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We have used gene-targeted mutation to assess the role of the T cell receptor delta (TCR delta) enhancer (E delta) in alphabeta and gammadelta T cell development. Mice lacking E delta exhibited no defects in alphabeta T cell development but had a severe reduction in thymic and peripheral gammadelta T cells and decreased VDJ delta rearrangements. Simultaneous deletion of both E delta and the TCR alpha enhancer (E alpha) demonstrated that residual TCR delta rearrangements were not driven by E alpha, implicating additional elements in TCR delta locus accessibility. Surprisingly, while deletion of E delta severely impaired germline TCR delta expression in double-negative thymocytes, absence of E delta did not affect expression of mature delta transcripts in gammadelta T cells. We conclude that E delta has an important role in TCR delta locus regulation at early, but not late, stages of gammadelta T cell development.

Experimental results from horticultural field trials are obscured by the effect of systematic variation. This variation is directly related to the position of the plot in the field and is referred to as a fertility gradient(s). Trend analysis eliminates the effect of fertility gradients by fitting a polynomial regression equation (response surface model) to the systematic variability in the experimental units. Two cultivar trials of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) conducted to compare results from trend analysis with that using the standard design analysis indicated that fertility gradients existed in the fields and were of a form that could be adequately fitted by a response surface model. A 3-dimensional plot of the response surface model indicated that the fertility gradients formed a very complex surface which could not be eliminated by experimental design. Of the 3 experimental designs used, the Latin square was the most efficient while the completely random was the least efficient. Trend analysis resulted in a large gain in relative efficiency over the standard analyses of completely random and randomized block designs. It also resulted in a substantial gain over that of a Latin square design. Adjusting the means using a response surface model in trend analysis also improved treatment estimates. Tests of significance using adjusted means were more precise and easier to interpret. Trend analysis proved to be the most efficient way to analyze the data, regardless of the experimental design used.

Effects of 0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 ppm methoprene (Altosid®: ZR-515), a juvenile hormone (JH) mimic which shows high activity against some economically important insect pests, especially Diptera, were tested on larvae of the mud-crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii (Gould) (Brachyura: Xanthidae) from hatching to the first crab stage under optimum and stress conditions of a number of salinities and cyclic temperatures. There was a significant reduction in survival of zoeal larvae with increasing concentrations of methoprene in nearly all combinations of salinity and temperature. On the average there was 9% less survival in the 0.01 ppm concentration of methoprene than in the control, and in the 0.1 ppm concentration the survival was further reduced by another 16%. At 1.0 ppm methoprene no larvae survived beyond the first zoeal stage under optimum conditions or under stressful combinations of salinity and temperature. Except at 0.2 ppm in 27.5% S, survival of the megalopa was not significantly reduced in 0.01 or 0.1 ppm methoprene in any salinity or temperature, although the percentage of abnormal megalopa increased under stress conditions. The first zoeal stage was the most sensitive of the larval stages to methoprene as well as to salinity and temperature stress. The duration of zoeal development was significantly lengthened with an increase in concentration of methoprene under nearly all conditions of salinity and temperature. The JH mimic had, however, no significant effect on the duration of megalopa development. A significant synergism between methoprene, salinity and temperature was not observed. It can be concluded from the results that methoprene does not inhibit metamophosis of R. harrisii larvae at the 0.1 ppm level or lower. Reduction in survival of zoeal stages and increased duration of zoeal development with increasing concentrations of methoprene are presumably related to stress.

The susceptibility of pickling cucumbers to bloater damage was studied by artificial carbonation of brined cucumbers with mixtures of CO2 in N2. Bloater damage was induced within a few hours by carbonation of heated and unheated cucumbers, independent of microbial growth, suggesting that a physical-chemical mechanism causes bloating. Evidence indicated, however, that biological factors may also influence bloating. Unheated, brined cucumbers bloated only slightly when carbonation was begun immediately after brining, or about a month or longer after brining. The cucumbers bloated extensively, however, when carbonation was begun between about 1 and 30 days after brining. Damage was more closely associated with % saturation than with concentration of dissolved CO2. Serious bloater damage was prevented when CO2 in brines was maintained below 50% saturation. Bloater damage resulted within a few hours, however, if brine CO2 greatly exceeded this level. Cucumbers varied in tolerance to CO2 before development of serious damage. The method herein reported for controlling levels of CO2 in the brine may be useful in further study of factors that influence the susceptibility of cucumbers to bloater damage.

Chemical composition and catheptic activity were determined in fresh chilled hams and four lots of cured hams subjected to different pre-curing treatments. Hams were sampled after aging (storage) of 2, 4 and 6 months at 29 °C. Moisture decreased, while protein, salt and free amino acid concentrations increased with aging time of cured hams, but treatment effects were similar. Frozen, thawed cured hams aged for 2 months exhibited the highest specific enzyme activity but decreased in enzyme activity after 4 and 6 months of aging. Free amino acid concentration after aging was higher in hams frozen 1–3 yr (X= 2.3) at −29 °C than for those frozen 0 or 2 days.

A punch and die assembly was adapted to the Instron UTM for deter-mination of firmness of mesocarp and endocarp tissues in cucumber slices. A cylindricalpunch 0.315 cm diameter (0.200 to 0.635 cm diameter tested) and a cucumber slice thickness of at least 0.48 cm were found to be suitable for the method developed. Penetration force was about five times greater for mesocarp than endocarp in 4 to 5 cm diameter cucumbers. Mesocarp and endocarp were firmer near the stem end than near the blossom end of cucumbers. Force readings also declined for both tissues with increase in fruit diameter from about 2 to 6 em. Single slices taken from the center of 20 cucumbers and punched once each at specified locations in the mesocarp and endocarp provided sufficient sampling to limit the coefficient of variation to about 5%. The correlation coefficient between sensory analysis for firmness and puncture force readings of fermented cucumber slices was 0.88.

Laboratory experiments wer conducted to determine the effects of Kepone on the larval development of the mud-crab,Rhithropanopeus harrisii, and the commercial blue crab,Callinectes sapidus, from the time of hatching until the 1st crab stage was reached.

Survival of Rhithropanopeus harrisii larvae from hatching to first crab stage occurred in Na2CrO4 concentrations from 1.1 to 29.1 ppm. Estimated LC50 for complete zoeal development was 17.8 ppm Na2CrO4 and it was 13.7 ppm for development to first crab stage. A concentration of 1.1 ppm Na2CrO4 was nontoxic, while Na2CrO4 concentrations of 7.2 and 14.5 ppm were sublethal and concentrations of 29.1 to 58.1 ppm were acutely toxic. Low concentrations of Na2Cr04 caused an increase in swimming speed and high concentrations caused a decline.

The sampling, subsampling (both coarse and fine ground meal), and analytical variances associated with testing shelled corn for aflatoxin were estimated by the use of 500 g samples, 50 g subsamples, and the CB method of analysis. The magnitudes of the variance components increased with an increase in the aflatoxin concentration. Functional relationships were developed to predict the variance for a given aflatoxin concentration and any size sample, subsample, and number of analyses. At 20 ppb total aflatoxin, the coefficient of variantion associated with a 4.54 kg sample, 1 kg subsample of coarsely ground meal (passes a #14 screen), a 50 g subsample of finely ground meal (passes a #20 screen) and one analysis were 21, 8, 11, and 26%, respectively.

Experiments were conducted to study the effect of freezing technique on quality of Blue crab meat. Freshly processed crabmeat was used as a control. The treatments were evaluated by a trained sensory panel and analyses for trimethyl amine (TMA), total volatile base (TVB), and pH. The first experiment involved comparisons of crabmeat pre-treated with malic acid vs. phosphate, can vs. vacuum packaging in plastic pouches and storage at −18 and −30 C for 8 months. The results indicated that freezing and storing of crabmeat in a conventional air-circulating freezer (−18 C) significantly reduced the quality (aroma, flavor, texture, appearance) when compared to fresh crabmeat. Even when stored at −30 C, the quality was substantially lower than that of fresh crabmeat after 1½ months of storage. The two packaging methods and application of malic acid or phosphates did not prevent quality deterioration. A second experiment included a similar design except that the effect of freezing crabmeat with dichlorodifluoromethane (“Freon” Food Freezant) was compared with conventional freezing. The same packaging method was used but the additives were omitted. Freezing with “Freon” for 1½ month caused no significant difference in meat quality when compared with fresh crabmeat (stored 0 days) but quality of the frozen crabmeat decreased significantly after 1½ months. Storage at −18 C was unsatisfactory for both freezing methods. TMA, TVB, and pH analyses were not of major value in assessing the quality of the fresh or frozen crabmeat.

Mean and the consensus scores from flavor and the texture profile analyses of selected food products were compared to determine which is superior for the purpose of statistical analysis. Results from the analysis of variance indicated that the mean scores gave a smaller coefficient of variation than the consensus scores for most of the character notes evaluated. When principal component analysis was applied to both the mean and the consensus scores, mean scores produced a higher “cumulative proportion of variance accounted for” by the component. The results of this study suggest that using the mean scores from flavor profile or texture profile analyses is superior to using consensus scores.

A flatoxin has been confirmed to be an important car-cinogen in certain animals and its contamination has been discovered in such agricultural products as corn, barley, rice, soybeans, wheat, cowpeas, sweet potatoes, cotton seed, and various types of nuts from all over the world (Anon., 1974; Anon., 1976). Detoxification by some method is essential if the hazards of consumption are to be removed. Automatic removal of the con-taminated portion of a product would be an effective means of reducing the hazards. There are several studies on record of the correlation between fluorescence and aflatoxin contaminated nuts and seeds (Ashworth and McMeans, 1966), white corn (Fennel et al., 1973), and pecans (Tyson and Clark, 1974). Bothast et al. (1975) showed the relationship of bright-greenish-yellow (BGY) fluorescence emission of wheat, oats, barley, sorghum and corn to aflatoxin con-tamination. Dickens and Welty (1975) observed that an average of 7 percent of the shells of the nuts in samples from 46 naturally contaminated lots of pistachio nuts emitted a BGY fluorescence, and this portion of the nuts contained an average of 50 percent of the aflatoxin in the lots. Farsaie et al., (1978) while studying the fluorescence of pistachio nuts under long wavelength ultra-violet light (LW-UV) observed that the nuts could be classified into four basic categories: bright-greening yellow (BGY), bright yellow (BY), normal (N), and purple (P), fluores-cence. Several sorting indices were developed and tested (Farsaie etal., 1978). McClure and Farsaie (1977) developed a fiber optic photometer for making fluorescence measurements at two wavelengths simultaneously. Work with this photo-meter indicated that the log ratio log10 (I490/I420) was the best optical index for dividing pistachio nuts into the four fluorescence categories (BGY, BY, N, and P). This paper describes the design and performance of an automatic sorting machine which employs this index.

Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the effects of methoxychlor on the larval development of the mud-crab, Rhithropanopeus harrisii, and the commercial blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, from the time of hatching until the 1st crab stage was reached. The effect of a range of concentrations of methoxychlor on survival of larvae of C. sapidus and R. harrisii was determined, as well as the concentrations which were sublethal and lethal. Since concentrations as low as 1.3, 1.6 and 1.9 ppb (μg l−1) methoxychlor were acutely toxic to C. sapidus larvae, and it took a concentration as high as 7.0 ppb to be acutely toxic to R. harrisii larvae, it was concluded that C. sapidus larvae were much more sensitive to methoxychlor than R. harrisii larvae. Zoeal and total development to the 1st crab stage of R. harrisii and C. sapidus were prolonged in relation to increased concentrations of methoxychlor. The developmental stages in which larvae were particularly sensitive varied in the two species. Methoxychlor residues of R. harrisii and C. sapidus larvae reared in concentrations of methoxychlor were determined.

The sampling, subsampling, and analytical variance associated with testing cottonseed for aflatoxin were estimated by use of 4.54 kg samples, 100 g subsamples, and the Velasco method of analysis. Regression analysis indicated that each of the above variance components is a function of the concentration of aflatoxin in the populations tested. Functional relationships are presented to determine the sampling, subsampling, and analytical variance for any size sample, subsample, and number of analyses.

Sodium acid pyrophosphate (SAPP) is currently used by the sausage industry to accelerate development of cured meat color. The cured color accelerator was examined, through sensory evaluation and instrumental measurements, for its effects on the texture of frankfurters. The effects of SAPP on other sensory properties and on chemical and physical characteristics were also examined. SAPP was found to slightly improve texture by increasing springiness, hardness, and awareness of skin, and by reducing oiliness. SAPP had no detrimental effects on texture. SAPP caused a slight improvement in flavor by enhancing beef, salt, smoke, and seasoning flavors, and by diminishing fat flavor. and mouthfeel. However, the presence of SAPP resulted in intensified sour flavor and decreased aroma and flavor of pork. SAPP did not greatly reduce residual nitrite levels or increase the development of meat color. SAPP effectively lowered viscosity of the emulsion and held emulsion temperature down during emulsification. Unlike alkaline phosphates, SAPP did not improve moisture retention or cook yields; it had no effect on proximate analysis. SAPP did cause an increase in exudate formation in stored vacuum-sealed packages of frankfurters.

Flavor profile data for beefsteaks, fish gels, frankfurters, peanuts, peanut butters, and baked sweet potatoes were subjected to principal component analysis to study the interdependency and the underlying dimensions of the sensory flavor characteristics in order to simplify the method of flavor profile analysis. The character notes used by the panel to describe the flavor profile of each food were not completely independent. The underlying dimensional structure had a number of dimensions equal to approximately 1/3 the number of character notes which explained about 3/4 of the total variance. Flavor profile analysis for each of the evaluated foods could thereby be simplified through reducing the number of character notes to about 1/3 the original number.

Effects of the juvenile hormone (JH) mimic hydroprene (Altozar®: ZR-512), which exhibits high activity against Lepidoptera, were studied on the larval development of the mud-crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii (Gould) (Brachyura: Xanthidae). Larvae reared in 20‰ S at 3 cycles of temperature of 20° to 25°C, 25° to 30°C and 30° to 35°C, were exposed to 0.01, 0.1 and 0.5 ppm hydroprene from hatching to the first crab stage. Larvae were also exposed to 0.1 and 0.5 ppm hydroprene only from the megalopa stage to the first crab stage. When larvae were treated with hydroprene throughout larval life, survival was significantly reduced with increasing concentrations of the compound at all temperature cycles. Synergistic effect between hydroprene and temperature on survival of zoeal larvae was not observed. On the average there was 11% less survival in the zoeal stages at the 0.01 ppm concentration. of hydroprene than in the control, an additional reduction of 13% occurred at 0.1 ppm, and finally there was a further decrease of 46% at 0.5 ppm hydroprene. Significant decrease in survival in the megalopa stage occurred only in the 0.5 ppm concentration of hydroprene at the lowest temperature cycle when larvae were exposed to the compound from hatching. When larvae were treated with hydroprene only within the megalopa stage, a significant reduction in survival was not observed. First-stage zoeae were the most sensitive of the larval stages to hydroprene. Duration of zoeal development was significantly delayed at 0.5 ppm hydroprene at the two lower temperature cycles, whereas in the megalopa stage the delay began at the 0.1 ppm level at all 3 temperature cycles when larvae were exposed to hydroprene from hatching. A significant delay was also observed at 0.1 ppm hydroprene at the two lower cycles when larvae were exposed to hydroprene only in the megalopa stage; at 30° to 35°C a significant delay was observed only at the 0.5 ppm level. The results show that metamorphosis to the first crab stage was not inhibited at the 0.5 ppm level of hydroprene or lower. Reduction in survival and increase in duration of larval development were presumably related to stress conditions caused by hydroprene. The results also suggest an interaction between temperature and hydroprene on survival of megalopa larvae and duration of larval development.

Brined, fermented cucumbers were stored up to 1 yr under various conditions of pH (3.3, 3.8), NaCl concentration (5.5, 11.4%), temperature (4.4, 15.5, 26.6°C), storage time (3, 6, 9, 12 months), and CaCl2, addition (0.1%). Polygalacturonase (PC) activity in the brine was negligible. Firmness of the cucumbers was determined with a Magness-Taylor fruit pressure tester. Temperature had the greatest influence upon retention of firmness, but effects of pH, % NaCl, and storage time also were significant (P ≤ 0.01). Rates of firmness loss ranged from

The effect of brine depth on the quality of brined pickling cucumbers was determined. Brines were maintained at specific and uniform concentrations of dissolved CO2 with either CO2, 68% CO2 in N2, or N2 bubbled through the brines. The extent of bloater damage (hollow cucumbers) varied directly with CO2 concentration and inversely with brine depth. Also, the rate at which cucumbers acquired a cured appearance increased with brine depth. Tests showed that brine depth affected bloater formation by its influence on three variables: CO2 concentration, hydrostatic pressure and buoyancy pressure. In nonpurged fermentations, CO2 retention increased with brine depth. Hydrostatic pressure, which increases with brine depth, caused resistance to bloater formation. Damage caused by buoyancy pressure was greater in freshly brined cucumbers near the top than in lower sections of the tanks. Bloater damage in natural, unpurged fermentations varied because of differences in the combined effects of the three depth-related variables cited above. The study suggested that brine-stock quality would be improved if cucumbers were brined in tanks deeper than those presently used; however, CO2 would have to be removed from the brine and buoyancy pressure would have to be properly distributed.

The mud aqueous fraction (MAF) and suspended particulate phase (SPP) of low-density lignosulfonate type mud with uerrochrome added were nontoxic to larvae during the complete larval development of Rhithropanopeus harrisii. Five percent (5000 ppm, 0.5 % v/v mud in water) MAF and SPP were not toxic to Callinectes sapidus. Survival of C. sapidus larvae decreased as concentrations of MAF and SPP increased from 5 % (5000 ppm, 0.5 v/v mud in water) to 50% (50000 ppm, 5 % v/v mud in water). No larvae reached the 1st crab stage in 100% (100000 ppm, 10% v/v mud in water) MAF and SPP. Statistical analysis of the data on survival, mortality, and behavior are presented.

A water slurry method in which 1100 g of comminuted peanuts was blended with 1500 ml of tap water for 3 min in a blender and the aflatoxin in a 130-g portion of the water slurry was extracted by solvent according to methods similar to those used in Method II of AOAC was compared to the method presently used by the Food Safety and Quality Service, USDA. The proposed water slurry method requires only 180 and 60 ml per sample, respectively, of methanol and hexane compared to the 1650 and 1000 ml, respectively, required by the FSQS method. Blending comminuted peanuts with water reduced the average particle size and distributed the contaminated particles throughout the slurry. Ninety-four percent of the blended particles passed a sieve with 149-μ openings compared to only 66% of the unblended product. Variance among analyses with the FSQS method did not differ significantly from the variance among analyses with the slurry method. However, analyses with the slurry method averaged 16% more aflatoxin than with the FSQS method.

Effects of Dimilin® (TH 6040), an insect growth regulator which interferes with the formation of the insect cuticle, were studied on the larval development of Rhithropanopeus harrisii (Gould) and Sesarma reticulatum (Say) (Crustacea: Brachyura). When larvae were exposed to 0.5 (R. harrisii only), 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 ppb Dimilin from hatching to the first crab stage, survival in both species decreased in relation to increased concentrations of Dimilin. Survival of R. harrisii larvae wa significantly lower at 1 ppb and higher levels compared with control experiments, and in S. reticulatum a significant decrease in survival began at the 3 ppb level. At 10 ppb Dimilin, no larvae survived to the megalopa stage in either of the two species. The results indicate that early stage larvae of R. harrisii are more sensitive to Dimilin than those of S. reticulatum. When R. harrisii larvae were treated with 10 ppb Dimilin during the intermolt period of each of the 4 zoeal stages, nearly all larvae died during molting to the succeeding stage. First zoeal larvae of R. harrisii exposed to 10 ppb Dimilin at various days during the intermolt period were more sensitive to the compound late than early in the period. It is suggested that Dimilin also may interfere with the formation of the cuticle in crab larvae.

Sensory texture profile data for butters, cheeses, fish gels, frankfurters, peanut butters, raw potatoes, and baked sweet potatoes were subjected to principal component analysis to study the interdependence and the underlying dimensions of the sensory textural characteristics. The results indicated that the character notes used by the panel to describe the texture profile of each product were not entirely independent but formed a pattern of interdependency in the underlying dimensional structure. The texture profile could be described by about ½ the orthogonal factors (underlying dimensions) compared to the original character notes and still explain about 72% of the original variance. It is concluded that the texture profile analysis for each of the products in this study could be simplified by reducing the character notes being evaluated.

SUMMARY: Bay scallops (Aequipecten irradians), calico scallops (Aequipecten gibbus) and sea scallops (Placopecten magellanicus) were sampled from known locations and months of harvest for determination of proximate composition. A scallop sample (Chlamys hericius) was obtained from near Whidbey Island, Puget Sound, for comparative purposes. The adductor muscles were analyzed for total moisture, protein, fat, glycogen and ash content. The proximate composition varied widely among locations and months of harvesting. In general, coefficients of variation were relatively low for moisture and protein but high for fat, glycogen and ash. The range for each component was fairly similar among species studied. The percent ranges for bay and calico scallop meats, respectively, were: moisture 74.15–83.66, 76.12–81.86; protein 13.44–21.57, 13.28–17.53; fat 0.23–0.91, 0.23–1.13; glycogen 0.13–3.86, 0.35–3.71 and ash 1.09–2.24, 1.17–1.91. Sea scallop percent ranges were: moisture 74.63–80.97; protein 13.87–18.11; fat 0.31–0.96; glycogen 0.27–8.74 and ash 1.28–1.81.

ESSENTIALLY all of the fresh packed eviscerated broilers processed in the United States are initially chilled in slush ice. Most processors hold eviscerated broiler carcasses in slush ice for approximately 1 hour in order that the carcass temperature may be lowered to at least 40°F. The chilled eviscerated carcasses are generally shipped to market packed in crushed ice in order to keep the carcasses in a chilled state and limit dehydration. However, some processors permit carcasses to stay in chill tanks for periods of time longer than necessary for cooling. One reason advanced for this procedure is that the carcasses absorb water thus enhancing their economic value. Cook (1939) found that immersing dressed poultry carcasses in water (45°F.) for 2 hours resulted in a mean gain in weight of 0.22%. Jones (1950) stated that dressed carcasses chilled with slush ice for 2½ hours showed a mean gain in weight of . . .

SUMMARY— A method was developed to objectively measure the emulsifying capacity (ECJ of meat and fish protein extracts by electrical resistance. The method of Swift et al. (1967) was modified to deliver oil at a constinuous rate at the point of blender agitation, thus forming an emulsion for testing the validity of the electrical resistance method. This modification reduced the variance of the end-point determination within samples. The precision of end-point determinations by electrical resistance was equivalent to the modified visual method, and had the advantages of being objective, having a finite end-point and providing a continuous record of the emulsion during formation and collapse. The EC of fresh muscle slurry extracts from fish were higher than those from beef and pork. However, the EC of fresh muscle supernatant extracts ranked from highest to lowest are beef, fish and pork, respectively. In all cases, the EC of supernatant and fresh muscle extracts was higher than the slurry and frozen muscle extracts, respectively.

LITT LE is known of the influence of physical factors on the complete larval development of Xanthid crabs. In reports on the successful rearing of the larvae in the laboratory, data on salinity and temperature are either omitted (Hart, 1935; Knudsen, 1958) or, when given, are limited in range (Chamberlain, 1957). Connolly (1925) mentions that the larvae of Rhithropanopeus harrisi were obtained from waters of different salinity but does not give the hydrographic data for the collecting stations. Bousfield (1955), concerned primarily with distribution of barnacle nauplii in the Miramichi Estuary, does indicate the range of salinity in which he found adults and zoeae of R. harrisi. Studies on the development of the Xanthidae have been primarily confined to descriptions of larval stages based on reconstructions from the plankton (Birge, 1883, Neopanope texana sayi; Hyman, 1925, N. texana sayi, Panopeus herbstii, Eurypanopeus depressus and a few stages of other Xanthids; Connolly, 1925, R. harrisi). More recently the larvae of some species of this family have been reared successfully in the laboratory (Hart, 1935, Lophopanopeus bellus; Chamberlain, 1957, N. texana sayi; Knudsen, 1958, 1959a, 1959b, L. leucomanus leucomanus, L. bellus diegensis, Paraxanthias taylori; and Costlow and Bookhout, 1961a, E. depressus, and 1961b, P. herbstii).

Study of the excitation and emission spectra of Iranian pistachio nuts was made in order to develop an index for sorting aflatoxin contaminated nuts. The method is based on previous work which discovered that nuts emitting bright-greenish-yellow (BGY) fluorescence under LW-UV light had a high probability of aflatoxin contamination. Six different indices were tested; I4 9 0, I4 9 0 I4 7 0, I4 9 0, I4 2 0, with excitation at 360 nm; and I4 9 0, I4 9 0 I4 5 0, I4 9 0 I5 5 0, with excitation at 420 nm (I = fluorescence intensity at indicated wavelengths). Tests clearly indicated that BGY fluorescent nuts can be separated from other nuts by electronic methods.

A subsampling mill was constructed with 19 subsample spouts similar to the 1 or 2 subsample spouts on the conventional subsampling mills. Samples of peanuts, each of which contained 1 kernel made radioactive by neutron activation, were comminuted in the mill. For treatment M the discharge from each spout was kept separate. For treatment R, the discharge from all 19 spouts was blended together in a twin-shelled blender and subdivided with a riffle divider into 16 subsamples which averaged the same weight as the M subsamples. Radioactivity counts/gram of each subsample were measured. Eleven samples were comminuted for each treatment which produced a total of 209 M samples and 176 R samples. An analysis of variance on the pooled data from each treatment showed a mean square error of 1318.3 for the M treatment and 1278.6 for the R treatment. The null hypothesis that the mean square errors for the two treatments are equal was not rejected by the F test (P=0.421).

Bioassay experiments demonstrated that (♂ Neoseiulus (= Typhlodromus ) fallacis (Garman) (Family: Phytoseiidae) displays behavioral responses to a chemical substance (pheromone) in ether extracts of females. A 3-choice design experiment showed that ether extracts of males do not contain chemicals attractive or repellent to males.

RESERPINE, a tranquilizing drug for humans, has been used in turkeys to reduce the effects of stress, and more specifically to prevent “aortic rupture.” Medication periods are usually measured in weeks. A review of the literature indicates wide variation in the effects of reserpine on growth rate and feed efficiency of turkeys. Burger (1959) observed a significant increase in growth of poults when fed 0.1 ppm. reserpine from 1 to 5.5 weeks of age. Ringer (1959) obtained increased body weights in poults fed 0.1 and 0.2 ppm. from 5 to 9 weeks of age. Growth tended to be suppressed by 0.3 and 0.4 ppm., and definitely depressed by 1.0 and 4.0 ppm. in the diet. Patrias (1960) depressed growth of poults by feeding 0.33 ppm. reserpine from 3 to 16 weeks of age. The same level fed from 16 to 22 weeks of age gave a significant increase in growth, …

Acetanilide was investigated as a possible antidote against methanol poisoning in mice. The drug afforded significant protection, when administered intraperitoneally at a dosage of 100 mg/kg 30 min after the oral ingestion of methanol (1100 mg/kg). When administered after longer periods, acetanilide was of less protective value. The degree of protection seems to parallel the amount of nonmetabolized methanol remaining in the organism. The antidotal property of acetanilide is believed to be related to the inhibition of alcohol oxidation.

In vivo percutaneous absorption of 14 pesticides was studied in young (33‐d‐old) and adult (82‐d‐old) female Fischer 344 rats, at three different dose levels. Carbon‐14‐labeled pesticides in acetone were applied to previously clipped middorsal skin. The treatment area was 2–3% of the body surface area. Penetration of the pesticides during a 72‐h period ranged from approximately 1%‐90%, depending on compound, dose, and age of animal. No clear age‐related pattern of dermal absorption among compounds was found. Only chlordecone, folpet, and permethrin did not show significant age‐dependent differences in skin penetration. Atrazine, carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, and hexachloro‐biphenyl had greater absorption in the young, while carbofuran, captan, dinoseb, DSMA, MSMA nicotine, and parathion displayed greater absorption in the adult. The majority of the compounds showed dose‐dependent penetration. The dose‐response curves for penetration were not parallel for 8 of the 14 compounds studied.

Thirteen to fifteen human volunteers worked for eight-hr periods in tobacco fields treated 96, 72, and 48 hr previously with monocrotophos (3-hydroxy-N-methyl-cis-crotonamide dimethyl phosphate). At the 48-hr reentry period, during which time no rainfall occurred, both post-exposure plasma and red blood cell cholinesterase levels of the worker group were depressed from pre-exposure levels although the decline was less than 9% in both cases. Rainfall in excess of one inch fell during the 96- and 72-hr reentry intervals, and no important change in cholinesterase levels was noted. Experiments with mice were in general agreement with the human tests. Dimethyl phosphoric acid in urine of the worker group collected prior to, and three hr after, exposure was unchanged in all cases. Rain appeared to have markedly reduced dislodgable residues.

Due to limited space, there is a need to dispose appropriately of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory transuranic waste which is presently stored below ground in 55-gal (208-l) drums within weather-resistant structures. Waste containing less than 100 nCi/g transuranics can be removed from the present storage and be buried, while waste containing greater than 100 nCi/g transuranics must continue to be retrievably stored. To make the necessary measurements needed to determine the drums that can be buried, a transuranic Neutron Interrogation Assay System (NIAS) has been developed at Los Alamos National Laboratory and can make the needed measurements much faster than previous techniques which involved ..gamma..-ray spectroscopy. The previous techniques are reliable but time consuming. Therefore, a validation study has been planned to determine the ability of the NIAS to make adequate measurements. The validation of the NIAS will be based on a paired comparison of a sample of measurements made by the previous techniques and the NIAS. The purpose of this report is to describe the proposed sampling plan and the statistical analyses needed to validate the NIAS. 5 references, 4 figures, 5 tables.

Suitability of the negative binomial distribution for use in estimating the probabilities associated with sampling lots of shelled peanuts for aflatoxin analysis has been studied. Large samples, called “minilots,” were drawn from 29 lots of shelled peanuts contaminated with aflatoxin. These minilots were subdivided into ca. 12 lb samples which were analyzed for aflatoxin. The mean and variance of these aflatoxin determinations for each minilot were determined. The shape parameterk and the mean aflatoxin concentrationm were estimated for each minilot. A regression analysis indicated the functional relationship betweenk andm to be:k=(2.0866+2.3898m) × 10−6. The observed distribution of sample concentrations from each of the 29 minilots was compared to the negative binomial distribution by means of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The null hypothesis that each of the true unknown distribution functions was negative binomial was not rejected at the 5% significance level for all 29 comparisons.

Thirteen acaricides were evaluated for the control of the spruce spider mite in Fraser fir Christmas tree plantations in northwest North Carolina. Dimethoate, ethion, dicofol, and carbophenothion gave effective control when applied at the same rate by both hydraulic sprayer and mist blower. Oxydemeton-methyl also demonstrated good efficacy when applied by hydraulic spray.

‘Nugget’, ‘Gem’, ‘Goldrush’ and ‘Centennial’ sweet potato cultivars were grown for 3 yr at 3 locations in North Carolina. Root samples were collected at peak harvest (about October 1) each year and examined for intercellular space (IS). At 1 location each year a collection was made 3 wk prior to peak harvest, at peak harvest, and 3 wk after peak harvest. Cultivars differed significantly from one another in IS at harvest and averaged 6.26, 7.32, 8.41 and 9.85 ml/100 ml of root for ‘Nugget’, ‘Gem’, ‘Goldrush’ and ‘Centennial’, respectively. Over the 3-yr period IS did not differ significantly due to location, time of harvest, or years.