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Giant Gouramis (Osphronemus gouramy) is one type of freshwater fish that has a lot of interest and market demand is quite high. The cultivation of giant guramis is still constrained because of its relatively slow growth. Kelakai (Stenochlaena palustris) is one alternative that can be used as additional feed for giant gouramis because it has a high protein content of 27.31%. The problem with the use of kelakai for fish feed is the high crude fiber content. This nutritional value can be improved through the silage process or fermentation for feed or feed ingredients using microbes (addition of probiotics). Silage comes from forage or agricultural waste that is preserved in a fresh state through a fermentation process in a container.The study aimed to evaluate the growth and survival rate of giant gouramis. This study used a Complete Random Design with 4 Treatments with 3 repetitionsconsisting of Treatment 1 (K0): Pellet + fresh kelakai leaves: Treatment 2 (K1): Pellet + Kelakai leaves Silage for1 day incubation; Treatment 3 (K2): Pellet + Kelakai leaves Silage for 2 days incubation; Treatment 4 (K3): Pellet + Kelakai leaves Silage for3 days incubation. The results showed that the relative weight growth rate ranged from 21.13-25.16%, the relative length growth of the body ranged from 1.5-1.57%, survival ranged from 72-82% and the feed conversion rate ranged from 1.5-1.69.

Background: Secondary metabolites from the group of isoprenoid compounds are widely distributed in mangrove plants. Polyisoprenoids (dolichol and polyprenol) are known to have benefits as anticancer agents. The present study was conducted to determine the cytotoxic potential of polyisoprenoids in leaves from seventeen selected mangrove species against colon cancer (WiDr) cells. Methods: Cytotoxic activity was evaluated by MTT assay in vitro using WiDr human colon cancer cells and 3T3 fibroblasts from Swiss albino mouse embryo tissue as controls. Mechanisms of action were approached by assessing apoptosis and the cell cycle using flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy with annexin V-FITC, as well as expression of Bcl-2 and cyclin D1 by immunocytochemistry. Results: Polyisoprenoids from N. fruticans leaves demonstrated the highest anticancer activity, with an IC50 of 180.2 μg/mL, as compared to 397.7 μg/mL against 3T3 normal cells. Significant decrease in the expression of Bcl-2 and cyclin D1 was also noted, facilitating apoptosis and arrest of the cell cycle in the G0-G1 phase in WiDr cells. The present study showed for the first time that polyisoprenoids from N. fruticans exhibit concrete anticancer activity in vitro, decreasing cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis in colon cancer cells. Conclusions: Polyisoprenoids isolated from N. fruticans leaves may have promise as a source of anticancer agents.

The mangrove plant is known to produce secondary metabolite compounds, mainly isoprenoids. Polyisoprenoids (dolichol and polyprenol) are known to have antimicrobial, anticancer and antiviral activity. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the cytotoxic effects of polyisoprenoids from Rhizophora mucronata and Ceriops tagal leaves by evaluating the induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest and the inhibition of the expression of Bcl-2 and cyclin D1 in WiDr colon cancer cells. Cell death was determined based on IC50 values in MTT assays. The induction of apoptosis and alterations in the cell cycle were observed by flow cytometry. The expression of Bcl-2 and cyclin D1 proteins, which play a role in apoptosis and cell cycle regulation, was observed by immunocytochemistry. The results showed that polyisoprenoids from R. mucronata and C. tagal leaves exhibited toxicity against the WiDr cell line, with IC50 values of 278 ± 5.77 and 276 ± 9.54 μg/mL, respectively. Polyisoprenoids from R. mucronata and C. tagal leaves significantly induced apoptosis and caused cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase, while also decreasing the expression of Bcl-2 and cyclin D1. Our results confirmed that polyisoprenoids from R. mucronata and C. tagal leaves have the potential to be developed as anticancer agents for colon cancer.

Sumardi, Basyuni M, Wati R. 2018. Antimicrobial activity of polyisoprenoids of sixteen mangrove species from North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 1243-1248. Mangroves including those that are distributed in the coast of North Sumatra contain polyisoprenoid with varying levels of polyprenol and dolichol constituents. Differences in polyisoprenoid levels were closely related to the salinity of sea but the information about their biological activities is scarce. The present study aimed to describe the biological activities, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antifungal effects of polyisoprenoid extracts from sixteen mangrove species of North Sumatra, Indonesia. Polyisoprenoids were isolated from mangrove leaves and tested for their antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. Meanwhile, their antioxidant activity was represented by their capacity in scavenging DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free-radical agents. The most predominant polyisoprenoids found in sixteen mangrove leaf extracts was dolichols (75%). Polyprenols-dominant species, Acacia auriculiformis, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Pongamia pinnata, and Ricinus communis, and dolichols-dominant species, Avicennia lanata, Av. marina, Av. officinalis, Barringtonia asiatica, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Calophyllum inophyllum, Nypa fruticans, and Pandanus odoratissimus, inhibited the growth of E. coli and S. aureus. However, the antioxidant activity of those sixteen mangrove species was of a weak category. Surprisingly, all other mangroves polyisoprenoid extracts did not inhibit C. albicans growth. This study suggested that polyisoprenoids in mangroves have potential antibacterial properties to be developed further.

Basyuni M, Wati R, Deni I, Tia AR, Slamet B, Siregar ES, Syahputra I. 2018. Cluster analysis of polyisoprenoid in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) leaves in different land-uses to find the possible cause of yield gap from planting materials. Biodiversitas 19: 1492-1501. The distribution and occurrence of polyprenols and dolichols in the leaves of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) plantations in different land-uses in North Sumatra, Indonesia were analyzed using two-dimensional thin layer chromatography (2D-TLC). Eighty-one of oil palm leaves were sampled to represent twenty-seven sites of land-uses, namely paddy field (four locations), mangrove (three locations) in Lubuk Kertang, Langkat, North Sumatra. In addition, samples from four groups of smallholders in Stabat, Langkat, six sites in Bangun Bandar, Serdang Bedagai, and ten sites on the campus of Universitas Sumatera Utara (USU), North Sumatra were collected. In the leaves, only one type (type II) with respect to the distribution of polyisoprenoids was detected: having the presence of both polyprenols and dolichols. Either type I, having predominance of dolichols over polyprenols or type III, displaying dominating polyprenols over dolichols were not observed. Results also showed that chain-length distribution of ficaprenols (C50-C60) without longer polyprenols (C85-C100) and dolichols of C85-C100 was detected in the paddy field, mangroves, and one site in USU campus. This polyisoprenoid profile was close to dura type of Elaeis guineensis. By contrast, the remaining land-uses had ficaprenols and longer polyprenols, and dolichols (C85-C100), which belong to tenera or pisifera type. To confirm this finding, a dendrogram was constructed. Cluster analysis demonstrated that twenty-seven sites of E. guineensis were grouped into appropriate types of dura, pifiera, and tenera accordingly, indicating that the existence of polyisoprenoids in E. guineensis was a chemotaxonomic marker. The finding of polyisoprenoid pattern of E. guineensis as dura type in mangrove and paddy field sites may reveal significant causes of yield gap in oil palm plantation from planting materials.

Basyuni M, Wati R, Sagami H, Sumardi, Baba S, Oku H. 2018. Diversity and abundance of polyisoprenoid composition in plant species from North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 1-11. The distribution and abundance of polyprenols (pol) and dolichols (dol) in the leaves and roots of fourteen coastal plants from North Sumatra, Indonesia were analysed using two-dimensional thin layer chromatography. In the leaves, with respect to the distribution of pol and dol were detected and categorized into three-types. In type-I, the predominance of dol over pol, was observed in Barringtonia asiatica, Calophyllum inophyllum, Pandanus odoratissimus, and Stachytarpheta jamaicensis. In type-II, the presence of both pol and dol, was observed in Casuarina equisetifolia, Melastoma candidum, Morinda citrifolia, Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea, Sesuvium portulacastrum and Terminalia catappa. In type-III, the predominance of pol over dol, was observed in Acacia auriculiformis, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Ricinus communis, and Pongamia pinnata. However, in the roots, a type-I distribution was observed in eleven species, while three species, A. auriculiformis, M. candidum, and M. citrifolia, corresponded to a type-II distribution instead of type-III. The diversity of polyisoprenoid composition in the leaves was noted, whereas 79% of root tissues indicated that dol occur more abundantly than pol. The range of the contents of polysioprenoid was 12-300 mg/g dw. The present study indicated that pol and dol could be useful in the classification of mangroves and other coastal forests and in phylogenetic studies. The diversity and presence of polyisoprenoids in coastal plants suggested that plant polyisoprenoids are chemotaxonomically important.

Basyuni M, Gultom K, Fitri A, Susetya EA, Wati R, Slamet B, Sulistiyono N, Yusriani E, Balke T, Bunting P. 2018. Diversity and habitat characteristics of macrozoobenthos in the mangrove forest of Lubuk Kertang Village, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 311-317. Mangrove plays an important role in coastal ecosystems including ecological, social, and economic aspects. This study aimed to determine the diversity of macrozoobenthos and water quality based on diversity index (H’), similarity Index (E), and dominance index (D) in the mangrove of Lubuk Kertang Village North Sumatra, Indonesia. The samples of macrozoobenthos (biological parameter) and water quality (physical and chemical parameters) were collected from fifteen plots in three different stations. Macrozoobenthos were collected in 1 m × 1 m transect in the mangrove forest. The biota was taken by using a shovel, inserted into a plastic bag, and identified. Results showed that eight species of macrozoobenthos were found and classified into three classes of Gastropod, Bivalvia, and Malacostraca. The highest diversity index (H′) of macrozoobenthos was found at Station II (2.39), the highest evenness index (E) was located at Station I (0.54), and the highest dominance index (D) was found at Station II (0.34). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to determine the habitat characteristics of macrozoobenthos. PCA confirmed that station III was a habitat with suitable characteristics for the life of macrozoobenthos indicating the negative axis. The present study suggested four parameters namely salinity, clay temperature, and dissolved oxygen that should be preserved to support the survival of macrozoobenthos in the mangrove forests.

The development of selective and sensitive chemical sensors to overcome fluoride ions is needed, especially for applications in chemical and biological processes. One of the chemical compounds that can act as sensors is the Schiff base compound group. This study aims to synthesis a Schiff base based on salicylaldehyde and as a fluoride ion sensor. The one-pot synthesis approach was carried out in room terms by mixing salicylaldehyde with hydrazine hydrate or phenylenediamine with a molar ratio of 2: 1 in ethanol solvent under stirring for 24 hours. The bright yellow crystal was obtained with a yield of 80% for salicylaldazine (SB). The compounds in the dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solvent tend to be colorless, but in the presence of F-ions, the solution turns orange. The results indicate an interaction between SB1 with F-ions in solution.

Bintaro (Cerbera manghas L, Apocynaceae) is a mangrove plant that has been described to have several important biological properties and pharmacological activities. In this study, the vegetative organs (leaves, roots, and stems) and the generative tissues (flowers and fruits) were analysed using two-plate thin layer chromatography to investigate the polyisoprenoid (polyprenol or dehydrodolichol and dolichol) profiles. It was found that in the vegetative tissues, there was two types (I and II) of polyprenols and dolichols detected. Type-I having a prevalence of dolichols over dehydrodolichols, was traced in the roots and stems, and type-II, having an occurrence of both polyprenols and dolichols, was found in the leaves. In contrast, in the generative organs only type-I was detected. Taken together, four out of five tissues tested showed a predominance of dolichols over polyprenols, suggesting the existence of polyprenol reductase in C. manghas. The varying polyisoprenoids in the different tissues of C. manghas indicating that these compounds have chemotaxonomic significance in C. manghas.Bintaro (Cerbera manghas L, Apocynaceae) is a mangrove plant that has been described to have several important biological properties and pharmacological activities. In this study, the vegetative organs (leaves, roots, and stems) and the generative tissues (flowers and fruits) were analysed using two-plate thin layer chromatography to investigate the polyisoprenoid (polyprenol or dehydrodolichol and dolichol) profiles. It was found that in the vegetative tissues, there was two types (I and II) of polyprenols and dolichols detected. Type-I having a prevalence of dolichols over dehydrodolichols, was traced in the roots and stems, and type-II, having an occurrence of both polyprenols and dolichols, was found in the leaves. In contrast, in the generative organs only type-I was detected. Taken together, four out of five tissues tested showed a predominance of dolichols over polyprenols, suggesting the existence of polyprenol reductase in C. manghas. The varying polyisoprenoids in the different tissues of C. man...

This present study describes the bioinformatics analysis of 14 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of salt tolerance genes in mangrove plant, Rhizophora stylosa Griff. on DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank as well as physical and chemical properties, similarity, phylogenetic, potential peptide, and subcellular localization. The physical and chemical properties of 14 ESTs showed diversity among the fragment genes. The DNA sequence among the ESTs from R. stylosa exhibited 49 % to 99 % among themselves. The target peptide value of chloroplast and mitochondrial varied from 0.094 to 0.544 and from 0.016 to 0.314, respectively, indicated it was possible to exist. These results suggested the importance of understanding the diversity and function of properties of the salt tolerance genes in R. stylosa genomic library. To confirm the relationship among the ESTs in R. stylosa, a phylogenetic tree was constructed. The phylogenetic tree shows that there are three clusters, the first branch contained one EST, the second branch consists of 11 genes, in which the majority ESTs resides and the last group comprised of two ESTs. The present study, therefore, suggested the diversity of ESTs salt tolerance genes form distinct clusters in the phylogenetic tree.This present study describes the bioinformatics analysis of 14 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of salt tolerance genes in mangrove plant, Rhizophora stylosa Griff. on DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank as well as physical and chemical properties, similarity, phylogenetic, potential peptide, and subcellular localization. The physical and chemical properties of 14 ESTs showed diversity among the fragment genes. The DNA sequence among the ESTs from R. stylosa exhibited 49 % to 99 % among themselves. The target peptide value of chloroplast and mitochondrial varied from 0.094 to 0.544 and from 0.016 to 0.314, respectively, indicated it was possible to exist. These results suggested the importance of understanding the diversity and function of properties of the salt tolerance genes in R. stylosa genomic library. To confirm the relationship among the ESTs in R. stylosa, a phylogenetic tree was constructed. The phylogenetic tree shows that there are three clusters, the first branch contained one EST, the second branch consists of ...

Polyisoprenoid (polyprenols or dehydrodolichols and dolichols) content and composition of four true mangrove plants namely Excoecaria agallocha, Lumnitzera racemosa, Rhizophora apiculata, and R. lamarkii were investigated with particular emphasis on leaf senescence. The distribution and occurrence of polyisoprenoids was analyzed using the two-plate thin layer chromatography (2P-TLC) method. The age of the leaves was divided into young leaf, leaf, and yellow leaf. In the leaves, the distribution of polyisoprenoid was found to show the presence of both polyprenols and dolichols. The occurrence of ficaprenols (C50–C55) was observed in young leaves and leaves of the mangrove samples studied. On the other hand, dolichol contents were not altered in the leaves with senescence. By contrast, longer polyprenols were found in yellow leaves of E. agallocha, L. racemosa, and R. apiculata. In addition, it should be noted that there were changes to the polyprenols in leaf senescence identified. Furthermore, the formation of ficaprenols, longer polyprenols, and dolichols was modulated in the mangrove plants. These findings suggest that the accumulated polyprenols in the yellow leaves may be due to the catalyzation process that converts ficaprenols into longer polyprenols.

Major polyisoprenoid alcohols of mangrove plants were dolichols. Polyprenol reductase, therefore, may be active in mangrove plant leaves to catalyze the reduction of polyprenol to dolichol. Genomic sequence and homology-based PCRs method of mangrove plant Kandelia obovata have resulted in the cloning of predicted polyprenol reductase. The partial gene termed KoPPRD1 (1 192 bp, coding for 382 amino acids). The deduced amino acid sequence of KoPPRD1 showed significant similarity to known plant polyprenol reductase with the highest homology to Ricinus communis polyprenol reductase 2 (62 %). This result showed that the fragment gene of KoPPRD1 might encode polyprenol reductase gene. To clarify the relationship of KoPPRD1 to other polyprenol reductase genes, the phylogenetic analysis was constructed using ClustalW ver. 2.0 followed by drawing with TreeView based on a neighbor-joining method. Phylogenetic tree shows that KoPPRD1 join with R. communis polyprenol reductase 2, Ipomea nil polyprenol reductase 2, and Populus euphratica polyprenol reductase 2 branches, suggesting that KoPPRD1 gene is a new member of plant polyprenol reductase.Major polyisoprenoid alcohols of mangrove plants were dolichols. Polyprenol reductase, therefore, may be active in mangrove plant leaves to catalyze the reduction of polyprenol to dolichol. Genomic sequence and homology-based PCRs method of mangrove plant Kandelia obovata have resulted in the cloning of predicted polyprenol reductase. The partial gene termed KoPPRD1 (1 192 bp, coding for 382 amino acids). The deduced amino acid sequence of KoPPRD1 showed significant similarity to known plant polyprenol reductase with the highest homology to Ricinus communis polyprenol reductase 2 (62 %). This result showed that the fragment gene of KoPPRD1 might encode polyprenol reductase gene. To clarify the relationship of KoPPRD1 to other polyprenol reductase genes, the phylogenetic analysis was constructed using ClustalW ver. 2.0 followed by drawing with TreeView based on a neighbor-joining method. Phylogenetic tree shows that KoPPRD1 join with R. communis polyprenol reductase 2, Ipomea nil polyprenol reductase 2, an...

Cloning of Kandelia obovata (S. L.) Yong (2003) KcCAS gene from young roots (formerly known as Kandelia candel) has previously been reported and encoded a cycloartenol synthase. Fresh leaves of K. obovata that naturally grown in Okukubi River, Okinawa, Japan and used for DNA extraction. In this study, the KcCAS gene promoter was cloned through Genome walking, then sequenced and analyzed. An approximately 1 306 bp genomic DNA fragment of KcCAS promoter was obtained using the Universal Genome Walker kit. PLACE and PlantCARE analysis of the KcCAS promoter revealed that there was a number of regulatory elements in response to environmental signals and involved in the regulation of gene expression. Results showed that five kinds of cis-acting elements are regulated by hormone binding. These are the ABRE (TACGTG) involved in abscisic acid responsiveness, gibberellin-related GARE-motif (TCTGTTG), the P-box (CCTTTTG) involved in the gibberellin-responsive element, TCA-element (GAGAAGAATA) involved in salicylic acid responsiveness, and TGA-element (AACGAC) as an auxin-responsive element. Several important cis-acting elements in the KcCAS have been shown in other plants to be responsive to abiotic stress. These motifs were MBS (CAACTG), TC-rich repeats, and seven light responsive elements. The KcCAS promoter was also involved in the activation of defense genes in plants such as Box-W1 (TTGACC), dOCT (CaCGGATC), ARE (TGGTTT), and two circadian control elements (CAANNNNATC). The presence of multipotential regulatory motifs suggested that KcCAS may be involved in regulation of plant tolerance to several types of stresses.

A. floridum and L. littorea are the members of significant mangroves which are abundant in Indonesia that has been reported to have biological properties. The pattern and existence of polyisoprenoid alcohols (polyprenols/dehydrodolichol and dolichols) inthe leaves and roots of A. floridum and L. littorea were investigated using a convenient two-plate thin layer chromatography method. The polyprenols and dolichols distribution was determined and classified into two groups. Group-I, having a dominating of dolichols over dehydrodolichols, was found in the roots of L. littorea with one dolichol family (C90-C95). Type-II, showing the existence of both dehydrodolichols and dolichols, was observed in the leaves A. floridum (with polyprenol and dolichol chain length C60-C80 and C90-C95, respectively). Furthermore detected in leaves of L. Littorea, polyprenol and dolichol occurred longer chain length (C60-C140 and C70-C140, respectively) and roots of A. floridum with a chain length of dolichol (C75-C100) few longer that polyprenol (C85-C95). The composition of polyisoprenoids in leaves and roots tissues of A. floridum and L. littorea is the first description to extend our previous finding on the occurrence polyisoprenoids in mangrove plants.

Objective: This study aims to observe the analgesic activity of Bangun-bangun (Coleus amboinicus) leaves by induction of pain arising from chemical excitement after exposure to acetic acid.Methods: The effectiveness test of water extract and ethanol extract of Bangun-bangun leaves as an analgesic was measured by comparing the mean of quantitative and the writhing between control and treatment group. In addition, observations on the decrease in inflammatory processes occurred by calculating the reduction in the number of leukocyte migration to the inflammatory area.Result: The decrease of excitatory pain in all treatment Groups (I-IV) were significantly different. The comparison of mean values ± SEM decreased excitatory pain Groups I-II (255.00±22.22; 88.33±14.58), p=0.000. Groups I-III (255.00±22.22; 60.00±10.04), p=0.000 and Groups I-IV (255.00±22.22; 50.83±3.09), p=0.000. On histopathology examination, all treatment groups were significantly different (p=0.006). The comparison of mean value ± SEM decrease number of leukocyte Groups I-II (31.73±5.22; 14.70±3.71), p=0.025. Groups I-III (31.73±5.22; 15.67±3.22), p=0.036 and Groups I-IV (31.73±5.22; 11.77±2.77), p=0.008. However, the comparison of decrease of excitatory of pain and number of leukocyte migration between each group did not show significantly different (p>0.05).Conclusions: This study concluded that the Bangun-bangun leaves both in the form of water extract and ethanol extract proved efficacious as a pain reliever in the mice after induction of acetic acid.

Objective: The objective of the study was to investigate the inhibitory activity of polyisoprenoids from Nypa fruticans leaves on the expression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) against colon cancer cells. Methods: Anticancer activity performed was tested by dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide method on colon cancer cell WiDr. The expression of COX-2 was observed by the immunocytochemistry method. Result : Polyisoprenoids from N. fruticans leaves exhibit anticancer activity on WiDr cells through inhibition of COX-2 expression with IC50 180.186±7.16 μg/ml. Conclusions : This study showed that polyisoprenoids from N. fruticans leaves promise chemopreventive agents for colon cancer through COX-2 inhibition.

The background of this research is the use of mild steel (i.e., St37) as anchor chain that works on the corrosive environment of seawater which is possible to decrease its tensile strength. The longer soaked in seawater, the more significant the lowering of its tensile strength. Anchor chain needs to be designed by considering its tensile strength and corrosion resistance, so it's able to support mooring system well. The primary purpose of this research is obtaining the decreasing of stainless steel 304 (AISI 304) tensile strength which is corroded by seawater as anchor chain of the mooring system. It is also essential to obtain the lifetime of AISI304 and St37 as anchor chain with the same load, the corrosion rate of AISI 304, and St 37 in seawater. The method which was employed in this research is an experiment with four pieces of stainless steel AISI 304, and of St 37 corrosion testing samples, six pieces of stainless steel 304, and six pieces of St 37 for tensile testing samples. The result of this research shows that seawater caused stainless steel AISI 304 as anchor chain has decreased of tensile strength about 1.68 % during four weeks. Also, it indicates that AISI 304 as anchor chain has a lifetime about 130 times longer than St 37. Further, we found that the corrosion rate of stainless steel 304 in seawater is 0.2042 mpy in outstanding category, while the St 37 samples reached up to 27.0247 mpy ranked as fair category. This result recommends that AISI 304 more excellence than St 37 as anchor chain of the mooring system.

Crowdfundingis an alternative funding source for micro, small and medium-scale businesses in order to finish the problem of funding for an online campaign. The purpose of this research is to describe the alternative funding source of crowdfunding, by knowing the differences of the success in crowdfunding models and the factors that influence the success level in the achievement of crowdfunding model. The result of this research shows that the highest funding is achieved by the equitybased crowdfunding model. The result also shows that there is a difference in the achievement levels of crowdfunding models. The funding target, the total of backers and the minimum sum of investment affect positively in the success of crowdfunding, while the time range of funding does not affect significantly toward the success of crowdfunding model. Keywords: Micro, small & medium-scale businesses, funding source, crowdfunding

This present study describes four mangrove seedlings namely Bruguiera cylindrica, B. sexangula, Ceriops tagal, and Rhizophora apiculata in response to salinity with particular emphasis to root development. The seedlings of four mangroves were grown for 5 months in 0%, 0.5%, 1.5%, 2.0% and 3.0% salt concentration. Salinity significantly decreased the growth (diameter and plant height) of all mangrove seedlings. Root developments were observed from the tap and lateral root. The number, length and diameter of both roots-typed of B. cylindrica, B. sexangula and C. tagal seedlings significantly decreased with increasing salt concentration with optimum development at 0.5% salinity. By contrast, the number, length, and diameter of tap root of R. apiculata seedlings were significantly enhanced by salt with maximal stimulation at 0.5%, and this increase was attenuated by increasing salinity. On the other hand, lateral root development of R. apiculata significantly thrived up to 1.5% salinity then decreasing with the increasing salinity. The different response of root development suggested valuable information for mangrove rehabilitation in North Sumatra and their adaption to withstand salt stress.

Cloning of Kandelia obovata KcCAS gene (previously known as Kandelia candel) and Rhizophora stylosa RsCAS have already have been reported and encoded cycloartenol synthases. In this study, the predicted KcCAS and RsCAS protein were analyzed using online software of Phyre2 and Swiss-model. The protein modelling for KcCAS and RsCAS cycloartenol synthases was determined using Pyre2 had similar results with slightly different in sequence identity. By contrast, the Swiss-model for KcCAS slightly had higher sequence identity (47.31%) and Qmean (0.70) compared to RsCAS. No difference of ligands binding site which is considered as modulators for both cycloartenol synthases. The range of predicted protein derived from 91-757 amino acid residues with coverage sequence similarities 0.86, respectively from template model of lanosterol synthase from the human. Homology modelling revealed that 706 residues (93% of the amino acid sequence) had been modelled with 100.0% confidence by the single highest scoring template for both KcCAS and RsCAS using Phyre2. This coverage was more elevated than swiss-model predicted (86%). The present study suggested that both genes are responsible for the genesis of cycloartenol in these mangrove plants.

Mangrove forests in North Sumatera, Indonesia existed in the east coast of Sumatera Island and commonly thrived in Langkat, Deli Serdang, Batubara, Tanjung Balai, Asahan, Labuhanbatu until Serdang Bedagai. The present study describes the developing community-based mangrove management (CBMM) through eco-tourism in two locations, Lubuk Kertang (LK) of Langkat and Sei Nagalawan (SN) of Serdang Bedagai, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Mangrove ecosystem, coastal villagers and visitors, and related stakeholder were analyzed to present the potential of mangrove ecosystem, the ecological suitability, and the carrying capacity then continued with SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) analysis. Results showed that mangrove diversity in LK consist of fifteen species which Rhizophora apiculata and Avicennia lanata dominated the area, where mangroves in SN found seven species dominated by R. apiculata and A. officinalis. Based on the suitability level of mangrove ecosystem for ecotourism development, LK and SN were categorized as suitable and conditionally suitable, respectively. The carrying capacity of mangrove ecotourism for LK and SN were 36 and 36 people/day respectively. SWOT analysis revealed that both locations of eco-tourism have a potential eco-tourism attraction, high mangrove biodiversity, possible human resources, and real people's perception on the importance of mangrove conservation, and relatively easy access. The study present suggested that mangrove ecotourism is a sustainable form of land use, to contributing the environmental protection and providing socio-economic benefits to the local people through indirect values of the natural resources.

Molecular cloning of five oxidosqualene cyclases (OSC) genes from Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Kandelia candel, and Rhizophora stylosa had previously been cloned, characterized, and encoded mono and -multi triterpene synthases. The present study analyzed protein modelling of triterpene synthase genes from mangrove using Phyre2 and Swiss-model. The diversity was noted within protein modelling of triterpene synthases using Phyre2 from sequence identity (38-43%) and residue (696-703). RsM2 was distinguishable from others for template structure; it used lanosterol synthase as a template (PDB ID: w6j.1.A). By contrast, other genes used human lanosterol synthase (1w6k.1.A). The predicted bind sites were correlated with the product of triterpene synthase, the product of BgbAS was β-amyrin, while RsM1 contained a significant amount of β-amyrin. Similarly BgLUS and KcMS, both main products was lupeol, on the other hand, RsM2 with the outcome of taraxerol. Homology modelling revealed that 696 residues of BgbAS, BgLUS, RsM1, and RsM2 (91-92% of the amino acid sequence) had been modelled with 100% confidence by the single highest scoring template using Phyre2. This coverage was higher than Swiss-model (85-90%). The present study suggested that molecular cloning of triterpene genes provides useful tools for studying the protein modelling related regulation of isoprenoids biosynthesis in mangrove forests.

Molecular cloning of Kandelia candel KcMS gene has previously been cloned and encoded a multifunctional triterpene synthase. In this study, the KcMS gene promoter was cloned through Genome walking, sequenced, and analyzed. A 1,358 bp genomic DNA fragment of KcMS promoter was obtained. PLACE and PlantCARE analysis of the KcMS promoter revealed that there was some regulatory elements in response to environmental signals and involved in the regulation of gene expression. Results showed that four kinds of elements are regulated by hormone binding, namely 2 MeJA-responsiveness elements (CGTCA-motif and TGACG-motif), the ABRE (TACGTG) involved in abscisic acid responsiveness, gibberellin-related GARE-motif (AAACAGA), and the TGA-element (AACGAC) as an auxin-responsive element. Several elements in the KcMS have been shown in other plants to be responsive to abiotic stress. These motifs were MBS (CAACTG), TC-rich repeats, and eight light responsive elements. The KcMS promoter was also involved in the activation of defense genes in plants such as HSE (AAAAAATTC) and four circadian control elements (CAANNNNATC). The presence of multipotential regulatory motifs suggested that KcMS may be involved in regulation of plant tolerance to several types of stresses.

This present study describesthe bioinformatics approach to analyze three partial polyprenol reductase genes from mangrove plant, Kandeliaobovataas well aspredictedphysical and chemical properties, potential peptide, subcellular localization, and phylogenetic. The diversity was noted in the physical and chemical properties of three partial polyprenol reductase genes. The values of chloroplast were relatively high, showed that chloroplast transit peptide occurred in mangrove polyprenol reductase. The target peptide value of mitochondria varied from 0.088 to 0.198 indicated it was possible to be present. These results suggested the importance of understanding the diversity of physicochemical properties of the different amino acids in polyprenol reductase. The subcellular localization of two partial genes located in the plasma membrane. To confirm the homology among the polyprenol reductase in the database, a dendrogram was drawn. The phylogenetic tree depicts that there are three clusters, the partial genes of K. obovata joined the largest one: C23157 was close to Ricinus communis polyprenol reductase. Whereas, C23901 and C24171 were grouped with Ipomoea nil polyprenol reductase, suggested that these polyprenol reductase genes form distinct separation into tropical habitat plants.

Deforestation and forest degradation have been previously reported to contributing greenhouse gas emission, the primary driver of global warming. The present paper studies deforestation and reforestation trend in North Sumatra, Indonesia using land-use/land-cover change from 1990-2015. The land-use consists of three classes derived from forest land (primary and secondary dry land forest, primary and secondary swamp forest, primary and secondary mangrove forest). Non-Forest (shrub, oil palm plantation, forest plantation, settlement, barren land, swamp shrub, dry land farming, mixed dry land farming, paddy field, aquaculture, airport, transmigration, and mining), and water body (water and swamp). Results showed that from 33 regencies/city in North Sumatra, among them, 25 districts deforested, which was the highest deforestation rate in Labuhanbatu and South Labuhanbatu (2,238.08 and 1,652.55 ha/year, respectively), only one area reforested, and seven districts showed no deforestation or reforestation. During 25 years observed, the forest has been deforested 22.92%, while nonforest has been increased 11.33% of land-use. The significant increasing loss of North Sumatran forest implies conservation efforts and developing sustainable forest management.

The productivity of chili in 2014-2015 has decreased by 29,411 tons due to conversion of agricultural land. One of the efforts to increase the production of chili is by using latosol acid as a cultivation area. The low fertility of latosol land can be overcome by fertilizing. The purpose of this research was to investigate the role of duckweed and Methylobacterium on chili production which cultivated at latosol soil. The design used was Completely Randomized Design (RAL) with 6 treatments and 4 replications. The treatment consisted of P0 = control, P1 = 50 kg / ha, P2 = 100 kg / ha, P3 = 150 kg / ha, P4 = 200 kg / ha, and P5 = 250 kg / ha. Assamed data were analyzed by using variance analysis (ANOVA), Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) with confidence level 95% was used for further analysis. The results showed that fertilizer application can increase the fertility of latosol soil, percentage of chili pepper plant life, height, number of productive branches, number of flower, and amount of fruit.

Coastal plants are recognized to yield secondary metabolites including polyisoprenoid alcohols. Coastal plants have been shown to have biological and phytochemical activities. The present study reports the search for polyisoprenoids composition from flowers and fruits of selected coastal plants,Amorphophallus paeoniifolius, Guettarda speciosa, andJatropha curcas. A two-dimensional thin layer chromatography (2D-TLC) was used to analyse the composition and occurrence of polyisoprenoid alcohols (polyprenols and dolichols) in coastal plants. The distribution of polyprenols and dolichols in the flowers and fruits were detected and classified into one type only, type-II. Type-II, having the presence of both polyprenols and dolichols, was found in all samples investigated: in the flowers and fruits ofA. paeoniifolius, G. spiciosa, andJ. curcas. It is interesting to note that no dominating dolichols over polyprenols (type-I) or predominance polyprenol over dolichols (type-III) detected in this study. The present study, therefore, suggested the diversity of polyisoprenoids in the generative tissues of tropical coastal plants.

Microsatellite loci were used for estimating mating system for three populations ofB. gymnorrhizaandK. obovata(Rhizophoracea) in Okinawa, Japan. Mother trees and thirty offspring of individual samples representing the population of both species were genotyped at five microsatellites. The mating system was examined using two approaches: a mixed mating model of multilocus testing, implemented by MLTR program and outcrossing rate from the level of inbreeding. Mating system analysis showed multilocus outcrossing rates (tm) for both species was 0.850-1.000 and 0.780-0.938 respectively. By contrast, according to inbreeding level, tm was lower than MLRT: 0.495-1.028 and 0.480-0.612 of both species respectively. However, biparental inbreeding (tm- ts) was diverse from zero both species for all three populations, showing that cross-fertilization events may ensue between the relatives both species. This data as well means the genetic relatedness (r) forB. gymnorrhizaandK. obovatawere 0.108±0.025 and 0.032±0.09 respectively. Average relatedness was below 0.25, the value for a half-sib relationship. These results suggest that postulation of a half-sib relationship among progeny of open-pollinated families is opposed for both mangrove tree species.

Objectives: The current investigation was conducted to examine the anticancer effect of polyisoprenoids from Avicennia marina and Avicennia lanata leaves in WiDr cells. Selectivity index (SI), cell cycle inhibition, and apoptosis activity were evaluated. Materials and Methods: The anticancer activity of polyisoprenoids from A. marina and A. lanata leaves was determined by observing the activity of these compounds toward WiDr cells using the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. The SI was determined from the IC50 of the polyisoprenoid extract in normal cells (Vero) versus cancer cells (WiDr). Inhibited cell cycle and increased apoptosis were analyzed by flow cytometry. Results: Polyisoprenoid extract from A. marina and A. lanata leaves exhibited anticancer activity against WiDr cells with an IC50 of 154.987 μg/mL and 305.928 μg/mL, respectively. The polyisoprenoid extract from A. marina leaves had an SI value of 5.195 (>3) for categorization as exceptionally selective. Cell cycle analysis revealed that the inhibition occurred in the G0–G1 phase and apoptosis occurred in the early-apoptosis development. Conclusion: Polyisoprenoids from A. marina and A. lanata leaves can be used as anticancer agents against WiDr colon cancer cells. The mechanisms that underlie anticancer activity of the extract were due to by inhibiting of cell cycle and inducing of apoptosis. Abbreviations used: DMSO: Dimethylsulfoxide, MTT: 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, PBS: Phosphate buffer saline, SDS: Sodium dodecyl sulfate.

This study described the bioinformatics methods to analyze seven oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC) genes from mangrove plants on DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank as well as predicted the structure, composition, similarity, subcellular localization and phylogenetic. The physical and chemical properties of seven mangrove OSC showed variation among the genes. The percentage of the secondary structure of seven mangrove OSC genes followed the order of a helix > random coil > extended chain structure. The values of chloroplast or signal peptide were too low, indicated that no chloroplast transit peptide or signal peptide of secretion pathway in mangrove OSC genes. The target peptide value of mitochondria varied from 0.163 to 0.430, indicated it was possible to exist. These results suggested the importance of understanding the diversity and functional of properties of the different amino acids in mangrove OSC genes. To clarify the relationship among the mangrove OSC gene, a phylogenetic tree was constructed. The phylogenetic tree shows that there are three clusters, Kandelia KcMS join with Bruguiera BgLUS, Rhizophora RsM1 was close to Bruguiera BgbAS, and Rhizophora RcCAS join with Kandelia KcCAS. The present study, therefore, supported the previous results that plant OSC genes form distinct clusters in the tree.

The research purpose was analyzed the utilization of production factors in dairy cow farming in economies of scale at Ompie dairy cow farming in Tanjung Bonai village, North of Lintau Buo subdistrict, Tanah Datar regency. The samples were 18 lactating dairy cows. Data obtained through case study by observing and calculated the consumption of grass and concentrate as well as the lactating month and the cow’s weight directly, and interviewed Farm’s caretaker. Production factors estimated by using ordinary least square by using SPSS 17. Result shown, production function Y= 0,0012 H1,671K0,405M-0,187W0,119 was obtained. R Square test determination, coefficient (R2) was 0.721, which was means 71,2% of production variation can be explained through green food variable, concentrate, month of lactation, and different cows’ weight. The F test showed that overall, independent variables has significant impact on milk production (P