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To compile this literature review, we studied at least 100 publications devoted to the genetic basis of clear cell, papillary, and chromophobic sporadic kidney cancer pathogenesis. Each of them considered the role of somatic gene and chromosomal mutations in the initiation, promotion, and tumor progression of sporadic renal cell carcinoma, emphasized the importance of determining the mutagenic profile of renal cell carcinoma for the future fate of patients.

Background. Currently, in men suffering from prostate cancer, histological examination of the material obtained during pelvic lymphadenectomy (PLAE) is the most accurate and reliable method for staging the tumor process and postoperative prognosis of disease outcomes, an important factor influencing the choice of the most rational treatment tactics after radical prostatectomy. However, today questions about the therapeutic (oncological) expediency of PLAE and its safety in terms of the development of intra- and postoperative complications remain debatable.Aim. To was to compare the perioperative and therapeutic (oncological) results of radical prostat ectomy performed in combination with standard or extended PLAE.Materials and methods. The study materials were the data of medical records of 812 men aged 43 to 78 years, at different times (from January 2009 to December 2018) who were hospitalized for localized or locally advanced prostate cancer in stages cT1a–cT3bN0M0. The research method was a retrospective analysis of the data contained in the selected medical records.Results and conclusion. The results of our studies, firstly, confirm the conclusions of the European Association of Urology (EAU) experts on the justification and necessity of performing an extended PLAE with radical prostatectomy in order to diagnose metastatic lesions of the pelvic lymph nodes in individuals with an intermediate or high risk of prostate cancer progression; secondly, they indicate a higher therapeutic efficacy of extended PLAE compared to that for standard PLAE, which is expressed in a statistically significantly three times lower incidence of biochemical relapses and an 11.4 % longer relapse-free period after extended PLAE than after standard PLAE. Extended PLAE, performed in one surgical session with radical prostatectomy, is not a risk factor for the development of various intra- and postoperative complications, with the exception of the lymphocele, which is formed in 3.7–13.5 % of cases of extended PLAE due to intraoperative transection of lymphatic vessels and lymph accumulation at the site of the removed adipose tissue.

While performing surgical treatment of the localized form of renal cell cancer by means of open or laparoscopic partial nephrectomy, renal warm ischemia is an important issue. Using renal warm ischemia allows to prevent parenchymal bleeding, to optimize conditions for resection of the tumor and to increase significantly the efficiency of hemostasis. However, an important problem is the probability of ischemic hypoxic damage of the remaining part of the kidney tissue during renal warm ischemia and renal functional impairment in the postoperative period.To compare nephroprotective activity of sodium fumarate, mannitol and furosemide using experimental model of 30- and 60-minute renal warm ischemia in rabbits.The experiments were carried out on 360 conventional male-rabbits of the "Chinchilla" breed weighed 2,6+/-0,3 kg which were allocated into 10 groups. The control group No1 included intact animals, the control group No2 included the rabbits in which renal artery was not clamped. For the animals from the trial groups (No3-No10) the experimental model of 30- and 60-minute renal warm ischemia was used. In groups No3 and No4 no drugs were provided. Other rabbits undergone renal warm ischemia with a protection by sodium fumarate (groups No5 and No6 - 1,5 ml/kg IV), lasix (groups No7 and No8 - 3,0 mg/kg IV) and mannitol (No9 and No10 - 1,0 g/kg IV). The influence of renal warm ischemia on the renal tissue ultrastructure and the levels of NGAL, Cystatin-C and creatinine in blood and urine were studied.During experimental pharmacologically uncorrected 30-minute renal warm ischemia in animals, edema of the terminal part of microvilli of the proximal tubules epithelium, an increase of lysosome number in the hyaloplasm of epithelial cells, appearance of flaky content of medium electronic density in the lumens of distal tubules and collecting tubules, as well as sharp peak-like increase of NGAL and cystatin-C in blood and urine were observed. Increasing the time of ischemia up to 60 minutes was accompanied by more severe disturbances. In groups where sodium fumarate, lasix and mannitol were used the observed ultrastructural disturbances were expressed to lesser extent, whereas sodium fumarate demonstrated the best nephroprotective activity. After using mannitol the severity of disturbances was less than in the groups where mannitol, lasix or sodium fumarate were not given. Lasix and sodium salt of fumaric acid showed a higher nephroprotective activity. The best results were received in the animals received sodium fumarate.The studied drugs provided a nephroprotective effect regarding ischemia of rabbit kidney. The effect of sodium fumarate was the most pronounced, followed by furosemide and, to a lesser extent, mannitol. Use of sodium fumarate allows to protect and stimulate the kidney tissue effectively during oxygen deprivation under ischemic state.

Ureteral stents have a long history of use. Their main goal is to provide effective drainage of the upper urinary tract. Morbidity is mostly related to low biocompatibility of materials, from which stents are made. Since stent introduction, there have been many stages of evolution and modernization. However, there is a significant problem associated with their widespread use. Despite technological progress, stent-associated symptoms, incrustation, bacterial infection are the problems that still have to be resolved while creating an "ideal" stent. The continued development of new materials and coatings also will lead to the improvement of such an indispensable urological device as the ureteral stent.

A state of autoimmunity was studied in 25 patients, suffering diffuse toxic goiter (DTG), and in 20--in nodular euthyroid goiter (NEG) before and after the operation. The level of circulating immune complexes, quantity of cytotoxic lymphocytes, the subpopulation index, the apoptosis marker were determined. There was established, that in NEG autoimmune disorders have occurred rarer and were less severe, than in DTG.