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Wuhan, a Chinese city, caught the world’s attention after the outbreak of a pandemic caused by the coronavirus 2019-nCoV. Coronaviruses are a group of single stranded positive-sense RNA that are supposed to cause various diseases in animals, including humans. The four genera of CoVs are αCoV, βCoV, ϒCoV, δCoV.CoVs. Initially, it was thought that the infection caused by these groups of viruses is only limited to their animal host. But now, they are believed to have passed from their animal host to humans and caused disease in humans. The pieces of evidence of this cross between animal-human species barrier have been supported by CoVs like the SARS CoV and MERS CoV, which has caused diseases in humans. 96% homology of the coronavirus isolated from humans matches with beta coronaviruses. The beta coronaviruses are usually found in bats in the genus Rhinolophus. Similarly, 92% homology of the SARS-CoV matches with SARS-like viruses that are found in bats. The majority of the SARS-like viruses are found in the Rhinolophus genus of the bats. This match of homology between COVID-19 virus and beta coronavirus suggests that COVID-19 virus is somehow associated with the Rhinolophus genus in Bats. Bats of this genus are widespread across Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and Europe. These links point out that there must be an intermediate host that could have probably facilitated the transfer of this virus from an animal reservoir to humans (civets were implicated as an intermediate host for SARS-CoV). Thus the similarities between SARS-CoV and the COVID-19 virus are being further investigated, and efforts are being made to identify the intermediate host.

A facile one step green synthesis of silver (AgNP), gold (AuNP) and platinum (PtNP) nanoparticles has been attempted using the rind extract of the fruit of Garcinia mangostana L. The rind of the fruit is enriched with wide varieties of natural resources which could be conveniently exploited as alternative for synthesis of nanoparticles eliminating the need for hazardous chemical methods. The formation of gold nanoparticles occurred at room temperature within a few seconds while the formation of silver and platinum nanoparticles was obtained after heating the solution for 20 min at 80 °C. Parameters such as contact time, temperature and pH were optimized to obtain the precise nanoparticles. The green synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using several state-of-the-art techniques like UV–Vis spectroscopic, FT-IR, HR-SEM and HR-TEM, XRD analyses and zeta potential measurements. Attempt has also been made to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the metal nanoparticles before and after combining with commercially used antibiotics as well as free antibiotics against human pathogenic bacteria. The bare silver nanoparticles (AgNP) showed relatively higher antibacterial activity than AuNP and PtNP and this activity was found to be more pronounced against gram negative bacteria than gram positive ones. Interestingly, all the three metal nanoparticles combined with antibiotics showed enhanced antibacterial activity against the pathogenic bacteria which suggested synergism between the nanoparticles and antibiotics. The high point of the present investigation has been that the Bacillus sp. which is highly resistant to streptomycin becomes highly susceptible to the same antibiotic when combined with gold nanoparticles. This particular observation opens up windows for the treatment of antibiotic resistant bacteria after combining with different nanoparticles under clinical set up.

In present days IoT devices are manufactured more in, and its quantity is being increased day by day. The main use of IoT devices is more user-friendly and has interconnectivity between more devices used by a single user, to make the life sophisticated. Most of the devices are being operated by battery energized and its operating cycle time is more than compared to its charging time. In this regard, the electric power consumed by these devices needs a unique controller and very intelligent power saving schemes to increase the working hours of the device. In this project, a unique controller is designed for eliminating the above-given problem.

The development of novel polymeric composites has attracted a great deal of attention due to their wide applications in various fields. In this investigation, we report on the synthesis of Polyaniline (PANI) and its cellulose nanocomposites via insitu oxidation polymerization method using aniline and cellulose with ammonium persulfate as oxidizing agent and thoroughly characterized using different analytical techniques. The polymer and its nanocomposites are characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) and Ultra Violet (UV)-visible spectroscopy. The structure, morphology and size of the nanocomposites are analyzed using X-ray diffraction method (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The thermal stability has been investigated by Thermogravimetry-Differential Thermal (TGA/DTA) analysis. The electrochemical responses of the prepared polymer and its composites have been studied by cyclic voltammetry. Also, the pure polyaniline and its nanocomposites are screened for their invitro antibacterial activity against three types of bacterial stain. The result showed that minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the novel PANI-Cellulose (PANI-C) nanocomposite is relatively lower than that of the pristine PANI. This confirms the enhanced activity of PANI-Cellulose nanocomposite than the pure PANI.

The present investigation reports a facile method for the biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles from the rind extract of Garcinia mangostana, a medicinal plant which acts as a reducing agent. It was observed that the aqueous gold ions, when exposed to the rind extract of G.mangostana were reduced in the solution, thereby leading to the formation of gold nanoparticles (GMREGNP). The structural characterization was performed using HR-TEM; the micrographs showed the well dispersed spherical nanoparticles ranged from 25 – 60 nm. The SAED diffraction rings suggested that the GMREGNP were polycrystalline in nature. The peaks in the XRD were in good agreement with the standard values of the spherical form of metallic gold and no peaks of impurities were detected. From the Fourier Transformed-Infrared Spectra (FT-IR) of the rind extract and phytosynthesised gold nanoparticles, the possible functional groups involved in the gold ions reduction and capping of the gold nanoparticles were identified. The particle size (DLS) and the electro kinetic measurement (zeta potential) of the GMREGNP was also evaluated. The nanoparticles were assessed for their increased antimicrobial activity with various antibiotics against potential human pathogens. Further the fabrication of the bio-inspired GMREGNP with the drug and the changes on the characteristics of the nanoparticles were studied using various techniques like UV-VIS spectroscopy and FT-IR. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the GMREGNP and drug fabricated GMREGNP has been recorded. The topological changes stamped by the nanoparticles on the surface of the bacteria have been recorded by SEM images. Experiments are underway to prove the possible mechanism for the synergistic effect of the nanoparticles with antibiotics.

The social network is a powerful data structure allowing the study of relationship information between entities. The existing methods only rely on analyzing homogeneous social network assuming only a single type of node and relation. Though, real world complex networks are not so. Usually it is a heterogeneous social network which assumes a network with different types of nodes and relation. A Multi Relational Network (MRN) is used to describe the nodes and links in the form of a directional semantic graph where each node is related with more than one relationship with others. The profile for each node can be generated based on the relation sequence of each node. To analyze the relation of node in the heterogeneous social network, role analysis is done in the profile creation. The evaluations are conducted on a real-world movie dataset with promising results.

Antithrombotic activity of a protease purified from a medicinal mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum, has been evaluated platelet aggregation in vitro and pulmonary thrombosis in vivo. The purified protease exhibited concentration dependent inhibitory effects on platelet aggregation induced by ADP (adenosine diphosphate), with an IC(50) value of 2.4 mg/mL. The purified protease protected mice against thrombotic death or paralysis induced by collagen and epinephrine in a dose dependent manner when administered orally. It produced a significant inhibition of thrombotic death or paralysis at 60 µg/kg body weight, while aspirin produced a significant inhibition of thrombosis at 10-20 mg/kg body weight. The purified protease also has showed fibrinolytic activity and alters coagulation parameters such as activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), and thrombin time (TT) in rat platelet. These results suggested that the antithrombotic activity of Ganoderma lucidum protease might be due to antiplatelet activity rather than anticoagulation activity.

Purpose: To study the effect of different inhibitors on the fibrinolytic activity of the enzyme produced by Ganoderma lucidum . Method: The intracellular fibrinolytic protease produced by Ganoderma lucidum VK12 was isolated from the mycelia grown in MCDBF broth and was purified to homogeneity using ammonium sulfate fractionation, ion exchange chromatography and sephadex G-150 column chromatography techniques. The purity of the enzyme was verified on SDS-PAGE after silver nitrate staining. The inhibitory effect of different metal ions and commercial protease inhibitors on enzyme activity was studied. The inhibitortreated enzyme was assayed with its substrate and the residual activity of the enzyme recorded. Result: The fibrinolytic enzyme isolated from Ganoderma lucidum was purified to near homogeneity and it appeared as a single protein band on SDS-PAGE. Metal ions such as Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ inhibited the activity of the enzyme while Zn 2+ ions enhanced the activity. Complete inactivation occurred when the enzyme was incubated with protease inhibitors such as EDTA, 1, 10-phenanthroline, phosphoamidon while the enzyme was insensitive to protease inhibitors such as leupeptin, PMSF, TPCK and APMSF. Conclusion: Copper sulfate completely inhibited the enzyme activity. The sensitivity of this enzyme to EDTA suggests that it might be a metalloprotease. Keywords: Ganoderma lucidum , Fibrinolytic protease, Protease inhibitors, Copper sulfate, EDTA