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Guidelines recommend active fever prevention for 72 hours after cardiac arrest. Data from randomized clinical trials of this intervention have been lacking.We randomly assigned comatose patients who had been resuscitated after an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest of presumed cardiac cause to device-based temperature control targeting 36°C for 24 hours followed by targeting of 37°C for either 12 or 48 hours (for total intervention times of 36 and 72 hours, respectively) or until the patient regained consciousness. The primary outcome was a composite of death from any cause or hospital discharge with a Cerebral Performance Category of 3 or 4 (range, 1 to 5, with higher scores indicating more severe disability; a category of 3 or 4 indicates severe cerebral disability or coma) within 90 days after randomization. Secondary outcomes included death from any cause and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment score (range, 0 to 30, with higher scores indicating better cognitive ability) at 3 months.A total of 393 patients were randomly assigned to temperature control for 36 hours, and 396 patients were assigned to temperature control for 72 hours. At 90 days after randomization, a primary end-point event had occurred in 127 of 393 patients (32.3%) in the 36-hour group and in 133 of 396 patients (33.6%) in the 72-hour group (hazard ratio, 0.99; 95% confidence interval, 0.77 to 1.26; P = 0.70) and mortality was 29.5% in the 36-hour group and 30.3% in the 72-hour group. At 3 months, the median Montreal Cognitive Assessment score was 26 (interquartile range, 24 to 29) and 27 (interquartile range, 24 to 28), respectively. There was no significant between-group difference in the incidence of adverse events.Active device-based fever prevention for 36 or 72 hours after cardiac arrest did not result in significantly different percentages of patients dying or having severe disability or coma. (Funded by the Novo Nordisk Foundation; BOX ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03141099.).

The effects of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) on productivity have been well characterized in freshwater ecosystems, including in the abundance of diazotrophic cyanobacteria that cause harmful algal blooms. However, there is much residual variation in these relationships. Because iron (Fe) is required for N-fixation, we tested whether Fe impacts productivity and cyanobacterial abundance using in situ P and Fe addition experiments. While P had the largest effect on total primary productivity, Fe increased cyanobacterial abundance at nearly the same rate as P. Moreover, algal Fe content was strongly correlated with cyanobacterial abundance. These results indicate that cyanobacterial abundance is positively related to total Fe in reservoirs, although there is little known about the variability in Fe among freshwater ecosystems. We surveyed 25 Oklahoma, U.S.A, reservoirs to capture variation in total dissolved Fe, and conducted nutrient addition bioassays to understand the role of Fe in productivity. We found three orders of magnitude variation in total Fe among reservoirs, although Fe alone did not limit primary production. Together, these results indicate that attention to heterogeneity in the supply of elements beyond those typically quantified in freshwaters (i.e. N and P) could be useful in understanding harmful algal blooms.

Intracranial pressure (ICP) includes the brain, optic nerve, and spinal cord pressures; it influences blood flow to those structures. Pathological elevation in ICP results in structural damage through various mechanisms, which adversely affects outcomes in traumatic brain injury and stroke. Currently, invasive procedures which tap directly into the cerebrospinal fluid are required to measure this pressure. Recent fluidic engineering modelling analogous to the ocular vascular flow suggests that retinal venous pulse amplitudes are predictably influenced by downstream pressures, suggesting that ICP could be estimated by analysing this pulse signal. We used this modelling theory and our photoplethysmographic (PPG) retinal venous pulse amplitude measurement system to measure amplitudes in 30 subjects undergoing invasive ICP measurements by lumbar puncture (LP) or external ventricular drain (EVD). We estimated ICP from these amplitudes using this modelling and found it to be accurate with a mean absolute error of 3.0 mmHg and a slope of 1.00 (r = 0.91). Ninety-four percent of differences between the PPG and invasive method were between − 5.5 and + 4.0 mmHg, which compares favourably to comparisons between LP and EVD. This type of modelling may be useful for understanding retinal vessel pulsatile fluid dynamics and may provide a method for non-invasive ICP measurement.

Background Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is an arboviral disease that is focally endemic in parts of Europe and Asia. TBE cases among US travellers are rare, with previous reports of only six cases among civilian travellers through 2009 and nine military-related cases through 2020. A TBE vaccine was licenced in the USA in August 2021. Understanding TBE epidemiology and risks among US travellers can help with the counselling of travellers going to TBE-endemic areas. Methods Diagnostic testing for TBE in the USA is typically performed at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) because no commercial testing is available. Diagnostic testing for TBE at CDC since 2010 was reviewed. For individuals with evidence of TBE virus infection, information was gathered on demographics, clinical presentations and risk factors for infection. Results From 2010–20, six patients with TBE were identified. Cases occurred among both paediatric and adult travellers and all were male. Patients were diagnosed with meningitis (n = 2) or encephalitis (n = 4); none died. Cases had travelled to various countries in Europe or Russia. Three cases reported visiting friends or relatives. Activities reported included hiking, camping, trail running, or working outdoors, and two cases had a recognized tick bite. Conclusions TBE cases among US travellers are uncommon, with these six cases being the only known TBE cases among civilian travellers during this 11-year period. Nonetheless, given potential disease severity, pre-travel counselling for travellers to TBE-endemic areas should include information on measures to reduce the risk for TBE and other tick-borne diseases, including possible TBE vaccine use if a traveller’s itinerary puts them at higher risk for infection. Clinicians should consider the diagnosis of TBE in a patient with a neurologic or febrile illness recently returned from a TBE-endemic country, particularly if a tick bite or possible tick exposure is reported.

Root phenotypes are increasingly explored as predictors of crop performance but are still challenging to characterize. Media that mimic field conditions (e.g., soil, sand) are opaque to most forms of radiation, while transparent media do not provide field-relevant growing conditions and phenotypes. We describe here a “transparent soil” formed by the spherification of hydrogels of biopolymers. It is specifically designed to support root growth in the presence of air, water, and nutrients, and allows the time-resolved phenotyping of roots in vivo by both photography and microscopy. The roots developed by soybean plants in this medium are significantly more similar to those developed in real soil than those developed in hydroponic conditions and do not show signs of hypoxia. Lastly, we show that the granular nature and tunable properties of these hydrogel beads can be leveraged to investigate the response of roots to gradients in water availability and soil stiffness.

We hereby show that root systems adapt to a spatially discontinuous pattern of water availability even when the gradients of water potential across them are vanishingly small. A paper microfluidic approach allowed us to expose the entire root system of Brassica rapa plants to a square array of water sources, separated by dry areas. Gradients in the concentration of water vapor across the root system were as small as 10-4 mM·m-1 (~4 orders of magnitude smaller than in conventional hydrotropism assays).\ud In spite of such minuscule gradients (which greatly limit the possible influence of the well-understood gradient-driven hydrotropic response), our results show that (i) individual roots as well as the root system as a whole adapt to the pattern of water availability to maximize access to water, and that (ii) this adaptation increases as water sources become more rare. \ud These results suggest that either plant roots are more sensitive to water gradients than humanmade water sensors by 3 to 5 orders of magnitude, or they might have developed, like other organisms, mechanisms for water foraging that allow them to find water in the absence of an external gradient in water potential.

Model ecosystems could provide significant insight into the evolution and behavior of real ecosystems. We discuss the advantages and limitations of common approaches like mesocosms. In this context, we highlight recent breakthroughs that allow for the creation of networks of organisms with independently controlled environments and rates of chemical exchange.

We describe a simple, scalable, modular, and frugal approach to create model ecosystems as millifluidic networks of interconnected habitats (hosting microbes or plants), which offers (i) quantitative and dynamic control over the exchange of chemicals between habitats, and (ii) independent control over their environment. Oscillatory laminar flows produce regions of vortex mixing around obstacles. When these overlap, rapid mass transport by dispersion occurs, which is quantitatively describable as diffusion, but is directional and tunable in rate over 3 orders of magnitude. This acceleration in the rate of diffusion is equivalent to reducing the distance between the habitats, and therefore, the organisms, down to the length scales characteristic of signaling in soil (

The growth rate hypothesis posits that the rate of protein synthesis is constrained by phosphorus (P) supply. P scarcity invokes differential expression of genes involved in processing of most if not all elements encompassing an individual (the ionome). Whether such ionome-wide adjustments to P supply impact growth and trophic interactions remains unclear. We quantified the ionomes of a resource-consumer pair in contrasting P supply conditions. Consumer growth penalty was driven by not only P imbalance between trophic levels but also imbalances in other elements, reflecting complex physiological adjustments made by both the resource and the consumer. Mitigating such imbalances requires energy and should impact the efficiency at which assimilated nutrients are converted to biomass. Correlated shifts in the handling of multiple elements, and variation in the supplies of such elements could underlie vast heterogeneity in the rates at which organisms and ecosystems accrue biomass as a function of P supply.

After being the standard plant propagation protocol for decades, cultures of Arabidopsis thaliana sealed with Parafilm remain common today out of practicality, habit, or necessity (as in co-cultures with microorganisms). Regardless of concerns over the aeration of these cultures, no investigation has explored the CO2 transport inside these cultures and its effect on the plants. Thereby, it was impossible to assess whether Parafilm-seals used today or in thousands of older papers in the literature constitute a treatment, and whether this treatment could potentially affect the study of other treatments.For the first time we report the CO2 concentrations in Parafilm-sealed cultures of A. thaliana with a 1 minute temporal resolution, and the transcriptome comparison with aerated cultures. The data show significant CO2 deprivation to the plants, a drastic suppression of photosynthesis, respiration, starch accumulation, chlorophyll biosynthesis, and an increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species. Most importantly, CO2 deprivation occurs as soon as the cotyledons emerge. Gene expression analysis indicates a significant alteration of 35% of the pathways when compared to aerated cultures, especially in stress response and secondary metabolism processes. On the other hand, the observed increase in the production of glucosinolates and flavonoids suggests intriguing possibilities for CO2 deprivation as an organic biofortification treatment in high-value crops.

The purpose of the present study was to examine application materials for assistant professor positions in 3 academic disciplines. Applicants were asked to write a diversity statement describing how they would advance diversity through their research, teaching, and service. The sample included application materials submitted by 191 candidates for tenure-track faculty positions at a public research university in computer science, political science, and psychology. Application letters and diversity statements were coded for 9 diversity dimensions. For example, My research in the Latino community . . ., and I volunteer at a middle school to encourage more girls to pursue computer science . . ., would be coded as reflecting the diversity dimensions of ethnicity/race and gender, respectively. Applicant self-disclosures of diversity were uncommon, occurring in fewer than 1 quarter of the letters. Nonspecific forms of diversity were most frequently mentioned in application materials, followed by references to ethnicity/race, disability, age, and gender. Comparisons between the searches revealed that psychologist applicants had significantly higher density of references to diversity in their letters than the 2 other disciplines, and also were most likely to cite specific, rather than nonspecific, dimensions of diversity. These results add to our understanding of how faculty applicants approach the diversity statement component of applications and reveal potential differences between disciplines in the diversity construct. The results are discussed in terms of suggestions to faculty applicants and directions for further research.

The following article explores the experiences of one of the authors who desegregated a junior high school during the early 1960s. The article is written as an auto/biographical study and resulted from the collaboration between two university professors. We believe this dualistic approach, grounded in ecological theory and referencing culturally responsive pedagogy, allowed us to explore the experiences of desegregation from a unique perspective. Two primary themes emerged from this study: silenced and giving voice. These themes will be defined and explored and implications will be offered.

By considering the relative abundance of elements in trophic interactions, ecological stoichiometry makes predictions about key ecological processes such as biomass production and consumer-driven nutrient recycling. Theoretical and empirical work has focused on interspecific variation in elemental composition, and stoichiometric imbalances between resources and consumers in determining productivity, particularly at the base of foodwebs. Recent work has found considerable intraspecific variation in elemental composition. We know little about the ecological relevance of such variation, and whether predictions of stoichiometric theory hold at the intraspecific level. Here, we used two genotypes of a primary producer Chlamydomonasreinhardtii, and two genotypes of a primary consumer Daphnia pulex, which are already known to vary considerably in their phosphorus (P) use physiology, under conditions of P abundance and limitation, to explore whether such intraspecific differences alter primary as well as secondary production. Specifically, we tested whether there are intraspecific differences in the carbon: phosphorus (C:P) stoichiometry of Chlamydomonas genotypes, whether such differences affect growth and abundance of the two Daphnia genotypes, and whether the two Daphnia genotypes had distinct effects on primary production and growth of the two Chlamydomonas genotypes. We found significant differences in C:P stoichiometry between the two Chlamydomonas genotypes in both P supply conditions. Such intraspecific differences altered the growth of Daphnia genotypes, and affected the outcome of genotypic competition. Finally, Daphnia genotype affected primary production, and interacted with P supply to distinctly affect the growth of the two Chlamydomonas genotypes. Together, our results highlight the potential ecological relevance of intraspecific differences in nutrient use physiology and elemental composition, and the utility of ecological stoichiometry in understanding such consequences.

This paper describes recent fast-neutron imaging measurements of the fieldable nuclear materials identification system (FNMIS) under development by Oak Ridge National Laboratory with National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA-NA-22) support for possible future use in arms control and nonproliferation applications. This paper presents initial imaging measurements performed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory with a Thermo Fisher API 120 DT generator and the fast-neutron imaging module of the FNMIS.1This manuscript has been authored by Oak Ridge National Laboratory, managed by UT-Battelle LLC under contract no. DE-AC05-00OR22725 with the US Department of Energy. The US government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the US government retains a nonexclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, worldwide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this manuscript, or allow others to do so, for US government purposes.

When films are deposited from mixtures of colloidal particles of two different sizes, a diverse range of functional structures can result. One structure of particular interest is a stratified film in which the top surface layer has a composition different than in the interior. Here, we explore the conditions under which a stratified layer of small particles develops spontaneously in a colloidal film that is cast from a binary mixture of small and large polymer particles that are suspended in water. A recent model, which considers the cross-interaction between the large and small particles (Zhou et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 2017, 118, 108002), predicts that stratification will develop from dilute binary mixtures when the particle size ratio (α), initial volume fraction of small particles (ϕIn concentrated suspensions, stratification occurs in experiments only for the higher size ratio α = 7. Simulations using a high Péclet number, additionally find stratification with α = 2, when ϕ

Summary Rabid free-ranging cats have been a public health concern in Pennsylvania since raccoon variant rabies first was recognized in the state in the early 1980s. Over the last decade, between 1.5 and 2.5% of cats submitted to Pennsylvania’s state laboratories for rabies testing have been positive. In this report, we describe the extent of rabies in free-ranging cats in Pennsylvania. We also present two examples of human exposure to rabid free-ranging cats that occurred in Pennsylvania during 2010–2011 and the public health actions taken to address rabies exposure in the humans and animals. We then describe the concerns surrounding the unvaccinated and free-ranging cat population in Pennsylvania and possible options in managing this public and animal health problem.

This study demonstrates the relationship between customer perceptions of call quality and actual, objective call quality. This is important because the wireless industry invests substantially in network assets in the hopes of adding new wireless subscribers and retaining existing wireless subscribers. This research has contributed to a deeper understanding of the call quality / customer perception relationship demonstrating the need for wireless service providers to continually improve the network quality to increase customer satisfaction and customer loyalty.

This article outlines strategies for using thinking routines in the general music classroom to foster deeper learning. Based on the Artful Thinking program, a model developed by Harvard’s Project Zero in collaboration with Traverse City [Michigan] Area Public Schools, thinking routines were developed to draw students into a more meaningful art experience and foster critical thinking habits. By using these thinking routines in the general music classroom, we can encourage students to develop thinking dispositions, or habits of mind, that promotes full engagement in music learning.