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More than one-in-five of undergraduate students are raising dependent children as part of their college experience. Yet, while student-parents are a substantial demographic, with unique needs and challenges, the field of higher education has been slow to acknowledge their presence, and they still remain largely invisible on their own campuses. Housing insecurity and homelessness have been underexplored concerns when it comes to student-parents and their kids, but are a serious and widespread concern. This article discusses the creation of the Campus Family Housing Database Project, a nationally comprehensive database of colleges and universities with family housing, and the barriers to creating and sustaining family housing on campuses.

Although Ë‚5% of children with asthma suffer from severe asthma, they account for the highest use of health resources. The field of asthma therapy is changing rapidly, with a number of new drugs and biologics being added to the treatment armamentarium, particularly for adults. This, though, is not the case for paediatric patients, in whom a number of these novel molecules and drugs have not been investigated. Even though adults have shown responses to medication in some studies, this does not necessarily imply that there will be similar results in children. In the management of severe asthma, use of specific interventions to ensure treatment adherence and goal-setting for self-management is critical to ensure the best treatment outcomes. The objective of this article is to review and grade the current evidence base for use of novel asthma drugs and to make evidence-based recommendations for their administration in children with severe asthma in the South Africa context. We also review the evidence for medication-adherence strategies and self-management plans.

Background. Asthma is a heterogeneous condition characterised by chronic inflammation and variable expiratory airflow limitation, with airway reversibility. Management of chronic inflammation with anti-asthma medication improves asthma control and quality of life.Objectives. To provide an evidence-based approach for chronic asthma management in young children and adolescents and provide guidance on the use of new asthma drugs in children.Methods. The South African Childhood Asthma Working Group (SACAWG) convened in January 2017. The asthma treatment task group reviewed the available scientific literature and international asthma treatment guidelines. The evidence was then graded according to the Grades of Recommendation Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system and recommendations were made based on scientific evidence and local context. Asthma management recommendations were made for children Ë‚6 years of age and older children and adolescents, as well as for stepping up and stepping down of therapy. This review does not include biologics or novel asthma drugs, which are covered in another CME article in this edition of SAMJ.Conclusions. To ensure good response, treatment and adherence, type of medication, device and checking of technique are all critical. Stepping up of therapy should be done only after ensuring good adherence and technique. Once therapeutic response is achieved, medication administration has to be stepped down to improve ease of use and avoid unnecessary side-effects.

Background. Asthma is a heterogeneous condition characterised by chronic inflammation and variable expiratory airflow limitation, as well as airway reversibility. The diagnosis of asthma in young children is limited by the inability to perform objective lung function testing in this group of patients and the wide variety of conditions that can phenotypically present with asthma-like symptoms.Objectives. To provide an evidence-based approach for clinicians to accurately diagnose asthma in young children and to assess the level of control to guide therapeutic decisions.Methods. The South African Childhood Asthma Working Group (SACAWG) convened in January 2017 with task groups, each headed by a section leader, constituting the editorial committee on assessment of asthma epidemiology, diagnosis, control, treatments, novel treatments and self-management plans. The asthma diagnosis and control task groups reviewed the available scientific literature and assigned evidence according to the Grades of Recommendation Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system, providing recommendations based on current evidence.Conclusions. Asthma in young children should only be diagnosed if all other causes of wheezing have been considered and excluded, and if there is a response to a therapeutic trial and worsening with withdrawal of asthma medication. Asthma control should be assessed at each visit to guide therapeutic decisions.Â

Background. Asthma is a heterogeneous condition characterised by chronic inflammation and variable expiratory airflow limitation, as well as airway reversibility. The burden of asthma in children is increasing in low- and middle-income countries and remains under-recognised and poorly managed.Objectives. To quantify the burden of asthma in the South African (SA) population and identify the risk factors associated with disease severity in the local context.Methods. The SA Childhood Asthma Working Group (SACAWG) convened in January 2017 with task groups, each headed by a section leader, constituting the editorial committee on assessment of asthma epidemiology, diagnosis, control, treatments, novel treatments and self-management plans. The epidemiology task group reviewed the available scientific literature and assigned evidence according to the Grades of Recommendation Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system.Conclusions. Asthma in children remains a common condition, which has shown an increasing prevalence in urban and rural populations of SA. Of concern is that almost half of children in urban communities experience severe asthma symptoms, and many asthmatics lack a formal diagnosis and thus access to treatment. Exposure to tobacco smoke and living in highly polluted areas increase the severity of wheezing in young children.

In the Australian state of Victoria, the city of Melbourne endured the world's longest number of lockdown days, with severe government health orders and travel restrictions in place for extended periods of 2020 and 2021. In common with others, we found the provision of field teaching in introductory geology, structural geology, and volcanology, and the online replacement of practical instruction in petrology and petrography to be the greatest pedagogical challenges. We developed and used a range of different virtual field excursions that, given time and travel constraints imposed on us, were necessarily "low-tech" and non-immersive. Despite this, our students largely engaged enthusiastically with the virtual excursions, met many preexisting learning goals, and gained additional skills, particularly in regional-scale geological synthesis. In teaching petrology and petrography online, curated resources improved student understanding of some fundamental concepts, and it was advantageous that students were all assessed using identical imagery, rather than one sample from a non-identical class-set. On the other hand, we found we were less able to train students in the advanced skills of thin section interpretation. Assessment changes associated with online teaching have resulted in a permanent shift from low-level recall-style assessments to instead emphasizing higher-level synthesis and "geological thinking" skills. Our efforts throughout the pandemic demonstrated the value of instructor-student engagement and yielded teaching resources that have subsequently enhanced our face-to-face teaching and increased flexibility for students. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of collaborative teaching practice and we have increasingly seen the benefits of local and national-scale teaching networks for peer support and for resource sharing.

Community-based learning (CBL), also known as service learning (SL), provides students with an active and meaningful learning environment and has been studied in STEM courses for several decades. Chemistry for the Community is a novel chemistry curriculum that weaves service-learning projects throughout multiple courses, including gateway courses, and allows students to build self-efficacy and transferable skills. Over a three-year period, students experienced multiple projects while enrolled in two-semester general and organic chemistry courses and one-semester organic survey, environmental, and analytical chemistry courses. Student experiences, gathered by surveys, reflections, and interviews, were compared to those of students conducting equivalent non-SL projects, as well as projects conducted virtually due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Public communication and community partner interaction emerged as major themes from the data and were explored through the lens of self-determination theory. Results indicate that students were anxious about their role but were motivated by community partner interaction. Project completion corresponded to an increase in self-efficacy regarding similar future tasks with students perceiving benefits of multiple experiences.

Considerable controversy exists regarding the exact nature of the molecular mechanism of interfacial activation, a process by which most lipases achieve maximum catalytic activity upon adsorption to an oil water interface. X-ray crystallographic studies show that lipases contain buried active centers and that displacements of entire secondary structure elements, or “lids,” take place when the enzymes assume active conformations [Derewenda, U., A. M. Brzozowski, D. M. Lawson, and Z. S. Derewenda. 1992. Biochemistry: 31: 1532-1541; van Tilbeurgh, H., M-P. Egloff, C. Martinez, N. Rugani, R. Verger, and C. Cambillau. 1993. Nature: 362: 814-820; Grochulski, P., L. Yunge, J. D. Schrag, F. Bouthillier, P. Smith, D. Harrison, B. Rubin, and M. Cygler. 1993. J. Biol. Chem. 268: 12843-12847]. A simple two-state model inferred from these results implies that the “closed” conformation is stable in an aqueous medium, rendering the active centers inaccessible to water soluble substrates. We now report that in crystals of the Humicola lanuginosa lipase the “lid” is significantly disordered irrespective of the ionic strength of the medium, while in a related enzyme from Rhizopus delemar, crystallized in the presence of a detergent, the two molecules that form the asymmetric unit show different “lid” conformations. These new results call into question the simplicity of the “enzyme theory” of interfacial activation.

The California wine industry has been in the midst of a prolonged boom for more than 30 years. In 1975, California was home to approximately 330 wineries; by 2006 there were nearly 2,500. There has been a dramatic shift in demand toward higher priced and higher quality table wines, as reflected in the total revenues and crush shares of the state's four major growing regions. We examine the major trends in the California wine-grape industry over the last 30 years, specifically differences that are arising between the coastal and inland growing regions and migration of the various wine-grape varieties grown throughout the state.

The California wine industry is growing and changing amidst a global revolution in grape growing, wine production, wine marketing and consumer tastes. California accounted for roughly 90% of the value of U.S. wine production in 2006. U.S. per capita wine consumption and the quality of wine consumed continue to rise. The largest California wineries have long accounted for most California wine shipments and continue to expand with respect to volume and number of labels. While small wineries sell most of their wine directly to end-users, many midsized wineries face challenges in an increasingly crowded marketplace.

California's farmers collectively spend more than $100 million a year to promote their products. Here are answers to such questions as: Where is the money spent? What are the public policy issues associated with government-sponsored generic commodity advertising? How successful are those campaigns? And finally, how can commodity groups improve their data bases?

Abstract The cytochrome P450 family of enzymes metabolise a wide range of compounds and play important roles in breast cancer pathogenesis due to their involvement in estrogen metabolism and the production of carcinogenic metabolites during this process. The orphan CYPs, CYP2S1, and CYP2W1 are reportedly upregulated in breast cancer. However, their expression and association with clinicopathological and survival parameters have not been previously assessed in a large cohort of breast cancers. Protein expression of CYP2S1 and CYP2W1 was assessed in early‐stage invasive breast cancers (n = 1,426) using immunohistochemistry and correlated with various clinicopathological parameters and survival. mRNA expression of CYP2S1 and CYP2W1 was also assessed in the Molecular Taxonomy of Breast Cancer International Consortium (METABRIC) cohort. Low nuclear and cytoplasmic CYP2S1 was significantly associated with high‐grade tumours (p ≤ 0.009), intermediate Nottingham prognostic index (NPI) group (p ≤ 0.025), high mitotic frequency (p ≤ 0.002), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)‐negative disease (p ≤ 0.011), and ductal carcinoma (p ≤ 0.022). Cytoplasmic CYP2S1 was additionally associated with patients ≥50 years (p

Matthew Parker et al. use the ARTIC network tiled amplicon PCR and Oxford Nanopore sequencing of thousands of SARS-CoV-2 samples to detect subgenomic RNA changes in the B.1.1.7 lineage endemic in the UK in late 2020/early 2021. They discovered higher subgenomic RNA in B.1.1.7 compared to previous lineages, and find a noncanonical subgenomic RNA that could encode ORF9b.