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[Background] Concerns have been raised about the possibility that inhibitors of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) could predispose individuals to severe COVID-19; however, epidemiological evidence is lacking. We report the results of a case-population study done in Madrid, Spain, since the outbreak of COVID-19., [Methods] In this case-population study, we consecutively selected patients aged 18 years or older with a PCR-confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 requiring admission to hospital from seven hospitals in Madrid, who had been admitted between March 1 and March 24, 2020. As a reference group, we randomly sampled ten patients per case, individually matched for age, sex, region (ie, Madrid), and date of admission to hospital (month and day; index date), from Base de datos para la Investigación Farmacoepidemiológica en Atención Primaria (BIFAP), a Spanish primary health-care database, in its last available year (2018). We extracted information on comorbidities and prescriptions up to the month before index date (ie, current use) from electronic clinical records of both cases and controls. The outcome of interest was admission to hospital of patients with COVID-19. To minimise confounding by indication, the main analysis focused on assessing the association between COVID-19 requiring admission to hospital and use of RAAS inhibitors compared with use of other antihypertensive drugs. We calculated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs, adjusted for age, sex, and cardiovascular comorbidities and risk factors, using conditional logistic regression. The protocol of the study was registered in the EU electronic Register of Post-Authorisation Studies, EUPAS34437., [Findings] We collected data for 1139 cases and 11 390 population controls. Among cases, 444 (39·0%) were female and the mean age was 69·1 years (SD 15·4), and despite being matched on sex and age, a significantly higher proportion of cases had pre-existing cardiovascular disease (OR 1·98, 95% CI 1·62–2·41) and risk factors (1·46, 1·23–1·73) than did controls. Compared with users of other antihypertensive drugs, users of RAAS inhibitors had an adjusted OR for COVID-19 requiring admission to hospital of 0·94 (95% CI 0·77–1·15). No increased risk was observed with either angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (adjusted OR 0·80, 0·64–1·00) or angiotensin-receptor blockers (1·10, 0·88–1·37). Sex, age, and background cardiovascular risk did not modify the adjusted OR between use of RAAS inhibitors and COVID-19 requiring admission to hospital, whereas a decreased risk of COVID-19 requiring admission to hospital was found among patients with diabetes who were users of RAAS inhibitors (adjusted OR 0·53, 95% CI 0·34–0·80). The adjusted ORs were similar across severity degrees of COVID-19., [Interpretation] RAAS inhibitors do not increase the risk of COVID-19 requiring admission to hospital, including fatal cases and those admitted to intensive care units, and should not be discontinued to prevent a severe case of COVID-19., This study was funded by a research grant from the Institute of Health Carlos III (COV20/00027).

espanolObjetivo: Valorar los resultados del tratamiento de la artrosis de rodilla mediante una inyeccion intrarticular de acido hialuronico en lo que se refiere a reduccion del dolor, mejoria de la funcion articular y duracion de los efectos. Metodo: Pacientes con diagnostico clinico y radiologico de artrosis en diferentes fases de evolucion en una o ambas rodillas, tratados en la Unidad del Dolor de un hospital de tercer nivel. Se recogio prospectivamente la informacion facilitada por el paciente siguiendo la practica clinica habitual: caracteristicas sociodemograficas y clinicas. Se realizaron valoraciones pre y postratamiento del dolor en reposo, a la deambulacion y al subir/bajar escaleras, rigidez matutina, tiempo caminando y las horas/calidad del descanso nocturno. En la visita postratamiento se registraron, ademas, el grado de mejoria experimentada, duracion de la misma y la satisfaccion del investigador. El tratamiento consistio en una unica inyeccion de acido hialuronico por via intrarticular, con posibilidad de una dosis de recuerdo. Resultados: Se incluyeron 29 pacientes (52 rodillas); en 23 se trataron ambas rodillas (n = 46) y en 6 una rodilla. El 92,3 % corresponden a articulaciones artrosicas con un tiempo de evolucion > 12 meses, con grado clinico 4-5 en el 61,6 % de las rodillas tratadas (n = 32) y grado radiologico III-IV de Kellgren y Lawrence en el 67,7 % (n = 35), por lo que un 55,8 % de los casos fueron calificados como severos por los investigadores. Hubo una mejoria significativa en todos los parametros de dolor y funcionalidad considerados (p EnglishObjective: To evaluate the results of treatment of knee osteoarthritis with a single intra-articular injection of hyaluronic acid in terms of pain reduction, joint function improvement and duration of effects. Method: Patients with clinical and radiological diagnosis of osteoarthritis at different stages of evolution in one or both knees were treated at the Pain Unit of a tertiary hospital. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics provided by the patient following the usual clinical practice were prospectively collected. Pain at rest, walking, up and down stairs, morning stiffness, time walking as well as time/quality sleep were recorded pre and post-treatment. At post-treatment visit the degree and duration of improvement experienced, as well as the investigator assessment were also recorded. The treatment consisted of a single intra-articular injection of hyaluronic acid, with the possibility of a booster. Results: A total of 29 patients (52 knees) were included. Both knees were treated in 23 of them (n = 46) and only one knee in the remaining 6. The 92.3 % were osteoarthritic joints with an evolution > 12 months, with clinical grade 4-5 in 61.6 % (n = 32) and radiological grade III-IV of Kellgren & Lawrence in 67.7 % (n = 35), making 55.8 % of cases were classified as severe by the investigators. There was a significant improvement in all parameters of pain and function considered (p