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Aim—To determine the clinical intervention rate during routine review after uncomplicated phacoemulsification. Methods—A review of case notes in 651 consecutive cases of uncomplicated phacoemulsification from 1994 (

To test the hypothesis that adjunctive intracameral 1% lidocaine reduces intraoperative pain during phacoemulsification using topical anesthesia.Prospective, double-masked, randomized, controlled trial.A total of 200 patients undergoing routine phacoemulsification under topical 1% tetracaine were studied.Randomization to 0.5 ml intracameral, unpreserved, epinephrine-free 1% lidocaine or placebo was conducted.Intraoperative pain was quantified by the patients using a 0-10 visual analog pain scale.Intraoperative pain scores (+/- standard deviation) for the lidocaine and control groups were 1.29 +/-1.24 and 1.44 +/- 1.33, respectively (P0.35).In a rigorously double-masked, prospective, randomized, controlled trial there was no significant reduction in intraoperative pain when intracameral 1% lidocaine was used during phacoemulsification under topical anesthesia.

Surgery for cataract resulting from pars plana vitrectomy combined with fluid/silicone oil exchange is often rewarding in terms of visual acuity improvement. Careful choice of surgical method and suitable modifications of standard technique reduce the incidence of serious complications. Per-operative posterior capsulotomy is a safe method of maintaining a clear visual axis after ECCE.

Alterations in retinal vessel calibre on changing posture may indicate an autoregulatory response to changing perfusion pressure. The effect of passive tilting on retinal response in healthy individuals was investigated. Subjects were supported on a specially constructed tilting table. The control measurements were taken with the body in a 30 degrees head up position. Red-free fundus photographs were taken before, during and after a three minute period of 30 degrees head down tilting. Ten subjects were assessed (mean age 29 years: range 18-38). A total of 92 arteriolar and 86 venular sites were measured. On tilting to the head down position arterioles showed an early and significant decrease in calibre: mean -3.1% (p less than 0.001). Venules showed an increase of 3.7% (p less than 0.001). The response was not sustained throughout the period of tilting despite a maintained increase in ocular perfusion pressure, which was estimated in six of the subjects.

We here study some problems concerned with the computational analysis of finite partially ordered sets. We begin (in § 1) by showing that the matrix representation of a binary relationR may always be taken in triangular form ifR is a partial ordering. We consider (in § 2) the chain structure in partially ordered sets, answer the combinatorial question of how many maximal chains might exist in a partially ordered set withn elements, and we give an algorithm for enumerating all maximal chains. We give (in § 3) algorithms which decide whether a partially ordered set is a (lower or upper) semi-lattice, and whether a lattice has distributive, modular, and Boolean properties. Finally (in § 4) we give Algol realizations of the various algorithms.

A computer program is described for the preparation of decision tables (based upon observed statistics) for diagnosis. The procedure does not depend upon the assumption that symptoms occur independently. The program is intended for preliminary diagnosis or screening, therefore it should have value as a device of preventive medicine. This program is available from SHARE as HO BC CRIT.