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To characterize the personality profile of glaucoma subjects.One hundred eight subjects including 56 open-angle glaucoma (OAG) and 52 controls were given the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) test and all performed automated perimetry. Clinical and demographic information which could relate to personality type was collected.OAG subjects had significantly higher Hypochondriasis (Hs; P=0.0082), Hysteria (Hy; P=0.0056), and Health Concerns (HEA; P=0.0025) mean scores than the control group. OAG subjects also had a significantly greater frequency of clinically abnormal score for hysteria (P=0.0262), and health concerns (P=0.0018). Multivariate analysis of variance revealed that Hypochondriasis, Hysteria, and Health Concerns scores were related to number of systemic medications used and to diagnostic group. Other potential explanatory variables such as sex, ethnicity, number of medical problems, length of glaucoma diagnosis, occurrence of glaucoma surgery, intraocular pressure, and visual status (logMAR, visual field indices) were not related to these personality scores.Patients with a diagnosis of OAG had more abnormal MMPI-2 scores in areas that focus upon concerns of somatic complaints and poor health. The use of systemic medications, which may be a constant reminder of illness, is a factor that may contribute to higher MMPI-2 scores.

Background: A possible relation between maternal-fetal microchimerism and autoimmune diseases with some similarities to chronic graft versus host disease (cGVHD) has been reported. Objective: To investigate whether cells with male DNA exist in female patients with Sjogren's syndrome (SS) as SS has clinical features similar to those of cGVHD. Methods: DNA was extracted from 27 samples of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), 42 biopsy samples of labial salivary glands (LSG), and nine samples of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cells from 56 female patients with SS. The presence of male DNA was determined by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and by fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH). Results: Among 56 female patients with SS, 42 patients had at least one male child. Among those 42 patients, none of the 22 PBMC but 10/28 (36%) LSG samples tested positive by PCR for the Y chromosome-specific sequence (p=0.0013). The Y chromosome-specific sequence was not detected in the samples of LSG in 10 patients without SS. In the BALF samples 2/9 (22%) patients with SS tested positive by PCR. Cells containing the Y chromosome were shown to exist in all the LSG specimens from three female patients with SS by FISH. Conclusions: Maternal-fetal microchimerism was shown for the first time to exist in the salivary glands and lungs of female patients with SS in this study. The presence of non-host cells in the inflammatory lesions but not in the peripheral blood suggests a possible role for maternal-fetal microchimerism in the pathogenesis of SS.

To find out whether the palatal plane is a useful indicator for evaluating the level of velopharyngeal closure, we did a cross-sectional study from early childhood to puberty of the vertical relationship between the palatal plane and the level of velarpharyngeal contact during velopharyngeal functioning in 61 patients with repaired cleft palate (unilateral cleft lip and palate = cleft group) and 82 controls without clefts (control group). Measurements on the vertical dimension were derived from a coordinate system and landmarks on lateral cephalograms, and the significance of differences in measurements was analysed using Student's t-test. Changes in the points of velarpharyngeal contact in relation to the palatal plane with growth showed a consistent tendency though differed between the two groups. In the control group, the PPW (point where palatal plane extension intersects the posterior pharyngeal wall) was maintained at a level that did not differ significantly from the level of midpoint of velarpharyngeal contact during phonation of /a/, and was maintained at a level that did not differ significantly from the level of the inferior point of velarpharyngeal contact. In the cleft group, however, it was maintained at a level that was slightly higher than the superior point of velarpharyngeal contact both during phonation of /a/ and during blowing. These results suggest that the palatal plane is useful as an indicator for evaluating the level of velopharyngeal closure.

We have compared the energy expenditure during walking in three patients, aged between 51 and 55 years, with unilateral disarticulation of the hip when using the mechanical-controlled stance-phase control knee (Otto Bock 3R15) and the microprocessor-controlled pneumatic swing-phase control knee (Intelligent Prosthesis, IP). All had an endoskeletal hip disarticulation prosthesis with an Otto Bock 7E7 hip and a single-axis foot. The energy expenditure was measured when walking at speeds of 30, 50, and 70 m/min. Two patients showed a decreased uptake of oxygen (energy expenditure per unit time, ml/kg/min) of between 10.3% and 39.6% when using the IP compared with the Otto Bock 3R15 at the same speeds. One did not show any significant difference in the uptake of oxygen at 30 m/min, but at 50 and 70 m/min, a decrease in uptake of between 10.5% and 11.6% was found when using the IP. The use of the IP decreased the energy expenditure of walking in these patients.

Tumor-specific human cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) were induced by co-culturing peripheral blood mononuclear cells with X-ray-irradiated human lung squamous carcinoma cells, SQ-5, in the medium supplemented with interleukin(IL)-1, IL-2, IL-4 and IL-6, and 5% autologous plasma for 3 or 5 days. The CTL grew in serum/plasma-free medium containing these four interleukins and 0.5% bovine serum albumin for over a month and maintained killing activity of target cells within 48 h at an effector/target ratio of 1.25. Their growth was essentially dependent on the target SQ-5 cells, which were renewed every 5 days. Under these conditions, IL-4 and IL-6 could be omitted. When anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody was added to the serum/plasma-free medium supplemented with IL-1 and IL-2, the target tumor cells were not required to maintain the specific killing activity of the CTL. A large number of CTL (10(11)) were obtained in 35 days.

The hydrolysis of hydroxymethyl cyanoguanidine and methoxymethyl cyanoguianidine in acidic aqueous media were studied by analyzing the eluted formaldehyde and the reaction products. Dihydroxymethyl cyanoguanidine released two formaldehydes with different rates because one of the two hydroxymethyl groups is intramolecularly interactive through the hydrogen bond. Methanol dissociation from methoxymethyl cyanoguanidine was seven to eight times faster than the dissociation of hydroxymethyl group, and the overall hydrolysis kinetics were similar to those of hydroxymethyl cyanoguanidine.

The prophylactic effect of glutathione (GSH) on radiation injury in rat parotid glands was investigated. GSH was administered to male Wistar rats i.p. 15 min prior to irradiation. The necrosis index (NI) of the glands was determined histologically 24 h after a single dose of 15, 30, or 60 Gy. Total amylase activity, total protein content and wet weight of the glands were measured 30, 60 and 90 days after irradiation. Administration of GSH prior to radiation minimized acute and chronic radiation injuries as a function of the GSH dose: i.e. reduction of NI and prevention of the decrease in total amylase activity, total protein content and gland weight. The intraglandular level of non-protein-bound thiols (NPSH) and GSH increased significantly after i.p. administration of GSH, whether or not the glands were irradiated. An autoradiographic study revealed that i.p.-administered 35S-GSH was actively taken up by the glandular parenchyma, especially in the acini and ducts. It was shown that elevation of the intraglandular level of NPSH after exogenous administration of GSH protected the parotid glands from radiation injury in the rat.

Mismatch fields in magnetoencephalogram were recorded in ;ignore' condition while presenting combinations of standard and deviant tone sequences to the subjects to investigate how the structure of musical scale is represented in the brain function. Both tonal (having a key) and atonal sequences were employed to see the influence of tonality in eliciting mismatch fields. Mismatch fields were larger when the subject encountered the deviant sequence associated with the tonal sequence than with the atonal sequence suggesting connection between auditory cortical activity and recognition of 'key'.

We undertook a prospective, randomised study in order to evaluate the efficacy of clamping the drains after intra-articular injection of saline with 1:500 000 adrenaline compared with post-operative blood salvage in reducing blood loss in 212 total knee arthroplasties. The mean post-operative drained blood volume after drain clamping was 352.1 ml compared to 662.3 ml after blood salvage (p < 0.0001). Allogenic blood transfusion was needed in one patient in the drain group and for three in the blood salvage group. Drain clamping with intra-articular injection of saline with adrenaline is more effective than post-operative autologous blood transfusion in reducing blood loss during total knee arthroplasty.

The aim of this study was to assess the importance of immunohistochemical thymidylate synthase (TS) expression level as a prognostic marker in tongue cancer patients. In 140 patients with primary squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the tongue, intratumoural TS expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. The level of TS expression was determined by a semiquantitative scoring system, ranging from 1+ to 3+ according to the ratio of TS-positive cells. Of 140 patients, 64 (45.7%), 49 (35.0%) and 27 (19.3%) were assessed as 1+, 2+ and 3+, respectively. Univariate analyses demonstrated that both disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were significantly lower in patients with a TS 3+ tumour than in those with a TS 1+/2+ tumour (DFS: P = 0.0082, OS: P = 0.0100). In a multivariate analysis using the Cox regression model, cervical lymph-node status and TS expression level were selected as independent factors for DFS and OS. Maintenance adjuvant chemotherapy by oral 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) significantly improved DFS and OS in patients with a TS 1+/2+ tumour (DFS: P = 0.0027, OS: P = 0.0398). These data suggest that the level of immunohistochemical TS expression is an independent prognosticator in patients with tongue SCC, and may be useful in the selection of patients who would benefit from oral 5-FU adjuvant chemotherapy.

Watermarking is a technique embedding hidden multimedia information imperceptibly, such as images and sounds. Generally original image is transformed and coded watermark data is embedded in frequency domain watermarking models. In this paper, we propose a new data embedding method using cellular automata transform (CAT). An original image is CA-transformed and the watermark data is embedded into the coefficients of CA-transformed pattern. Our watermarking model has the flexibility in data hiding. It is possible to embed watermark pattern in many different CAT planes with different rule number parameters and CA bases class of CAT and all kinds of image models such as shape, letter and photo can be used as a watermark data. Using CAT with various rule number parameters, it is possible to get many channels for embedding. So our method can recover the weak point having only one transform plane in DFT and DCT domain methods. The watermarking experiments were conducted to show the validity of the proposed method, and the results show that our method can provide multi frequency domains for embedding watermark.

We previously reported that the gastric mucosa emits fluorescence of porphyrins at the onset of gastric lesions induced by hemorrhagic shock. In this study, we investigated whether the fluorescent substance concerns with the gastric mucosal injuries induced by diflofenac, a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID). In the gastric mucosa treated with diclofenac, lesions were generated and myeloperoxidase activity increased. Diclofenac administration also increased thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, a index of tissue peroxidation. After diclofenac treatment, the gastric mucosal fluorescence intensities rose. HPLC analysis demonstrated that the fluorescent substances were mesoporphyrin and protoporphyrin, which were the same as found in hemorrhagic shock. Pretreatment of the tissue with radical scavenging substances, catalase and troxipide, restrained the increase of mucosal fluorescence intensity, tissue peroxidation, and lesion formation. These findings indicate that diclofenac treatment induced the generation of porphyrins as well as tissue peroxidation in gastric mucosal tissue. This study suggests that autofluorescence observation is a useful tool to identify diclofenac-induced gastric injury.

A novel nucleotide change in the collagen X gene was identified in a Japanese family with Schmid metaphyseal chondrodysplasia (SMCD). The T to C change at nucleotide 1951 resulted in replacement of tryptophan by arginine at residue 651 (W651R). This missense mutation is considered to be responsible for SMCD because 1, the same mutation was not be identified in the collagen X gene from normal individuals; 2, the mutation segregated with the SMCD phenotype in the index family; 3, the substituted amino acid is highly conserved in type X collagens, and 4, the mutation causes a marked change in the hydrophobicity profile of the surrounding region in the NC1 domain. This novel mutation (W651) seems to have the same impact on bone development as W651X mutation.

Intra-arterial chemotherapy from bilateral superficial temporal arteries and radiotherapy were carried out preoperatively on two patients with oral cancer on the midline. Total doses of preoperative chemo- and radio-therapies were 160 mg/m2 of carboplatin, 50 mg of peplomycin and 20 Gy of 60Co-irradiation, respectively. Therapeutic effect of preoperative chemo- and radio-therapies was evaluated on the resected materials from histological point of view. In case 1, the effect was judged as Grade II A in Oboshi's classification, which indicated a mild destruction of architecture of tumor tissue and a few viable tumor cells, but an extreme reduction of the primary lesion was observed on clinical appearance. In case 2, the therapeutic effect was regarded as Grade II B, which indicated a severe destruction of architecture of tumor tissue and few viable tumor cells. Concerning toxicity, mucositis and slight thrombocytopenia (96,000/mm3) in case 1, and mucositis and leukopenia (2,300/mm3) in case 2 appeared. However, they soon recovered after termination of the preoperative therapies. From the above results, it was considered that a combination of bilateral intra-arterial chemotherapy and radiotherapy was quite effective as a preoperative treatment for oral cancers on the midline at the same doses of anti-neoplastic agents and irradiation as for the other unilateral oral cancers.

Pelvic radiographs of 200 consecutive Japanese Oriental patients who were admitted for hip surgery at the Hospital of Kobe University in Japan were compared with those of 199 consecutive American white patients who were admitted for the same purpose to a New England hospital over a similar four and a half-year period between 1972 and 1976. One hundred and fifty-three Japanese Oriental and 157 American white patients had either primary or secondary osteoarthritis. The remainder had other types of hip pathology, such as avascular necrosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis. The radiographs of five Japanese Oriental and seven American white patients showed evidence of previous Legg-Calve-Perthes disease, coxa vara, or slipped capital femoral epiphysis. With only two exceptions, the osteoarthritis in the remainder of the Japanese Oriental patients was secondary, caused by antecedent congenital hip disease: twenty-eight had one or two congenitally dislocated hips, ninety-two had acetabular dysplasia, and twenty-six had superolateral osteoarthritis. In contrast, only nine of the American white patients clearly had a diagnosis of acetabular dysplasia, and twenty-six had superolateral osteoarthritis. Twenty-one American white men had a femoral head-tilt deformity. Among the Americans, the largest group (sixty-five patients) had superomedial osteoarthritis. Nine had non-rheumatoid protrusio acetabuli and twenty had axillary or concentric osteoarthritic involvement. The majority of American white patients, therefore, had a type of osteoarthritis that was not seen in the Japanese Oriental patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Peripheral ameloblastoma is a rare odontogenic neoplasm, which arises in the tooth-bearing gingiva or other oral soft tissues and has no invasive character as compared with an intraosseous ameloblastoma. A new case of the neoplasm has been presented, and the literature concerning behavior, histogenesis, and treatment of this entity has been evaluated.

The analgesic effect of calcitonin in osteoporosis has been considered to originate from its actions on bone metabolism. However, the author assumed a possible presence of other mechanism, since the analgesic effect of calcitonin manifests in an extremely early phase in which an increase in bone mass is hardly conceivable. Namely, the author postulated that its analgesic effect is due to its actions on body trunk muscles, and investigated experimentally the effect of calcitonin on skeletal muscles. The following results were obtained. 1) Recovery from decreased twitch contraction of M. triceps surae was shown in vivo in rats treated with calcitonin, with dose-response relationship. 2) Calcitonin exerted no effect on partial blockade by dTc, in neuro-muscular junction. Therefore, the neuro-muscular junction is probably not the site of the actions of calcitonin. 3. In an in vitro study on isolated M. soleus, the decrease contraction was recovered after treatment with calcitonin. A correlation was found between this recovery and the dose of calcitonin. 4) In the calcitonin treated muscle, a pronounced persistence of normal contraction was demonstrated in contrast to the control group. 5) Calcitonin appears to facilitate Ca release through exerting actions on Ca transport system in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. From these results, it was shown that calcitonin appears to possess an activity to elevate contractile ability of skeletal muscles. This activity is considered to be derived from its effect on sarcoplasmic reticulum. This activity of calcitonin on contractile function of skeletal muscles indicates the presence of a mechanism relating to skeletal muscles in the analgesic effect on low back pain in osteoporosis.

The processes are as follows: 1) Life-sized photoelastic models molded from a cadaver pelvis are made of Epoxy resin. 2) In order to practice the stress freezing process, the models are set to our original loading apparatus in the electric heater. The forces exerted on the hip models are both body weight and four kinds of muscular forces, those of the abductor, adductor, rectus femoris and gluteus maximus. 3) After the stresses are frozen in the models, they are cut off into slices to observe isochromatic and isoclinic lines. 4) In the stress analysis both the shear difference method and the double slice method are utilized to obtain more accurate stress distributions. And the results have been summarized as follows: 1) In the ring-shaped slices large stresses are observed especially at four areas; namely the central area of the iliac bone, the acetabulum proximal to the ilium, the pubic ramus and the area adjacent to the sacroiliac joint. The specific areas where hydrostatic pressure works are seen at two points in the deep acetabular cavity. 2) The principal stress lines of almost all slices tend to flow smoothly and monotonously along the ilium, the sacrum and the pubic bone, but as they approach the acetabulum they run in complex patterns and make some singular points. 3) Around the acetabulum the principal stress lines of one group run in concentric circles and those of the other group radiate in all directions from the center of the acetabulum at the upper half of the dome which supports the load. The stress here was 5 to 6 times greater than in the lower half of the dome. 4) The acetabulum is stretched vertically and deformed into an oval shape. The horse shoe-shaped articular facet is deformed as both beaks approach each other. 5) As for the slices of the pelvic ring the normal acetabulum tends to be obviously deformed as it holds or embraces the femoral head. As a result of this deformity the stability between the acetabulum and the head increases. On the other hand the dysplastic acetabulum shows none of those phenomena. 6) The iliac bone of the pelvic ring is deformed into the "S" shape and the pubic ramus the "C" shape, the "S" shape, or the "Z" shape depending on the limb position. The pelvic ring tends to be deformed into a heart shape during abduction.

Electrical stimulation to enhance callus formation has been in use for some time now. This experiment was undertaken to find the relationship between electrical callus formation and the amount of electricity. In this experiment, the long bones of canines were stimulated by direct current and observed microscopically for callus formation. Moreover, distribution patterns of electric potential and current density were calculated theoretically by finite element method. The results are summarized as follows: Electrical callus formation was observed in the medullary canal with 8.7-20 microA direct current. Electrical callus is fibrous ossification and the peak of callus formation is from fourteen to twenty one days. There is no difference in volume and/or speed of callus formation between the simple and the constant direct current. Using platinum electrodes, the amount of callus formed around the cathode and anode is the same. To prevent electrolysis of the tissues, distance between electrodes must be kept at a minimum. On the other hand, the surface area of the electrodes must be widen to keep the electric potential at the minimum level. The area of callus formation is related to 5-10 microA/cm2 of electric current density.

A rare case of the oral lymphoepithelial cyst in the ventral surface of the tongue is reported. Histological findings show the same appearance as reported previously, and the continuity of the cyst wall to the oral mucosa in the specimen is suspected. Some aspects of the lesion are reviewed, and its pathogenesis, as reported in the literature, is discussed.

A case of cementifying fibroma growing into the right maxillary sinus is reported. Clinical and histopathological findings are presented. The differentiation from central fibro-osseous lesions in jaw bones is discussed.

Bone remodeling influenced by mechanical stresses was studied using ambulatory chickens. They were divided into four groups with the different mechanical forces applied to the leg. I: running along a circular track, II: walking or standing on one leg, III: control, IV: casting. The animals were sacrificed after 12 weeks and undecalcified cross-sections of femurs and tibias were examined using a tetracycline labeling method. Bone formation was evident at both metaphyses of the femur and at the proximal metaphysis of the tibia. More bone formation was observed at the medial quarter of both femur and tibia than in comparison with the lateral quarter. There was, however, no difference in the membraneous ossification between the medial and lateral quarters in Group II. The lack of significant cortical drift at the medial side of the femur and tibia suggests that no bending moment is generated by standing on one leg.

Pelvic radiographs of 200 consecutive Japanese Oriental patients who were admitted for hip surgery at the Hospital of Kobe University in Japan were compared with those of 199 consecutive American white patients who were admitted for the same purpose to a New England hospital over a similar four and a half-year period between 1972 and 1976. One hundred and fifty-three Japanese Oriental and 157 American white patients had either primary or secondary osteoarthritis. The remainder had other types of hip pathology, such as avascular necrosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis. The radiographs of five Japanese Oriental and seven American white patients showed evidence of previous Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease, coxa vara, or slipped capital femoral epiphysis. With only two exceptions, the osteoarthritis in the remainder of the Japanese Oriental patients was secondary, caused by antecedent congenital hip disease: twenty-eight had one or two congenitally dislocated hips, ninety-two had acetabular dysplasia, and twenty-six had superolateral osteoarthritis. In contrast, only nine of the American white patients clearly had a diagnosis of acetabular dysplasia, and twenty-six had superolateral osteoarthritis. Twenty-one American white men had a femoral head-tilt deformity. Among the Americans, the largest group (sixty-five patients) had superomedial osteoarthritis. Nine had non-rheumatoid protrusio acetabuli and twenty had axillary or concentric osteoarthritic involvement. The majority of American white patients, therefore, had a type of osteoarthritis that was not seen in the Japanese Oriental patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

The question concerning reusability of the Hoffmann-Vidal frame has been widely discussed, but no definite recommendation can be made on scientific data. The present study was designed to investigate the change of frame stiffness and fatigue life of the components in a Hoffmann-Vidal quadrilateral fixator. Failures were found at the base of the pin fixation bracket rod. They can be classified into 3 types: complete rod fracture, incomplete rod fracture and loosening of the rod. Only complete fractures of the rod caused a significant reduction of frame stiffness. Strength and loosening torque were proportional to the initial tightening torque for both the universal ball joint and articulation coupling. The mean reduction of screw fixation strength was 16% after 2.5 million cycles. As a result of repeated tightening, two retaining screws from three universal ball joints were severely deformed and the threads flattened. Two fixation screws on the pin bracket and two square-headed screws on the adjustable connecting rods fractured at the 5th to 6th tightening sequence. Significant wear debris were observed during repeated tightening of the articulation coupling. No gross material defects were observed on the fracture surfaces of the failed components. The Hoffmann-Vidal external fixation apparatus may be safely used for four to five sequential applications provided that all critical components be carefully inspected and the fixation screws replaced after each application. The screws should be tightened appropriately using only the T-wrench in order to prevent overloading. These screws should be retightened periodically to maintain incorporated to minimize the screw and rod fractures and to avoid the wear problem after repeated tightening of the screws.

Clinical results with elbow prostheses have been disappointing. A detailed knowledge of elbow joint geometry and mechanics is necessary to improve prosthetic design. In this study, the humeroulnar articulation of four human cadaver elbows was examined using surface analytic methods. In this article, the location of the transverse axis of elbow flexion-extension is suggested in relation to well-defined landmarks, the medial and lateral epicondyles, and subsequently to the line connecting their most lateral points--the transepicondylar line. The geometry of the structures responsible for the carrying angle is discussed, as is the extent of cartilage-covered bearing areas of the lower humerus and upper ulna. Implications pertaining to prosthetic design and surgical technique resulting from this study are discussed.