehyde (SalCURB®) or lactic acid (Guardian™). Our findings demonstrate that FMDV may remain infectious in pig feed ingredients for durations compatible with transoceanic transport. Although the observed MIDF was relatively high, variations in feeding conditions and biophysical characteristics of different virus strains may alter the probability of infection. These findings may be used to parameterize modelling of the risk of FMDV incursions and to regulate feed importation to minimize the risk of inadvertent importation.

Published
2021

22. Photoexcited Quantum Dots as Efficacious and Nontoxic Antibiotics in an Animal Model

Author

Colleen R McCollum, Anushree Chatterjee, John R. Bertram, Prashant Nagpal, and Max Levy

Subjects
medicine.drug_class, 0206 medical engineering, Antibiotics, Biomedical Engineering, Inflammation, 02 engineering and technology, Pharmacology, Skin infection, medicine.disease_cause, Biomaterials, Mice, In vivo, Quantum Dots, Cadmium Compounds, medicine, Animals, Subcutaneous abscess, biology, Chemistry, technology, industry, and agriculture, equipment and supplies, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, 020601 biomedical engineering, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Models, Animal, Toxicity, Tellurium, medicine.symptom, 0210 nano-technology, Bacteria, Oxidative stress
Abstract

Drug-resistant bacterial infections are a growing cause of illness and death globally. Current methods of treatment are not only proving less effective but also perpetuate evolution of new resistance. Here we propose, through an in vivo model, a new treatment for drug-resistant bacterial infection that uses semiconductor nanoparticles, called quantum dots (QDs), that can be activated by light to produce superoxide to specifically and effectively kill drug-resistant bacteria. We adapt this technology for in vivo assessment of toxicity and treatment of a subcutaneous infection in mice. As our cadmium telluride QDs with 2.4 eV band gap (CdTe-2.4 QDs) are activated by blue light, we engineered LED patches to adhere to the infection site on mice, thus providing the light necessary for the activity of injected QDs and treatment of the infection. We show, through assessment of body weight, histology, and inflammation and oxidative stress markers in serum, that the CdTe-2.4 QDs are nontoxic at concentrations that reduce drug-resistant bacterial viability in subcutaneous abscesses. Further, CdTe-2.4 QDs did not accumulate in the body and were safely excreted in urine via renal clearance. CdTe-2.4 QD treatment decreased abscess viability by as much as 7 orders of magnitude. We thus propose an alternative treatment approach for drug-resistant topical infections: the injection of a low concentration of QDs and the application of an adhesive patch comprising only an LED and a battery. This treatment could revolutionize last-resort treatments of burn wounds, cellulitis, and other skin infections.

Published
2021

24. Environmental Influences on Dall's Sheep Survival

Author

Jim D Herriges, Catherine Lambert Koizumi, Brad Wendling, Laura R. Prugh, James P. Lawler, Madelon van de Kerk, Mark R. Bertram, Stephen M. Arthur, Buck A. Mangipane, and Bridget L. Borg

Subjects
Veterinary medicine, Geography, Ecology, Dall's sheep, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Nature and Landscape Conservation, General Environmental Science
Published
2020

25. Canadian Guidelines on Cannabis Use Disorder Among Older Adults

Author

Jason W. Nickerson, Andra M. Smith, Rand Teed, Amy Porath, Dallas Seitz, Harold Kalant, Jonathan R Bertram, Amanjot Mona Sidhu, and Ashok Krishnamoorthy

Subjects
cannabis, medicine.medical_specialty, Poison control, 01 natural sciences, Suicide prevention, Occupational safety and health, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Injury prevention, Medicine, Psychiatry, older adults, biology, business.industry, substance use disorder, 010401 analytical chemistry, Human factors and ergonomics, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Mental health, 0104 chemical sciences, Substance abuse, 030228 respiratory system, Clinical Practice Guidelines/Consensus Statements, Cannabis, Geriatrics and Gerontology, business, Gerontology
Abstract

BackgroundCannabis Use Disorder (CUD) is an emerging and diverse challenge among older adults.MethodsThe Canadian Coalition for Seniors’ Mental Health, with financial support from Health Canada, has produced evidencebased guidelines on the prevention, identification, assessment, and treatment of this form of substance use disorder.ConclusionsOlder adults may develop CUD in the setting of recreational and even medical use. Clinicians should remain vigilant for the detection of CUD, and they should be aware of strategies for prevention and managing its emergence and consequences The full version of these guidelines can be accessed at www.ccsmh.ca.

Published
2020

26. Characterization of transboundary foot‐and‐mouth disease viruses in Nigeria and Cameroon during 2016

Author

Souley Abdoulkadiri, D.D. Lazarus, Barbara Brito, CI Nwosuh, Jonathan Arzt, D.O. Ehizibolo, Miranda R. Bertram, George R. Smoliga, Ian H. Fish, Abdullahi Ardo, H. G. Ularamu, Y.S. Wungak, Simon Dickmu, Steven J. Pauszek, and Ethan J. Hartwig

Subjects
Serotype, Veterinary medicine, Livestock, Genotype, 040301 veterinary sciences, viruses, Pastoralism, Nigeria, Context (language use), Serogroup, Virus, Disease Outbreaks, 0403 veterinary science, 03 medical and health sciences, parasitic diseases, medicine, Animals, Cameroon, Phylogeny, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, General Veterinary, General Immunology and Microbiology, Phylogenetic tree, Foot-and-mouth disease, Outbreak, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, General Medicine, medicine.disease, Geography, Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus, Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Population Surveillance
Abstract

Continuous surveillance for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in endemic settings such as West Africa is imperative to support improved local and regional control plans, with the long-term goal of regional eradication. This paper describes the genetic characterization of FMD viruses (FMDV) obtained from outbreaks in Nigeria (n = 45) and Cameroon (n = 15) during 2016 and from archival samples (n = 3) retrieved from a 2014 outbreak in Nigeria. These viruses were analysed in the context of previously published FMDV sequences from the region. Four FMDV serotypes: O, A, SAT1 and SAT2, were detected. Phylogenetic analyses of the VP1 coding sequences indicate the continuity of FMDV serotype O East Africa-3 (O/EA-3), serotype A AFRICA genotype G-IV (A/AFRICA/G-IV) and serotype South African Territories (SAT) 2 lineage VII (SAT2/VII). The FMDV SAT1 topotype X (SAT1/X), which emerged in Nigeria in 2015, continued to be associated with outbreaks in the region during 2016, and SAT1 is reported for the first time from Cameroon. Additionally, a re-emergence or re-introduction of the serotype O West Africa (O/WA) topotype in Nigeria is described herein. Our findings indicate a consistent, pan-serotypic relationship between FMDV strains detected in Cameroon and Nigeria. Additionally, FMDV strains from West Africa obtained in this study were genetically related to those occurring in East and North Africa. These phylogenetic relationships suggest that animal movements (pastoralism and/or trade) are important factors for virus spread across the African continent. These data provide critical baselines which are a necessary component of Stages 0 and 1 of the Progressive Control Pathway of FMD (PCP-FMD). Specifically, characterizing the existing virus strains (risk) provides the basis for the comprehensive risk-based control plan which is the requisite criteria for Nigeria's transition to Stage 2 of PCP-FMD, and for coordinated regional control of FMD.

Published
2020

27. Genome of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) Contaminating a Continuous LFBK-α V β 6 Cell Line

Author

Lauren G. Holinka-Patterson, Ian H. Fish, Miranda R. Bertram, Ethan J. Hartwig, George R. Smoliga, Carolina Stenfeldt, Luis L. Rodriguez, and Jonathan Arzt

Subjects
Immunology and Microbiology (miscellaneous), viruses, Genetics, Molecular Biology
Abstract

Here, we report the genome of bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (BVDV-1) contaminating a continuous fetal bovine kidney cell line. The cell line (LFBK-α V β 6 ) is used for the rapid isolation and serotyping of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). The sequence contains the full polyprotein-coding sequence and partial untranslated regions (UTRs).

Published
2022

28. Comparison of skeletal muscle strength between cardiac patients and age-matched healthy controls

Author

K. Baum, U. Hildebrandt, K. Edel, R. Bertram, H. Hahmann, F.J. Bremer, S. Böhmen, C. Kammerlander, M. Serafin, Th. Rüther, E. Miche

Subjects
Medicine
Abstract

The purpose of the present study was to compare muscular strength of knee extensors and arm flexor muscles of cardiac patients (n = 638) and healthy controls (n = 961) in different age groups. Isometric torques were measured in a sitting position with the elbow, hip, and knee flexed to 900. For statistical analysis, age groups were pooled in decades from the age of 30 to 90 years. Additionally, the influence of physical lifestyle prior to disease on muscular strength was obtained in the patients. For statistical analysis three-way ANOVA (factors age, gender, and physical activity level) was used. Both in patients and in controls a significant age-dependent decline in maximal torque could be observed for arm flexors and knee extensors. Maximal leg extensor muscle showed statistically significant differences between healthy controls and cardiac patients as well as between subgroups of patients: Physically inactive patients showed lowest torques (male: 148 ± 18 Nm; female: 82 ± 25 Nm) while highest values were measured in control subjects (male: 167 ± 16 Nm; female: 93 ± 17 Nm). In contrast, arm flexor muscles did not show any significant influence of health status or sports history. This qualitative difference between weight-bearing leg muscles and the muscle group of the upper extremity suggest that lower skeletal muscle strength in heart patients is mainly a consequence of selective disuse of leg muscles rather than any pathological skeletal muscle metabolism. Since a certain level of skeletal muscle strength is a prerequisite to cope with everyday activities, strength training is recommended as an important part of cardiac rehabilitation.

Published
2009

29. Simultaneous and Staggered Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Coinfection of Cattle

Author

Fayna C Diaz-San Segundo, Lauren Holinka-Patterson, Ian H. Fish, Ethan J. Hartwig, Elizabeth Rieder, Steven J. Pauszek, George R. Smoliga, Miranda R. Bertram, Jonathan Arzt, Carolina Stenfeldt, and Tatjana Sitt

Subjects
Serotype, Livestock, viruses, Immunology, Cattle Diseases, medicine.disease_cause, Antibodies, Viral, Serogroup, Microbiology, Virus, Virology, medicine, Animals, Subclinical infection, Foot-and-mouth disease, biology, Coinfection, virus diseases, biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Capsid, Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus, Insect Science, Superinfection, Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Carrier State, Pathogenesis and Immunity, Cattle, Persistent Infection, Foot-and-mouth disease virus
Abstract

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) field studies have suggested the occurrence of simultaneous infection of individual hosts by multiple virus strains; however, the pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) coinfections is largely unknown. In the current study, cattle were experimentally exposed to two FMDV strains of different serotypes (O and A). One cohort was simultaneously infected with both viruses, while additional cohorts were initially infected with FMDV A and subsequently superinfected with FMDV O, after 21 or 35 days. Coinfections were confirmed during acute infection, with both viruses concurrently detected in blood, lesions, and secretions. Staggered exposures resulted in overlapping infections as convalescent animals with persistent subclinical FMDV infection were superinfected with a heterologous virus. Staggering virus exposure by 21 days conferred clinical protection in six of eight cattle, which were subclinically infected following the heterologous virus exposure. This effect was transient, as all animals superinfected at 35 days post initial infection developed fulminant FMD. The majority of cattle maintained persistent infection with one of the two viruses while clearing the other. Analysis of viral genomes confirmed inter-serotypic recombination events within 10 days in the upper respiratory tract of five superinfected animals from which the dominant genomes contained the capsid coding regions of the O virus, and non-structural coding regions of the A virus. By contrast, there were no dominant recombinant genomes detected in samples from simultaneously coinfected cattle. These findings inculpate persistently infected carriers as potential FMDV mixing vessels in which novel strains may rapidly emerge through superinfection and recombination. Importance Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a viral infection of livestock of critical socioeconomic importance. Field studies from areas of endemic FMD suggest that animals can be simultaneously infected by more than one distinct variant of FMD virus (FMDV), potentially resulting in emergence of novel viral strains through recombination. However, there has been limited investigation of the mechanisms of in vivo FMDV coinfections under controlled experimental conditions. Our findings confirmed that cattle could be simultaneously infected by two distinct serotypes of FMDV, with different outcomes associated with the timing of exposure to the two different viruses. Additionally, dominant inter-serotypic recombinant FMDVs were discovered in multiple samples from the upper respiratory tracts of five superinfected animals, emphasizing the potential importance of persistently infected FMDV carriers as sources of novel FMDV strains.

Published
2021

30. Coccidian Parasites and Conservation Implications for the Endangered Whooping Crane (Grus americana).

Author

Miranda R Bertram, Gabriel L Hamer, Karen F Snowden, Barry K Hartup, and Sarah A Hamer

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

While the population of endangered whooping cranes (Grus americana) has grown from 15 individuals in 1941 to an estimated 304 birds today, the population growth is not sufficient to support a down-listing of the species to threatened status. The degree to which disease may be limiting the population growth of whooping cranes is unknown. One disease of potential concern is caused by two crane-associated Eimeria species: Eimeria gruis and E. reichenowi. Unlike most species of Eimeria, which are localized to the intestinal tract, these crane-associated species may multiply systemically and cause a potentially fatal disease. Using a non-invasive sampling approach, we assessed the prevalence and phenology of Eimeria oocysts in whooping crane fecal samples collected across two winter seasons (November 2012-April 2014) at the Aransas National Wildlife Refuge along the Texas Gulf coast. We also compared the ability of microscopy and PCR to detect Eimeria in fecal samples. Across both years, 26.5% (n = 328) of fecal samples were positive for Eimeria based on microscopy. Although the sensitivity of PCR for detecting Eimeria infections seemed to be less than that of microscopy in the first year of the study (8.9% vs. 29.3%, respectively), an improved DNA extraction protocol resulted in increased sensitivity of PCR relative to microscopy in the second year of the study (27.6% and 20.8%, respectively). The proportion of positive samples did not vary significantly between years or among sampling sites. The proportion of Eimeria positive fecal samples varied with date of collection, but there was no consistent pattern of parasite shedding between the two years. We demonstrate that non-invasive fecal collections combined with PCR and DNA sequencing techniques provides a useful tool for monitoring Eimeria infection in cranes. Understanding the epidemiology of coccidiosis is important for management efforts to increase population growth of the endangered whooping crane.

Published
2015
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31. Use of Slaughterhouses as Sentinel Points for Genomic Surveillance of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Southern Vietnam

Author

Phan Quang Minh, Andres M. Perez, Pham V. Dong, Nguyen T. Phuong, Bui H. Hoang, Le T. Vu, Miranda R. Bertram, Kimberly VanderWaal, Vo V. Hung, Nguyen Van Long, Do H. Dung, Jonathan Arzt, and Umanga Gunasekara

Subjects
Veterinary medicine, disease control, Livestock, Buffaloes, sentinels, animal diseases, Cattle Diseases, Oropharynx, Pilot Projects, Biology, Serogroup, Microbiology, Article, Disease Outbreaks, Virology, Animals, Genetic diversity, Molecular Epidemiology, Molecular epidemiology, business.industry, Outbreak, Genomics, genetic diversity, Serum samples, biology.organism_classification, Disease control, QR1-502, phylogenetics, Infectious Diseases, Vietnam, Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus, Foot-and-Mouth Disease, subclinical infection, surveillance, Cattle, Foot-and-mouth disease virus, business, Abattoirs
Abstract

The genetic diversity of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) poses a challenge to the successful control of the disease, and it is important to identify the emergence of different strains in endemic settings. The objective of this study was to evaluate the sampling of clinically healthy livestock at slaughterhouses as a strategy for genomic FMDV surveillance. Serum samples (n = 11,875) and oropharyngeal fluid (OPF) samples (n = 5045) were collected from clinically healthy cattle and buffalo on farms in eight provinces in southern and northern Vietnam (2015–2019) to characterize viral diversity. Outbreak sequences were collected between 2009 and 2019. In two slaughterhouses in southern Vietnam, 1200 serum and OPF samples were collected from clinically healthy cattle and buffalo (2017 to 2019) as a pilot study on the use of slaughterhouses as sentinel points in surveillance. FMDV VP1 sequences were analyzed using discriminant principal component analysis and time-scaled phylodynamic trees. Six of seven serotype-O and -A clusters circulating in southern Vietnam between 2017–2019 were detected at least once in slaughterhouses, sometimes pre-dating outbreak sequences associated with the same cluster by 4–6 months. Routine sampling at slaughterhouses may provide a timely and efficient strategy for genomic surveillance to identify circulating and emerging FMDV strains.

Published
2021

32. Identical Viral Genetic Sequence Found in Black Flies (Simulium bivittatum) and the Equine Index Case of the 2006 U.S. Vesicular Stomatitis Outbreak

Author

Kristine E. Bennett, Barbara S. Drolet, Will K. Reeves, Luis L. Rodriguez, Miranda R. Bertram, and Steven J. Pauszek

Subjects
Microbiology (medical), 040301 veterinary sciences, Zoology, Article, 0403 veterinary science, 03 medical and health sciences, Vesicular Stomatitis, Simulium bivittatum, Immunology and Allergy, Simulium, Molecular Biology, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, General Immunology and Microbiology, biology, fungi, Outbreak, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, biology.organism_classification, Culicoides, black fly, Hypervariable region, horse, Infectious Diseases, Vesicular stomatitis virus, Medicine, vesicular stomatitis virus, Black fly, Vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus
Abstract

In 2006, vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus (VSNJV) caused outbreaks in Wyoming (WY) horses and cattle after overwintering in 2004 and 2005. Within two weeks of the outbreak onset, 12,203 biting flies and 194 grasshoppers were collected near three equine-positive premises in Natrona County, WY. Insects were identified to the species level and tested by RT-qPCR for VSNJV polymerase (L) and phosphoprotein (P) gene RNA. Collected dipterans known to be competent for VSV transmission included Simulium black flies and Culicoides biting midges. VSNJV L and P RNA was detected in two pools of female Simulium bivittatum and subjected to partial genome sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis based on the hypervariable region of the P gene from black flies showed 100% identity to the isolate obtained from the index horse case on the same premises. This is the first report of VSNJV in S. bivittatum in WY and the first field evidence of possible VSV maintenance in black fly populations during an outbreak.

Published
2021

33. Photoactivated Indium Phosphide Quantum Dots Treat Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Abscesses

Author

Colleen R McCollum, Prashant Nagpal, John R. Bertram, and Anushree Chatterjee

Subjects
Staphylococcus aureus, Materials science, medicine.drug_class, Phosphines, Antibiotics, Inflammation, 02 engineering and technology, medicine.disease_cause, Indium, Microbiology, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Mice, In vivo, Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial, Quantum Dots, medicine, Escherichia coli, Animals, General Materials Science, Subcutaneous abscess, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, biology, Superoxide, equipment and supplies, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, biology.organism_classification, Abscess, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Multiple drug resistance, chemistry, Female, medicine.symptom, 0210 nano-technology, Oxidative stress, Bacteria
Abstract

The increasing prevalence of drug-resistant bacterial strains is causing illness and death in an unprecedented number of people around the globe. Currently implemented small-molecule antibiotics are both increasingly less efficacious and perpetuating the evolution of resistance. Here, we propose a new treatment for drug-resistant bacterial infection in the form of indium phosphide quantum dots (InP QDs), semiconductor nanoparticles that are activated by light to produce superoxide. We show that the superoxide generated by InP QDs is able to effectively kill drug-resistant bacteria in vivo to reduce subcutaneous abscess infection in mice without being toxic to the animal. Our InP QDs are activated by near-infrared wavelengths with high transmission through skin and tissues and are composed of biocompatible materials. Body weight and organ tissue histology show that the QDs are nontoxic at a macroscale. Inflammation and oxidative stress markers in serum demonstrate that the InP QD treatment did not result in measurable effects on mouse health at concentrations that reduce drug-resistant bacterial viability in subcutaneous abscesses. The InP QD treatment decreased bacterial viability by over 3 orders of magnitude in subcutaneous abscesses formed in mice. These InP QDs thus provide a promising alternative to traditional small-molecule antibiotics, with the potential to be applied to a wide variety of infection types, including wound, respiratory, and urinary tract infections.

Published
2021

34. AirSWOT InSAR Mapping of Surface Water Elevations and Hydraulic Gradients Across the Yukon Flats Basin, Alaska

Author

George H. Allen, Tamlin M. Pavelsky, Delwyn Moller, Sarah W. Cooley, Lincoln H. Pitcher, David Butman, Jessica V. Fayne, Laurence C. Smith, Mark R. Bertram, Christine Lion, and E. H. Altenau

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Interferometric synthetic aperture radar, 0207 environmental engineering, 02 engineering and technology, Structural basin, 020701 environmental engineering, Permafrost, 01 natural sciences, Surface water, Geomorphology, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology
Published
2019

35. Novel Recombinant Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Circulating in Vietnam

Author

Le T. Vu, Nguyen N. Tien, Ethan J. Hartwig, Nguyen K. Dung, Miranda R. Bertram, George R. Smoliga, Do H. Dung, Vo V. Hung, Nguyen T. Phuong, Ian H. Fish, Pham V. Dong, Pham P. Vu, Bui H. Hoang, Jonathan Arzt, Barbara Brito, Rachel Palinski, and Steven J. Pauszek

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, biology, Strain (chemistry), 040301 veterinary sciences, Genome Sequences, Outbreak, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, biology.organism_classification, Genome, Virology, Virus, law.invention, 0403 veterinary science, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, Immunology and Microbiology (miscellaneous), Capsid, law, Genetics, Recombinant DNA, Foot-and-mouth disease virus, Molecular Biology, Subclinical infection
Abstract

We report the genome sequences of 12 recombinant foot-and-mouth disease virus isolates from Vietnam. The recombinant strain has a capsid region from an A/Sea-97 strain and a nonstructural segment from an O/ME-SA/PanAsia strain. The isolates were obtained from two outbreak samples collected in June 2017 and 10 subclinical samples collected between 2017 and 2019.

Published
2021

36. Scalable FastMDP for Pre-departure Airspace Reservation and Strategic De-conflict

Author

Joshua R. Bertram, Joseph Zambreno, and Peng Wei

Subjects
FOS: Computer and information sciences, Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence, Computer science, Real-time computing, Flight plan, Reservation, ComputerApplications_COMPUTERSINOTHERSYSTEMS, Terrain, Drone, Scheduling (computing), Term (time), Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI), Flight planning, Scalability
Abstract

Pre-departure flight plan scheduling for Urban Air Mobility (UAM) and cargo delivery drones will require on-demand scheduling of large numbers of aircraft. We examine the scalability of an algorithm known as FastMDP which was shown to perform well in deconflicting many dozens of aircraft in a dense airspace environment with terrain. We show that the algorithm can adapted to perform first-come-first-served pre-departure flight plan scheduling where conflict free flight plans are generated on demand. We demonstrate a parallelized implementation of the algorithm on a Graphics Processor Unit (GPU) which we term FastMDP-GPU and show the level of performance and scaling that can be achieved. Our results show that on commodity GPU hardware we can perform flight plan scheduling against 2000-3000 known flight plans and with server-class hardware the performance can be higher. We believe the results show promise for implementing a large scale UAM scheduler capable of performing on-demand flight scheduling that would be suitable for both a centralized or distributed flight planning system

Published
2021

37. Airborne Hyperspectral Data Acquisition and Processing in the Arctic: A Pilot Study Using the Hyspex Imaging Spectrometer for Wetland Mapping

Author

Rudi Gens, Jordi Cristóbal, Patrick Graham, Mark R. Bertram, Marcel Buchhorn, Anupma Prakash, Nikki Guldager, Producció Vegetal, and Ús Eficient de l'Aigua en Agricultura

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 0211 other engineering and technologies, Imaging spectrometer, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Arctic, Data acquisition, lcsh:Science, 021101 geological & geomatics engineering, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing, Data processing, hyperspectral image processing, Hyperspectral imaging, Spectral bands, HySpex, Lidar, classification, wetlands mapping, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, lcsh:Q, Bidirectional reflectance distribution function
Abstract

A pilot study for mapping the Arctic wetlands was conducted in the Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge (Refuge), Alaska. It included commissioning the HySpex VNIR-1800 and the HySpex SWIR-384 imaging spectrometers in a single-engine Found Bush Hawk aircraft, planning the flight times, direction, and speed to minimize the strong bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) effects present at high latitudes and establishing improved data processing workflows for the high-latitude environments. Hyperspectral images were acquired on two clear-sky days in early September, 2018, over three pilot study areas that together represented a wide variety of vegetation and wetland environments. Steps to further minimize BRDF effects and achieve a higher geometric accuracy were added to adapt and improve the Hyspex data processing workflow, developed by the German Aerospace Center (DLR), for high-latitude environments. One-meter spatial resolution hyperspectral images, that included a subset of only 120 selected spectral bands, were used for wetland mapping. A six-category legend was established based on previous U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) information and maps, and three different classification methods—hybrid classification, spectral angle mapper, and maximum likelihood—were used at two selected sites. The best classification performance occurred when using the maximum likelihood classifier with an averaged Kappa index of 0.95; followed by the spectral angle mapper (SAM) classifier with a Kappa index of 0.62; and, lastly, by the hybrid classifier showing lower performance with a Kappa index of 0.51. Recommendations for improvements of future work include the concurrent acquisition of LiDAR or RGB photo-derived digital surface models as well as detailed spectra collection for Alaska wetland cover to improve classification efforts. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Published
2021

39. Duration of Contagion of Foot-And-Mouth Disease Virus in Infected Live Pigs and Carcasses

Author

Jonathan Arzt, Amy H. Delgado, Miranda R. Bertram, Carolina Stenfeldt, Ethan J. Hartwig, and George R. Smoliga

Subjects
pig, Veterinary medicine, 040301 veterinary sciences, animal diseases, Biology, Virus, FMD, FMDV, 0403 veterinary science, 03 medical and health sciences, medicine, Original Research, 030304 developmental biology, Infectivity, 0303 health sciences, lcsh:Veterinary medicine, General Veterinary, Foot-and-mouth disease, foot-and-mouth disease virus, transmission, Outbreak, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, medicine.disease, Infectious period, biology.organism_classification, Post infection, contagion, foot-and-mouth disease, lcsh:SF600-1100, Veterinary Science, Foot-and-mouth disease virus, Transmitted disease
Abstract

Data-driven modeling of incursions of high-consequence, transboundary pathogens of animals is a critical component of veterinary preparedness. However, simplifying assumptions and excessive use of proxy measures to compensate for gaps in available data may compromise modeled outcomes. The current investigation was prospectively designed to address two major gaps in current knowledge of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) pathogenesis in pigs: the end (duration) of the infectious period and the viability of FMDV in decaying carcasses. By serial exposure of sentinel groups of pigs to the same group of donor pigs infected by FMDV A24 Cruzeiro, it was demonstrated that infected pigs transmitted disease at 10 days post infection (dpi), but not at 15 dpi. Assuming a latent period of 1 day, this would result in a conservative estimate of an infectious duration of 9 days, which is considerably longer than suggested by a previous report from an experiment performed in cattle. Airborne contagion was diminished within two days of removal of infected pigs from isolation rooms. FMDV in muscle was inactivated within 7 days in carcasses stored at 4oC. By contrast, FMDV infectivity in vesicle epithelium harvested from intact carcasses stored under similar conditions remained remarkably high until the study termination at 11 weeks post mortem. The output from this study consists of experimentally determined data on contagion associated with FMDV-infected pigs. This information may be utilized to update parameterization of models used for foot-and-mouth disease outbreak simulations involving areas of substantial pig production.

Published
2020

40. Genome Sequences of Seven Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Isolates Reveal Diversity in the O/ME-SA/Ind2001 Lineage in India between 1997 and 2009

Author

Ian H. Fish, Luis L. Rodriguez, Rajeev Ranjan, Biswajit Das, Jitendra K. Biswal, Miranda R. Bertram, Steven J. Pauszek, Rachel Palinski, Jajati K. Mohapatra, Jonathan Arzt, Ethan J. Hartwig, Bramhadev Pattnaik, George R. Smoliga, and Saravanan Subramaniam

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Genetics, Lineage (genetic), viruses, media_common.quotation_subject, Genome Sequences, 030106 microbiology, Disease, Biology, biology.organism_classification, Genome, Virus, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, Immunology and Microbiology (miscellaneous), Foot-and-mouth disease virus, Molecular Biology, Diversity (politics), media_common
Abstract

We report the genome sequences of seven foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus (FMDV) isolates collected in India between 1997 and 2009. The strains represented four sublineages within the O/ME-SA/Ind2001 lineage. These viruses provide insights into FMDV diversity and evolution in India and may influence future control measures, including vaccine selections.

Published
2020

41. Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Serotype O/CATHAY Genome Sequences from Five Outbreaks in Vietnam, 2017 to 2019

Author

Le T. Vu, Ethan J. Hartwig, Nguyen N. Tien, Do H. Dung, Miranda R. Bertram, Bui H. Hoang, David Vierra, George R. Smoliga, Rachel M. Palinski, Pham P. Vu, Vo V. Hung, Jonathan Arzt, Nguyen T. Phuong, Steven J. Pauszek, Pham V. Dong, and Nguyen K. Dung

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Serotype, Untranslated region, Genetics, Cathay, 040301 veterinary sciences, viruses, Genome Sequences, Outbreak, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Biology, biology.organism_classification, Genome, 0403 veterinary science, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, Immunology and Microbiology (miscellaneous), Coding region, Foot-and-mouth disease virus, Molecular Biology
Abstract

We report the genomes of five foot-and-mouth disease viruses (FMDVs) from distinct provinces in Vietnam. All five viruses were grouped within the O/CATHAY topotype. Sequences contain the full polyprotein coding sequence and partial untranslated regions. These genomes provide critical data on the spread and evolution of FMDVs in the region.

Published
2020

42. Gold nanoclusters cause selective light-driven biochemical catalysis in living nano-biohybrid organisms

Author

Prashant Nagpal, Yuchen Ding, and John R. Bertram

Subjects
Materials science, General Engineering, Bioengineering, Nanotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, General Chemistry, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Solar fuel, 01 natural sciences, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, 0104 chemical sciences, Nanoclusters, Catalysis, Ammonia production, Electron transfer, Quantum dot, Photocatalysis, General Materials Science, Quantum efficiency, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

Living nano-biohybrid organisms or nanorgs combine the specificity and well-designed surface chemistry of an enzyme catalyst site, with the strong light absorption and efficient charge injection (for biocatalytic reaction) from inorganic materials. Previous efforts in harvesting sunlight for renewable and sustainable photochemical conversion of inexpensive feedstocks to biochemicals using nanorgs focused on the design of semiconductor nanoparticles or quantum dots (QDs). However, metal nanoparticles and nanoclusters (NCs), such as gold (Au), offer strong light absorption properties and biocompatibility for potential application in living nanorgs. Here we show that optimized, sub-1 nanometer Au NCs-nanorgs can carry out selective biochemical catalysis with high turnover number (108 mol mol−1 of cells) and turnover frequency (>2 × 107 h−1). While the differences of size, light absorption, and electrochemical properties between these NCs (with 18, 22, and 25 atoms) are small, large differences in their light-activated properties dictate that 22 atom Au NCs are best suited for forming living nanorgs to drive photocatalytic ammonia production from air. Based on our experiments, these Au22 NC-nanorgs demonstrate 29.3% quantum efficiency of converting absorbed photons to the desired chemical, and 12.9% efficiency of photon-to-fuel conversion based on energy input–output. Further, by comparing the light-driven ammonia production yield between strains producing Mo–Fe nitrogenase with and without histidine tags, we demonstrate that preferential coupling of Au NCs to the nitrogenase through Au–histidine interactions is crucial for effective electron transfer and subsequent product generation. Together, these results provide the design rules for forming Au NCs-nanorgs and can have important implications for carrying out light-driven biochemical catalysis for renewable solar fuel generation.

Published
2020

43. Genome Sequences of Four Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus SAT 1 Topotype X Isolates from Cameroon

Author

Steven J. Pauszek, Rachel Palinski, David Vierra, Simon Dickmu, Jonathan Arzt, Ethan J. Hartwig, Souley Abdoulkadiri, Miranda R. Bertram, and George R. Smoliga

Subjects
Serotype, 0303 health sciences, Molecular epidemiology, biology, 040301 veterinary sciences, animal diseases, viruses, Genome Sequences, virus diseases, Outbreak, Central africa, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition, biology.organism_classification, Virology, Genome, Virus, 0403 veterinary science, 03 medical and health sciences, Immunology and Microbiology (miscellaneous), Genetics, Foot-and-mouth disease virus, Molecular Biology, 030304 developmental biology
Abstract

We report the genomes of four foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype SAT 1 topotype X isolates from Cameroon. The viruses were isolated from bovine epithelium collected during an outbreak in 2016. These novel sequences update knowledge of FMDV diversity in Central Africa and contribute to regional FMDV molecular epidemiology.

Published
2019

44. Characterization of naturally occurring, new and persistent subclinical foot‐and‐mouth disease virus infection in vaccinated Asian buffalo in Islamabad Capital Territory, Pakistan

Author

Michael LaRocco, Zaheer Ahmed, Umer Farooq, Barbara Brito, Carolina Stenfeldt, Miranda R. Bertram, Khalid Naeem, Luis L. Rodriguez, Steven J. Pauszek, and Jonathan Arzt

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Serotype, Buffaloes, viruses, animal diseases, Oropharynx, Virus, 03 medical and health sciences, medicine, Animals, Pakistan, Longitudinal Studies, Prospective Studies, Subclinical infection, General Veterinary, General Immunology and Microbiology, biology, Foot-and-mouth disease, Viral Vaccine, Vaccination, Viral Vaccines, General Medicine, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Virology, 030104 developmental biology, Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus, Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Carrier State, biology.protein, RNA, Viral, Foot-and-mouth disease virus, Antibody
Abstract

The convalescent subclinical carrier state of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection has been thoroughly investigated; contrastingly, the subclinical form of new infections of vaccinated and naïve hosts is recognized, but poorly understood. To investigate the natural dynamics of subclinical FMDV infections, a prospective, 12-month, longitudinal study was conducted in vaccinated Asian buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) under natural conditions in Pakistan, where FMDV is hyperendemic. Oropharyngeal fluid (OPF) samples were obtained quarterly from 300 buffalo on 30 farms which reported no clinical FMD during the 12-month study period. At the start of the study, 77.7% of buffalo had FMDV anti-NSP antibodies, and all farms had at least one seropositive buffalo. Based upon the presence of viral RNA and viral VP1 sequences obtained, distinct subcategories of subclinical infections were documented, including new, persistent, and serial infections with different FMDV strains. Viral RNA was detected in at least one OPF sample from 180 (60%) of the 300 buffalo. Over the course of the study, FMDV was detected in OPF of 80 buffalo that had been FMDV-free in previous OPF samples, indicating the occurrence of new subclinical infections. Eight buffalo were confirmed to be persistently infected, and serial infection with different FMDVs was confirmed in 13 animals. The most prevalent serotype detected was Asia-1, followed by A, and O. Phylogenetic analysis indicated multiple distinct clusters of serotypes Asia-1 and A. This study indicates a high prevalence of subclinical FMDV infection in vaccinated buffalo in Pakistan and emphasizes the importance of clinically undetected infection in FMD dynamics in endemic regions.

Published
2018

45. Identification of F- species after adsorption at the surface of milled and unmilled γ-Al 2 O 3

Author

Erhard Kemnitz, V. Scalise, R. Bertram, and Gudrun Scholz

Subjects
Surface (mathematics), Materials science, General Physics and Astronomy, chemistry.chemical_element, 02 engineering and technology, Surfaces and Interfaces, General Chemistry, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Metal, chemistry.chemical_compound, Adsorption, chemistry, Chemical engineering, visual_art, visual_art.visual_art_medium, Fluorine, 0210 nano-technology, Dissolution, Fluoride, Ball mill
Abstract

The power of a high energy ball milling process on the structure and at the surface of γ-Al 2 O 3 was characterized in detail. Beside unexpected changes of BET surface areas and of the dissolution behaviour, the mechanochemical treatment strongly influences the adsorption of fluorine at the γ-Al 2 O 3 / water interface. The time of the treatment has relevant importance on these processes. Since fluorine is not originally present in the bulk of γ-Al 2 O 3 , 19 F MAS NMR studies allow to discriminate between different F-species adsorbed at the surface or present as metal fluoride particles in γ-Al 2 O 3 powders after adsorption experiments.

Published
2018

46. Review of Vesicular Stomatitis in the United States with Focus on 2019 and 2020 Outbreaks

Author

Angela M. Pelzel-McCluskey, Lee W. Cohnstaedt, Debra P. C. Peters, Luis L. Rodriguez, Robert J. Keener, Rachel Tell, Robert Ewing, Brad Christensen, John M. Humphreys, and Miranda R. Bertram

Subjects
vector-borne disease outbreak, Microbiology (medical), Serotype, General Immunology and Microbiology, Animal health, Livestock disease, livestock disease, Outbreak, Review, Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus, Archaeology, Vesicular Stomatitis, Infectious Diseases, Geography, vesicular stomatitis, Medicine, Immunology and Allergy, Molecular Biology, Vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus, Overwintering, equine
Abstract

Vesicular stomatitis (VS) is a vector-borne livestock disease caused by vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus (VSNJV) or vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus (VSIV). The disease circulates endemically in northern South America, Central America, and Mexico and only occasionally causes outbreaks in the United States. Over the past 20 years, VSNJV outbreaks in the southwestern and Rocky Mountain regions occurred with incursion years followed by virus overwintering and subsequent expansion outbreak years. Regulatory response by animal health officials is deployed to prevent spread from lesioned animals. The 2019 VS incursion was the largest in 40 years, lasting from June to December 2019 with 1144 VS-affected premises in 111 counties in eight states (Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, and Wyoming) and was VSIV serotype, last isolated in 1998. A subsequent expansion occurred from April to October 2020 with 326 VS-affected premises in 70 counties in eight states (Arizona, Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas). The primary serotype in 2020 was VSIV, but a separate incursion of VSNJV occurred in south Texas. Summary characteristics of the outbreaks are presented along with VSV-vector sampling results and phylogenetic analysis of VSIV isolates providing evidence of virus overwintering.

Published
2021

47. A novel Haemosporida clade at the rank of genus in North American cranes (Aves: Gruiformes)

Author

Miranda R. Bertram, Matthew C. I. Medeiros, Gabriel L. Hamer, Diana C. Outlaw, Karen F. Snowden, Sarah A. Hamer, and Barry K. Hartup

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Systematics, Male, Erythrocytes, Genetic Speciation, Gruiformes, Zoology, Birds, 03 medical and health sciences, Genetics, Animals, Clade, Molecular clock, Protozoan Infections, Animal, Molecular Biology, Phylogeny, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, biology, Phylogenetic tree, Cytochrome b, Bird Diseases, Grus (genus), Haemosporida, Cytochromes b, biology.organism_classification, Biological Evolution, 030104 developmental biology, North America, Female
Abstract

The unicellular blood parasites in the order Haemosporida are highly diverse, infect many vertebrates, are responsible for a large disease burden among humans and animals, and have reemerged as an important model system to understand the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of host-parasite interactions. The phylogenetics and systematics of Haemosporida are limited by poor sampling of different vertebrate host taxa. We surveyed the Haemosporida of wild whooping cranes (Grus americana) and sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis) (Aves: Gruiformes) using a combination of morphological and molecular approaches. We identified Haemoproteus antigonis in blood smears based on published morphological descriptions. Phylogenetic analysis based on partial cytochrome b (cytb) and cytochrome oxidase (coI) sequences placed H. antigonis parasites in a novel clade, distinct from all avian Haemosporida genera for which cytb and/or coI sequences are available. Molecular clock and divergence estimates suggest this crane clade may represent a new genus. This is the first molecular description of H. antigonis and the first report of H. antigonis in wild whooping cranes, an endangered bird in North America. Further sampling of Haemosporida, especially from hosts of the Gruiformes and other poorly sampled orders, will help to resolve the relationship of the H. antigonis clade to other avian Haemosporida genera. Our study highlights the potential of sampling neglected host species to discover novel lineages of diverse parasite groups.

Published
2017
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48. A Novel n-Type Organosilane–Metal Ion Hybrid of Rhodamine B and Copper Cation for Low-Temperature Thermoelectric Materials

Author

Aubrey Penn, Hemali Rathnayake, John R. Bertram, and Matthew J. Nee

Subjects
Materials science, Inorganic chemistry, Analytical chemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Thermoelectric materials, 01 natural sciences, Copper, 0104 chemical sciences, Ion, Rhodamine, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Electrical resistivity and conductivity, Seebeck coefficient, Thermoelectric effect, Rhodamine B, General Materials Science, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

An n-type organosilane–metal ion hybrid of Rhodamine B–silane and copper cation (Cu–RBS) was investigated as a low-temperature thermoelectric material. Computational analysis revealed the most likely localized binding site of Cu2+ was to the Rhodamine B core and provided predictions of molecular orbitals and electrostatic potentials upon complexation. The concentration-dependent optical absorption and emission spectra confirmed the effective metal–ligand charge transfer from Cu2+ to the xanthene core of RBS, indicating the potential for improved electrical properties for the complex relative to RBS. The electrical conductivity and Seebeck thermoelectric (TE) behavior were evaluated and compared with its precursor complex of Rhodamine B and copper cation. While a moderately high electrical conductivity of 4.38 S m–1 was obtained for the Cu–RBS complex, the relatively low Seebeck coefficient of −26.2 μV/K resulted in a low TE power factor. However, compared to other organic doped materials, these results we...

Published
2017

49. Haemosporida prevalence and diversity are similar in endangered wild whooping cranes (Grus americana) and sympatric sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis)

Author

Miranda R. Bertram, Matthew C. I. Medeiros, Karen F. Snowden, Gabriel L. Hamer, Barry K. Hartup, and Sarah A. Hamer

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Sympatry, Male, Leucocytozoon, surrogate species, New Mexico, Endangered species, Allopatric speciation, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Birds, 03 medical and health sciences, Sandhill, Prevalence, molecular epizootiology, Animals, Protozoan Infections, Animal, Phylogeny, Grus canadensis, biology, Geography, Ecology, Bird Diseases, Endangered Species, Grus (genus), Haemosporida, biology.organism_classification, Texas, 030104 developmental biology, Infectious Diseases, Sympatric speciation, Grus americana, Animal Science and Zoology, Parasitology, sandhill crane, Female, whooping crane, Research Article
Abstract

SUMMARYThe population growth of endangered whooping cranes (Grus americana) is not consistent with species recovery goals, and the impact of parasite infection on whooping crane populations is largely unknown. Disease ecology and epidemiology research of endangered species is often hindered by limited ability to conduct invasive sampling on the target taxa. Accordingly, we hypothesized that sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis) would be a useful surrogate species to investigate the health impacts of Haemosporida infection in whooping cranes. Our goal was to compare the prevalence and diversity of Haemosporida infection between whooping cranes and sandhill cranes. We detected an overall infection prevalence of 83·6% (n = 61) in whooping cranes and 59·6% (n = 47) and 63·6 (n = 22) in two sympatric sandhill crane populations captured in Texas. Prevalence was significantly lower in allopatric sandhill cranes captured in New Mexico (12·1%, n = 33). Haemoproteus antigonis was the most abundant haemoparasite in cranes, present in 57·4% of whooping cranes and 39·2% of sandhill cranes; Plasmodium and Leucocytozoon were present at significantly lower levels. The high prevalence of Haemosporida in whooping cranes and sympatric sandhill cranes, with shared parasite lineages between the two species, supports sandhill cranes as a surrogate species for understanding health threats to endangered whooping cranes.

Published
2016

50. Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Serotype A Genome Sequence from Kenya in 2016

Author

Francis Gakuya, Kimberly VanderWaal, Vincent Obanda, George R. Smoliga, Steven J. Pauszek, Abraham Sangula, Rachel Palinski, Miranda R. Bertram, Ethan J. Hartwig, Jonathan Arzt, and George P. Omondi

Subjects
Whole genome sequencing, animal diseases, viruses, Genome Sequences, virus diseases, Biology, biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition, biology.organism_classification, Virology, Virus, Immunology and Microbiology (miscellaneous), parasitic diseases, Genetics, Serotype a, Foot-and-mouth disease virus, Molecular Biology, Sequence (medicine)
Abstract

We report the genome sequence of a foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype A topotype Africa isolate collected from bovine vesicular epithelium from Kenya in 2016. This novel sequence updates the knowledge of FMDV diversity in eastern Africa and has important implications for FMDV epidemiology and molecular analyses.

Published
2019

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