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Macadamia is partially self-incompatible and cross-pollination is considered important to improve yields. However, questions remain regarding the importance of self- vs. cross-pollination, and subsequently whether managed pollinators are useful in commercial orchards. Pollinators play a key role in cross-pollination, but for self-pollination, the protandrous florets might also benefit from the movement of potentially more viable self-pollen among florets, racemes, and trees through pollinator movement. There is also a lack of information on pollination deficits throughout orchards and whether by increasing the intensity of cross-pollination, final nut yield is limited by within-tree resource allocation. Using caged and bagged racemes on three cultivars, we found strong evidence for self-pollination, but no evidence that hand moving self-pollen within racemes, between racemes, or between trees improved final nut set. In all cases, hand cross-pollinated racemes yielded significantly more nuts. Hand cross-pollinated racemes also produced significantly more developed nuts than open-pollinated racemes (all racemes were exposed to pollinators). However, by increasing the intensity of hand cross-pollination per tree, we showed that resource allocation probably overinflates these measures of pollination deficit in macadamia. Despite this, our findings point to an opportunity to increase yields through additional cross-pollination, as high-intensity hand cross-pollination of flowering racemes within trees still resulted in increased nut set. Although self-pollination can occur in macadamia, to optimize yield potential, strategies to maximize cross-pollination should be adopted.

Avocado (Persea americana) has synchronously protogynous flowers: flowers open first in female phase before closing and opening the next day in male phase. Cultivars are grouped based on whether the flowers typically first open in female phase in the morning (type A), or in the afternoon (type B). However, it is known that environmental factors can alter the timing of flower opening, with cold temperatures being shown to affect the timing of flowering. The aim of this study was to investigate how low spring temperatures in New Zealand affect the flowering cycle of commercial avocado cultivars, focusing primarily on the receptive female phase of ‘Hass’, a type A cultivar. Time-lapse photography was used to assess flower opening times of ‘Hass’ over three years. Decreasing minimum overnight temperatures were associated with a delay in the timing of ‘Hass’ female flower phases and resulted in nocturnal flowering of both male and female phase flowers. We recorded insects visiting female flowers at night, and some nocturnal flower visitors collected were carrying avocado pollen. Our study suggests that nocturnal pollination needs to be considered for avocados grown in temperate regions. Furthermore, as the timing of the female phase of ‘Hass’ varied significantly with overnight temperature, the activity patterns of potential pollinators need to be considered to ensure adequate pollinator activity across the range of times in which ‘Hass’ flowers are receptive.

Honey bees (Apis mellifera) have been implicated in the spread of the fire blight pathogen (Erwinia amylovora), and may transmit other bacterial plant pathogens in the process of pollinating crops. Furthermore, the movement of hives from one orchard to another could spread plant diseases over large distances. We investigated whether honey bees might play a role in the transmission of different pathovars of Pseudomonas syringae. We detected live P. syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa), a pathogen of kiwifruit (Actinidia spp.), on caged bees in hives 6 days after the bees were inoculated with Psa, and recorded up to 1.8 × 104 colony forming units of Psa on honey bees foraging naturally on flowers of Psa-infected vines. P. syringae pv. syringae (PssSmr), a pathogen with a wide host range, was spread to untreated bees in a hive within 24 h following the introduction of foragers doused in PssSmr-contaminated pollen and was still detected on bees 9 days later. PssSmr was found on caged bees in hives 6 d after they were inoculated and PssSmr survived in hives for at least 14 days. These results demonstrate that P. syringae can survive in beehives and spread within a hive, which broadens the applicability of results from studies of E. amylovora and supports recommendations for a stand down period before moving beehives from a contaminated to a non-contaminated orchard.

Commercial hybrid vegetable seed production involves movement of pollen between two distinct groups of plants (parent lines) a pollen donor and seed production lines The aim of this study was to observe the distribution and behaviour of honey bees (Apis mellifera) on hybrid radish (Raphanus sativus L) crops in New Zealand Honey bees were observed to have an even distribution across the parent lines although individual bees largely maintained fidelity to the particular line on which they foraged Of the bees observed on malefertile flowers 72 did not switch to the other line When plants from the different lines were manipulated so that they appeared to be a single plant 695 of honey bees remained constant to the line visited To maximise the effectiveness of honey bees as pollinators of hybrid radish techniques should focus on better matching of lines or breeding of lines to reduce pollinator differentiation

Base levels of Varroa destructor resistance to four synthetic chemicals were established in new Zealand during May through August 2003. The four chemicals—amitraz, coumaphos, flumethrin, and fluvalinate are currently used, or may in the future be registered for use, in new Zealand. Resistance was measured by placing mites on paraffin wax impregnated with the chemicals. The lC50 estimate, adjusted for natural mite mortality, for amitraz was 110 μg/g, and >200 μg/g for coumaphos, 12 μg/g for flumethrin, and 1269 μg/g for fluvalinate. A comparison with international data indicates that new Zealand populations are not currently resistant to flumethrin. The LC50 for two Italian locations with mites resistant to fluvalinate was 385 and 857 μg/g, and 16–17 μg/g for non‐resistant varroa (Milani 1995). Whether the adjusted LC50 for fluvalinate in this trial (1269 μg/g) would be observed as resistance in the field in New Zealand is unknown. Because this is the first time these tests have been conducted in ...

The effect of staminate kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) vine distributions and flower numbers on pollination was investigated. There was no significant difference in seed numbers or fruit weight from orchards with 1:3 to 1:8 staminate: pistillate vines distributions. There was, however, a significant decline in seed numbers with increasing distances between staminate rows in orchards with strip or overhead staminate vines. Decreasing the number of staminate flowers on vines by 25, 50, and 90% had no significant effect on fruit size.

The afternoon decline in the collection of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) C.F. Liang et A.R. Ferguson var. deliciosa) pollen by honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) was investigated. Most staminate and pistillate flowers open before the time of anther dehiscence. Flowers of both sexes partially close again in the late afternoon of the day that they first open and make more pollen available after anther dehiscence. Staminate flowers make most of their pollen available in the morning and early afternoon. Most of the bees that stopped collecting kiwifruit pollen in the early afternoon remained in the hive without being recruited to other food sources. Pollen availability from staminate flowers in an orchard with normal numbers of foraging bees reached a peak between 1000 and 1100 h, and then dropped sharply until 1300 h after which time it remained constant. The availability of pollen from staminate flowers in an orchard with few foraging bees continued to increase from the time of anther dehis...

Feeding pollen substitutes to honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies in kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) orchards had no significant effect on the amount of kiwifruit pollen collected, but caused a decline in the amount of pollen collected from other sources. Pollen substitutes had no significant effect on honey production from colonies used for kiwifruit pollination or colonies managed solely for honey production.

Honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) were shown to be able to discriminate between staminate (male) and pistillate (female) kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) flowers. They exhibited floral sex constancy and showed an overall preference for pistillate flowers when visiting flowers on a tray. This indicates that honey bee pollination of kiwifruit is not a case of “mistake pollination”. Foragers also exhibited flower sex constancy between trips when foraging freely in a kiwifruit orchard. A number of foragers also had foraging areas that they returned to during consecutive foraging trips. Honey bees visited staminate flowers between 1 and 3 days old, and pistillate flowers between 1 and 5 days old in a season when pistillate anther dehiscence took 5 days. When pistillate anther dehiscence took only 3 days, foragers only visited flowers between 1 and 3 days old. This suggests that foragers are able to determine whether a kiwifruit flower contains pollen without having to land on it.

The efficiency of a pollen trap in trapping kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) pollen pellets was investigated. The trap had an average daily efficiency of 16.5 and 16.7% on 2 consecutive days. Hourly efficiencies varied between 0 and 25% with the highest efficiency in the middle of the day which coincided with periods of maximum honey bee (Apis melifera) foraging activity. The amount of staminate pollen in foragers' corbiculae was closely related to the proportion of staminate pollen on their body indicating that pellets can be used as a measure of pollination efficiency.

Trials were conducted to establish appropriate parameters for feeding sugar syrup to honey bee colonies to increase kiwifruit pollen collection. All the groups of colonies fed sugar syrup collected significantly more kiwifruit pollen pellets than the control colonies for at least part of each trial. The type of feeder (top or division-board feeders) and the concentration of syrup (1M or 2M) had no effect on the amount of kiwifruit pollen collected. The grade of sugar (white or industrial raw) had no effect on the total amount of pollen collected. Feeding dry sugar did not increase the number of kiwifruit pollen pellets collected.

SUMMARYTrials were conducted to establish the most appropriate parameters for feeding sugar syrup to honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies to increase kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.)) pollen collection. All the groups of colonies fed 2 M sugar syrup collected significantly more kiwifruit pollen than the control groups for at least part of each trial. The largest increase in kiwifruit pollen collection was an average of 7.9 times over a whole trial with a maximum daily difference of 43.6 times. Syrup feeding had a smaller effect on the collection of pollen from other flowers around the orchard.Colonies fed one litre of syrup each morning did not collect significantly more kiwifruit pollen than those fed every second morning. Colonies fed every third morning collected significantly less kiwifruit pollen than those fed daily. Colonies fed one litre of sugar syrup at 08.00–09.00 h did not collect significantly more kiwifruit pollen than those fed at 13.00–14.00 h, however those fed in the morning c...

The behaviour of honey bees feeding on sodium fluoroacetate-jam baits, which are used for opossum control, was investigated to determine the reasons for reported honey bee kills. Honey bees were shown to feed readily on 1080-jam baits when they were presented outside their hives. There were no debilitating effects for up to 2 h after feeding on the baits, which allowed them to make up to four foraging trips to the baits and recruit additional foragers.Black strap molasses was shown to have a repellent effect on honey bees when mixed with the jam baits. Foragers were able to detect differences in concentration of as little as 5%. Twenty percent molasses was found to repel inexperienced foragers strongly; however, they could be trained to accept higher concentrations. Two percent oxalic acid (a component of molasses) was found to repel honey bees when added to 2M sugar syrup or jam baits. Molasses-jam baits and jam baits appeared to be equally attractive to opossums when tested in the field.These re...

Samples of forager honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) taken from the entrances of 109 feral colonies in New Zealand were tested for spores of Bacillus larvae (White), the causative agent of American foulbrood disease. Seven (6.4%) of the colonies tested positive, all with relatively low numbers of spores compared to foragers taken from managed colonies with American foulbrood disease. This suggests that the feral honey bee population in New Zealand may be relatively free of American foulbrood disease and is therefore not a major risk to managed colonies.

Disposition and biotransformation of the new antipsychotic agent olanzapine (OLZ) were studied in six male healthy volunteers after a single oral dose of 12.5 mg containing 100 microCi of [14C]OLZ. Biological fluids were analyzed for total radioactivity, the parent compound (GC/MS), and metabolites (electrospray LC/MS and LC/MS/MS). Mean radiocarbon recovery was approximately 87%, with 30% appearing in the faces and 57% excreted in the urine. Approximately half of the radiocarbon was excreted within 3 days, whereas70% of the dose was recovered within 7 days of dosing. Circulating radio-activity was mostly restricted to the plasma compartment of blood. Mean peak plasma concentration of OLZ was 11 ng/ml, whereas that of radioactivity was 39 ng eq/ml. Mean plasma terminal elimination half-lives were 27 and 59 hr, respectively, for OLZ and total radioactivity. With the help of NMR and MS data, a major metabolite of OLZ in humans was characterized as a novel tertiary N-glucuronide in which the glucuronic acid moiety is attached to the nitrogen at position 10 of the benzodiazepine ring. Another N-glucuronide was detected in urine and identified as the quaternary N-linked 4'-N-glucuronide. Oxidative metabolism on the allylic methyl group resulted in 2-hydroxymethyl and 2-carboxylic acid derivatives of OLZ. The methyl piperazine moiety was also subject to oxidative attack, giving rise to the N-oxide and N-deemethyl metabolites. Other metabolites, including the N-deemethyl-2-carboxy derivative, resulted from metabolic reactions at both the 4' nitrogen and 2-methyl groups. The 10-N-glucuronide and OLZ were the two most abundant urinary components, accounting for approximately 13% and 7% of the dose, respectively. In fecal extracts, the only significant radioactive HPLC peaks were due to 10-N-glucuronide and OLZ representing, respectively, approximately 8% and 2% of the administered dose. Semiquantitative data obtained from plasma samples from subjects given [14C]OLZ suggest that the main circulating metabolite is 10-N-glucuronide. Thus, OLZ was extensively metabolized in humans via N-glucuronidation, allylic hydroxylation, N-oxidation, N-dealkylation and a combination thereof. The 10-N-glucuronidation pathway was the most important pathway both in terms of contribution to drug-related circulating species and as an excretory product in feces and urine.

This brief chapter will be concerned only with the General Theory and, in the General Theory, only with the central problem of the determination of output and employment. The General Theory opened a new era in economic analysis, which will never be the same again. We have witnessed an attempted counter-revolution, but it has been, in my opinion, abortive. What Keynes did was to challenge the basic, usually implicit, assumption that the economy was a case of a constrained maximum, constrained that is by unproduced resources, particularly labour. A consequence was that there was market clearing in all markets, even the labour market. Thus economists were teaching a theory which implied full employment in the 1930s when there was exceptionally high unemployment! Thus Keynes had to say at length that the emperor has no clothes, that we are teaching a false doctrine, irrelevant and inapplicable, not only then but also 80 or 90 per cent of the time. For this central target of attack he used the splendidly aggressive phrase under-employment equilibrium, something that could not exist according to the ruling orthodoxy. It was a good, useful phrase and it was very effective in concentrating the minds of the profession on the real problem.

Feeding sugar syrup to honey bee colonies inside their hives doubled their collection of kiwifruit pollen in trials during the 1984 flowering season. There was, however, no significant increase in the colonies' collection of other types of pollen.

The likely role of various pollination vectors is considered in the context of flower anatomy and the published results of past experiments. A number of insects visit flowers of both female and male vines but there is as much evidence implicating wind as there is for an insect vector. Most experiments that investigated a likely role of wind alter wind flows and are confounded by the presence of honey bees. Similarly, evidence taken as support for the role of honey bees is confounded by the action of wind. Recent studies suggest that individual bees tend to work the flowers of one sex of vine or the other. Existing methods of measuring pollination effectiveness in kiwifruit are also questioned as is our understanding of incompatibility responses. An experiment that can help resolve these problems is outlined briefly.

By administering a cold temperature pulse to honeybees which had been foraging under heavy overcast skies it was shown that they use a biological clock to calculate the sun's position.

The conjugate, KS1/4-DAVLB, of the murine monoclonal antibody KS1/4 with the vinca alkaloid 4-desacetylvinblastine (DAVLB) was administered intravenously to rats and monkeys. Terminal plasma half-life (t1/2) values were measured as radioequivalents and as functionally immunoreactive antibody conjugate after dosing with KS1/4-[3H]DAVLB. The t1/2 values, determined radiometrically, were 145 hr and 62 hr in male rats after 10 and 100 mg/kg doses and 92 hr and 90 hr in male and female monkeys after a 40 mg/kg dose. Comparable results were obtained when the functionally immunoreactive conjugate concentrations were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. The ratio of 35S:3H in the plasma after dosing rats with 100 mg/kg [35S]KS 1/4-[3H]DAVLB remained reasonably constant during 336 hr. Less than 1% of the total vinca alkaloid equivalents present in the plasma at any time could be extracted as free vinca species; the major vinca alkaloid metabolities present at early time points were hemisuccinate derivatives of DAVLB, whereas, at later times, DAVLB and its N-oxide were equally as concentrated. The major pathway of elimination was fecal with about one-half of the administered radioactivity cleared in 150-250 hr. After dosing with [35S]KS 1/4-[3H]DAVLB, the ratio of 35S:3H radioactivity in the bile was substantially less than that in the plasma. Evaluation of radioactivity eluted from the bile by size-exclusion HPLC showed that almost all of the tritium was associated with material of lower molecular weight than that of KS 1/4-DAVLB.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Almost everyone is agreed that investment constitutes the key to the problem of cycles. Some theorists go so far as to say that the investment process, by itself, contains practically the whole of the explanation. The classic exposition of this view is Professor Schumpeter’s, and it is in this direction that Professor Hansen appears to incline. In opposition to this are most of the ‘self-generating’ theories, which maintain that the whole of the economic structure determines the periodic reversals. Neither theory alone is, in my opinion, quite satisfactory. The structural approach is condemned to the sterility of one constantly repeated wave form, which must either die out or explode in ever-increasing violence. The innovational theory handles both these difficulties well, but is not altogether convincing on what constitutes the strong point of the other theory — the unmistakable element of regularity in the recurrence of booms. The mere fact of the bunching of innovational investments cannot be taken as proof of an inherent tendency. The circumambient economic structure may alternately inhibit and encourage investment, and hence contain the explanation of the bunching. Surely, a combination of the two types of theory possesses the desired qualities.

By taking account of obvious and inescapable limitations on the functioning of the accelerator, we explain some of the chief characteristics of the cycle, notably its failure to die away, along with the fact that capital stock is usually either in excess or in short supply. By a succession of increasingly complex models, the nature and methods of analysing non-linear cycle models is developed. The roles of lags and of secular evolution are illustrated. In each case the system’s equilibrium position is unstable, but there exists a stable limit cycle toward which all motions tend.

This paper attempts by an analysis of the available statistics to make some estimate of the forces governing the supply of bank money in England and Wales. The latter in turn presumably controls the total supply of money. The general difficulty in drawing any conclusions from the study of time series, especially for relatively short periods, is operative here and makes results tentative. Yet the problem is rendered easier by the fact that frequently the controlling factors are not cyclical and hence are not especially liable to inter-correlation.

As a student I found Wicksell more inspiring, more illuminating, more sympathetic to my own way of seeing things than any other economist. This symposium provided a happy occasion for a pilgrimage back to the works of that great man, to see how much of my earlier enthusiasm had survived forty years of being a practising teacher of economics. This effort has a certain poignancy for me because my other hero was Schumpeter, who, equally firmly, admired Walras above all others. Though we often argued the various aspects, neither of us was ostensibly swayed. I maintained Wicksell handled real issues with great insight and that Walras was empty of results; he argued that Walras showed the more profound method and the true path of progress. But it was an unequal contest, my arrogant ignorance against the skill and wisdom of that formidable intellect. Looking back I see that I was in fact rather subverted, in the sense that I have since spent more time on Walrasian that on Wicksellian issues. Therefore I would like to try a new look at Wicksell, from a perspective tinged with a minimal Walrasian colouring. Capital is the central and difficult concept in Wicksell’s work, and it is currently being once more seriously disputed. It is, of course, too large a subject for a brief essay, and I shall therefore proceed by rather compressed, unsubstantiated statements, with the request that it be judged as a whole, not by its parts.

The monoclonal antibody-vinca alkaloid conjugate, KS1/4-DAVLB (LY256787), and free 4-desacetylvinblastine (DAVLB) were administered i.v. to male athymic nude mice bearing P3/UCLA human lung adenocarcinoma tumors. Although the plasma pharmacokinetics were similar between LY256787 and DAVLB (terminal plasma half-lives of 62 and 83 hr, respectively), substantial differences in the volumes of distribution and initial redistribution-elimination phases were found. Uptake of LY256787 into tumor was apparent, with maximal radioequivalent concentrations measured 96 hr after dosing; no similar uptake was found after dosing with free DAVLB. The ratios of concentrations of drug radioequivalents in tumor to those in other tissues were generally greater than 1.0 when measured 24 to 48 hr after dosing with LY256787 but were less than 1.0 after free DAVLB. These data support the concept of site-specific delivery to the tumor tissue of the vinca alkaloid by the antibody. Plasma pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution were compared in males and females with a lower dose of LY256787. No sex-related differences in the plasma pharmacokinetics were found (terminal half-lives of 90 and 84 hr in males and females). Some sex-related biodistribution differences occurred. In all studies, the primary route of elimination was fecal. These studies suggest that the KS1/4 monoclonal antibody targets DAVLB to the P3/UCLA human lung adenocarcinoma in vivo in the human xenograft model and that an increased therapeutic index may be achieved with LY256787 over conventional free drug therapy.

A set of simple, interrelated propositions, based on premises widely accepted by bourgeois economists.

In spite of many attempts, it is difficult to feel that a satisfactory reconciliation of the Keynesian and the more traditional interest theories has been attained. Yet, I believe, both theories are necessary. Can anyone really hold, for example, that the older theories give a satisfactory explanation of the extraordinary course of interest rates in recent years, or of their contrasting behaviour in the two World Wars? On the other hand, the newer analysis fails to find any place for the body of doctrine associated with the names of Bohm-Bawerk, Wicksell, Fisher, Schumpeter and others, and it does not, I think, fill in the gap thus left.1 When there are no speculative hoards, the Keynesian theory breaks down.

Enthusiasm in the use of dapsome for acne conglobata and other severe acne has created an increase in the use of this drug by dermatologists. We describe three patients in whom jaundice developed during dapsome therapy of 3 to 36 weeks' duration. Jaundice was due to cholestasis in two cases and to hemolysis in the third. These significant side effects call for careful observation by the physician if dapsone is to be used with safety.

It is a melancholy reflection that, after about a century and a half of intensive effort by a distinguished line of investigators, it is still doubtful whether we can state any quantitative, empirical law in economics. A large part of the reason for this must lie in the nature of the problem, i.e. a very complex structure plus a state of continued violent change. These conditions make it an all-or-none affair — we solve the economic problem or none at all — and thus substantially vitiate the brilliant or ingenious assaults on its various parts. If the economy were stationary, or nearly so, we might fruitfully isolate particular sectors or types of problems. Or if the parts were not so intimately related, we might make simple dynamical analyses of their behaviour. It is the fact that both conditions are present that makes each analysis so intractable and yet so unavoidable.

Keynes gave a clear and convincing analysis of how to ameliorate the endemic tendency of capitalist economics to engender periods of high unemployment. Partly as a result of his influence, the post-war history has been one of unparalleled and nearly continuous growth in output and employment. However for the past four or five years now this trend has been broken: everywhere there is unemployment and varying degrees of depressed trade. In spite of a (waning) commitment to Keynesianism, governments stand paralysed in this situation. It is generally agreed that this inaction has two principal sources: there is the effort to decelerate inflation (discussed in part II) and the fact that reflation of an economy leads directly to a worsening of the balance of payments. The enormous growth of international trade has meant that the scope for independent action of a nation has been seriously eroded. Not unconnected with this growth in trade has come a truly impressive accumulation of data, so that it becomes ever more feasible to attempt a quantitative analysis of the trade network of the many countries or regions of the world.

The problem I propose to discuss in this paper is how to determine an economic plan for a growing economy in the medium run. The plan is required to be no more than a rough approximation and to give some detail but by no means complete detail. Within this range of precision, it is required to be consistent and optimal. Most economic discussions of planning are beside the point, since they are concerned only with small changes and with existing prices, equipment and technics. What is required is an analysis, however crude of the slowly cumulating changes bought by the expansion of output, employment and capital equipment.

In recent years there have been at least two important contributions to our tools for the analysis of inflation. It is the aim of this paper to integrate these approaches with a simple dynamical version of linear general equilibrium theory. The resulting system is capable of empirical specification along the lines of Professor Leontief’s work,1 and contributes essential features lacking both in traditional quantity theory and in modern macro-dynamic models.

As the 1986 Perugia conference amply demonstrated, Kalecki’s stature as an economist is now receiving the consideration it deserves. His presentation of his theory to the Econometric Society in 1933, after finding little resonance in Poland, was an event of great significance, though its initial impact seems to have been negligible. Fortunately Kaldor was present; unfortunately, for Kalecki, so also was Regnar Frisch. The greatness of that original paper resides in its successful combination of two essential ingredients: basing the theory on carefully chosen, empirically observable facts and, then, ingeniously constructing from these building blocks a precise, soluble mathematical model. I was introduced to this splendid piece of work in Jacob Marshak’s seminar of 1936-7 at Oxford. As a youthful Marxist, I was captivated by it: here was an exact, compelling and comprehensible explanation of the dynamics of capitalist reality — something I found neither in textbooks nor in lectures.

The consumption of polyunsaturated fats of patients with malignant melanoma and of a control group of patients with benign naevi has been compared in order to determine whether polyunsaturated fats predispose to the development of malignant melanoma. Patients with malignant melanoma had not consumed excessive quantities of polyunsaturated fats. Thus, there was no evidence to indicate that ingestion of polyunsaturated fats is associated with an increase in incidence of melanoma.