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Eiseniella tetraedra (Savigny, 1826) Enterion tetraedrum Savigny, 1826: 183. Lumbricus agilis Hoffmeister, 1843: 191. Allurus dubius Michaelsen, 1890: 7. Allurus hercynius Michaelsen, 1890: 7. Eiseniella tetraedra bernensis + Eis. t. pupa + Eis. t. tetragonura + Eis. macrura: Michaelsen 1900 a: 473 ���474. Eiseniella tetraedra hercynia: Michaelsen 1900 a: 473; Wilcke 1949: 175; Zuck 1951: 126. Eiseniella tetraedra typica: Michaelsen 1900 a: 473; Zuck 1951: 126. Eiseniella tetraedra tetraedra: Wilcke 1949: 175. Eiseniella tetraedra hammoniensis Michaelsen, 1909: 63. Eiseniella tetraedra: Michaelsen 1903: 178; Graff 1953 b: 26; Bouch�� 1972: 215; Easton 1983: 481; Sims & Gerard 1999: 90; Csuzdi & Zicsi 2003: 153; Blakemore 2008: 41 ���42. Ecology. Epigeic semi-aquatic species typical for river banks and lake shores (Zuck 1951; Graff 1954; Bouch�� 1972). Zoogeographical distribution type. Peregrine species with Palaearctic origin, distributed worldwide (Csuzdi & Zicsi 2003). Distribution in Germany. Central Germany (Michaelsen 1890; Eggert 1982; R��mbke 2000; R��mbke et al. 2000; H��ser 2012; PSMS in Saxony-Anhalt: Neubert 2011); northern Germany (Michaelsen 1890; Graff 1950, 1954; Judas et al. 1989; Graefe 1993; Irmler 1999; R��mbke et al. 2000; Beylich & Graefe 2002; Groth & Irmler 2012), southern Germany (Zuck 1951; Volz 1976; Kula 1994; Sommer et al. 1999, 2002; R��mbke et al. 2000; Beck et al. 2001; Brauckmann 2002; Sommer et al. 2002); eastern Germany (Wilcke 1939; F��ller 1953; B��sener 1965; N��llner & Weigmann 1982; R��mbke et al. 2000; Beylich & Graefe 2002; PSMS in Brandenburg: www.edaphobase.org); western Germany (Baltzer 1956; R��mbke et al. 2000)., Published as part of Lehmitz, Ricarda, R��mbke, J��rg, J��nsch, Stephan, Kr��ck, Stefanie, Beylich, Anneke & Graefe, Ulfert, 2014, Checklist of earthworms (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) from Germany, pp. 221-245 in Zootaxa 3866 (2) on page 232, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3866.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/229518, {"references":["Savigny, J. C. (1826) Analyse des Travaux de l'Academie royale des Sciences, pendant l'annee 1821, partie physique. In: Cuvier, G. (Ed.), Memoires de l'Academie des Sciences de l'Institut de France. Vol. 5. Paris, pp. 176 - 184.","Hoffmeister, W. (1843) Beitrage zur Kenntnis deutscher Landnanneliden. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 9 (1), 183 - 198.","Michaelsen, W. (1890) Die Lumbriciden Norddeutschlands. Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten, 7, 1 - 19.","Michaelsen, W. (1900 a) Oligochaeta. Das Tierreich X. Friedlander & Sohn, Berlin, 575 pp.","Wilcke, D. E. (1949) Bestimmungstabelle fur einheimische Lumbriciden. Senckenbergiana, 30, 171 - 181.","Zuck, W. (1951) Untersuchungen uber das Vorkommen und die Biotope einheimischer Lumbriciden. Jahreshefte des Vereins fur vaterlandische Naturkunde in Wurttemberg (Stuttgart), 107, 95 - 132.","Michaelsen, W. (1909) Oligochaeta. Die Sußwasserfauna Deutschlands, 13, 1 - 66.","Michaelsen, W. (1903) Die geographische Verbreitung der Oligochaeten. R. Friedlander & Sohn, Berlin, 186 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11667","Graff, O. (1953 b) Die Regenwurmer Deutschlands. Schriften der Forschungsanstalt fur Landwirtschaft Braunschweig. Verlag M. & H. Schaper, Hannover, 81 pp.","Bouche, M. B. (1972) Lombriciens de France. - Ecologie et Systematique. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Paris, 671 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 2402311","Easton, E. G. (1983) A guide to the valid names of Lumbricidae (Oligochaeta). In: Satchell, J. E. (Ed.), Earthworm ecology from Darwin to vermiculture. Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 475 - 785. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 009 - 5965 - 1 _ 41","Sims, R. W. & Gerard, B. M. (1999) Earthworms. In: Barnes, R. S. K. & Crothers, J. H. (Eds.), Synopses of the British Fauna (New Series) No. 31 (Revised). London: E. J., 167 pp.","Csuzdi, C. & Zicsi, A. (2003) Earthworms of Hungary (Annelida: Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae). Pedozoologica Hungarica, 1, 1 - 272.","Blakemore, R. J. (2008) An updated list of valid, invalid and synonymous names of Criodriloidea (Criodrilidae) and Lumbricoidea (Annelida: Oligochaeta: Sparganophilidae, Ailoscolecidae, Hormogastridae, Lumbricidae, and Lutodrilidae), Robert J. Blakemore PhD, C / - Soil Ecology Group, Graduate School of Enviro and Info Sciences, Yokohama, National University, 79 - 7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama 240 - 8501. Japan, 80 pp. Available from: www. annelida. net / earthworm / Lumbricidae. pdf (accessed 16 December 2013)","Graff, O. (1954) Die Regenwurmfauna im ostlichen Niedersachsen und in Schleswig-Holstein. Beitrage zur Naturkunde Niedersachsens, 7 (2), 48 - 56.","Eggert, U. J. (1982) Vorkommen und Verbreitung der Regenwurmer (Lumbricidae) des Naturparks \" Hoher Vogelsberg \". Beitrage zur Naturkunde in Osthessen, 18, 61 - 103.","Hoser, N. (2012) Regenwurmer (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) in der Hangcatena. Hercynia, 45, 193 - 208.","Neubert, E. (2011) Lumbriciden 2011 - Regenwurmer auf Boden-Dauerbeobachtungsflachen in Sachsen-Anhalt. Bericht des Landesamtes fur Umweltschutz Sachsen-Anhalt, 30 pp.","Graff, O. (1950) Die Regenwurmer der Umgebung von Braunschweig und ihre Bedeutung fur die Landwirtschaft. PhD-thesis, 87 pp.","Judas, M., Poser, K., Joger, H. G. & Schaefer, M. (1989) Langfristige Populationsdynamik der Regenwurmer (Lumbricidae) eines Kalkbuchenwaldes. Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft fur Okologie, 17, 245 - 250. [Gottingen 1987]","Graefe, U. (1993) Veranderungen der Zersetzergesellschaften im Immissionsbereich eines Zementwerkes. Mitteilungen der Deutschen Bodenkundlichen Gesellschaft, 72, 531 - 534.","Irmler, U. (1999) Die standortlichen Bedingungen der Regenwurmer (Lumbricidae) in Schleswig-Holstein. Faunistisch- Okologische Mitteilungen, 7, 509 - 518.","Beylich, A. & Graefe, U. (2002) Annelid coenoses of wetlands representing different decomposer communities. In: Broll, G., Merbach, W. & Pfeiffer, E. - M. (Eds.), Wetlands in Central Europe. Soil organisms, soil ecological processes and trace gas emissions. Springer, Berlin, pp. 1 - 10. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 662 - 05054 - 5 _ 1","Groth, J. & Irmler, U. (2012) Spatial distribution of earthworms (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) and the relationship to environmental parameters in northern German wet grassland. Faunistisch-Okologische Mitteilungen, 9, 294 - 303.","Volz, P. (1976) Die Regenwurm-Populationen im Naturschutzgebiet \" Hordter Rheinaue \" und ihre Abhangigkeit vom Feuchtigkeitsregime des Standorts. Mitteilungen der Pollichia, 64, 110 - 120.","Kula, H. (1994) Auswirkungen von Pflanzenschutzmitteln auf Regenwurmer (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) - Zur Problematik der Bewertung letaler und subletaler Effekte in Labor- und Feldversuchen. PhD-thesis, 151 pp.","Sommer, M., Friedel, M., Vollmer, T. & Ehrmann, O. (1999) Bewertung von Boden nach ihrer Eignung als Lebensraum fur Bodenorganismen. Abschlussbericht UVM-Projekt O. Nr. U 56 - 98.02","Sommer, M., Ehrmann, O., Friedel, J. K., Martin, K., Vollmer, T. & Turian, G. (2002) Boden als Lebensraum fur Organismen - Regenwurmer, Gehauselandschnecken und Bodenmikoorganismen in Waldern Baden-Wurttembergs. Hohenheimer Bodenkundliche Hefte, 63, 1 - 163.","Beck, L., Rombke, J., Paulus, R., Ruf, A., Scheurig, M., Spelda, J. & Woas, S. (2001) Bodenfauna und Umwelt - Bodenokologische Inventur und Beurteilung von ausgewahlten Standorten in Baden-Wurttemberg. PAOE-Report (Baden- Wurttemberg), 131 pp.","Brauckmann, H. - J. (2002) Regenwurmzonosen in sudwestdeutschen Grunlandbrachen - Eine Sukzessionsstudie der ersten 20 Jahre. Voi. 10. Arbeiten aus dem Institut fur Landschaftsokologie, Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster, 121 pp.","Wilcke, D. E. (1939) Der gegenwartige Stand unserer Kenntnis der markischen Lumbricidenfauna. Markische Tierwelt, 4, 34 - 50.","Fuller, H. (1953) Tiergeographisch-okologische Untersuchungen uber die Lumbriciden des mittleren Saaletales. Wissenschaftl. Zeitschrift der Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat Jena, 2, 51 - 60.","Bosener, R. (1965) Untersuchungen uber das Vorkommen und die forstliche Bedeutung von Lumbriciden (Oligochaeta) in verschiedenen Waldbestanden des Osterzgebirges. Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift der Technischen Universitat Dresden, 14 (3), 741 - 746.","Nollner, C. & Weigmann, G. (1982) Das Naturschutzgebiet Teufelsbruch in Berlin-Spandau. X. Die Regenwurmer im Teufelsbruch und im angrenzenden Forst. Sitzungsbericht der Gesellschaft der Naturforschenden Freunde Berlin, 22, 70 - 88.","Baltzer, R. (1956) Die Regenwurmer Westfalens. Zoologisches Jahrbuch, 84, 355 - 413."]}

Octodrilus argoviensis (Bretscher, 1899) Allolobophora argoviense Bretscher, 1899: 238. Octodrilus argoviensis: Easton 1983: 483; Blakemore 2008: 54. Ecology. Aquatic species. In Germany recorded only from one lake in the Alps at 2,000 m height (Bauchhen��, pers. comm.). Zoogeographical distribution type. Central-European distribution: Switzerland, Austria, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Italy (Rota 2014: Fauna Europaea) and Germany. Distribution in Germany. Southern Germany (Bauchhen��, pers. comm.)., Published as part of Lehmitz, Ricarda, R��mbke, J��rg, J��nsch, Stephan, Kr��ck, Stefanie, Beylich, Anneke & Graefe, Ulfert, 2014, Checklist of earthworms (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) from Germany, pp. 221-245 in Zootaxa 3866 (2) on page 237, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3866.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/229518, {"references":["Bretscher, K. (1899) Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Oligochaeten-Fauna der Schweiz. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 6, 360 - 426.","Easton, E. G. (1983) A guide to the valid names of Lumbricidae (Oligochaeta). In: Satchell, J. E. (Ed.), Earthworm ecology from Darwin to vermiculture. Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 475 - 785. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 009 - 5965 - 1 _ 41","Blakemore, R. J. (2008) An updated list of valid, invalid and synonymous names of Criodriloidea (Criodrilidae) and Lumbricoidea (Annelida: Oligochaeta: Sparganophilidae, Ailoscolecidae, Hormogastridae, Lumbricidae, and Lutodrilidae), Robert J. Blakemore PhD, C / - Soil Ecology Group, Graduate School of Enviro and Info Sciences, Yokohama, National University, 79 - 7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama 240 - 8501. Japan, 80 pp. Available from: www. annelida. net / earthworm / Lumbricidae. pdf (accessed 16 December 2013)","Rota, E. (2014) Fauna Europaea: Annelida, Lumbricidae. Fauna Europaea version 2. 6. 2, Available from: http: // www. faunaeur. org (27 August 2014)"]}

Aporrectodea jassyensis (Michaelsen, 1891) Allolobophora jassyensis jassyensis Michaelsen, 1891: 15. Allolobophora jassyensis jassyensis: Michaelsen 1897: 69. Helodrilus (Allolobophora) jassyensis: Michaelsen 1900 a: 484. Helodrilus cavaticus Michaelsen, 1910: 57. Aporrectodea jassyensis: Easton 1983: 477; Csuzdi & Zicsi 2003: 87; Blakemore 2008: 21. Ecology. Endogeic species known from only three places in Germany, one in a vineyard (Becker 1999), one in a garden (Wurst et al. 2005) and one in a deciduous forest (H��ser 2001). Zoogeographical distribution type. Native to the Palaearctic and widely distributed in southern Eurasia and northern Africa (Csuzdi & Zicsi 2003). Trans-Aegean distribution (Hackenberger Kutuzović & Hackenberger Kutuzović 2013). Distribution in Germany. Central Germany (H��ser 2001); southern Germany (Becker 1999); western Germany (Wurst et al. 2005)., Published as part of Lehmitz, Ricarda, R��mbke, J��rg, J��nsch, Stephan, Kr��ck, Stefanie, Beylich, Anneke & Graefe, Ulfert, 2014, Checklist of earthworms (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) from Germany, pp. 221-245 in Zootaxa 3866 (2) on page 225, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3866.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/229518, {"references":["Michaelsen, W. (1891) Oligochaeten des Naturhistorischen Museums in Hamburg IV. Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten, 8, 1 - 42.","Michaelsen, W. (1897) Neue und wenig bekannte afrikanische Terricolen. Mitteilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum in Hamburg, 14, 1 - 72.","Michaelsen, W. (1900 a) Oligochaeta. Das Tierreich X. Friedlander & Sohn, Berlin, 575 pp.","Michaelsen, W. (1910) Zur Kenntnis der Lumbriciden und ihrer Verbreitung. Annuaire du Musee Zoologique de l'Academie Imperiale des Sciences de St. - Petersbourg, 15, 1 - 74.","Easton, E. G. (1983) A guide to the valid names of Lumbricidae (Oligochaeta). In: Satchell, J. E. (Ed.), Earthworm ecology from Darwin to vermiculture. Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 475 - 785. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 009 - 5965 - 1 _ 41","Csuzdi, C. & Zicsi, A. (2003) Earthworms of Hungary (Annelida: Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae). Pedozoologica Hungarica, 1, 1 - 272.","Blakemore, R. J. (2008) An updated list of valid, invalid and synonymous names of Criodriloidea (Criodrilidae) and Lumbricoidea (Annelida: Oligochaeta: Sparganophilidae, Ailoscolecidae, Hormogastridae, Lumbricidae, and Lutodrilidae), Robert J. Blakemore PhD, C / - Soil Ecology Group, Graduate School of Enviro and Info Sciences, Yokohama, National University, 79 - 7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama 240 - 8501. Japan, 80 pp. Available from: www. annelida. net / earthworm / Lumbricidae. pdf (accessed 16 December 2013)","Becker, J. (1999) Auswirkungen von kupferbelasteten Weinbergsboden auf das Artenspektrum und die Funktion von Regenwurmzonosen. Diploma thesis, Universitat Hohenheim, 65 pp.","Wurst, S., Langel, R. & Scheu, S. (2005) Do endogeic earthworms change plant competition? A microcosm study. Plant and Soil, 271, 123 - 130. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 11104 - 004 - 2201 - 4","Hoser, N. (2001) Ergebnisbericht fur die Thuringer Landesanstalt fur Umwelt und Geologie (TLUG), 21 pp.","Hackenberger-Kutuzovic, D. & Hackenberger-Kutuzovic, B. (2013) Checklist oft he earthworm fauna of Croatia (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae). Zootaxa, 3710 (1), 1 - 30. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3710.1.1"]}

Octodrilus transpadanus (Rosa, 1884) Enterion opimum Savigny, 1826: 183. Allolobophora transpadana Rosa, 1884: 45. Octolasium transpadanum: Michaelsen 1900 a: 507. Octodrilus transpadanus: Easton 1983: 483; Csuzdi & Zicsi 2003: 215; Blakemore 2008: 55. Ecology. Endogeic species with records from grassland and mixed forest. Prefers moist soils in swamps and riverbanks (Csuzdi & Zicsi 2003). Zoogeographical distribution type. Trans-Aegean distribution (Csuzdi & Zicsi 2003). Distribution in Germany. Southern Germany (Skambracks 1996; PSMS in Bavaria: www.edaphobase.org)., Published as part of Lehmitz, Ricarda, R��mbke, J��rg, J��nsch, Stephan, Kr��ck, Stefanie, Beylich, Anneke & Graefe, Ulfert, 2014, Checklist of earthworms (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) from Germany, pp. 221-245 in Zootaxa 3866 (2) on page 237, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3866.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/229518, {"references":["Rosa, D. (1884) Lumbricidi del Pieomte. Torino, 54 pp.","Savigny, J. C. (1826) Analyse des Travaux de l'Academie royale des Sciences, pendant l'annee 1821, partie physique. In: Cuvier, G. (Ed.), Memoires de l'Academie des Sciences de l'Institut de France. Vol. 5. Paris, pp. 176 - 184.","Michaelsen, W. (1900 a) Oligochaeta. Das Tierreich X. Friedlander & Sohn, Berlin, 575 pp.","Easton, E. G. (1983) A guide to the valid names of Lumbricidae (Oligochaeta). In: Satchell, J. E. (Ed.), Earthworm ecology from Darwin to vermiculture. Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 475 - 785. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 009 - 5965 - 1 _ 41","Csuzdi, C. & Zicsi, A. (2003) Earthworms of Hungary (Annelida: Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae). Pedozoologica Hungarica, 1, 1 - 272.","Blakemore, R. J. (2008) An updated list of valid, invalid and synonymous names of Criodriloidea (Criodrilidae) and Lumbricoidea (Annelida: Oligochaeta: Sparganophilidae, Ailoscolecidae, Hormogastridae, Lumbricidae, and Lutodrilidae), Robert J. Blakemore PhD, C / - Soil Ecology Group, Graduate School of Enviro and Info Sciences, Yokohama, National University, 79 - 7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama 240 - 8501. Japan, 80 pp. Available from: www. annelida. net / earthworm / Lumbricidae. pdf (accessed 16 December 2013)","Skambracks, D. (1996) Die Bedeutung saprophager Regenwurmer im Nahrstoffkreislauf von Waldboden. PhD-thesis, Projekt \" Bodenforschung im deutschen Alpenraum \", 174 pp."]}

Octolasion tyrtaeum (Savigny, 1826) Enterion tyrtaeum Savigny, 1826: 184. Allolobophora profuga: Michaelsen 1890: 17. Octolasium lacteum: Michaelsen 1900 a: 506; Michaelsen 1903: 178; Wilcke 1949: 179; Zuck 1951: 127; Graff 1953 b: 26; Bouch�� 1972: 253 -257. Octolasion lacteum ��rley 1885: 21; Easton 1983: 483; Csuzdi & Zicsi 2003: 197; Blakemore 2008: 56. Octolasion tyrtaeum Gates 1973: 35; Easton 1983: 483; Sims & Gerard 1999: 116; Blakemore 2008: 56. Ecology. Endogeic species occurring in deciduous and coniferous forests as well as on arable and grassland sites, prefers high soil organic matter content (> 4 %) (Zuck 1951; J��nsch et al. 2013). Sometimes dominant in wet meadows (Graff 1954). Zoogeographical distribution type. Peregrine species with Palaearctic origin and worldwide distribution (Csuzdi & Zicsi 2003). Distribution in Germany. Central Germany (Michaelsen 1890; Dunger 1978; Eggert 1982; R��mbke 2000, 2001, 2006; R��mbke et al. 2000, 2002; H��ser 2012; PSMS in Saxony-Anhalt: Neubert 2011); northern Germany (Michaelsen 1890; Graff 1950, 1954; Judas et al. 1989; Graefe 1993; Kula 1994; Irmler 1999; Unger 1999; R��mbke et al. 2000, 2002, Beylich & Graefe 2002); southern Germany (Zuck 1951; Volz 1976; Bauchhen�� 1982; Schruft et al. 1982; Babel et al. 1986; Funke & Frank 1991; Kula 1994; Ehrmann 1996; Sch��pke 1998; R��mbke et al. 2000, 2002; Beck et al. 2001; Brauckmann 2002; Sommer et al. 2002; PSMS in Bavaria: www.edaphobase.org); eastern Germany (Wilcke 1939; F��ller 1953; B��sener 1965; Dunger et al. 1972; N��llner & Weigmann 1982; R��mbke et al. 2000; Beylich & Graefe 2002; PSMS in Brandenburg: www.edaphobase.org); western Germany (Baltzer 1956; Schulte et al. 1989; R��mbke et al. 2000, 2002; Emmerling 2001; Beylich & Graefe 2002; PSMS in North-Rhine Westphalia: Haag et al. 2009)., Published as part of Lehmitz, Ricarda, R��mbke, J��rg, J��nsch, Stephan, Kr��ck, Stefanie, Beylich, Anneke & Graefe, Ulfert, 2014, Checklist of earthworms (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) from Germany, pp. 221-245 in Zootaxa 3866 (2) on pages 237-238, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3866.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/229518, {"references":["Savigny, J. C. (1826) Analyse des Travaux de l'Academie royale des Sciences, pendant l'annee 1821, partie physique. In: Cuvier, G. (Ed.), Memoires de l'Academie des Sciences de l'Institut de France. Vol. 5. Paris, pp. 176 - 184.","Michaelsen, W. (1890) Die Lumbriciden Norddeutschlands. Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten, 7, 1 - 19.","Michaelsen, W. (1900 a) Oligochaeta. Das Tierreich X. Friedlander & Sohn, Berlin, 575 pp.","Michaelsen, W. (1903) Die geographische Verbreitung der Oligochaeten. R. Friedlander & Sohn, Berlin, 186 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11667","Wilcke, D. E. (1949) Bestimmungstabelle fur einheimische Lumbriciden. Senckenbergiana, 30, 171 - 181.","Zuck, W. (1951) Untersuchungen uber das Vorkommen und die Biotope einheimischer Lumbriciden. Jahreshefte des Vereins fur vaterlandische Naturkunde in Wurttemberg (Stuttgart), 107, 95 - 132.","Graff, O. (1953 b) Die Regenwurmer Deutschlands. Schriften der Forschungsanstalt fur Landwirtschaft Braunschweig. Verlag M. & H. Schaper, Hannover, 81 pp.","Bouche, M. B. (1972) Lombriciens de France. - Ecologie et Systematique. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Paris, 671 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 2402311","Orley, L. (1885) A palaearktikus ovben elo Terrikolaknak revizioja es elterjedese. Ertekezesek a Termeszettudomanyok Korebol, 15, 1 - 34.","Easton, E. G. (1983) A guide to the valid names of Lumbricidae (Oligochaeta). In: Satchell, J. E. (Ed.), Earthworm ecology from Darwin to vermiculture. Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 475 - 785. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 009 - 5965 - 1 _ 41","Csuzdi, C. & Zicsi, A. (2003) Earthworms of Hungary (Annelida: Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae). Pedozoologica Hungarica, 1, 1 - 272.","Blakemore, R. J. (2008) An updated list of valid, invalid and synonymous names of Criodriloidea (Criodrilidae) and Lumbricoidea (Annelida: Oligochaeta: Sparganophilidae, Ailoscolecidae, Hormogastridae, Lumbricidae, and Lutodrilidae), Robert J. Blakemore PhD, C / - Soil Ecology Group, Graduate School of Enviro and Info Sciences, Yokohama, National University, 79 - 7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama 240 - 8501. Japan, 80 pp. Available from: www. annelida. net / earthworm / Lumbricidae. pdf (accessed 16 December 2013)","Gates, G. E. (1973) Contributions to North American Earthworms (Annelidae). No. 8. The earthworm genus Octolasion in America. Bulletin of Tall Timbers Research Station, 14, 29 - 50.","Sims, R. W. & Gerard, B. M. (1999) Earthworms. In: Barnes, R. S. K. & Crothers, J. H. (Eds.), Synopses of the British Fauna (New Series) No. 31 (Revised). London: E. J., 167 pp.","Jansch, S., Steffens, L., Hofer, H., Horak, F., Roß-Nickoll, M., Russell, D., Toschki, A. & Rombke, J. (2013) State of knowledge of earthworm communities in German soils as a basis for biological soil quality assessment. Soil Organisms, 85 (3), 215 - 233.","Graff, O. (1954) Die Regenwurmfauna im ostlichen Niedersachsen und in Schleswig-Holstein. Beitrage zur Naturkunde Niedersachsens, 7 (2), 48 - 56.","Dunger, W. (1978) Parameter der Bodenfauna in einer Catena von Rasen-Okosystemen. Pedobiologia, 18, 310 - 340.","Eggert, U. J. (1982) Vorkommen und Verbreitung der Regenwurmer (Lumbricidae) des Naturparks \" Hoher Vogelsberg \". Beitrage zur Naturkunde in Osthessen, 18, 61 - 103.","Hoser, N. (2012) Regenwurmer (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) in der Hangcatena. Hercynia, 45, 193 - 208.","Neubert, E. (2011) Lumbriciden 2011 - Regenwurmer auf Boden-Dauerbeobachtungsflachen in Sachsen-Anhalt. Bericht des Landesamtes fur Umweltschutz Sachsen-Anhalt, 30 pp.","Graff, O. (1950) Die Regenwurmer der Umgebung von Braunschweig und ihre Bedeutung fur die Landwirtschaft. PhD-thesis, 87 pp.","Judas, M., Poser, K., Joger, H. G. & Schaefer, M. (1989) Langfristige Populationsdynamik der Regenwurmer (Lumbricidae) eines Kalkbuchenwaldes. Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft fur Okologie, 17, 245 - 250. [Gottingen 1987]","Graefe, U. (1993) Veranderungen der Zersetzergesellschaften im Immissionsbereich eines Zementwerkes. Mitteilungen der Deutschen Bodenkundlichen Gesellschaft, 72, 531 - 534.","Kula, H. (1994) Auswirkungen von Pflanzenschutzmitteln auf Regenwurmer (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) - Zur Problematik der Bewertung letaler und subletaler Effekte in Labor- und Feldversuchen. PhD-thesis, 151 pp.","Irmler, U. (1999) Die standortlichen Bedingungen der Regenwurmer (Lumbricidae) in Schleswig-Holstein. Faunistisch- Okologische Mitteilungen, 7, 509 - 518.","Unger, K. (1999) Untersuchungen zur Lumbricidenfauna der Stadt Greifswald. Zeitschrift fur Okologie und Naturschutz, 8, 125 - 134.","Beylich, A. & Graefe, U. (2002) Annelid coenoses of wetlands representing different decomposer communities. In: Broll, G., Merbach, W. & Pfeiffer, E. - M. (Eds.), Wetlands in Central Europe. Soil organisms, soil ecological processes and trace gas emissions. Springer, Berlin, pp. 1 - 10. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 662 - 05054 - 5 _ 1","Volz, P. (1976) Die Regenwurm-Populationen im Naturschutzgebiet \" Hordter Rheinaue \" und ihre Abhangigkeit vom Feuchtigkeitsregime des Standorts. Mitteilungen der Pollichia, 64, 110 - 120.","Bauchhenß, J. (1982) Artenspektrum, Biomasse, Diversitat und Umsatzleistung von Lumbriciden (Regenwurmer) auf unterschiedlich bewirtschafteten Grunlandflachen verschiedener Standorte Bayerns. Bayrisches Landwirtschaftliches Jahrbuch, 59, 119 - 125.","Schruft, G., Ulshofer, U. & Wegner, G. (1982) Faunistisch-okologische Untersuchungen von Regenwurmern (Lumbricidae) in Rebanlagen. Die Wein-Wissenschaft, 37, 11 - 35.","Funke, W. & Frank, H. (1991) Auswirkungen leichtfluchtiger Halogen-Kohlenwasserstoffe auf den Gesundheitszustand von Waldokosystemen. Berichte des Bayrischen Staatsministeriums fur Landesentwicklung und Umweltfragen, Munchen, 165 pp.","Ehrmann, O. (1996) Regenwurmer in einigen sudwestdeutschen Agrarlandschaften: Vorkommen, Entwicklung bei Nutzungsanderungen und Auswirkungen auf das Bodengefuge. Hohenheimer Bodenkundliche Hefte, 35, 1 - 135.","Schopke, K. (1998) Humusformen und Regenwurmfauna auf ausgewahlten Waldboden Bayerns. Berichte der Bayrischen Landesanstalt fur Wald- und Forstwirtschaft, 18, 21 - 36.","Beck, L., Rombke, J., Paulus, R., Ruf, A., Scheurig, M., Spelda, J. & Woas, S. (2001) Bodenfauna und Umwelt - Bodenokologische Inventur und Beurteilung von ausgewahlten Standorten in Baden-Wurttemberg. PAOE-Report (Baden- Wurttemberg), 131 pp.","Brauckmann, H. - J. (2002) Regenwurmzonosen in sudwestdeutschen Grunlandbrachen - Eine Sukzessionsstudie der ersten 20 Jahre. Voi. 10. Arbeiten aus dem Institut fur Landschaftsokologie, Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster, 121 pp.","Sommer, M., Ehrmann, O., Friedel, J. K., Martin, K., Vollmer, T. & Turian, G. (2002) Boden als Lebensraum fur Organismen - Regenwurmer, Gehauselandschnecken und Bodenmikoorganismen in Waldern Baden-Wurttembergs. Hohenheimer Bodenkundliche Hefte, 63, 1 - 163.","Wilcke, D. E. (1939) Der gegenwartige Stand unserer Kenntnis der markischen Lumbricidenfauna. Markische Tierwelt, 4, 34 - 50.","Fuller, H. (1953) Tiergeographisch-okologische Untersuchungen uber die Lumbriciden des mittleren Saaletales. Wissenschaftl. Zeitschrift der Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat Jena, 2, 51 - 60.","Bosener, R. (1965) Untersuchungen uber das Vorkommen und die forstliche Bedeutung von Lumbriciden (Oligochaeta) in verschiedenen Waldbestanden des Osterzgebirges. Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift der Technischen Universitat Dresden, 14 (3), 741 - 746.","Dunger, W., Dunger, I., Engelmann, H. - D. & Schneider, R. (1972) Untersuchungen zur Langzeitwirkung von Industrie- Immissionen auf Boden, Vegetation und Bodenfauna bei Ostritz / Oberlausitz. Abhandlungen und Berichte des Naturkundemuseums Gorlitz, 47 (3), 1 - 40.","Nollner, C. & Weigmann, G. (1982) Das Naturschutzgebiet Teufelsbruch in Berlin-Spandau. X. Die Regenwurmer im Teufelsbruch und im angrenzenden Forst. Sitzungsbericht der Gesellschaft der Naturforschenden Freunde Berlin, 22, 70 - 88.","Baltzer, R. (1956) Die Regenwurmer Westfalens. Zoologisches Jahrbuch, 84, 355 - 413.","Schulte, W., Frund, H. - C., Sontgen, M., Graefe, U., Ruszkowski, B., Voggenreiter, V. & Weritz, N. (1989) Zur Biologie stadtischer Boden - Beispielraum: Bonn-Bad Godesberg. KILDA-Verlag, 184 pp.","Emmerling, C. (2001) Response of earthworm communities to different types of soil tillage. Applied Soil Ecology, 17, 91 - 96. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / s 0929 - 1393 (00) 00132 - 3","Haag, R., Stempelmann, I. & Haider, J. (2009) Bodenbiologische Untersuchungen auf Bodendauerbeobachtungsflachen in Nordrhein-Westfalen im Zeitraum 1995 - 2007. Landesamt fur Natur, Umwelt und Verbraucherschutz Nordrhein-Westfalen, Essen, 218 pp."]}

Proctodrilus tuberculatus (Černosvitov, 1935) Eophila antipae tuberculata Černosvitov, 1935: 58. Allolobophora antipae tuberculata: Wilcke 1953: 104. Helodrilus antipae tuberculatus: Easton 1983: 482. Allolobophora antipai tuberculata: H��ser 1986: 319. Proctodrilus tuberculatus: Zicsi 1985: 285; Csuzdi & Zicsi 2003: 229; Blakemore 2008: 62. Ecology. Endogeic species that is typical for floodplains (Wilcke 1953; H��ser 1990; H��ser & Zicsi 2009). Zoogeographical distribution type. Trans-Aegean distribution (Csuzdi & Zicsi 2003). Distribution in Germany. Central Germany (H��ser 1990, 2009, 2012; PSMS in Saxony-Anhalt: Neubert 2011); western Germany (Wilcke 1953)., Published as part of Lehmitz, Ricarda, R��mbke, J��rg, J��nsch, Stephan, Kr��ck, Stefanie, Beylich, Anneke & Graefe, Ulfert, 2014, Checklist of earthworms (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) from Germany, pp. 221-245 in Zootaxa 3866 (2) on page 238, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3866.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/229518, {"references":["Cernosvitov, L. (1935) Monographie des tschechoslovakischen Lumbriciden. Archiv pro Prirodovedecky Vyzkum Cech, 19, 1 - 86.","Wilcke, D. E. (1953) Zur Kenntnis der Lumbricidenfauna Deutschlands. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 151, 104 - 106.","Easton, E. G. (1983) A guide to the valid names of Lumbricidae (Oligochaeta). In: Satchell, J. E. (Ed.), Earthworm ecology from Darwin to vermiculture. Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 475 - 785. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 009 - 5965 - 1 _ 41","Hoser, N. (1986) Die Bindung zweier Unterarten von Allolobophora antipai (Lumbricidae) an Loßboden unterschiedlicher Genese. Pedobiologia, 29, 319 - 326.","Zicsi, A. (1985) Uber die Gattungen Helodrilus Hoffmeister, 1845 und Proctodrilus gen. n. (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae). Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientarum Hungaricae, 31, 275 - 289.","Csuzdi, C. & Zicsi, A. (2003) Earthworms of Hungary (Annelida: Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae). Pedozoologica Hungarica, 1, 1 - 272.","Blakemore, R. J. (2008) An updated list of valid, invalid and synonymous names of Criodriloidea (Criodrilidae) and Lumbricoidea (Annelida: Oligochaeta: Sparganophilidae, Ailoscolecidae, Hormogastridae, Lumbricidae, and Lutodrilidae), Robert J. Blakemore PhD, C / - Soil Ecology Group, Graduate School of Enviro and Info Sciences, Yokohama, National University, 79 - 7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama 240 - 8501. Japan, 80 pp. Available from: www. annelida. net / earthworm / Lumbricidae. pdf (accessed 16 December 2013)","Hoser, N. (1990) Erstnachweise einiger Regenwurm-Arten (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae) nordlich des Erzgebirges. Mitteilungen des Zoologischen Museums Berlin, 66 (1), 121 - 123.","Hoser, N. & Zicsi, A. (2009) Eine neue Proctodrilus - Art (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) und ihr spezifischer Okotop. Contributions to Natural History, 12, 651 - 658.","Hoser, N. (2012) Regenwurmer (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) in der Hangcatena. Hercynia, 45, 193 - 208.","Neubert, E. (2011) Lumbriciden 2011 - Regenwurmer auf Boden-Dauerbeobachtungsflachen in Sachsen-Anhalt. Bericht des Landesamtes fur Umweltschutz Sachsen-Anhalt, 30 pp."]}

Aporrectodea thaleri (Zicsi, 1982) Allolobophora thaleri Zicsi, 1982: 563. Allolobophora thaleri: Blakemore 2008: 17. Aporrectodea thaleri: Csuzdi 2012. Ecology. Grassland sites in a vineyard (Becker 1999). Zoogeographical distribution type. Austria (Rota 2014: Fauna Europaea), Germany. Distribution in Germany. Southern Germany (Becker 1999); also found in 2012, 2013 and 2014 in a vineyard in Baden-W��rttemberg, region Upper-Neckar (Kr��ck, unpublished data)., Published as part of Lehmitz, Ricarda, R��mbke, J��rg, J��nsch, Stephan, Kr��ck, Stefanie, Beylich, Anneke & Graefe, Ulfert, 2014, Checklist of earthworms (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) from Germany, pp. 221-245 in Zootaxa 3866 (2) on page 227, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3866.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/229518, {"references":["Zicsi, A. (1982) Revision zweier Bretscherischen Regenwurm-Arten (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae). Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 89, 553 - 565.","Blakemore, R. J. (2008) An updated list of valid, invalid and synonymous names of Criodriloidea (Criodrilidae) and Lumbricoidea (Annelida: Oligochaeta: Sparganophilidae, Ailoscolecidae, Hormogastridae, Lumbricidae, and Lutodrilidae), Robert J. Blakemore PhD, C / - Soil Ecology Group, Graduate School of Enviro and Info Sciences, Yokohama, National University, 79 - 7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama 240 - 8501. Japan, 80 pp. Available from: www. annelida. net / earthworm / Lumbricidae. pdf (accessed 16 December 2013)","Csuzdi, C. (2012) Earthworm species, A searchable database. Opuscula Zoologica, 43 (1), 97 - 99. [Budapest]","Becker, J. (1999) Auswirkungen von kupferbelasteten Weinbergsboden auf das Artenspektrum und die Funktion von Regenwurmzonosen. Diploma thesis, Universitat Hohenheim, 65 pp.","Rota, E. (2014) Fauna Europaea: Annelida, Lumbricidae. Fauna Europaea version 2. 6. 2, Available from: http: // www. faunaeur. org (27 August 2014)"]}

Proctodrilus antipae (Michaelsen, 1891) Allolobophora antipae Michaelsen, 1891: 16. Allolobophora antipae: Graff 1953 a: 26; Graff 1958: 289. Helodrilus (Helodrilus) antipae: Michaelsen 1900 a: 498; Easton 1983: 482. Allolobophora antipai: Bouch�� 1972: 449; H��ser 1986: 319. Proctodrilus antipai: Zicsi 1985: 285; Csuzdi & Zicsi 2003: 224. Proctodrilus antipae: Blakemore 2008: 62. Ecology. Endogeic species that is typical for floodplains (H��ser 1990; H��ser & Zicsi 2009). Zoogeographical distribution type. Central-European distribution (Csuzdi & Zicsi 2003). Distribution in Germany. Central Germany (Pieper 1969; H��ser 1990, 2009, 2012; R��mbke et al. 2002, PSMS in Saxony-Anhalt: Neubert 2011); in 2012 and 2013 in Hesse, close to river Rhine (S. Kr��ck, unpublished data); northern Germany (Unger 1999; R��mbke et al. 2002; Groth & Irmler 2012; PSMS in Schleswig Holstein: www.edaphobase.org); southern Germany (Graff 1958; Schruft et al. 1982, Beck et al. 2001; R��mbke et al. 2002); eastern Germany (Beylich & Graefe 2002); western Germany (Graff 1953 a, 1958; Emmerling 2001; R��mbke et al. 2002; Moser & R��mbke 2006)., Published as part of Lehmitz, Ricarda, R��mbke, J��rg, J��nsch, Stephan, Kr��ck, Stefanie, Beylich, Anneke & Graefe, Ulfert, 2014, Checklist of earthworms (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) from Germany, pp. 221-245 in Zootaxa 3866 (2) on page 238, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3866.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/229518, {"references":["Michaelsen, W. (1891) Oligochaeten des Naturhistorischen Museums in Hamburg IV. Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten, 8, 1 - 42.","Graff, O. (1953 a) Beitrag zur Kenntnis der deutschen Lumbricidenfauna. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 151 (1 - 2), 25 - 28.","Graff, O. (1958) Weiterer Beitrag zur Kenntnis der deutschen Lumbricidenfauna. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 161, 288 - 291.","Michaelsen, W. (1900 a) Oligochaeta. Das Tierreich X. Friedlander & Sohn, Berlin, 575 pp.","Easton, E. G. (1983) A guide to the valid names of Lumbricidae (Oligochaeta). In: Satchell, J. E. (Ed.), Earthworm ecology from Darwin to vermiculture. Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 475 - 785. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 009 - 5965 - 1 _ 41","Bouche, M. B. (1972) Lombriciens de France. - Ecologie et Systematique. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Paris, 671 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 2402311","Hoser, N. (1986) Die Bindung zweier Unterarten von Allolobophora antipai (Lumbricidae) an Loßboden unterschiedlicher Genese. Pedobiologia, 29, 319 - 326.","Zicsi, A. (1985) Uber die Gattungen Helodrilus Hoffmeister, 1845 und Proctodrilus gen. n. (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae). Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientarum Hungaricae, 31, 275 - 289.","Csuzdi, C. & Zicsi, A. (2003) Earthworms of Hungary (Annelida: Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae). Pedozoologica Hungarica, 1, 1 - 272.","Blakemore, R. J. (2008) An updated list of valid, invalid and synonymous names of Criodriloidea (Criodrilidae) and Lumbricoidea (Annelida: Oligochaeta: Sparganophilidae, Ailoscolecidae, Hormogastridae, Lumbricidae, and Lutodrilidae), Robert J. Blakemore PhD, C / - Soil Ecology Group, Graduate School of Enviro and Info Sciences, Yokohama, National University, 79 - 7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama 240 - 8501. Japan, 80 pp. Available from: www. annelida. net / earthworm / Lumbricidae. pdf (accessed 16 December 2013)","Hoser, N. (1990) Erstnachweise einiger Regenwurm-Arten (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae) nordlich des Erzgebirges. Mitteilungen des Zoologischen Museums Berlin, 66 (1), 121 - 123.","Hoser, N. & Zicsi, A. (2009) Eine neue Proctodrilus - Art (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) und ihr spezifischer Okotop. Contributions to Natural History, 12, 651 - 658.","Pieper, H. (1969) Zur Verbreitung der Regenwurmer in einigen Landschaften Hessens. Beitrage zur Naturkunde in Osthessen, 1, 103 - 106.","Hoser, N. (2012) Regenwurmer (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) in der Hangcatena. Hercynia, 45, 193 - 208.","Rombke, J., Beck, L., Dreher, P., Hund-Rinke, K., Jansch, S., Kratz, W., Pieper, S., Ruf, A., Spelda, J. & Woas, S. (2002) Entwicklung von bodenbiologischen Bodenguteklassen fur Acker- und Grunlandstandorte. UBA-Texte, 20 (02), 1 - 273.","Neubert, E. (2011) Lumbriciden 2011 - Regenwurmer auf Boden-Dauerbeobachtungsflachen in Sachsen-Anhalt. Bericht des Landesamtes fur Umweltschutz Sachsen-Anhalt, 30 pp.","Unger, K. (1999) Untersuchungen zur Lumbricidenfauna der Stadt Greifswald. Zeitschrift fur Okologie und Naturschutz, 8, 125 - 134.","Groth, J. & Irmler, U. (2012) Spatial distribution of earthworms (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) and the relationship to environmental parameters in northern German wet grassland. Faunistisch-Okologische Mitteilungen, 9, 294 - 303.","Schruft, G., Ulshofer, U. & Wegner, G. (1982) Faunistisch-okologische Untersuchungen von Regenwurmern (Lumbricidae) in Rebanlagen. Die Wein-Wissenschaft, 37, 11 - 35.","Beck, L., Rombke, J., Paulus, R., Ruf, A., Scheurig, M., Spelda, J. & Woas, S. (2001) Bodenfauna und Umwelt - Bodenokologische Inventur und Beurteilung von ausgewahlten Standorten in Baden-Wurttemberg. PAOE-Report (Baden- Wurttemberg), 131 pp.","Beylich, A. & Graefe, U. (2002) Annelid coenoses of wetlands representing different decomposer communities. In: Broll, G., Merbach, W. & Pfeiffer, E. - M. (Eds.), Wetlands in Central Europe. Soil organisms, soil ecological processes and trace gas emissions. Springer, Berlin, pp. 1 - 10. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 662 - 05054 - 5 _ 1","Emmerling, C. (2001) Response of earthworm communities to different types of soil tillage. Applied Soil Ecology, 17, 91 - 96. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / s 0929 - 1393 (00) 00132 - 3","Moser, T. & Rombke, J. (2006) Enchytraeid species assemblage and dominance spectrum in soils from four different European sites investigated in Terrestrial Model Ecosystems (TME) and in the field. Newsletter on Enchytraeidae, 10, 141 - 155."]}

Lumbricus meliboeus Rosa, 1884 Lumbricus meliboeus Bouch��, 1972: 353 (as L. moliboeus). Lumbricus meliboeus: Easton 1983: 482; Blakemore 2008: 51. Ecology. Epigeic species. All German records from deciduous forests. According to Bouch�� (1972), this species occurs preferentially in mountainous or alpine sites. Zoogeographical distribution type. Sweden, France, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Italy, Czech Republic, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Yugoslavia, Croatia and Montenegro (Rota 2014: Fauna Europaea). Alpine- Dinaric distribution (Hackenberger Kutuzović & Hackenberger Kutuzović 2013). Distribution in Germany. Central Germany (R��mbke 2006); southern Germany (Sommer et al. 1999, 2002)., Published as part of Lehmitz, Ricarda, R��mbke, J��rg, J��nsch, Stephan, Kr��ck, Stefanie, Beylich, Anneke & Graefe, Ulfert, 2014, Checklist of earthworms (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) from Germany, pp. 221-245 in Zootaxa 3866 (2) on pages 234-235, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3866.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/229518, {"references":["Rosa, D. (1884) Lumbricidi del Pieomte. Torino, 54 pp.","Bouche, M. B. (1972) Lombriciens de France. - Ecologie et Systematique. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Paris, 671 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 2402311","Easton, E. G. (1983) A guide to the valid names of Lumbricidae (Oligochaeta). In: Satchell, J. E. (Ed.), Earthworm ecology from Darwin to vermiculture. Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 475 - 785. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 009 - 5965 - 1 _ 41","Blakemore, R. J. (2008) An updated list of valid, invalid and synonymous names of Criodriloidea (Criodrilidae) and Lumbricoidea (Annelida: Oligochaeta: Sparganophilidae, Ailoscolecidae, Hormogastridae, Lumbricidae, and Lutodrilidae), Robert J. Blakemore PhD, C / - Soil Ecology Group, Graduate School of Enviro and Info Sciences, Yokohama, National University, 79 - 7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama 240 - 8501. Japan, 80 pp. Available from: www. annelida. net / earthworm / Lumbricidae. pdf (accessed 16 December 2013)","Rota, E. (2014) Fauna Europaea: Annelida, Lumbricidae. Fauna Europaea version 2. 6. 2, Available from: http: // www. faunaeur. org (27 August 2014)","Hackenberger-Kutuzovic, D. & Hackenberger-Kutuzovic, B. (2013) Checklist oft he earthworm fauna of Croatia (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae). Zootaxa, 3710 (1), 1 - 30. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3710.1.1","Sommer, M., Friedel, M., Vollmer, T. & Ehrmann, O. (1999) Bewertung von Boden nach ihrer Eignung als Lebensraum fur Bodenorganismen. Abschlussbericht UVM-Projekt O. Nr. U 56 - 98.02","Sommer, M., Ehrmann, O., Friedel, J. K., Martin, K., Vollmer, T. & Turian, G. (2002) Boden als Lebensraum fur Organismen - Regenwurmer, Gehauselandschnecken und Bodenmikoorganismen in Waldern Baden-Wurttembergs. Hohenheimer Bodenkundliche Hefte, 63, 1 - 163."]}

Lumbricus festivus (Savigny, 1826) Enterion festivum Savigny, 1826: 180. Lumbricus festivus: Michaelsen 1900 a: 512; Wilcke 1949: 180; Graff 1953 b: 26; Bouch�� 1972: 361; Easton 1983: 482; Sims & Gerard 1999: 100; Blakemore 2008: 50. Ecology. Epigeic species with records from arable land, grassland and forest. In Britain mainly in decomposing vegetation and manure (Sims & Gerard 1999). Zoogeographical distribution type. Western European distribution. Occurs also in Canada (Sims & Gerard 1999). Distribution in Germany. Northern Germany (Graff 1954; Groth & Irmler 2012; PSMS in Schleswig- Holstein: www.edaphobase.org); central and western Germany (www.edaphobase.org)., Published as part of Lehmitz, Ricarda, R��mbke, J��rg, J��nsch, Stephan, Kr��ck, Stefanie, Beylich, Anneke & Graefe, Ulfert, 2014, Checklist of earthworms (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) from Germany, pp. 221-245 in Zootaxa 3866 (2) on page 234, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3866.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/229518, {"references":["Savigny, J. C. (1826) Analyse des Travaux de l'Academie royale des Sciences, pendant l'annee 1821, partie physique. In: Cuvier, G. (Ed.), Memoires de l'Academie des Sciences de l'Institut de France. Vol. 5. Paris, pp. 176 - 184.","Michaelsen, W. (1900 a) Oligochaeta. Das Tierreich X. Friedlander & Sohn, Berlin, 575 pp.","Wilcke, D. E. (1949) Bestimmungstabelle fur einheimische Lumbriciden. Senckenbergiana, 30, 171 - 181.","Graff, O. (1953 b) Die Regenwurmer Deutschlands. Schriften der Forschungsanstalt fur Landwirtschaft Braunschweig. Verlag M. & H. Schaper, Hannover, 81 pp.","Bouche, M. B. (1972) Lombriciens de France. - Ecologie et Systematique. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Paris, 671 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 2402311","Easton, E. G. (1983) A guide to the valid names of Lumbricidae (Oligochaeta). In: Satchell, J. E. (Ed.), Earthworm ecology from Darwin to vermiculture. Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 475 - 785. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 009 - 5965 - 1 _ 41","Sims, R. W. & Gerard, B. M. (1999) Earthworms. In: Barnes, R. S. K. & Crothers, J. H. (Eds.), Synopses of the British Fauna (New Series) No. 31 (Revised). London: E. J., 167 pp.","Blakemore, R. J. (2008) An updated list of valid, invalid and synonymous names of Criodriloidea (Criodrilidae) and Lumbricoidea (Annelida: Oligochaeta: Sparganophilidae, Ailoscolecidae, Hormogastridae, Lumbricidae, and Lutodrilidae), Robert J. Blakemore PhD, C / - Soil Ecology Group, Graduate School of Enviro and Info Sciences, Yokohama, National University, 79 - 7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama 240 - 8501. Japan, 80 pp. Available from: www. annelida. net / earthworm / Lumbricidae. pdf (accessed 16 December 2013)","Graff, O. (1954) Die Regenwurmfauna im ostlichen Niedersachsen und in Schleswig-Holstein. Beitrage zur Naturkunde Niedersachsens, 7 (2), 48 - 56.","Groth, J. & Irmler, U. (2012) Spatial distribution of earthworms (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) and the relationship to environmental parameters in northern German wet grassland. Faunistisch-Okologische Mitteilungen, 9, 294 - 303."]}

Aporrectodea handlirschi (Rosa, 1897) Allolobophora handlirschi Rosa, 1897: 3. Allolobophora rhenani Bretscher, 1899: 417. Allolobophora handlirschi rhenani: Wilcke 1949: 176; Graff 1953 b: 27. Allolobophora handlirschi: Graff 1958: 288. Helodrilus (Dendrobaena) rhenani: Michaelsen 1900 a: 489. Helodrilus (Dendrobaena) handlirschi: Michaelsen 1900 a: 490. Dendrobaena handlirschi: Zuck 1951: 127. Aporrectodea handlirschi: Easton 1983: 477; Csuzdi & Zicsi 2003: 84; Blakemore 2008: 21. Ecology. Epigeic, forest inhabiting species. Zoogeographical distribution type. Native to southern Eurasia, distributed between western Caucasus, northern Turkey, Italy and Poland (Csuzdi & Zicsi 2003). Trans-Aegean distribution (Hackenberger Kutuzović & Hackenberger Kutuzović 2013). Distribution in Germany. Central Germany (Pieper 1969; Eggert 1982); southern Germany (Michaelsen 1900 a; Kollmannsperger 1936 and Pop 1947 in Graff 1958; Graff 1958; Skambracks 1996; Sch��pke 1998; Sommer et al. 2002; PSMS in Bavaria: www.edaphobase.org)., Published as part of Lehmitz, Ricarda, R��mbke, J��rg, J��nsch, Stephan, Kr��ck, Stefanie, Beylich, Anneke & Graefe, Ulfert, 2014, Checklist of earthworms (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) from Germany, pp. 221-245 in Zootaxa 3866 (2) on page 225, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3866.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/229518, {"references":["Rosa, D. (1897) Nuovi lombrichi dell'Europa orientale. (Seconda serie.) Bollettino dei Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia comparata della R. Universita di Torino, 12 (269), 1 - 5.","Bretscher, K. (1899) Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Oligochaeten-Fauna der Schweiz. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 6, 360 - 426.","Wilcke, D. E. (1949) Bestimmungstabelle fur einheimische Lumbriciden. Senckenbergiana, 30, 171 - 181.","Graff, O. (1953 b) Die Regenwurmer Deutschlands. Schriften der Forschungsanstalt fur Landwirtschaft Braunschweig. Verlag M. & H. Schaper, Hannover, 81 pp.","Graff, O. (1958) Weiterer Beitrag zur Kenntnis der deutschen Lumbricidenfauna. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 161, 288 - 291.","Michaelsen, W. (1900 a) Oligochaeta. Das Tierreich X. Friedlander & Sohn, Berlin, 575 pp.","Zuck, W. (1951) Untersuchungen uber das Vorkommen und die Biotope einheimischer Lumbriciden. Jahreshefte des Vereins fur vaterlandische Naturkunde in Wurttemberg (Stuttgart), 107, 95 - 132.","Easton, E. G. (1983) A guide to the valid names of Lumbricidae (Oligochaeta). In: Satchell, J. E. (Ed.), Earthworm ecology from Darwin to vermiculture. Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 475 - 785. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 009 - 5965 - 1 _ 41","Csuzdi, C. & Zicsi, A. (2003) Earthworms of Hungary (Annelida: Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae). Pedozoologica Hungarica, 1, 1 - 272.","Blakemore, R. J. (2008) An updated list of valid, invalid and synonymous names of Criodriloidea (Criodrilidae) and Lumbricoidea (Annelida: Oligochaeta: Sparganophilidae, Ailoscolecidae, Hormogastridae, Lumbricidae, and Lutodrilidae), Robert J. Blakemore PhD, C / - Soil Ecology Group, Graduate School of Enviro and Info Sciences, Yokohama, National University, 79 - 7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama 240 - 8501. Japan, 80 pp. Available from: www. annelida. net / earthworm / Lumbricidae. pdf (accessed 16 December 2013)","Hackenberger-Kutuzovic, D. & Hackenberger-Kutuzovic, B. (2013) Checklist oft he earthworm fauna of Croatia (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae). Zootaxa, 3710 (1), 1 - 30. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3710.1.1","Pieper, H. (1969) Zur Verbreitung der Regenwurmer in einigen Landschaften Hessens. Beitrage zur Naturkunde in Osthessen, 1, 103 - 106.","Eggert, U. J. (1982) Vorkommen und Verbreitung der Regenwurmer (Lumbricidae) des Naturparks \" Hoher Vogelsberg \". Beitrage zur Naturkunde in Osthessen, 18, 61 - 103.","Kollmannsperger, F. (1936) Die von Prof. Dr. Dahl in Deutschland gesammelten Lumbriciden des Berliner zoologischen Museums. Sitzungsbericht der Gesellschaft der Naturfreunde, Berlin, pp. 373 - 410.","Pop, V. (1947) Die Lumbriciden der Ostalpen. Analele Academiei Romane Memoriile Sectiunii Stiintific, seria III, 22 (3), 85 - 133.","Skambracks, D. (1996) Die Bedeutung saprophager Regenwurmer im Nahrstoffkreislauf von Waldboden. PhD-thesis, Projekt \" Bodenforschung im deutschen Alpenraum \", 174 pp.","Schopke, K. (1998) Humusformen und Regenwurmfauna auf ausgewahlten Waldboden Bayerns. Berichte der Bayrischen Landesanstalt fur Wald- und Forstwirtschaft, 18, 21 - 36.","Sommer, M., Ehrmann, O., Friedel, J. K., Martin, K., Vollmer, T. & Turian, G. (2002) Boden als Lebensraum fur Organismen - Regenwurmer, Gehauselandschnecken und Bodenmikoorganismen in Waldern Baden-Wurttembergs. Hohenheimer Bodenkundliche Hefte, 63, 1 - 163."]}

Dendrobaena pygmaea (Savigny, 1826) Enterion pygmaeum Savigny, 1826: 183. Helodrilus (Dendrobaena) pygmaeus: Michaelsen 1900 a: 495. Helodrilus (Eophila) cognettii Michaelsen, 1903: 130, 140. Dendrobaena pygmaea: Graff 1953 a: 26; Easton 1983: 479; H��ser 1990: 121; Sims & Gerard 1999: 73; Blakemore 2008: 32. Dendrobaena pygmaea cognettii: Bouch�� 1972: 391. Dendrobaena pygmaea pygmaea: Bouch�� 1972: 393. Dendrobaena cognettii: Csuzdi & Zicsi 2003: 114. Ecology. Epigeic, stenotopic species of deciduous and mixed forests (Pieper 1969; Heuser & Topp 1989; Judas et al. 1989; H��ser 1990). Zoogeographical distribution type. Palaearctic species that is known from Great Britain, France, Spain, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Hungary, Greece (Csuzdi & Zicsi 2003), Belgium, Czech Republic, Portugal, the Canary Islands (Rota 2014: Fauna Europaea), Croatia (Hackenberger Kutuzović & Hackenberger Kutuzović 2013) and Macedonia (Szederjesi 2013). It was introduced into the United States and Chile (Csuzdi & Zicsi 2003). Atlanto-Mediterranean distribution (Hackenberger Kutuzović & Hackenberger Kutuzović 2013). Distribution in Germany. Central Germany (Pieper 1969; H��ser 1990, 2012); northern Germany (Judas et al. 1989); southern Germany (Volz 1976; Sch��pke 1998; Sommer et al. 1999, 2002); western Germany (Graff 1953 a; Heuser & Topp 1989; PSMS in North-Rhine Westphalia: Haag et al. 2009)., Published as part of Lehmitz, Ricarda, R��mbke, J��rg, J��nsch, Stephan, Kr��ck, Stefanie, Beylich, Anneke & Graefe, Ulfert, 2014, Checklist of earthworms (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) from Germany, pp. 221-245 in Zootaxa 3866 (2) on page 229, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3866.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/229518, {"references":["Savigny, J. C. (1826) Analyse des Travaux de l'Academie royale des Sciences, pendant l'annee 1821, partie physique. In: Cuvier, G. (Ed.), Memoires de l'Academie des Sciences de l'Institut de France. Vol. 5. Paris, pp. 176 - 184.","Michaelsen, W. (1900 a) Oligochaeta. Das Tierreich X. Friedlander & Sohn, Berlin, 575 pp.","Michaelsen, W. (1903) Die geographische Verbreitung der Oligochaeten. R. Friedlander & Sohn, Berlin, 186 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11667","Graff, O. (1953 a) Beitrag zur Kenntnis der deutschen Lumbricidenfauna. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 151 (1 - 2), 25 - 28.","Easton, E. G. (1983) A guide to the valid names of Lumbricidae (Oligochaeta). In: Satchell, J. E. (Ed.), Earthworm ecology from Darwin to vermiculture. Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 475 - 785. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 009 - 5965 - 1 _ 41","Hoser, N. (1990) Erstnachweise einiger Regenwurm-Arten (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae) nordlich des Erzgebirges. Mitteilungen des Zoologischen Museums Berlin, 66 (1), 121 - 123.","Sims, R. W. & Gerard, B. M. (1999) Earthworms. In: Barnes, R. S. K. & Crothers, J. H. (Eds.), Synopses of the British Fauna (New Series) No. 31 (Revised). London: E. J., 167 pp.","Blakemore, R. J. (2008) An updated list of valid, invalid and synonymous names of Criodriloidea (Criodrilidae) and Lumbricoidea (Annelida: Oligochaeta: Sparganophilidae, Ailoscolecidae, Hormogastridae, Lumbricidae, and Lutodrilidae), Robert J. Blakemore PhD, C / - Soil Ecology Group, Graduate School of Enviro and Info Sciences, Yokohama, National University, 79 - 7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama 240 - 8501. Japan, 80 pp. Available from: www. annelida. net / earthworm / Lumbricidae. pdf (accessed 16 December 2013)","Bouche, M. B. (1972) Lombriciens de France. - Ecologie et Systematique. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Paris, 671 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 2402311","Csuzdi, C. & Zicsi, A. (2003) Earthworms of Hungary (Annelida: Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae). Pedozoologica Hungarica, 1, 1 - 272.","Pieper, H. (1969) Zur Verbreitung der Regenwurmer in einigen Landschaften Hessens. Beitrage zur Naturkunde in Osthessen, 1, 103 - 106.","Heuser, J. & Topp, W. (1989) Verteilungsmuster der Boden-Makrofauna in den Rekultivierungsflachen des Staatsforstes Ville und ihr Einfluß auf die Zersetzung der Laubstreu. Natur und Landschaft, 64 (1), 441 - 445.","Judas, M., Poser, K., Joger, H. G. & Schaefer, M. (1989) Langfristige Populationsdynamik der Regenwurmer (Lumbricidae) eines Kalkbuchenwaldes. Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft fur Okologie, 17, 245 - 250. [Gottingen 1987]","Rota, E. (2014) Fauna Europaea: Annelida, Lumbricidae. Fauna Europaea version 2. 6. 2, Available from: http: // www. faunaeur. org (27 August 2014)","Hackenberger-Kutuzovic, D. & Hackenberger-Kutuzovic, B. (2013) Checklist oft he earthworm fauna of Croatia (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae). Zootaxa, 3710 (1), 1 - 30. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3710.1.1","Szederjesi, T. (2013) New earthworm records from Bulgaria (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae). Opuscula Zoologica Budapest, 44 (1), 77 - 83.","Hoser, N. (2012) Regenwurmer (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) in der Hangcatena. Hercynia, 45, 193 - 208.","Volz, P. (1976) Die Regenwurm-Populationen im Naturschutzgebiet \" Hordter Rheinaue \" und ihre Abhangigkeit vom Feuchtigkeitsregime des Standorts. Mitteilungen der Pollichia, 64, 110 - 120.","Schopke, K. (1998) Humusformen und Regenwurmfauna auf ausgewahlten Waldboden Bayerns. Berichte der Bayrischen Landesanstalt fur Wald- und Forstwirtschaft, 18, 21 - 36.","Sommer, M., Friedel, M., Vollmer, T. & Ehrmann, O. (1999) Bewertung von Boden nach ihrer Eignung als Lebensraum fur Bodenorganismen. Abschlussbericht UVM-Projekt O. Nr. U 56 - 98.02","Sommer, M., Ehrmann, O., Friedel, J. K., Martin, K., Vollmer, T. & Turian, G. (2002) Boden als Lebensraum fur Organismen - Regenwurmer, Gehauselandschnecken und Bodenmikoorganismen in Waldern Baden-Wurttembergs. Hohenheimer Bodenkundliche Hefte, 63, 1 - 163.","Haag, R., Stempelmann, I. & Haider, J. (2009) Bodenbiologische Untersuchungen auf Bodendauerbeobachtungsflachen in Nordrhein-Westfalen im Zeitraum 1995 - 2007. Landesamt fur Natur, Umwelt und Verbraucherschutz Nordrhein-Westfalen, Essen, 218 pp."]}

Aporrectodea icterica (Savigny, 1826) Enterion ictericum Savigny, 1826: 182. Helodrilus (Helodrilus) ictericus Michaelsen, 1900: 500. Allolobophora icterica: Graff 1953 a: 26; Bouch�� 1972: 273; H��ser 1990: 122. Aporrectodea icterica: Easton 1983: 477; Sims & Gerard 1999: 58; Blakemore 2008: 21. Ecology. Endogeic species that occurs in floodplains (Graff 1953 a), parks, botanical gardens (H��ser 1990) and recultivated mine sites (Fr��nd et al. 2004). Zoogeographical distribution type. Western European distribution: Portugal, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Northern Italy, Switzerland. Introduced into United States and Canada (Sims & Gerard 1999). Distribution in Germany. Central Germany (H��ser 1990); southern Germany (Babel 1992; Ehrmann 1996; PSMS in Bavaria: www.edaphobase.org); eastern Germany (Muskolus 2008; Bermejo Dominguez 2012); found also 2008 and 2009 in Saxony and 2014 in Berlin (S. Kr��ck, unpublished data); western Germany (Graff 1953 a; Schulte et al. 1989; Fr��nd et al. 2004)., Published as part of Lehmitz, Ricarda, R��mbke, J��rg, J��nsch, Stephan, Kr��ck, Stefanie, Beylich, Anneke & Graefe, Ulfert, 2014, Checklist of earthworms (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) from Germany, pp. 221-245 in Zootaxa 3866 (2) on page 225, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3866.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/229518, {"references":["Savigny, J. C. (1826) Analyse des Travaux de l'Academie royale des Sciences, pendant l'annee 1821, partie physique. In: Cuvier, G. (Ed.), Memoires de l'Academie des Sciences de l'Institut de France. Vol. 5. Paris, pp. 176 - 184.","Graff, O. (1953 a) Beitrag zur Kenntnis der deutschen Lumbricidenfauna. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 151 (1 - 2), 25 - 28.","Bouche, M. B. (1972) Lombriciens de France. - Ecologie et Systematique. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Paris, 671 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 2402311","Hoser, N. (1990) Erstnachweise einiger Regenwurm-Arten (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae) nordlich des Erzgebirges. Mitteilungen des Zoologischen Museums Berlin, 66 (1), 121 - 123.","Easton, E. G. (1983) A guide to the valid names of Lumbricidae (Oligochaeta). In: Satchell, J. E. (Ed.), Earthworm ecology from Darwin to vermiculture. Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 475 - 785. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 009 - 5965 - 1 _ 41","Sims, R. W. & Gerard, B. M. (1999) Earthworms. In: Barnes, R. S. K. & Crothers, J. H. (Eds.), Synopses of the British Fauna (New Series) No. 31 (Revised). London: E. J., 167 pp.","Blakemore, R. J. (2008) An updated list of valid, invalid and synonymous names of Criodriloidea (Criodrilidae) and Lumbricoidea (Annelida: Oligochaeta: Sparganophilidae, Ailoscolecidae, Hormogastridae, Lumbricidae, and Lutodrilidae), Robert J. Blakemore PhD, C / - Soil Ecology Group, Graduate School of Enviro and Info Sciences, Yokohama, National University, 79 - 7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama 240 - 8501. Japan, 80 pp. Available from: www. annelida. net / earthworm / Lumbricidae. pdf (accessed 16 December 2013)","Frund, H. - C., Egbert, E. & Dumbeck, G. (2004) Spatial distribution of earthworms (Lumbricidae) in recultivated soils of the Rhenish lignite-mining area. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 167, 494 - 502. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1002 / jpln. 200421372","Babel, U., Ehrmann, O. & Krebs, M. (1992) Relationships between earthworms and some plant species in a meadow. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 24, 1477 - 1481. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / 0038 - 0717 (92) 90136 - l","Ehrmann, O. (1996) Regenwurmer in einigen sudwestdeutschen Agrarlandschaften: Vorkommen, Entwicklung bei Nutzungsanderungen und Auswirkungen auf das Bodengefuge. Hohenheimer Bodenkundliche Hefte, 35, 1 - 135.","Muskolus, A. (2008) Anthropogenic Plant Nutrients as Fertiliser. PhD-thesis Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, 138 pp.","Perez-Losada, M., Bloch, R., Breinholt, J. W., Pfenninger, M. & Dominguez, J. (2012) Taxonomic assessment of Lumbricidae (Oligochaeta) earthworm genera using DNA barcodes. European Journal of Soil Biology, 48, 41 - 47. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ejsobi. 2011.10.003","Schulte, W., Frund, H. - C., Sontgen, M., Graefe, U., Ruszkowski, B., Voggenreiter, V. & Weritz, N. (1989) Zur Biologie stadtischer Boden - Beispielraum: Bonn-Bad Godesberg. KILDA-Verlag, 184 pp."]}

Murchieona muldali (Omodeo, 1956) Allolobophora minima Muldal, 1952: 463. Bimastos muldali Omodeo, 1956: 179. Allolobophora muldali: Bouch�� 1972: 452. Eisenia muldali: H��ser 1990: 122. Murchieona muldali: Gates 1978: 114; Blakemore 2008: 52. Ecology. Endogeic species that occurs in humic, loamy soils (H��ser 1990). Zoogeographical distribution type. See M. minuscula. Distribution in Germany. Central Germany (H��ser 1990, 2012), western Germany, found in 2012 and 2013 in a vineyard in North-Rhine Westphalia (S. Kr��ck, unpublished data)., Published as part of Lehmitz, Ricarda, R��mbke, J��rg, J��nsch, Stephan, Kr��ck, Stefanie, Beylich, Anneke & Graefe, Ulfert, 2014, Checklist of earthworms (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) from Germany, pp. 221-245 in Zootaxa 3866 (2) on page 236, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3866.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/229518, {"references":["Omodeo, P. (1956) Contributo alla revisione dei Lumbricidae. Archivio Zoologico Italiano, 41, 129 - 212.","Muldal, S. (1952) A new species of earthworm of the genus Allolobophora. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 122, 463 - 465. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1952. tb 00321. x","Bouche, M. B. (1972) Lombriciens de France. - Ecologie et Systematique. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Paris, 671 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 2402311","Hoser, N. (1990) Erstnachweise einiger Regenwurm-Arten (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae) nordlich des Erzgebirges. Mitteilungen des Zoologischen Museums Berlin, 66 (1), 121 - 123.","Gates, G. E. (1978) The earthworm genus Lumbricus in North America. Megadrilogica, 3 (6), 81 - 116.","Blakemore, R. J. (2008) An updated list of valid, invalid and synonymous names of Criodriloidea (Criodrilidae) and Lumbricoidea (Annelida: Oligochaeta: Sparganophilidae, Ailoscolecidae, Hormogastridae, Lumbricidae, and Lutodrilidae), Robert J. Blakemore PhD, C / - Soil Ecology Group, Graduate School of Enviro and Info Sciences, Yokohama, National University, 79 - 7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama 240 - 8501. Japan, 80 pp. Available from: www. annelida. net / earthworm / Lumbricidae. pdf (accessed 16 December 2013)","Hoser, N. (2012) Regenwurmer (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) in der Hangcatena. Hercynia, 45, 193 - 208."]}

Dendrobaena auriculata (Rosa, 1897) Allolobophora auriculata Rosa, 1897: 2. Allolobophora auriculata: Michaelsen 1900 a: 513. Eisenia skorikowi Michaelsen, 1902: 40. Kritodrilus auriculatus: Perel 1979: 202; Easton 1983: 482. Dendrobaena auriculata: Omodeo, 1956: 174; H��ser 1990: 122; Csuzdi & Zicsi 2003: 109; Blakemore 2008: 27. Ecology. Epigeic species that occurs in the litter of loamy soils and in floodplains (H��ser 1990), characterized as an alpine species by Csuzdi & Zicsi (2003). Zoogeographical distribution type. Eastern-Alpine species occurring in Austria, Hungary, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Poland, Ukraine (Csuzdi & Zicsi 2003), Romania (H��ser 2011) and Germany. Distribution in Germany. Central Germany (H��ser 1990, 2012), northern Germany (Graefe 1993), eastern Germany (Dunger et al. 1972)., Published as part of Lehmitz, Ricarda, R��mbke, J��rg, J��nsch, Stephan, Kr��ck, Stefanie, Beylich, Anneke & Graefe, Ulfert, 2014, Checklist of earthworms (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) from Germany, pp. 221-245 in Zootaxa 3866 (2) on page 228, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3866.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/229518, {"references":["Rosa, D. (1897) Nuovi lombrichi dell'Europa orientale. (Seconda serie.) Bollettino dei Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia comparata della R. Universita di Torino, 12 (269), 1 - 5.","Michaelsen, W. (1900 a) Oligochaeta. Das Tierreich X. Friedlander & Sohn, Berlin, 575 pp.","Michaelsen, W. (1902) Neue Oligochaeten und neue Fundorte alt-bekannter. Mitteilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum in Hamburg, 19, 3 - 53.","Perel, T. S. (1979) Range and regularities in the distribution of earthworms of the USSR fauna. Nauka, Moscow, 272 pp.","Easton, E. G. (1983) A guide to the valid names of Lumbricidae (Oligochaeta). In: Satchell, J. E. (Ed.), Earthworm ecology from Darwin to vermiculture. Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 475 - 785. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 009 - 5965 - 1 _ 41","Omodeo, P. (1956) Contributo alla revisione dei Lumbricidae. Archivio Zoologico Italiano, 41, 129 - 212.","Hoser, N. (1990) Erstnachweise einiger Regenwurm-Arten (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae) nordlich des Erzgebirges. Mitteilungen des Zoologischen Museums Berlin, 66 (1), 121 - 123.","Csuzdi, C. & Zicsi, A. (2003) Earthworms of Hungary (Annelida: Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae). Pedozoologica Hungarica, 1, 1 - 272.","Blakemore, R. J. (2008) An updated list of valid, invalid and synonymous names of Criodriloidea (Criodrilidae) and Lumbricoidea (Annelida: Oligochaeta: Sparganophilidae, Ailoscolecidae, Hormogastridae, Lumbricidae, and Lutodrilidae), Robert J. Blakemore PhD, C / - Soil Ecology Group, Graduate School of Enviro and Info Sciences, Yokohama, National University, 79 - 7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama 240 - 8501. Japan, 80 pp. Available from: www. annelida. net / earthworm / Lumbricidae. pdf (accessed 16 December 2013)","Hoser, N. (2012) Regenwurmer (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) in der Hangcatena. Hercynia, 45, 193 - 208.","Graefe, U. (1993) Veranderungen der Zersetzergesellschaften im Immissionsbereich eines Zementwerkes. Mitteilungen der Deutschen Bodenkundlichen Gesellschaft, 72, 531 - 534.","Dunger, W., Dunger, I., Engelmann, H. - D. & Schneider, R. (1972) Untersuchungen zur Langzeitwirkung von Industrie- Immissionen auf Boden, Vegetation und Bodenfauna bei Ostritz / Oberlausitz. Abhandlungen und Berichte des Naturkundemuseums Gorlitz, 47 (3), 1 - 40."]}

Aporrectodea longa (Ude, 1885) Allolobophora longa Ude, 1885: 136. Allolobophora longa: Michaelsen 1890: 12; Zuck 1951: 128. Helodrilus (Allolobophora) longus: Michaelsen 1900 a: 483. Helodrilus longus: Michaelsen 1903: 178. Allolobophora terrestris longa: Wilcke 1949: 176; Graff 1953 b: 26. Nicodrilus longus: Bouch�� 1972: 322 ���325. Aporrectodea longa: Easton 1983: 477; Sims & Gerard 1999: 62; Csuzdi & Zicsi 2003: 89; Blakemore 2008: 22. Ecology. Anecic species occurring mostly on arable and grassland sites with low soil organic matter content (��� 4 %) (J��nsch et al. 2013). Zoogeographical distribution type. Peregrine species with Atlantic origin (Csuzdi & Zicsi 2003). Widespread in northern temperate regions (Palaearctic, North America), introduced into South America, Africa, Asia, Australia and New Zealand (Sims & Gerard 1999, Csuzdi & Zicsi 2003). Distribution in Germany. Central Germany (Eggert 1982; Westernacher-Dotzler 1988, R��mbke 2000, 2001; R��mbke et al. 2000, 2002; H��ser 2012); northern Germany (Michaelsen 1890; Graff 1950, 1954; Kula 1994; Keplin & Broll 1997; Irmler 1999; Unger 1999; R��mbke et al. 2000, 2002); southern Germany (Zuck 1951; Schruft et al. 1982; Ehrmann 1996; R��mbke et al. 2000, 2002; Brauckmann 2002; Sommer et al. 2002; PSMS in Bavaria: www.edaphobase.org); eastern Germany (Wilcke 1939; B��sener 1965; R��mbke et al. 2000; Muskolus 2008); between 2003 and 2013 regularly in Saxony (S. Kr��ck, unpublished data); PSMS in Brandenburg: www.edaphobase.org); western Germany (Baltzer 1956; Schulte et al. 1989; Keplin & Broll 1997; R��mbke et al. 2000, 2002; Fr��nd et al. 2004)., Published as part of Lehmitz, Ricarda, R��mbke, J��rg, J��nsch, Stephan, Kr��ck, Stefanie, Beylich, Anneke & Graefe, Ulfert, 2014, Checklist of earthworms (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) from Germany, pp. 221-245 in Zootaxa 3866 (2) on page 226, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3866.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/229518, {"references":["Ude, H. (1885) Uber die Ruckenporen der terricolen Oligochaeten, nebst Beitragen zur Histologie des Leibesschlauches und zur Systematik der Lumbriciden. Zeitschrift fur Wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 43, 87 - 143.","Michaelsen, W. (1890) Die Lumbriciden Norddeutschlands. Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten, 7, 1 - 19.","Zuck, W. (1951) Untersuchungen uber das Vorkommen und die Biotope einheimischer Lumbriciden. Jahreshefte des Vereins fur vaterlandische Naturkunde in Wurttemberg (Stuttgart), 107, 95 - 132.","Michaelsen, W. (1900 a) Oligochaeta. Das Tierreich X. Friedlander & Sohn, Berlin, 575 pp.","Michaelsen, W. (1903) Die geographische Verbreitung der Oligochaeten. R. Friedlander & Sohn, Berlin, 186 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11667","Wilcke, D. E. (1949) Bestimmungstabelle fur einheimische Lumbriciden. Senckenbergiana, 30, 171 - 181.","Graff, O. (1953 b) Die Regenwurmer Deutschlands. Schriften der Forschungsanstalt fur Landwirtschaft Braunschweig. Verlag M. & H. Schaper, Hannover, 81 pp.","Bouche, M. B. (1972) Lombriciens de France. - Ecologie et Systematique. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Paris, 671 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 2402311","Easton, E. G. (1983) A guide to the valid names of Lumbricidae (Oligochaeta). In: Satchell, J. E. (Ed.), Earthworm ecology from Darwin to vermiculture. Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 475 - 785. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 009 - 5965 - 1 _ 41","Sims, R. W. & Gerard, B. M. (1999) Earthworms. In: Barnes, R. S. K. & Crothers, J. H. (Eds.), Synopses of the British Fauna (New Series) No. 31 (Revised). London: E. J., 167 pp.","Csuzdi, C. & Zicsi, A. (2003) Earthworms of Hungary (Annelida: Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae). Pedozoologica Hungarica, 1, 1 - 272.","Blakemore, R. J. (2008) An updated list of valid, invalid and synonymous names of Criodriloidea (Criodrilidae) and Lumbricoidea (Annelida: Oligochaeta: Sparganophilidae, Ailoscolecidae, Hormogastridae, Lumbricidae, and Lutodrilidae), Robert J. Blakemore PhD, C / - Soil Ecology Group, Graduate School of Enviro and Info Sciences, Yokohama, National University, 79 - 7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama 240 - 8501. Japan, 80 pp. Available from: www. annelida. net / earthworm / Lumbricidae. pdf (accessed 16 December 2013)","Jansch, S., Steffens, L., Hofer, H., Horak, F., Roß-Nickoll, M., Russell, D., Toschki, A. & Rombke, J. (2013) State of knowledge of earthworm communities in German soils as a basis for biological soil quality assessment. Soil Organisms, 85 (3), 215 - 233.","Eggert, U. J. (1982) Vorkommen und Verbreitung der Regenwurmer (Lumbricidae) des Naturparks \" Hoher Vogelsberg \". Beitrage zur Naturkunde in Osthessen, 18, 61 - 103.","Westernacher-Dotzler, E. (1988) Abundanz von Regenwurmern (Lumbricidae, Oligochaeta) unter verschiedenen Kulturpflanzen. PhD-thesis, 149 pp.","Hoser, N. (2012) Regenwurmer (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) in der Hangcatena. Hercynia, 45, 193 - 208.","Graff, O. (1950) Die Regenwurmer der Umgebung von Braunschweig und ihre Bedeutung fur die Landwirtschaft. PhD-thesis, 87 pp.","Graff, O. (1954) Die Regenwurmfauna im ostlichen Niedersachsen und in Schleswig-Holstein. Beitrage zur Naturkunde Niedersachsens, 7 (2), 48 - 56.","Kula, H. (1994) Auswirkungen von Pflanzenschutzmitteln auf Regenwurmer (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) - Zur Problematik der Bewertung letaler und subletaler Effekte in Labor- und Feldversuchen. PhD-thesis, 151 pp.","Keplin, B. & Broll, G. (1997) Earthworms and dehydrogenase activity of urban biotopes. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 29 (3 / 4), 533 - 536. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / s 0038 - 0717 (96) 00177 - 0","Irmler, U. (1999) Die standortlichen Bedingungen der Regenwurmer (Lumbricidae) in Schleswig-Holstein. Faunistisch- Okologische Mitteilungen, 7, 509 - 518.","Unger, K. (1999) Untersuchungen zur Lumbricidenfauna der Stadt Greifswald. Zeitschrift fur Okologie und Naturschutz, 8, 125 - 134.","Schruft, G., Ulshofer, U. & Wegner, G. (1982) Faunistisch-okologische Untersuchungen von Regenwurmern (Lumbricidae) in Rebanlagen. Die Wein-Wissenschaft, 37, 11 - 35.","Ehrmann, O. (1996) Regenwurmer in einigen sudwestdeutschen Agrarlandschaften: Vorkommen, Entwicklung bei Nutzungsanderungen und Auswirkungen auf das Bodengefuge. Hohenheimer Bodenkundliche Hefte, 35, 1 - 135.","Brauckmann, H. - J. (2002) Regenwurmzonosen in sudwestdeutschen Grunlandbrachen - Eine Sukzessionsstudie der ersten 20 Jahre. Voi. 10. Arbeiten aus dem Institut fur Landschaftsokologie, Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster, 121 pp.","Sommer, M., Ehrmann, O., Friedel, J. K., Martin, K., Vollmer, T. & Turian, G. (2002) Boden als Lebensraum fur Organismen - Regenwurmer, Gehauselandschnecken und Bodenmikoorganismen in Waldern Baden-Wurttembergs. Hohenheimer Bodenkundliche Hefte, 63, 1 - 163.","Wilcke, D. E. (1939) Der gegenwartige Stand unserer Kenntnis der markischen Lumbricidenfauna. Markische Tierwelt, 4, 34 - 50.","Bosener, R. (1965) Untersuchungen uber das Vorkommen und die forstliche Bedeutung von Lumbriciden (Oligochaeta) in verschiedenen Waldbestanden des Osterzgebirges. Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift der Technischen Universitat Dresden, 14 (3), 741 - 746.","Muskolus, A. (2008) Anthropogenic Plant Nutrients as Fertiliser. PhD-thesis Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, 138 pp.","Baltzer, R. (1956) Die Regenwurmer Westfalens. Zoologisches Jahrbuch, 84, 355 - 413.","Schulte, W., Frund, H. - C., Sontgen, M., Graefe, U., Ruszkowski, B., Voggenreiter, V. & Weritz, N. (1989) Zur Biologie stadtischer Boden - Beispielraum: Bonn-Bad Godesberg. KILDA-Verlag, 184 pp.","Frund, H. - C., Egbert, E. & Dumbeck, G. (2004) Spatial distribution of earthworms (Lumbricidae) in recultivated soils of the Rhenish lignite-mining area. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 167, 494 - 502. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1002 / jpln. 200421372"]}

Aporrectodea georgii (Michaelsen, 1890) Allolobophora georgii Michaelsen, 1890: 3. Allolobophora (s.l.) georgii: Bouch�� 1972: 425. Aporrectodea georgii: Easton 1983: 477; Mr��ić 1991: 315; Csuzdi & Zicsi 2003: 81; Blakemore 2008: 21. Ecology. Endogeic species. One record from a mixed forest (Skambracks 1996), the other records from grassland sites. Zoogeographical distribution type. Atlanto-Mediterranean species, native to the Palaearctic, widely distributed in the southern part of Eurasia and northern Africa and introduced into South America (Csuzdi & Zicsi 2003; Csuzdi et al. 2011). Distribution in Germany. Southern Germany (Skambracks 1996; PSMS in Bavaria: www.edaphobase.org)., Published as part of Lehmitz, Ricarda, R��mbke, J��rg, J��nsch, Stephan, Kr��ck, Stefanie, Beylich, Anneke & Graefe, Ulfert, 2014, Checklist of earthworms (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) from Germany, pp. 221-245 in Zootaxa 3866 (2) on page 224, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3866.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/229518, {"references":["Michaelsen, W. (1890) Die Lumbriciden Norddeutschlands. Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten, 7, 1 - 19.","Bouche, M. B. (1972) Lombriciens de France. - Ecologie et Systematique. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Paris, 671 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 2402311","Easton, E. G. (1983) A guide to the valid names of Lumbricidae (Oligochaeta). In: Satchell, J. E. (Ed.), Earthworm ecology from Darwin to vermiculture. Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 475 - 785. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 009 - 5965 - 1 _ 41","Mrsic, N. (1991) Monograph on earthworms (Lumbricidae) of the Balkans I-II. Slovenska Akademija Znanosti in Umetnosti, Ljubljana, 757 pp.","Csuzdi, C. & Zicsi, A. (2003) Earthworms of Hungary (Annelida: Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae). Pedozoologica Hungarica, 1, 1 - 272.","Blakemore, R. J. (2008) An updated list of valid, invalid and synonymous names of Criodriloidea (Criodrilidae) and Lumbricoidea (Annelida: Oligochaeta: Sparganophilidae, Ailoscolecidae, Hormogastridae, Lumbricidae, and Lutodrilidae), Robert J. Blakemore PhD, C / - Soil Ecology Group, Graduate School of Enviro and Info Sciences, Yokohama, National University, 79 - 7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama 240 - 8501. Japan, 80 pp. Available from: www. annelida. net / earthworm / Lumbricidae. pdf (accessed 16 December 2013)","Skambracks, D. (1996) Die Bedeutung saprophager Regenwurmer im Nahrstoffkreislauf von Waldboden. PhD-thesis, Projekt \" Bodenforschung im deutschen Alpenraum \", 174 pp."]}

Lumbricus baicalensis Michaelsen, 1900 Lumbricus baicalensis Michaelsen, 1900 a: 509. Lumbricus baicalensis: Michaelsen 1900 b: 215; Michaelsen 1910 b: 73; Graff 1958: 290; Easton 1983: 482; Csuzdi & Zicsi 2003: 176; Blakemore 2008: 50. Lumbricus pusillus: Wilcke 1949: 179; Zuck 1951: 127; Graff 1953 b: 27. Ecology. Epigeic species that prefers limnic habitats (Csuzdi & Zicsi 2003). Zoogeographical distribution type. Eastern Alpine species occurring from Germany and Austria to Ukraine (Csuzdi & Zicsi 2003). Distribution in Germany. Southern Germany (Graff 1958; Pieper 1969)., Published as part of Lehmitz, Ricarda, R��mbke, J��rg, J��nsch, Stephan, Kr��ck, Stefanie, Beylich, Anneke & Graefe, Ulfert, 2014, Checklist of earthworms (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) from Germany, pp. 221-245 in Zootaxa 3866 (2) on page 233, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3866.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/229518, {"references":["Michaelsen, W. (1900 a) Oligochaeta. Das Tierreich X. Friedlander & Sohn, Berlin, 575 pp.","Michaelsen, W. (1900 b) Die Lumbriciden-Fauna Eurasiens. Annuaire du Musee Zoologique de l'Academie Imperiale des Sciences de St. - Petersbourg, 5, 213 - 225.","Michaelsen, W. (1910) Zur Kenntnis der Lumbriciden und ihrer Verbreitung. Annuaire du Musee Zoologique de l'Academie Imperiale des Sciences de St. - Petersbourg, 15, 1 - 74.","Graff, O. (1958) Weiterer Beitrag zur Kenntnis der deutschen Lumbricidenfauna. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 161, 288 - 291.","Easton, E. G. (1983) A guide to the valid names of Lumbricidae (Oligochaeta). In: Satchell, J. E. (Ed.), Earthworm ecology from Darwin to vermiculture. Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 475 - 785. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 009 - 5965 - 1 _ 41","Csuzdi, C. & Zicsi, A. (2003) Earthworms of Hungary (Annelida: Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae). Pedozoologica Hungarica, 1, 1 - 272.","Blakemore, R. J. (2008) An updated list of valid, invalid and synonymous names of Criodriloidea (Criodrilidae) and Lumbricoidea (Annelida: Oligochaeta: Sparganophilidae, Ailoscolecidae, Hormogastridae, Lumbricidae, and Lutodrilidae), Robert J. Blakemore PhD, C / - Soil Ecology Group, Graduate School of Enviro and Info Sciences, Yokohama, National University, 79 - 7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama 240 - 8501. Japan, 80 pp. Available from: www. annelida. net / earthworm / Lumbricidae. pdf (accessed 16 December 2013)","Wilcke, D. E. (1949) Bestimmungstabelle fur einheimische Lumbriciden. Senckenbergiana, 30, 171 - 181.","Zuck, W. (1951) Untersuchungen uber das Vorkommen und die Biotope einheimischer Lumbriciden. Jahreshefte des Vereins fur vaterlandische Naturkunde in Wurttemberg (Stuttgart), 107, 95 - 132.","Graff, O. (1953 b) Die Regenwurmer Deutschlands. Schriften der Forschungsanstalt fur Landwirtschaft Braunschweig. Verlag M. & H. Schaper, Hannover, 81 pp.","Pieper, H. (1969) Zur Verbreitung der Regenwurmer in einigen Landschaften Hessens. Beitrage zur Naturkunde in Osthessen, 1, 103 - 106."]}

Satchellius mammalis (Savigny, 1826) Enterion mammale Savigny, 1826: 181. Helodrilus (Dendrobaena) mammalis: Michaelsen 1900 a: 493. Helodrilus mammalis: Michaelsen 1903: 178. Dendrobaena mammalis: Bouch�� 1972: 402 Satchellius mammalis: Gates, 1975: 4; Sims & Gerard 1999: 118; Blakemore 2008: 63. Ecology. Epigeic species that is sporadically recorded on grassland sites. Prefers moist soils with high organic content (Sims & Gerard 1999). Zoogeographical distribution type. Western-European distribution (Sims & Gerard 1999), introduced into North America (Blakemore 2008). Distribution in Germany. Northern Germany (PSMS in Schleswig Holstein: www.edaphobase.org)., Published as part of Lehmitz, Ricarda, R��mbke, J��rg, J��nsch, Stephan, Kr��ck, Stefanie, Beylich, Anneke & Graefe, Ulfert, 2014, Checklist of earthworms (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) from Germany, pp. 221-245 in Zootaxa 3866 (2) on page 239, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3866.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/229518, {"references":["Savigny, J. C. (1826) Analyse des Travaux de l'Academie royale des Sciences, pendant l'annee 1821, partie physique. In: Cuvier, G. (Ed.), Memoires de l'Academie des Sciences de l'Institut de France. Vol. 5. Paris, pp. 176 - 184.","Michaelsen, W. (1900 a) Oligochaeta. Das Tierreich X. Friedlander & Sohn, Berlin, 575 pp.","Michaelsen, W. (1903) Die geographische Verbreitung der Oligochaeten. R. Friedlander & Sohn, Berlin, 186 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11667","Bouche, M. B. (1972) Lombriciens de France. - Ecologie et Systematique. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Paris, 671 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 2402311","Gates, G. E. (1975) Contributions to a revision of the earthworm family Lumbricidae, XII. Enterion mammale Savigny, 1826 and its position in the family. Megadrolica, 2 (5), 1 - 7.","Sims, R. W. & Gerard, B. M. (1999) Earthworms. In: Barnes, R. S. K. & Crothers, J. H. (Eds.), Synopses of the British Fauna (New Series) No. 31 (Revised). London: E. J., 167 pp.","Blakemore, R. J. (2008) An updated list of valid, invalid and synonymous names of Criodriloidea (Criodrilidae) and Lumbricoidea (Annelida: Oligochaeta: Sparganophilidae, Ailoscolecidae, Hormogastridae, Lumbricidae, and Lutodrilidae), Robert J. Blakemore PhD, C / - Soil Ecology Group, Graduate School of Enviro and Info Sciences, Yokohama, National University, 79 - 7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama 240 - 8501. Japan, 80 pp. Available from: www. annelida. net / earthworm / Lumbricidae. pdf (accessed 16 December 2013)"]}

Guaranidrilus hoeferi sp. nov. (Figs 4, 8 D) Holotype. UFPR OL- 13, adult/subadult specimen, stained whole mount, Guareque��aba, Itaqui, 25 �� 14 '45,3''S, 48 �� 30 '19,4''W, 27 m a.s.l., medium old secondary forest on Cambisol [site 38], Sep 2007, leg. P. Heine, R.M. Schmelz. Paratypes. MZUSP, 6 specimens, Antonina, Cachoeira, stained whole mounts: MZUSP 1230, 2 specimens, 25 �� 14 ' 38 '', 48 �� 40 ' 10 '', 140 m a.s.l., old-growth forest on Cambisol [site 13], May 2003, leg. J. R��mbke, R. M. Schmelz. MZUSP 1231, 4 specimens, 25 �� 19 '00"S, 48 �� 40 ' 14 "W, and 25 �� 19 ' 41 "S, 48 �� 40 ' 36 "W, 30 and 120 m a.s.l., abandoned pasture and medium old secondary forest on Cambisol [sites 6, 12], Oct 2004. leg. B. F��rster, R.M. Schmelz. UFPR, 44 specimens, Guareque��aba, Itaqui, stained whole mounts (35) and ethanol-preserved (9): UFPR OL-14, 5 specimens, same data as holotype. UFPR OL-15, 13 specimens, 25 �� 15 ' 43.8 ''S, 48 �� 29 ' 14.8 ''W, ca. 20 m a.s.l., young forest on Cambisol [site 36], Sep 2007, leg. P.Heine, R. M. Schmelz. UFPR OL-16, 17 specimens, 25 �� 15 ' 32.7 ''S, 48 �� 30 ' 31.9 ''W and 25 �� 16 ' 23.7 ''S, 48 �� 29 ' 13.7 ''W, 20 and 31 m a.s.l., respectively, old-growth forest on Cambisol [sites 41, 42], Sep 2007, leg. P.Heine, R. M. Schmelz. UFPR OL-17, 9 specimens, ethanol-preserved. Additional material. Fifteen specimens from sites in Itaqui, examined in vivo, not preserved. Etymology. Named in honour of Hubert H��fer (State Museum of Natural History, Karlsruhe), initiator and German coordinator of the SOLOBIOMA project, in grateful recognition of the tremendous amout of work to launch and to maintain this project, which allowed the discovery and description of so many enchytraeid species. Description. Slow body movements. Body dimensions. Mature specimens about 12���15 mm long in vivo, live diameter ca. 0.2 mm, submatures often distinctly smaller (Segment number 39���48. Chaetae distally straight, with weak proximal hook, not thickened proximally. Preclitellar chaetae small and stout, ca. 22���28 ��m long and and 2.5���3 ��m thick. Postclitellar chaetae behind clitellum small and inconspicuous, ca. 20 ��m long and 2 ��m wide; chaetae increasing gradually in size towards posterior end. In caudal segments chaetae stout again, 40���50 ��m long and 6 ��m thick. Epidermal gland cells inconspicuous in vivo. In whole mounts all epidermis apparently glandular, cells transversely elongate, hyaline, in about 11 rows per segment, almost continuous except mid-ventrally. Clitellum (Fig. 4 H) saddle-shaped, not developed ventrally; on dorsal half granulocytes and hyalocytes, granulocytes isolated, hyalocytes large, seen as large free interspaces in living specimens; ventro-laterally only granulocytes. On dorsal half cells in indefinite rows or reticulate; latero-ventrally cells in dense rows. In adults accessory glands present, a glandular thickening of the epidermis mid-ventrally in XIII or in XI and XIII, immediately in front of and behind clitellum (Fig. 4 A,K); glandular field between the ventral chaetae and the respective posterior septum. Head pore on prostomium mid-dorsally. Prostomium without inner papillae. Pygidium with strongly developed rectal musculature, filling body cavity. Body wall thin (ca. 10���20 ��m), ring muscles in one regular layer. Cuticle mostly thick compared to rest of body wall (up to 9 ��m), thicker than epidermis + ring muscle layer. Anterior septa not thickened. Brain posteriorly concave; a few perikarya on prostomial nerves, no ganglionic swelling. Pharyngeal glands (Fig. 4 A,B) in IV���VI, unpaired and fused dorsally; dorsal lobes of V and VI with ventral anterior projections (primary ventral lobes), large in VI, small in V; secondary ventral lobes present in V and VI, spherical. Oesophageal appendages (Fig. 4 A,B) paired dorso-laterally in anterior half of VI, elongate, with irregular outline. Intestinal diverticula (Fig. 4 A,B) in VII, as pouches with wide lumen, directed anteriad, i.e. connection with intestine posteriorly; walls with radial striation, possibly folds of inner wall; chloragocytes present on outer surface. Dorsal blood vessel (Fig. 4 A,B) from 1 / 2 VIII, pulsating. Preclitellar nephridia (Fig. 4 A,B,I) two pairs, at 7 / 8 and 8 / 9. Anteseptale large, with coils of canal, outline spherical in side view, postseptale elongate and narrower than anteseptale, with dorsal vesicle, gradually merging into short and stout efferent duct, no terminal vesicle. Postclitellar nephridia (Fig. 4 J) of similar shape but slightly longer, anteseptale longer than wide. Nephridia missing at several positions. Coelomocytes (Fig. 4 G) numerous, darkened in aggregations. Cells flattened, outline broad-oval, length ca. 20���40 ��m. A few dark and refractile granules of irregular outline scattered in a finely and regularly vesicular, pale-brown matrix. Seminal vesicle (Fig. 4 A) large, extending over up to 5 segments, caused by forward bulge of septum 10 / 11 and backward bulge of septum 11 / 12. Spermatozoa very numerous, heads 33 ��m long (measured in vivo). Sperm funnel (Fig. 4 A) longer than body diameter, ca. 2 x as long as wide (or longer), tapering distally; collar conspicuous, with free extensions beyond funnel body, often U-shaped, conspicuous by attached sperm. Each extension may have stump-like sub-lobes. Vas deferens (Fig. 4 A) very long and irregularly coiled, of equal diameter throughout (8 ��m in fixed material. Male copulatory organ (Fig. 4 A) with male pores on body surface, each withdrawn in a longitudinal eversible furrow; both furrows creating a mid-ventral "penial plate" when withdrawn. In all fixed specimens furrows everted into elongate-conical projections; male pores widely separate, distance wider than distance between ventral chaetal bundles of a segment. No male glands around male pore, but epidermis thickened here and also in a field between the pores, the "penial plate". Copulatory muscles (Fig. 1 A) conspicuous in preserved specimens as a parasagittal series of fine, dorso-ventral strands, arranged in paralles (side view): ventral insertion of muscles at inner wall of papilla, dorsal insertion at inner body wall surface latero-dorsally, slightly above longitudinal row of lateral chaetae. Spermatheca (Fig. 4 A,C,D,E,F) very large, extending into IX. Ectal duct short, distal part of ampulla conspicuous, thin-walled, with sperm and surrounding free lumen; ental reservoir extending over 3 segments, into IX, here elongately club-shaped, thick-walled; walls with large, non-staining inclusions of irregular outline (Fig. 4 F, "se"); lumen completely filled with spermatozoa, forming a long, compact and iridescent strand. One egg at a time seen, but no specimen with fully developed egg found. Habitat. G. hoeferi was found at all stages of forest regeneration. It was absent in pastures and only one specimen was found at the agroforestry sites. Remarks. Among all species present at the study sites, G. hoeferi was instantly distinguished by (1) the peculiar coelomocytes. Further traits that confirmed the identification were: (2) only 2 pairs of anterior nephridia, at 8 / 9 and 9 / 10, (3) dorsal blood vessel from VIII, (4) intestinal diverticula confined to VII, mostly directed forwards. With this character combination, specimens of all age stages, including very small juvenile ones, could be identified. The striking gigantism of sperm-related organs is shared by several other Guaranidrilus species that possess oesophageal appendages (G. atlanticus Christoffersen, 1977, G. cernosvitovi Healy, 1979, G. joanae Christoffersen, 1977, G. m b o i Righi, 1975), and hence is little help in the identification of the species. G. hoeferi is most similar to G. joanae Christoffersen, 1977, another species of the Brazilian Atlantic rain forest, found ca. 250 km up north-east near the city of S��o Paulo. Both may be indeed be sister species; at least they belong to a common sub-group or clade within the genus. The excellent original description of G. joanae allows a detailed comparison. Both species agree in body size, behaviour, all details of pharyngeal glands, oesophageal appendages, intestinal diverticula, and in size and organization of spermathecae and the entire male reproductive system. They differ in four traits: (1) In G. joanae, chaetae are enlarged not only in caudal segments but also in the most anterior segments, and here (2) the ental bend is thickened in a claviform manner. (3) Preclitellar nephridia are present not only at 7 / 8 ��� 8 / 9 but also at 6 / 7, resulting in three preclitellar pairs instead of the two in G. hoeferi. (4) Coelomocytes of G. joanae appear to lack the conspicuous double texture present in G. hoeferi (few coarse granules embedded in a densely and finely vesicular pale-brown matrix), they are described as being "rather inconspicuously granulated" (Christoffersen 1977: 200). Furthermore segment number is slightly higher (49���55) and clitellar gland cells are irregularly arranged in G. joanae, but our specimens were not fully mature. Our specimens were relaxed and Christoffersen's specimens apparently contracted at the time of fixation, which may account for differences in body length (10���11 mm in G. joanae) and shape of preclitellar nephridia (efferent duct bent forwards in G. joanae). Epidermal gland cells are said to be slightly developed in G. joanae (Christoffersen 1977: 198), but the animals "... were always found enveloped in great amounts of mucus..." (ibid.), which suggests the same situation as in G. h o e f e r i: numerous glands cells, inconspicuous in vivo. In fact even in fixed material the glands are invisible unless interference contrast optics are used. The ectal pore of the spermathecae of G. joanae appears to be located ventrally in a figure (Christoffersen 1977, Fig. 24), but the description gives the usual and probably correct lateral location., Published as part of Schmelz, R��diger M., Collado, Rut & R��mbke, J��rg, 2011, Mata Atl��ntica enchytraeids (Paran��, Brazil): A new genus, Xetadrilus gen. nov., with three new species, and four new species of Guaranidrilus ��ernosvitov (Enchytraeidae, Oligochaeta), pp. 1-29 in Zootaxa 2838 on pages 10-13, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.203260, {"references":["Christoffersen, M. L. (1977) New species of Guaranidrilus Cernosv. (Enchytraeidae, Oligochaeta) from Serra do Mar, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 12, 187 - 206.","Healy, B. (1979) Review of the genus Guaranidrilus (Oligochaeta, Enchytraeidae) with the description of two new species. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Zoology). London, 37, 7 - 15.","Righi, G. (1975) Algumas Enchytraeidae (Oligochaeta) Brasileiras. Ciencia e Cultura. Sao Paulo (Journal of the Brazilian Association for the Advancement of Science), 27, 143 - 150."]}

Xetadrilus gen. nov. Genus "X" ��� R��mbke et al. 2007: 144 f. Type species: Xetadrilus maacki sp. nov. Included species: Xetadrilus maacki sp. nov. Xetadrilus aphanus sp. nov. Xetadrilus fabryi sp. nov. Xetadrilus pitucus (Righi, 1974 a) (ex Marionina) Xetadrilus righianus (Xie & Rota, 2001) (ex Marionina) Xetadrilus ugandensis (Bell, 1954) (ex Stercutus) Genus diagnosis. Small worms, adults in vivo 2���5 mm long and 0.1��� 0.2 mm wide. Two chaetae per bundle, absent laterally from VIII on (absent from VII in X. pitucus), chaetae with proximal bend, distally mostly straight. Lateral chaetae not shifted dorsally. Epidermal gland cells pale, elliptical, not transversely elongate. Head pore on prostomium dorsally. Prostomial epithelium with frontal recess; prostomial papillae present. Brain incised posteriorly, longer than wide, with ganglia on prostomial nerves. Ventral nerve cord with suboesophageal ganglion in II��� IV and segmental ganglia from V on. Pharyngeal glands variable, secondary ventral lobes present or absent. Oesophageal appendages absent. Intestinal diverticula absent, present at VII in X. fabryi. Gut often widened abruptly at 6 / 7, with thickened epithelium in VII. Dorsal blood vessel origin in clitellar or postclitellar region, anterior bifurcation in segment I. Nephridial anteseptale with parts of nephridial body, no constriction at septum, efferent duct short. Coelomocytes one type, mucocytes. Male reproductive system simple, vas deferens not widened, male pores on body surface. Spermathecae not attached to oesophagus, with ectal duct and ampulla; ectal pore in lateral line and at half-length between lateral chaetae of IV and V; no diverticula, no ectal glands. Etymology. Named in honour of the Xet�� people, the last ethnia in the Brazilian state of Paran�� to come into contact with 'modern' civilization in the last century. Within a few years the Xet�� were almost eradicated by forest destruction for coffee plantations. Survivors and their descendants merged into the Brazilian population. Today five persons still speak Xet��, a language that belongs to the Tupi-Guaran�� language family. Common traits: (1) Not more than 2 chaetae per bundle (2) Head pore on prostomium (3) Ventral nerve cord ganglionic from V, ganglia II-IV fused into suboesophageal gan- glion (4) Nephridial anteseptale including parts of nephridial body (5) Spermathecae (when present) free, not attached to oesophagus (6) Spermathecae (when present) without diverticula (7) Brain incised posteriorly (truncate in T. marcusae) (8) Male copulatory organ without bursa, male pore on body surface ** * absent from XIII in T. lacteus Righi, 1974 b. ** bursa in T. marcusae. Remarks. Xetadrilus is closely related to Guaranidrilus and Tupidrilus Righi, 1974 b. Similarities and differences are listed in Table 1, see also below, discussion, and Figure 8. Within this triad of genera, Xetadrilus stands out by (1) lateral chaetae absent from VIII, (2) inner prostomial papillae, (3) conspicuous prostomial ganglia, (4) a frontal recess in the prostomial wall. Trait (1) is the presumed apomorphy of the genus sensu stricto. Traits (2,3,4) are probably plesiomorphies because they are also present in Achaeta (comp. Schmelz et al. 2008). Trait (4) occurs also in some species of the marine Grania (Rota et al. 2003). The peculiar similarity of one species of Enchytronia will be dealt with below, see discussion. All species of Xetadrilus lack oesophageal appendages, and intestinal diverticula are absent in all but one species. Tupidrilus differs from Xetadrilus in the presence of oesophageal appendages and in the presence of lateral chaetae from VIII on (they are absent from XIII in T. lacteus); traits (2),(3),(4) are unkown. Tupidrilus differs from Guaranidrilus only in the absence of intestinal diverticula, and its status was considered doubtful after a phylogenetic analysis (Coates 1989), but the taxonomy of Tupidrilus is beyond the scope of this paper. The genus includes four species, all from Brazil. Due to its similarity with Guaranidrilus and Achaeta, Xetadrilus may be accomodated in the Achaetinae Černosvitov, 1937. Achaetinae is recognized by a combination of characters (Table 1), there are currently no diagnostic traits, see below, discussion. Tupidrilus and Hemienchytraeus are also members of the subfamily. Two species of Marionina and one species of Stercutus are included in the new genus; criteria for their inclusions were: (1) compliance with all traits common to Guaranidrilus, Tupidrilus, and Xetadrilus (Table 1), (2) absence of oesophageal appendages, (3) absence of lateral chaetae from VIII on (M. pituca from VII), (4) prostomium with ganglia, inner papillae, and frontal epithelial recess. Traits related to the prostomium are unknown in X. righianus and X. ugandensis; types of the latter are lost, so fresh material will be necessary to confirm the new combination. Types of X. righianus were not investigated during the time of this study. In X. pitucus, large prostomial ganglia are originally described (Righi, 1974 a), although not recognized as such; and inner prostomial papillae and a frontal epithelial recess are present in the types (Schmelz & Collado, unpublished). The three species included in Xetadrilus do not comply in all details with the generic diagnosis (see Table 2), but they disagree considerably with the type species of their original genus (Stercutus niveus Michaelsen, 1888 and Marionina georgiana Michaelsen, 1888, respectively). S. ugandensis has been a species incertae sedis since Nielsen & Christensen (1959), and Marionina is a heterogeneous assemblage of species in need of revision (Rota et al. 2008, Schmelz & Collado 2008). The transfer of M. pituca and M. righiana to Xetadrilus is in agreement with the suggestion in Rota et al. (2008) to accomodate some species of Marionina in Achaetinae. Table 2 gives an overview of key traits of the included nominal species. Redescriptions of type material will be presented elsewhere. Three further South American species of Marionina, M. patua Righi, Ayres & Bittencourt, 1978, M. ecuadoriensis Righi, 1981 a, and M. tica Righi, 1981 b, are very close to Xetadrilus based on the following traits: free spermathecae, head pore on prostomium, two chaetae per bundle, no oesophageal appendages, no intestinal diverticula. They differ from Xetadrilus in the presence of lateral chaetae from VIII on. These species probably belong to Achaetinae, too, but their generic placement within the subfamily is not straightforward. Type-based redescriptions of these species, together with suggestions as to their generic position, will be presented elsewhere. With the African X. ugandensis and the Chinese X. righianus, Xetadrilus is a cosmopolitan genus. Its circumscription may change in the future when more species have been discovered and more species of Guaranidrilus, Tupidrilus, and Marionina have been reinvestigated., Published as part of Schmelz, R��diger M., Collado, Rut & R��mbke, J��rg, 2011, Mata Atl��ntica enchytraeids (Paran��, Brazil): A new genus, Xetadrilus gen. nov., with three new species, and four new species of Guaranidrilus ��ernosvitov (Enchytraeidae, Oligochaeta), pp. 1-29 in Zootaxa 2838 on pages 13-15, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.203260, {"references":["Righi, G. (1974 a) Marionina pituca sp. n. (Oligochaeta, Enchytraeidae) from Brazilian Soil and its intestinal parasite Buetschliella marioninae sp. n. (Ciliata, Astomata). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 5 / 6, 414 - 419.","Xie, Z. & Rota, E. (2001) Four new terrestrial species of Marionina (Clitellata, Enchytraeidae) from China and re-examination of M. hoffbaueri Moller. Journal of Natural History, 35, 1417 - 1431.","Bell, A. W. (1954) Some enchytraeid worms (Oligochaeta) from East Africa. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 73, 279 - 311.","Righi, G. (1974 b) Notas sobre os Oligochaeta, Enchytraeidae do Brasil. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia. Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo, 28, 127 - 145.","Rota, E. & Erseus, C. (2003) New records of Grania (Clitellata, Enchytraeidae) in the Northeast Atlantic (from Tromso to the Canary Islands), with descriptions of seven new species. Sarsia, 88, 210 - 243.","Coates, K. A. (1989) Phylogeny and origins of Enchytraeidae. Hydrobiologia, 180, 17 - 33.","Michaelsen, W. (1888) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der deutschen Enchytraiden-fauna. Archiv fur Mikroskopische Anatomie, 31, 483 - 498.","Nielsen, C. O. & Christensen, B. (1959) The Enchytraeidae. Critical revision and taxonomy of European species (Studies on Enchytraeidae VII). Natura Jutlandica, 8 - 9, 1 - 160.","Rota, E., Matamoros, L. & Erseus, C. (2008) In search of Marionina (Clitellata, Enchytraeidae): A taxonomic history of the genus and re-description of the type species Pachydrilus georgianus Michaelsen, 1888. Italian Journal of Zoology, 75, 1 - 20 (online access).","Righi, G., Ayres, I. & Bittencourt, E. C. R. (1978) Oligochaeta (Annelida) do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia. Acta Amazonica, 8, 1 - 49.","Righi, G. (1981 a) Alguns Oligochaeta cavernicolas do Equador. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia. Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo, 34, 235 - 249.","Righi, G. (1981 b) Notas sobre Enchytraeidae (Oligochaeta) Brasileiras. Revista Brasileira de Biologia. Rio de Janeiro, 41, 427 - 430."]}

Guaranidrilus cingulatus sp. nov. (Figs 3, 8 C) Holotype. MZUSP 1225, adult specimen, stained whole mount, Antonina, Cachoeira, medium old secondary forest on Cambisol [site 17], Mar 2004, leg. B. F��rster, R. M. Schmelz. Paratypes. MZSUP, 14 specimens, stained whole mounts: MZUSP 1226, 6 specimens, Antonina, Cachoeira, 25 �� 19 ' 59 "S ��� 48 �� 42 '02"W, young secondary forest on Gleysol [site 25], May 2003, leg. J. R��mbke, R. M. Schmelz. MZUSP 1227, 7 specimens, same data as holotype. MZUSP 1228, 3 specimens, Antonina, Cachoeira, 25 �� 19 '04"��� 41 ''S, 48 �� 40 ' 36 "��� 41 ' 51 "W, 20���120 m a.s.l., young and medium old secondary forests on Gleysol [sites 12, 24, 30], Oct 2004, leg. B. F��rster, R. M. Schmelz. MZUSP 1229, 1 specimen, Curitiba outskirts, 25 �� 19 ' 13 ''S, 49 ��06' 22 ''W, 957 m a.s.l., Araucaria forest on Podzol, property of R. Marques, Oct 2004, leg. R. Marques, R. M. Schmelz. UFPR, 6 specimens, 3 stained whole mounts, 3 ethanol-preserved, Guareque��aba, Itaqui: UFPR OL-10, 2 specimens, 25 �� 14 ' 45.3 ''S, 48 �� 30 ' 19.4 ''W, 27 m a.s.l., medium old secondary forest on Cambisol [site 38], Sep 2007, leg. P. Heine, R. M. Schmelz. UFPR OL-11, 1 specimen, 25 �� 18 ' 31.8 ''S, 48 �� 27 '54,4''W, 93 m a.s.l., old-growth forest on Cambisol [site 40], Sep 2007. leg. P. Heine, R. M. Schmelz. UFPR OL- 12: 3 specimens, ethanol-preserved, 25 �� 14 '51,1''S, 48 �� 29 ' 31.4 ''W, 8 m a.s.l., medium old secondary forest on Cambisol [site 39], Jan 2008, leg. J. R��mbke, R. M. Schmelz. Additional material. Eight specimens from Cachoeira and Itaqui sites, examined in vivo, not preserved. Etymology. 'cingulatus' (lat.) = girded; named in reference to the girdle-shaped clitellum, so far unique in the genus. Description. Body dimensions. Small species, living adults ca. 3.5���5 mm long and 0.1���0.15 mm wide, whole mounts ca. 2.5���4 mm long and 0.15���0.2 mm wide. Segment number 26���32. Chaetae (Fig. 3 B) two per bundle throughout, absent at XII, straight distally. In caudal segments chaetae 1.5��� 2 x as large as largest anterior chaetae, equally large ventrally and laterally (ca. 60 ��m long and 4���5 ��m wide); in anterior segments laterals smaller than ventrals (30 ��m vs. 40 ��m). Epidermal gland cells invisible in vivo; in well-preserved whole mounts two rows distinguishable of inconspicuous, transversely elongate cells in dorsal half of anterior segments. Clitellum (Fig. 3 E) well-developed, perfectly girdle-shaped, cells in ca. 34 transverse rows ventrally, dorsally rows indefinite when fully developed, here hyalocytes and granulocytes alternating, granulocytes smaller than hyalocytes and more numerous; ventrally only granulocytes; granulocytes almost square-shaped, giving a 'pavement'-like aspect. Head pore on prostomium mid-dorsally, prostomial inner papillae inconspicuous or absent. Body wall thick in vivo, 5���10 ��m thick in whole mounts, longitudinal muscle layer well-developed, especially in adults. Cuticle distinguishable, ca. 1.5 ��m thick. Septa slightly thickened in preclitellar segments, from 4 / 5 to 5 / 6 or 8 / 9. Brain concave posteriorly, twice as long as wide (length ca. 70 ��m, fix), prostomial ganglia very small or absent. Ventral nerve cord with suboesophageal ganglion in II���IV and segmental ganglia from V on. Oesophageal appendages (Fig. 3 A,C) in anterior of VI, paired, spherical in dorsal view, sessile, side by side dorsally on gut wall, not larger than secondary ventral pharyngeal gland lobes. Pharyngeal glands (Fig. 3 A,C) dorsally unpaired in IV, V, VI; primary and secondary ventral lobes in V and VI. Primary ventral lobes of VI largest. Intestinal diverticula (Fig. 3 A,C) paired, lateral to intestine, confined to VII, occupying entire segment length, rarely less (Fig. 3 A), separate from each other; each with large anterior and small stump-like posterior projection, the latter situated dorso-laterally, extending slightly into VIII in few specimens (Fig. 3 C); connections of diverticula with intestine in posterior of VII; outer and inner surface often irregularly lobed or wavy; walls ca. 7���10 ��m thick, no radial striation. Dorsal blood vessel from X ��� 1 / 2 XII. Preclitellar nephrida (Fig. 3 F) 3 pairs, at 6 / 7 ��� 8 / 9, occasionally absent at either 6 / 7 or 8 / 9. Anteseptale slightly longer than wide, with ca. 1 / 3 of entire nephridial body, postseptale slightly bulging dorsad, with dorsal vesicle, gradually merging into short efferent duct, terminal vesicle absent; ante- and postseptale separated by a slight constriction at level of septa. Postclitellar nephridia (Fig. 3 G) present in less than half of all positions; shape as in preclitellar nephridia, but more elongate. Coelomocytes slightly longer than wide, 17���28 ��m long, with very fine wavy or groovy texture, no granula distinguished; cell margins smooth, refractile in oblique position; cells abundant but not obscuring other inner structures. Seminal vesicle absent, free cysts in XI sparse. Spermatozoa ca. 47 ��m long, heads 18 ��m long. Sperm funnel (Fig. 3 E,H) small, length less than 1 / 4 body diameter, 1.2���1.5 x as long as wide, barrel-shaped, flattened. Vas deferens short with few loops, diameter 8 ��m proximally, 5 ��m distally. Male copulatory organ (Fig. 3 H,I) minute, as if absent, male glands small, not thicker than clitellum. Male pores on body surface, surrounded by male glands, no bursa. Transverse copulatory body muscles sparse, not seen in vivo. Accessory glands absent. Spermatheca (Fig. 3 C,D) simple, extending into V or VI, about as long as body diameter or slightly longer. Ectal duct not longer than 15 ��m, with cuticle-lined canal only in distal half; distal part of ampulla ca. 15 ��m wide, often without sperm; sperm present more proximally. Habitat. G. cingulatus was found in young to medium secondary forests and old-growth forest. It was absent in pastures and at agroforestry sites, and almost absent at recently abandoned pastures (1 specimen identified). Remarks. G. cingulatus is conspicuous (1) by the girdle-shaped clitellum, well-developed on all sides and quite prominent in living and preserved specimens. All other reproductive structures are small and inconspicuous. Further species-specific traits, diagnostic in combination: (2) epidermal gland cells appear absent; (3) cuticle conspicuous, longitudinal muscle layer well-developed, body wall often thick; (4) terminal (= caudal) chaetae up to twice as large as anterior chaetae; (5) oesophageal appendages in anterior of VI; (6) intestinal diverticula in VII, with posterior extension and often irregularly lobed; (7) three pairs of preclitellar nephridia, from 6 / 7 to 8 / 9. Traits 2���7 suffice to identify the species; they were used in the routine identification of animals, juveniles included. Most similar to G. cingulatus is the North-American G. oregonensis Coates & Diaz, 1988, described from fixed material. The species is similar in body length (3���4.5 mm), segment number (26���34), chaetae (enlarged in caudal segments), epidermal gland cells (few rows), origin of dorsal blood vessel (X���XII), position of preclitellar nephridia (3 pairs, 6 / 7���8 / 9), and sperm-related structures (small). G. oregonensis may also have a girdle-shaped clitellum, but the trait is described ambiguously and requires reinvestigation: "Clitellum... in transverse rows ventrolaterally; reduced but complete ventrally between male pores" (ibd.: 775). The species differs in the absence of oesophageal appendages (present in G. cingulatus) and in the extension over 2 segments of the intestinal diverticula (1 segment in G. cingulatus). Specimens had been sampled from freshwater marsh soils in the estuary of the Columbia river (Oregon, U.S.A.), see Coates & Diaz (1988) for details. Further similar species are G. rarus Černosvitov, 1937 a emend. Coates & Diaz (1988), and G. s a w a y a i Righi, 1973. Both species, which may be synonymous (Coates & Diaz 1988), differ from G. cingulatus in having a saddleshaped clitellum. Other differences are inconclusive and require a reinvestigation of the types., Published as part of Schmelz, R��diger M., Collado, Rut & R��mbke, J��rg, 2011, Mata Atl��ntica enchytraeids (Paran��, Brazil): A new genus, Xetadrilus gen. nov., with three new species, and four new species of Guaranidrilus ��ernosvitov (Enchytraeidae, Oligochaeta), pp. 1-29 in Zootaxa 2838 on pages 8-10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.203260, {"references":["Coates, K. A. & Diaz, R. J. (1988) Description of Guaranidrilus oregonensis (Oligochaeta: Enchytraeidae) from North America, with additional comments on the genus. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 101, 773 - 783.","Cernosvitov, L. (1937 a) Notes sur les Oligochaeta (Naididees et Enchytraeidees) de l'Argentine. Anales del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, Buenos Aires, 39, 135 - 157.","Righi, G. (1973) Sobre tres especies Brasileiras de Enchytraeidae (Oligochaeta). Boletim de Zoologia e Biologia Marina, Sao Paulo, 30, 469 - 482."]}

Xetadrilus maacki sp. nov. (Figs 5, 8 E, Table 3) Holotype. MZUSP 1206, adult specimen, stained and whole-mounted in Canada balsam, Paranagu��, Palmito, 25 �� 35 ' 41.4 ''S 48 �� 31 ' 13.7 ''W, 3���11 m a.s.l., young secondary forest on Podzol [site 43], Mar 2004, leg. B. F��rster, R. M. Schmelz. Paratypes. MZUSP, 18 specimens, stained whole mounts: MZUSP 1207, 6 specimens, same data as holotype. MZUSP 1208, 12 specimens, Antonina, Cachoeira, 25 �� 14 ��� 38 ������ 19 ' 21 "S, 48 �� 40 ��� 10 ������ 42 '08"W, 10���140 m a.s.l., medium old and old-growth forest on Cambisol and Gleysol [sites 10, 13, 28], May 2003, leg. J. R��mbke & R. M. Schmelz. UFPR, 8 specimens, stained whole mounts: UFPR OL-18, 6 specimens, Guareque��aba, Itaqui, 25 �� 14 ' 45.3 ''��� 15 '32,7'S, 48 �� 29 ' 31.4 ''��� 30 ' 31.9 ''W, 8 and 27 m a.s.l., medium old and old-growth forest on Cambisol [sites 38, 39, 41], Sep 2007, leg. P. Heine, R. M. Schmelz. UFPR OL-19, 2 specimens, Antonina, Rio Pequeno, 25 �� 14 ' 39.3 ''S, 48 �� 44 ' 48.2 ''W, 40 m a.s.l., agroforestry system on Gleysol, banana monoculture [site 46], Jan. 2008, leg. J. R��mbke, R. M. Schmelz. Additional material. Three specimens from type locality, examined in vivo, not preserved. Etymology. Named in honour of Reinhard Maack (1892���1969), German-Brazilian geographer and pioneer of environmental protection in Southern Brazil; seminal contributions to the physical geography of the state of Paran�� (e.g., Maack 1968). Maack discovered the Xet�� people in 1962. Vita in Fabry (2006). Description. Individuals somewhat chequered, transparent and milky/opaque body regions; coelom more or less free, inner structures well-distinguished. Body dimensions. Living adult specimens ca. 4 mm long and 0.1��� 0.12 mm wide, widest in clitellar region; fixed specimens 3���3.5 mm long and 0.12���0.18 mm wide. Segment number 21���28 in adults and subadults, most often 25���27 (N = 16), holotype 27. Subadults with Chaetae (Fig. 5 E,H) two per bundle, formula 2,0���0: 2 ��� 2. Lateral chaetae present in II���VII, absent from VIII on. Ventral chaetae from II on, absent in XII. Anterior chaetae faintly sigmoid, with slight proximal bend and almost straight distal tip, ventrally ca. 32���38 ��m long and 3 ��m wide, laterally smaller, dimensions not measured. Behind clitellum chaetae increasing in size towards posterior end, twice as large as anterior chaetae in ca. 8 hindmost segments, here 64���70 ��m long and 6���6.5 ��m wide. Chaetae slightly shifted posteriad with respect to septa, ratio of distance to anterior and posterior septum, respectively, about 4: 3. Epidermal gland cells (Fig. 5 A,G) absent except mid-ventrally between chaetal bundles; here 2���3 large, transversely arranged gland cells with finely granular content (fix), present in all segments, XII included; cells 2 x as high as epidermis, larger posteriorly than anteriorly. Clitellum (Fig. 5 C) saddle-shaped, i.e. absent ventrally. Cells in ca. 31 separate (viv) or dense (fix) rows; hyalocytes not in longitudinal rows, present only in dorsal half, extending further ventrally in the middle than at the ends; cells roughly rectangular in living specimens, with hyalocytes larger than granulocytes (diameters ca. 11 ��m vs. 8 ��m (viv) or 10���12 ��m vs. 6 ��m (fix)); ventro-laterally only granulocytes. Cells about as high as wide. A few cells present between male copulatory organs, of same type as in other segments between ventral chaetal bundles. Prostomium (Fig. 5 A) with head pore in mid-dorsal position, slit transverse. Frontal prostomial epithelium (Fig. 5 A,B) thickened, with a recess or cleft at the frontal tip. Dorso-laterally six inner prostomial papillae in bilateral-symmetrical order. Prostomial musculature well-developed. Body wall thin, between 3 and 12 ��m thick, cuticle Septa slightly thickened in preclitellar segments (fix), difference inconspicuous in vivo. Brain incised posteriorly, sides converging anteriad. A pair of bilobed prostomial ganglia present on prostomial nerves. Perikarya of II���IV fused into suboesophageal ganglion, segmental ganglia present from V on, no perikarya at the level of the septa except in hindmost segments; here segmental ganglia interconnected by a thin strand of perikarya at level of septa. Pharyngeal glands (Fig. 5 A,B) with three unpaired dorsal lobes in IV���VI, thickest in the middle, all alike; two pairs of primary ventral lobes, in V and VI; three pairs of secondary ventral lobes, in V, VI, VII, increasing in size posteriad. Oesophageal appendages and intestinal diverticula absent. Gut widening abruptly in VII (Fig. 5 A), gradually tapering posteriorly. Epithelium thickened in VII and VIII, cells enlarged, with fine pale vesicular content. Chloragocytes from V, a dense and flat layer (cell height ca. 5 ��m) from VII, inconspicuous. Dorsal vessel from XIII or XIV; anterior bifurcation prostomial. Pars tumida of midgut over 1���2 segments, from 1 / 2 XVII ��� 1 / 2 X, epithelium strongly proliferated. Preclitellar nephridia (Fig. 5 G) two pairs in preclitellar segments, at 7 / 8 and 8 / 9, not constricted at septum. Anteseptale with parts of nephridial body, longer than wide, funnel attached obliquely. Postseptale larger than anteseptale, length ratio 3: 2, with a dorsal bump in mid-section, no vesicle here; nephridial canal apparently with an up- and down zig-zag course; efferent duct rising subterminally, nephroporus inconspicuous, situated anteriorly of ventral chaetal bundles, no terminal vesicle. Nephridia in postclitellar segments in varying positions, altogether 8���10 in number. Example, holotype: 13 / 14 (paired), 18 / 19 (paired), 20 / 21 (unpaired left side), 24 / 25 (unpaired right side), 25 / 26 (paired). Nephridia elongate, no dorsal bump in mid-section of postseptale, no vesicle, efferent duct short, rising terminally. Coelomocytes (Fig. 5 F) distinctly brownish in vivo, with small spherical and refractile vesicles; vesicles clearly separate from each other, like dots, conspicuous. Cells slightly longer than wide, almost spherical, ca. 25 ��m long. In fixed and dehydrated material cytoplasma pale and homogeneously vesicular, nucleus central, conspicuous. Seminal vesicle absent. Spermatozoa conspicuous on top of sperm funnel when present, ca. 39 ��m long, heads ca. 14 ��m long. Sperm funnel (Fig. 5 H) small, 1 / 4 ��� 1 / 3 as long as body diameter, 1.5���2 as long as wide; collar distinct, not or only little widened and ca. 15 ��m high, contributing to almost 1 / 3 of total sperm funnel length; funnel body variable, either barrel-shaped, not wider than collar, or almost globular, canal opening funnel-like towards proximal end. Vas deferens in dense coils ventro-laterally, ca. 4 ��m thick, wider immediately behind sperm funnel (ca. 6 ��m). Male copulatory organ (Fig. 5 H): male pores on body surface in longitudinal line of ventral chaetae, at half distance between chaetae of XI and XIII; each pore surrounded by a small glandular bulb interspersed with musculature, bulb small, roughly spherical, diameter ca. 20 ��m, outline irregular, occasionally with small extra-bulbs anteriorly and posteriorly; bursa apparently absent, transverse copulatory body muscles sparse, three strands in front of male pore, posteriorly inconspicuous or absent. Accessory glands absent. Spermatheca (Fig. 5 D) a small and proximally blind-ending tube, not attached to oesophagus, confined to V; ectal pore in lateral line, at half-length between chaetae of IV and V; ectal duct and ampulla of about equal length; ectal duct with smooth outline, isodiametric, ampulla not wider than ectal duct but with irregular outline, thin-walled. Small amount of sperm in ampullar distal part. Eggs. One or two mature eggs at a time. Habitat. X. maacki was found at all successional stages of forest regeneration and also in pastures and at agroforestry sites. Remarks. Key characters of Xetadrilus maacki are: (1) Brown coelomocytes; (2) gut widening abruptly in VII, no intestinal diverticula; (3) chaetae in terminal segments large, thick, sigmoid; (4) segmental mid-ventral epidermal gland cells. For a comparison with other congeneric species, see Tables 2 and 3., Published as part of Schmelz, R��diger M., Collado, Rut & R��mbke, J��rg, 2011, Mata Atl��ntica enchytraeids (Paran��, Brazil): A new genus, Xetadrilus gen. nov., with three new species, and four new species of Guaranidrilus ��ernosvitov (Enchytraeidae, Oligochaeta), pp. 1-29 in Zootaxa 2838 on pages 16-18, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.203260, {"references":["Maack, R. (1968) Geografia fisica do Estado do Parana. Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, 350 pp.","Fabry, R. (2006) Reinhard Maack. Pionier des Umweltschutzes in Sudbrasilien (Parana). Zeitschrift fur Umweltchemie und Okotoxikologie, 18, 37 - 40."]}

Xetadrilus fabryi sp. nov. (Figs 7, 8 G, Table 3) Holotype. UFPR OL- 23, adult specimen with 22 segments, posterior end regenerated, stained whole mount, Antonina, Rio Pequeno, 25 �� 15 ' 56.8 ''S, 48 �� 44 ' 23.5 ''W, 25 m a.s.l., agroforestry system [site 48], Jan 2008, leg. J. R��mbke, R. M. Schmelz. Paratypes. MZUSP, 4 specimens, stained whole mounts, Antonina, Cachoeira: MZUSP 1215, 3 specimens, 25 �� 15 ' 2 ''S, 48 �� 40 ' 24 '' and 25 �� 15 ' 13 ''S, 48 �� 40 ' 34 ''W, 30 and 40 m a.s.l., respectively, pasture, partly abandoned, on Cambisol [sites 1, 4], May 2003, leg. J R��mbke, R. M. Schmelz. MZUSP 1216, 1 specimen, 25 �� 18 ' 25 "S, 48 �� 40 ' 24 "W, 70 m a.s.l., pasture on Cambisol [site 2], March 2004, leg. B. F��rster, R. M. Schmelz. UFPR, 8 specimens, stained whole mounts: UFPR OL-24, 5 specimens, Antonina, Rio Pequeno, 25 �� 15 ' 56.8 ''��� 16 ' 23.4 ''S, 48 �� 43 ' 41.1 ''��� 44 ' 23.5 ''W, 15 and 25 m a.s.l., respectively, agroforestry system [sites 47, 48], Jan 2008, leg. J. R��mbke, R. M. Schmelz. UFPR OL-25, 3 specimens, Curitiba, UFPR University Campus, Agr��rias, 25 �� 24 ' 37 ''S, 49 �� 14 ' 56 ''W, 909 m a.s.l., grassland, Feb 2008, leg. R. M. Schmelz. Additional material. One specimen from UFPR campus, Agrarias, examined in vivo, not preserved. Etymology. Named in honour of Rainer Fabry, versatile German on-site coordinator of the SOLOBIOMAproject. Xetadrilus maacki Xetadrilus aphanus Xetadrilus fabryi Segment number 21���28 21���28 33 Description. Body dimensions. Living adult specimens ca. 3 mm long and 0.11���0.12 mm wide, whole mounts 2.5���3.5 mm long and 0.1���0.12 mm wide, up to 0.16 at XII. Segment number 30���33 (N= 3), holotype 22 segments, with regenerated posterior end. Chaetae two per bundle, formula 2,0���0: 2 ��� 2. Lateral chaetae present in II���VII, absent from VIII on. Ventral chaetae from II on, absent in XII. Chaetae distally straight, or slightly bent to same side as proximal bend. Terminal chaetae enlarged, almost 2 x as large as largest anterior chaetae, not sigmoid. Ventral anterior chaetae ca. 2 ��m thick, in II 12 ��m long, gradually increasing in size posteriad to about 28 ��m in IX. Ventral chaetae in hindmost segments 45���55 ��m long and 2.5���3 ��m thick. Epidermal gland cells (Fig. 7 B) variable; entire epidermis glandular to varying degrees, gland cells pale and evenly distributed, or no epidermal gland cells distinguishable in living and preserved material. In specimens with glandular epidermis body surface often covered with foreign particles. Clitellum saddle-shaped, cells in ca. 25 transverse rows, separate (viv) or dense (fix). Hyalocytes on dorsal half, larger than granulocytes, isolated; in ventral half only granulocytes, mid-ventral interruption as wide as distance of male pores. Prostomium with head pore in mid-dorsal position. Frontal prostomial epithelium (Fig. 7 A,E) thickened, with a vesicle-like recess or cleft at the frontal tip. Dorso-laterally several inner papillae in bilateral-symmetrical order, inner papillae also on peristomium. Prostomial musculature present. Body wall medium-thick, cuticle thin. Preclitellar septa not thickened. Brain (Fig. 7 E) in I���III, 2���2.5 x as long as wide, incised posteriorly; prostomial ganglia conspicuous but small; ventral nerve cord with suboesophageal ganglion in II���IV and segmental ganglia from V. Oesophageal appendages absent. Pharyngeal glands (Fig. 7 A,B) as unpaired dorsal lobes in IV���VI, voluminous in IV and V, primary ventral lobes in V and VI, largest in VI; small and spherical secondary ventral lobes in V, VI and VII. Intestinal diverticula (Fig. 7 A,B) one pair in VII, elongate, oval, thick-walled, with distinct lumen; placed laterally of intestine, arranged in "V"- shape (dorsal view), slightly diverging anteriad; diverticula laterally flattened, higher than wide. Chloragocytes often black-grey in posterior segments. Dorsal blood vessel from 1 / 2 XIV in the two mature and complete specimens, from 1 / 4 XIV in holotype; the origin was difficult to see in living specimens. Preclitellar nephridia (Fig. 7 C) 3 pairs, from 7 / 8 to 9 / 10, postseptale without dorsal vesicle. Postclitellar nephridia elongate. Coelomocytes pale, not hyaline, without conspicuous texture. Seminal vesicle absent. Spermatozoa distinct on top of sperm funnel, length not measured in vivo. Sperm funnel (Fig. 7 F) barrel-shaped, ca. 1 / 3 as long as body diameter (40���50 ��m long, fix), collar not wider than funnel body. Vas deferens (Fig. 7 F) quite long, coiled densely in numerous loops in XII, sometimes filling entire dorsal half of segment XII; diameter 4 ��m throughout except near sperm funnel, here ca. 5 ��m (fix). Male copulatory organ (Fig. 7 F) small, circular in top view, not more than a body wall thickening in side view; bursa and bursal slit apparently absent; male pore on body surface, sometimes surrounded by folds. Glandular bulb tripartite, an eversible central bulb, diameter ca. 20 ��m (fix), pierced centrally by vas deferens, and two smaller bulbs attached anteriorly and posteriorly. Copulatory muscles well-developed, encompassing bulbs and also extending dorsad as transverse copulatory muscles. Accessory glands absent. Spermathecae (Fig. 7 A) not attached to oesophagus, a simple tube. Ectal duct short (length 20 ��m, diameter 10 ��m, fix) with wide lumen, often filled with sperm, gradually widening into distal part of ampulla, here sperm arranged in parallel, or no ampulla distinguishable. The following tube narrow (diameter ca. 5 ��m, fix), widening into thin-walled ental reservoir in VI or VII; reservoir not always developed. Sperm may be present in any part of the spermatheca. One mature egg at a time. Habitat. X. fabryi was found in grazed and abandoned pastures and at agroforestry sites. It was not found at forest sites. Remarks. This is the only species of the new genus with intestinal diverticula. Diverticula are similar in shape to the ones in Guaranidrilus joanae Christoffersen, 1977 and G. hoeferi sp. nov. (see above). The two Guaranidrilus species are much larger and with very large sperm-related sexual organs. X. fabryi has been assigned to Xetadrilus (and not to Guaranidrilus) by virtue of the following characters: (1) Lateral chaeta absent from VIII, (2) epidermal gland cells oval, not transversely elongate, (3) prostomium with inner papillae and ganglia, (4) nephridia without dorsal vesicle, (5) pharyngeal glands with secondary lobes not only in V, VI, but also in VII, (6) post-clitellar origin of dorsal blood vessel., Published as part of Schmelz, R��diger M., Collado, Rut & R��mbke, J��rg, 2011, Mata Atl��ntica enchytraeids (Paran��, Brazil): A new genus, Xetadrilus gen. nov., with three new species, and four new species of Guaranidrilus ��ernosvitov (Enchytraeidae, Oligochaeta), pp. 1-29 in Zootaxa 2838 on pages 20-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.203260, {"references":["Christoffersen, M. L. (1977) New species of Guaranidrilus Cernosv. (Enchytraeidae, Oligochaeta) from Serra do Mar, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 12, 187 - 206."]}

Xetadrilus aphanus sp. nov. (Figs 6, 8 F, Table 3) Holotype. MZUSP 1209, adult specimen, stained and whole-mounted in Canada-Balsam, Cachoeira, Antonina, 25 �� 18 ' 25 "S, 48 �� 40 ' 24 "W, 70 m a.s.l., pasture on Cambisol [site 2], Mar 2004, leg. B. F��rster, R. M. Schmelz. Paratypes. MZUSP, 32 specimens, stained whole mounts: MZUSP 1210, 2 specimens, Antonina, Cachoeira, 25 �� 15 ' 22 ''S, 48 �� 40 ' 14 ''W, 40 m a.s.l., young secondary forest on Cambisol [site 7], May 2003, leg. J. R��mbke, R. M. Schmelz. MZUSP 1211, 11 specimens, same data as holotype. MZUSP 1212, 10 specimens, Antonina, Cachoeira, 25 �� 18 ' 56 "S, 48 �� 39 ' 29 "W, 20 m a.s.l., pasture on Gleysol [site 20], Mar 2004, leg. B. F��rster, R. M. Schmelz. MZUSP 1213, 7 specimens, Antonina, Cachoeira, 25 �� 18 ' 32 "S, 48 �� 39 ' 38 "W, 50 m a.s.l., pasture on Cambisol [site 3], Oct 2004, leg. B. F��rster, R. M. Schmelz. MZUSP 1214, 2 specimens, Curitiba, UFPR University Campus, Agrarias, 25 �� 24 ' 37 ''S, 49 �� 14 ' 56 ''W, 909 m a.s.l., grassland, Mar 2004, leg. R. M. Schmelz. UFPR, 30 specimens, stained whole mounts, Guareque��aba, Itaqui: UFPR OL-20, 8 specimens, 25 �� 14 ' 16.44 ''S, 48 �� 29 ' 52.1 ''W and 25 �� 18 ' 49.5 ''S, 48 �� 27 ' 10.4 ''W, 8 and 13 m a.s.l., respectively, abandoned ("herbaceous") pasture on Cambisol [sites 31, 33], Oct 2007, leg. P. Heine, R. M. Schmelz. UFPR OL-21, 6 specimens, 25 �� 18 ' 31.8 ''S, 48 �� 27 ' 2.3 ''W, 28 m a.s.l., medium old secondary forest on Cambisol [site 37], Sep 2007, leg. P. Heine, R. M. Schmelz. UFPR OL-22, 16 specimens, appr. 25 �� 13 ' 30 ''S, 48 �� 27 ' 40 ''W, 4 m a.s.l., pasture near SPVS guesthouse in Taga��aba, Jan 2008, leg. J. R��mbke, R. M. Schmelz. Additional material. Ca. 15 specimens, several sites in Cachoeira and Itaqui, examined in vivo, not preserved. Etymology. 'Aphanus' is a latinized form of the Greek 'aphanes', meaning inconspicuous. The name refers to the small body size of the worms. Description. Specimens inconspicuous, among the smallest enchytraeids in all samples. Body dimensions. living adult specimens ca. 2���3 mm long and 0.07���0.1 mm wide; fixed adult specimens 2���2.2 mm long and ca. 0.1 mm wide, 0.08���0.12 mm at V, 0.1���0.14 mm at XII. Segment number of adult individuals (19)- 23-28 (N = 35). Chaetae 2 per bundle, formula 2,0���0: 2 ��� 2. Lateral chaetae present in II���VII, absent from VIII on. Ventral chaetae from II on, absent in XII. Chaetae distally straight, or slightly bent to same side as proximal bend. Terminal chaetae enlarged, twice as large as anterior chaetae, not sigmoid. Ventral anterior chaetae ca. 2 ��m thick, in II 10���16 ��m long, gradually increasing in size posteriad to about 20���26 ��m. Ventral chaetae in hindmost segments 34���40 ��m long and 2.5���3 ��m thick. Epidermal gland cells (Fig. 6 G) variable; entire epidermis glandular to varying degrees, gland cells pale and evenly distributed, or epidermal gland cells indistinguishable in living and preserved material. In specimens with glandular epidermis body surface often covered with foreign substance (humus particles). Clitellum saddle-shaped, not developed ventrally; cells in separate (viv) or dense (fix) rows; dorsally in ca. 30 transverse rows; hyalocytes and granuloctyes alternating, granulocytes isolated; ventro-laterally only granulocytes. Clitellum extending posteriorly to chaetae of XIII. Prostomium (Fig. 6 A,C,D) with head pore in mid-dorsal position. Frontal prostomial epithelium thickened, with a vesicle-like recess or cleft at the frontal tip. Dorso-laterally several inner papillae in bilateral-symmetrical order, papillae also on peristomium. Prostomial musculature present. Body wall less than 5 ��m thick (viv); fix: 4��� 9 ��m. Cuticle thin, indistinguishable (viv), or Septa 4 / 5���6 / 7 (- 9 / 10) thicker than the rest. Brain in I���III, 2���2.5 x as long as wide, incised posteriorly, sides converging anteriad (Fig. 6 D). A pair of ganglia on prostomial nerves. Suboesophageal ganglion in III���IV, perikarya of ventral nerve cord in segmental ganglia from V on. Pharyngeal glands (Fig. 6 A,B) with unpaired dorsal lobes in IV and V; primary ventral lobes in V, elongate; secondary ventral lobes in V and VI, spherical, smaller than primary ventral lobes. In VI���VII a pair of separate elongate lobes, consisting of an anterior dorsal part in VI and a posterior ventral part in VI���VII; both parts broadly connected in Z-like fashion, ventral portion extending into VII to varying degrees, without constriction at septum. Oesophageal appendages and intestinal diverticula absent, intestine from VII, here epithelium thickened in VII and parts of VIII (Fig. 6 B); transition from oesophagus to intestine at 6 / 7, widening abrupt here, or gradual over several following segments. Chloragocytes sparse, inconspicuous, small, first cells from VI. Dorsal vessel from 1 / 2 XII ��� XIII, difficult to see in living specimens. Pars tumida of midgut from 1 / 2 XVI ��� XXIII, extending over 1.5���4 segment lengths. Preclitellar nephridia (Fig. 6 B) two pairs, at 7 / 8 and 8 / 9, not constricted at septum, ca. 50���70 ��m long (fix). Anteseptale with parts of nephridial body, longer than wide, funnel attached in obliquely upright position. Postseptale larger than anteseptale, length ratio ca. 2: 1, with a dorsal bump in mid-section, usually without vescile, gradually tapering into short efferent duct; nephridial canal apparently with an up- and down zig-zag course; nephroporus inconspicuous, anterior to ventral chaetal bundles, no terminal vesicle. A small dorsal vesicle seen in the postseptale a few specimens, similar to the one in Guaranidrilus. First postclitellar nephridia at 13 / 14 or 14 / 15, longer than in anterior segments (ca. 70���90 ��m, fix), in following segments only few positions occupied. Coelomocytes elongate, pale, broadly oval, ca. 15���20 ��m long (viv, fix), filled with distinct, pale, spherical vesicles; a few vesicles may be refractile; cells of some specimens dark in aggregations but without colour or tint. Seminal vesicle absent. Spermatozoa ca. 42 ��m long, heads ca. 18 ��m long in vivo. Sperm funnel (Fig. 6 E) small, less than half as long as body diameter and only slightly longer than wide (1.3���1.5 x), collar distinct, thickwalled, slightly narrower than widest funnel body diameter, canal comparatively wide. Fix: length 35 ��m diameter 20���22 ��m, almost cylindrical in cross section (i.e. only slightly flattened). Vas deferens ca. 4 ��m wide (viv, fix), in 2���3 wide coils in XII, of same diameter throughout. Male copulatory organ (Fig. 6 E) small, glandular bulb spherical or oval in top view, longest diameter ca. 20 ��m (viv, fix), not more than a swelling of body wall in side view, pierced centrally by vas deferens, occasionally accompanied by a pair of small extra bulbs (diameter Accessory glands absent. Spermatheca most often small and inconspicuous, often difficult to see in living specimens. Ectal duct ca. 25 ��m long and ca. 8 ��m wide (fix), short and simple, as if absent in living specimens (viv); distal part of ampulla as wide as or slightly wider than ectal duct, spherical or ovoid, diameter 10���15 ��m, thin-walled, with sperm aligned in parallel in longitudinal axis of spermatheca; connecting tube thinner than ectal duct, diameter 4���5 ��m, ental reservoir reaching VII or VIII when fully extended (reaching X in 1 specimen), often coiled either in VI or V; diameter 10��� 12 ��m proximally; ental reservoir not always developed; in these cases the proximal end as narrow as the connecting tube and difficult to distinguish in living and preserved material. Eggs. One or two mature eggs at a time. Habitat. X. aphanus was found in grazed and abandoned pastures and in early and medium-growth stages of forest regeneration. It was absent in old-growth forest and almost absent at the agroforestry sites (1 specimen found). Remarks. Xetadrilus aphanus worms were among the smallest enchytraeids in all samples; adult specimens were often considered as juveniles or hatchlings of other species. The most conspicuous trait is the Z-shape of the posterior pharyngeal gland in VI and VII, unique in the genus and to our knowledge also in the family. Further differentiating traits are listed in Table 3. The species is variable with respect to (1) length of spermatheca, (2) presence and conspicuousness of epidermal gland cells, (3) size or length of pharyngeal glands in VII, (4) dorsal vesicle in the nephridial postseptale (mostly absent, seen in a few specimens), and (5) conspicuousness of male glands and copulatory body muscles., Published as part of Schmelz, R��diger M., Collado, Rut & R��mbke, J��rg, 2011, Mata Atl��ntica enchytraeids (Paran��, Brazil): A new genus, Xetadrilus gen. nov., with three new species, and four new species of Guaranidrilus ��ernosvitov (Enchytraeidae, Oligochaeta), pp. 1-29 in Zootaxa 2838 on pages 18-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.203260

Achaeta singularis Schmelz, sp. nov. Figure 6, Table 4 Holotype: MZUSP # 1370, submature specimen with testis and ovary, and developing clitellum, sperm funnels, vasa deferentia, and spermathecae. Cachoeira Natural Reserve, Paran��, Brazil, old-growth forest on Cambisol, Oct. 2004. Paratypes: MZUSP # 1371, six specimens, stained and whole-mounted, one at same stage as holotype, four with testis and ovary, one juvenile; all from type locality, old-growth forest or secondary forest,> 30 ys. old (agroforest); May 2003 (1 spcm), March 2004 (2 spms), October 2004 (3 spcms). Further material investigated: Four juvenile specimens, same locality and dates as type series, investigated in vivo, not preserved. Etymology: From the Latin " singularis ", meaning 'peculiar', 'unique', referring to the peculiarities of the nervous system, not found in other species of the genus. Description: Living specimens about 2 mm long. Preserved specimens 1.5���2 mm long and 0.12���0.15 mm wide. Segment number 14���24. Body length and segment number of full-grown individuals unknown. No pyriform glands, lentiform epidermal gland cells not distinguished. Body wall thin (3���8 ��m), cuticle ca. 2 ��m thick; layer of epidermis and ring muscles thicker than longitudinal muscle layer, or all three layers of equal thickness; ring muscles inconspicuous, rings not distinguishable. Septa thin, often barely distinguishable, conspicuous only at 4 / 5���6 / 7 (Fig. 6 A,B). Head pore on dorsal tip of prostomium. Prostomium (Fig. 6 A���C) short, blunt; frontal epithelium between head pore and mouth opening thickened to varying degrees; thickness increasing towards mouth opening, abruptly thinner directly dorsally of it, leaving a coelomic recess. A pair of elongate prostomial interior papillae (prostomial ganglia?) dorso-laterally of prostomial nerve, connecting with frontal prostomial surface. All inner proliferations of prostomial epithelium bilateral-symmetrical, rich in nuclei. Lateral thickenings of prostomial epithelium continued posteriad, gradually thinning out and fading into lateral line (Fig. 6 C). Prostomial musculature well-developed. Brain (Fig. 6 A���D) deeply incised anteriorly and posteriorly, about as wide as long. Ventral nerve cord (Fig. 6 A,B) in anterior body half organized in segmental ganglia. Ganglia of II and III almost separate; ganglion of IV separate, connective short. Following ganglia separated by longer connectives. In posterior segments and towards posterior end, ganglia increasingly fused into a medullar strand. All ganglia rounded like ovoid bodies. Post-phyaryngeal bulbs two pairs, outer pair on afferent fascicles of pharnygeal glands. Oesophageal appendages (Fig. 6 A,B) in V, dorso-laterally on oesophagus, paired, pale and finely granular (viv), outline irregular, spongy, stalked, or with short tube-like extensions; no canals seen in IV. Pharyngeal glands (Fig. 6 A,B) in IV-VI, all united dorsally, all with ventral lobes, widely connected with dorsal lobes; gland in each segment shaped as a horseshoe, positioned obliquely and upside-down on and around oesophagus. Chloragocytes sparse, small, height ca. 4 ��m. Dorsal blood vessel from VII. Intestine widening gradually over VI-VIII; no histological peculiarities observed in this region. Pars tumida of posterior midgut circumferal, extending over 1���2 segments, seen in 1 / 2 XI- 1 / 2 XVII. Intestine winded in several segments, often corkscrew-like. Pygidium with a medial dorso-ventral notch, i.e. posterior end with two large lateral lobes. Anterior nephridia (Fig. 6 E) at 6 / 7 and 7 / 8, ca. 4 x as long as wide, no constriction at septum. Anteseptale short, truncate, with brown-yellowish granules, nephrostome embedded in nephridial body, postseptale slightly tapering towards ectal pore; terminal vesicle present. Posterior nephridia (Fig. 6 F) of similar shape, not larger than preclitellar nephridia. Coelomocytes (Fig. 6 G) pale, almost circular, maximum diameter 25 ��m, texture finely granular, margins grooved, and with apical thread-like processes; or cells filled with large spherical vesicles, marginal grooves and apical thread-like processes absent. Both types present in one and the same animal, distinguishable in whole mounts. Piles of rod-like, pale, hyaline, refractile crystalline bodies present in some specimens (3 out of 7), all from one site; rods of a pile roughly arranged in parallel, outlines indistinct, as if enclosed in cytoplasma; piles of rods about as large as coelomocytes, present throughout the body interior, not staining, conserved in whole mounts. Clitellum apparently girdle-shaped. Testis and sperm funnels in XI, ovary in XII (in IX and X, respectively, in 1 paratype specimen); vasa deferentia with few coils, straight in one specimen. Male pores widely separate. Epidermis thickened around male pores. Spermathecal pores laterally at 4 / 5. Further details of reproductive organs unknown. Remarks. Species diagnosis: Although only juvenile or not fully mature specimens have been found so far, we do not hesitate to ascribe them to a new species because of four peculiarities of the nervous system, described for the first time in a species of Achaeta, and unknown in combination in other enchytraeids: (1) A short brain with deep anterior and posterior concavities, (2) ganglia of segments II���IV (almost) separate and not fused, (3) anterior ganglia rounded like ovoid bodies, not subdivided into an anterior and a posterior lobe, (4) posterior ganglia fused into a common medullar strand. The usual condition in Achaeta is the same as in the other four species described in this paper: an elongate brain, 1.5��� 2 x as long as wide and posteriorly rounded, truncate, or slightly concave at the most, together with a large suboesophageal ganglion composed of the fused ventral ganglia of segments II���IV, while the rest of the ventral nerve cord - from V on down to the rear end - is organized in segmental and slightly lobed ganglia with intervening intersegmental connectives. This set of characters is also present in many European species (Schmelz, pers. obs.), and the available literature evidence supports this picture. Nevertheless, the poor coverage of the nervous system in many Achaeta species descriptions recommends a comparison using other characters. Some further key characters of Achaeta singularis are: (3) Presumably small body size and low segment number, (4) pyriform glands absent, (5) oesophageal appendages present in V, (6) all pharyngeal glands united dorsally, (7) secondary ventral pharyngeal gland lobes absent, (8) nephridia at 6 / 7 and 7 / 8, (9) dorsal blood vessel originating in preclitellar region, (10) spermathecal ectal pores in lateral position; perhaps also (11) the two-lobed pygidium, and (12) piles of rod-shaped crystalline bodies in the coelom, not present in all specimens. The only other Achaeta species that do not disagree with this character set are A. silvatica Nurminen, 1973 from soils near Montreal, Canada, and A. macrocyta Christensen & D��zsa-Farkas, 1999 from soils at the Kolyma Delta, siberian Russia. Both species are described incompletely, and the original description is the only source of information. The only distinguishing character of A. silvatica is in the coelomocytes, broadly spindle-shaped and filled with brown granules. In A. macrocyta the brain is of the common type, twice as long as wide, convex anteriorly and truncate posteriorly (Christensen & D��zsa-Farkas, 1999, Fig. 20 D). We consider A. silvatica as species inquirenda (see above, A. hanagarthi). Phylogeny: The separate ganglia of segments II���IV and the deep brain concavity in A. singularis are so far unique in the genus, and one may ask whether this is an autapomorphy of the species or a plesiomorphy in the genus. Since pairs of separate segmental ganglia are part of the groundplan of annelids, fusions of ganglia should be considered as secondary or derived. Hence, clefts in the brain and distinctness of the ventral ganglia in II, III and IV as found in A. singularis should be plesiomorphic, representing the ancestral condition where intrasegmental (brain) or intersegmental (segments II���IV) fusions of ganglia are absent or not as far advanced as in the rest of the genus. Under this scenario, A. singularis would represent an early offshoot, perhaps a sister taxon to all other Achaeta species known so far. However, the reverse is possible as well, namely that the traits in question are a true apomorphy of the species. For example, anterior ganglia are intra-segmentally separate in the naidid oligochaete Chaetogaster (Vejdovsk�� 1884), and this dissociation is certainly secondary, given the phylogenetic position of the genus in recent molecular phylogenetic studies (e.g., Envall et al. 2006). Classification: Amongst all genera of enchytraeids, this species can only be ascribed to Achaeta, by virtue of the following character combination: (1) dorsal pore on prostomium, (2) chaetae absent, (3) oesophageal appendages dorsally in V, (4), ganglionated ventral nerve cord. Character No. (3) is only found in Achaeta. Furthermore, the shape of pharyngeal glands and nephridia is similar to other species in the genus. Species without chaetae are also found in Marionina, but not with the character combination as listed above. Marionina is a heterogeneous assemblage of species and allows almost any combination of characters not covered by other genera. The third possibility, to erect a new genus for the species on the grounds of the aberrant nervous system, would seem unwise at present, given the high variation range in many other traits among species of Achaeta, and at the same time the distinctiveness of this genus from all other enchytraeid genera, even with A. singularis included. Further observations: The apparent intraspecific variability of three further traits cannot be appraised at present and requires more and sexually mature material: (1) The peculiar piles of hyaline, rod-shaped structures were present in all specimens from one site and absent in all specimens from another. They appear to be inert and crystalline, since they do not disappear in the whole mounts like other refractile structures, e.g. the coelomocyte vesicles in A. paranensis. Each rod is itself composed of a number of toothpick-like sticks arranged in parallel. The nature of these crystals is unknown; we suggest a metabolite crystallized for storage, or a defence mechanism against predation. (2) One specimen had testis and ovary shifted 2 segments ahead, i.e. in IX and X, respectively. (3) In another specimen, the vas deferens is short and straight, without coils. The latter may be a transient stage during development or resorption of sexual organs (comp. A. neotropica, remarks)., Published as part of Schmelz, R��diger M., Collado, Rut & R��mbke, J��rg, 2008, Mata Atl��ntica enchytraeids (Paran��, Brazil): The genus Achaeta (Oligochaeta, Enchytraeidae), pp. 1-35 in Zootaxa 1809 on pages 26-29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.182758, {"references":["Nurminen, M. (1973) Enchytraeidae (Oligochaeta) from the vicinity of Montreal. Annales Zoologici Fennici, 10, 399 - 402.","Christensen, B. & Dozsa-Farkas, K. (1999) The enchytraeid fauna of the Palearctic tundra (Oligochaeta, Enchytraeidae). The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, Biologiske Skrifter, 52, 1 - 37.","Vejdovsky, F. (1884) System und Morphologie der Oligochaeten. Prag, 172 pp.","Envall, I., Kallersjo, M. & Erseus, C. (2006) Molecular evidence for the non-monophyletic status of Naidinae (Annelida, Clitellata, Tubificidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 40, 570 - 584."]}

Achaeta hanagarthi Schmelz, sp. nov. Figure 3, Tables 1, 2, 4 Holotype: MZUSP # 1364, mature spcm, stained whole mount; Cachoeira Natural Reserve, Paran��, Brazil, March 2004. Paratypes: MZUSP #1365, 41 spms stained and whole-mounted, 21 of them fully mature, same locality as holotype, May 2003 (20 spms), March 2004 (18 spms), Oct. 2004 (3 spms); further 86 spms ethanol-preserved, March 2004 (73 spms), Oct. 2004 (13 spms). Further material: Ca. 150 spms, identified in vivo, not conserved. Etymology: Named in honour of the late Werner Hanagarth, zoologist, geographer, all-round ecologist of the old school, who dedicated his life's efforts to nature and people in South America, first project coordinator of SOLOBIOMA (obituary in Beck & H��fer 2003). Description: Living specimens 5���7 mm long, ca. 0.2 ��m wide, whitish opaque under top light. Slow body movements. Preserved specimens 4.5���7 mm long, 0.14���0.2 mm wide. Segment number mostly 32���43 (N= 26; 13 specimens with 38���42 segments), rarely below 30 (13���24, N= 4, partly with regenerated posterior end). No pyriform glands. Epidermal gland cells (Fig. 3 A) 2-8 per segment, 1-4 on each side; two different types present. Type I cells hyaline in the center, and framed anteriorly and posteriorly by a granulated field; this field apparently located between ring muscle and longitudinal muscle layer; two cells per segment, one on each side, situated postero-ventrally right before septum, first pair at II or III. Cells conspicuous only in preclitellar segments, but present throughout except in clitellar region. Type II cells inconspicuous, hyaline without granular framing, not intervening between muscle layers, smaller than Type I cells, situated in one transverse row in the posterior half of a segment, slightly anterior to Type I cells; on each side 2���3 cells dorsally of lateral line, one occasionally ventrally of it. Type I cells only seen in some of the preserved specimens. Body wall ca. 5 (- 10) ��m thick, cuticle variable: less than 1 ��m thick, inconspicuous, or up to 3.5 ��m thick, especially dorsally, or intermediate; thickening more pronounced dorsally than ventrally. Ring muscles inconspicuous, single-layered, ca. 23 rings per segment. Septa 4 / 5���6 / 7 thickened. Head pore on prostomium. Frontal prostomial epithelium (Fig. 3 B) irregularly thickened between head pore and mouth opening, with recess immediately below head pore. Latero-dorsally two pairs of small isolated patches of thickened epithelium, connection with prostomial nerve not evident. Prostomial musculature well-developed. Brain 1.5 x as long as wide (e.g., 83: 55 ��m, top view, fix), 2.5 x as long as high (side view), bluntly triangular in dorsal view, with a marked anterior convexity; sides merging anteriad, rounded and truncate posteriorly. No perikarya seen on prostomial nerve. Ventral nerve cord (Fig. 3 B,I) with suboesophageal ganglion in II���IV, not lobed, sides straight, and segmental ganglia from V on, with connectives at level of septa. Gradual change in shape of ganglia from anterior to posterior: in anterior segments spindle-shaped, not lobed; in posterior segments bilobed with a smaller anterior and a larger posterior part, marked by a lateral constriction; ganglionic subdivision more and more conspicuous towards growth zone; here lobes almost separate from each other so as if each segment had two ganglia. Oesophageal appendage (Fig. 3 B���E) consisting of an unpaired strand in IV and V dorsally on oesophagus, with winding canal (only seen in living specimens), and two large ovoid or spherical bodies attached dorsolaterally in V, directly anterior to pharyngeal glands; anterior opening of canal into lumen of oesophagus not seen. Four large post-pharyngeal bulbs present (Fig. 3 E). Pharyngeal glands (Fig. 3 B-E) in IV���VI; all widely united dorsally; ventral lobes conspicuous, largest in IV and VI, widely connected with dorsal lobe in IV and V, separate from dorsal lobe in VI. No secondary ventral lobes. Chloragocytes dark-grey in living specimens (transmittent light), few single cells in IV-VI, dense layer in VII���IX, here up to 25 ��m high, posteriorly increasingly thinner; behind clitellum cells flatter, less opaque; in posterior body half cells rather flat, scattered, inconspicuous in whole mounts. Occasionally cells flat throughout. Gut dilatation gradual in VII-VIII, marked only in contracted specimens. Dorsal blood vessel from VII, pulsating (Fig. 3 B���E). One pair of preclitellar nephridia, at 7 / 8 (Fig. 3 B); anteseptale about as long as high, truncate; postseptale ca. 4 x as long as anteseptale, gradually tapering distad; no efferent duct, only a short ventral bend of narrowed postseptale distally before opening to exterior; no constriction between anteseptale and postseptale; nephridial canal very finely winded; terminal vesicle small. First postclitellar nephridia at 12 / 13 (!) or 13 / 14, shape similar to preclitellar nephridia, but usually straight. Few nephridia in following segments and in variable positions, about 1 / 4 of all possible positions occupied (Fig. 3 F). Coelomocytes (Fig. 3 G) numerous, with strong brownish tint conspicuous in cell aggregations, faint but distinguishable in single cells, rarely absent in very young specimens, tint diffusely distributed in cell cytoplasm. Cells flat, almost as wide as long, comparatively large, diameter 16���45 ��m in vivo, margin slightly wavy, cytoplasm filled with pale, regularly spherical vesicles and occasionally a few small interspersed refractile granules. Pars tumida of midgut from XX���XXVIII, extending over 5���7 segments; entire epidermis thickened, not only ventrally, with a tint similar to gut contents (brownish, not present when gut is empty), staining less intensely than adjacent intestinal epithelia (fix). Pygidium short, about as long as wide. All reproductive organs except spermathecae shifted one segment forward: testis and sperm funnels in X, ovary, vasa deferentia and male pores in XI. Clitellum (Fig. 3 H���I) at about XI- 1 / 2 XII (beginning three ring muscle rows posterior to septum 10 / 11, ending ca. 10 ring muscle rows before septum 12 / 13), developed only laterally; cell-free area wider ventrally than dorsally, ventral border of clitellum in longitudinal line with male pores. Cells arranged in ca. 24 regular transverse rows. Each lateral clitellar field distinctly subdivided into a dorso-lateral area with only hyalocytes (single interspersed granulocytes may be present) and a larger latero-ventral field with only granulocytes. Hyalocytes large and conspicuous, often more than twice as wide as long, 20���25 ��m high, usually arranged in two longitudinal rows that merge into one row at both ends; slight deviations from this pattern occur. Granulocytes not arranged in longitudinal rows, less then half the size of hyalocytes, decreasing in height from ca. 20 ��m laterally to 10 ��m ventro-laterally. Dorsal longitudinal borderlines of clitellum conspicuous, ventral borderlines inconspicuous. Testis and ovary anteriorly in X and XI, respectively, unpaired ventrally below nerve cord (Fig. 3 I). Seminal vesicle absent, cysts free in X. Spermatozoa 40���50 ��m long, measured head lengths 15���18 ��m (viv). Sperm funnel in X, ca. 2 / 3 as long as body diameter, length 85���90 ��m (viv, fix), asymmetrical in cross section: either pear-shaped, 1.4 x as long as wide, collar narrower than funnel body, or cylindrical, 3 x as long as wide, collar as wide as funnel body - depending on the angle of vision (Fig. 3 I). Vas deferens long, most often in dense, more or less regular coils, and with same diameter throughout (6 ��m, fix). Male copulatory organs (Fig. 3 I) in XI, widely separate, consisting of a small, distinct glandular body (50 ��m long, 30 ��m high, fix) embedded in muscle tissue surrounding male pore, and of most distal stretch of vas deferens; no bursa (epidermal invagination) seen, male pore apparently on body surface, glandular body nonetheless protrusible. Copulatory body muscles present, inserting latero-dorsally between transverse clitellar gland cell rows. No accessory glands near male pore. Spermathecae (Fig. 3 B���E) simple, blind-ending, tube-like, extending into VI or VII, occasionally bent upwards and confined to V, with a club-shaped proximal end. Ectal pores in lateral position, ectal duct ca. 30 ��m long (fix), here lined with cuticle, canal almost as wide as walls, no outer muscles detectable. Ampulla ca. 220 ��m long (fix); ectal dilatation not or only slightly wider than ectal duct (15���20 ��m), recognized mainly by a small sperm bundle and the absence of cuticular lining, not further modified, no glandular granulation, no bend of axis, no asymmetrical enlargement; following connecting tube thin and without distinct lumen; ental reservoir ca. 30 ��m wide, of differing length; almost spherical when without sperm, then filled with an amorphous mass. One mature oocyte at a time, extending over 2���3 segments when fully developed. Remarks. Species diagnosis: Peculiar traits of Achaeta hanagarthi are: (1) Reproductive organs except spermathecae shifted one segment forward, (2) coelomocytes brown, (3) pars tumida of midgut distributed over entire cross-section, not confined to ventral region. A forward shift of sexual organs by one segment (spermathecae excepted) is known in five more species of Achaeta; they are compared in Table 1. However, a forward shift of sexual organs may have been overlooked more than once (see above, A. piti); therefore we also present a comparison with Achaeta species without pyriform glands that are described as having the sexual organs in normal position (Table 2). All species have at least one further distinguishing trait. The comparison is made difficult by several insufficiently detailed original descriptions and by the lack of redescriptions in all but one species (A. camerani). The description of A. silvatica Nurminen, 1973 is especially poor; types A. hanagar- A. pannonica A. diddeni A. piti Bitten- A. abulba A. bibulba thi sp. nov. Graefe, 1989 Graefe, 2007 court, 1974 Graefe, 1989 Graefe, 1989 Segments 32���43 25���29 22���24 31���36 20���25 24���27 Secondary ven- absent present present absent absent absent tral pharyngeal in V, VI in V, VI gland lobes Spermathecal lateral lateral lateral lateral ventral ventral pores Finds Brazil Estonia, Ger- Germany Brazil, Ger- Germany Sweden, Germany, Austria, many many, Czech Hungary Rep. are not traceable and probably lost. The species cannot be identified properly, the known characters correspond also to A. singularis sp. nov., described in this paper. Pending a rediscovery of the types or a full description of topotypic material (from forest soils near Montreal, Canada), we consider A. silvatica as a species inquirenda. Further observations: The whitish colour of the animals is caused by light refractions of the abundant coelomocytes, and in parts also of the chloragocytes, the latter are dark-grey in transmittent light. The coelomocytes are comparatively large, up to one fourth of the worm body diameter. Light refractions are strongest in packages of cells in upright position (Fig. 3 G, right). The species was most easily recognized by the coelomocytes, this being the most conspicuous character in routine identifications of living specimens. In Bouinfixed specimens the coelomocytes take up a diffuse paracarmine staining. In small juveniles, the brown tint of the cells is less conspicuous and occasionally completely absent. One specimen in the type collection is without pharyngeal glands in VI and another one without glands in V and in VI. Achaeta neotropica Č ernosvitov, 1937 Figure 4, Tables 3, 4 Achaeta neotropica Č ernosvitov, 1937: 154���157, Figs 16���22. Achaeta neotropica Cern. ��� Righi 1974: 127 ���129, Figs 1-6; Christoffersen 1979: 153 ���154, Figs 1 ���10; Righi 1981: 427.? Achaeta becki Schmelz & Collado, 2005: 49 -57, Figs 1���2, Table 1. Collected material: MZUSP #1366, 53 spms, investigated in vivo and as stained whole mounts, Cachoeira Natural Reserve, Paran��, Brazil, May 2003 (9 spms, fixed in formol), March 2004 (36 spms, fixed in hot Bouin's fluid); remaining 9 spms ethanol-preserved. Further 35 spms, identified in vivo, not preserved. Syntypes: BMNH #1949.3.1.945���948, 7 spms: 1 whole mount on slide (in unidentified medium, probably glycerine, coverslip framed with black varnish; preparation partly dried); 1 fully mature in cross sections on slide, anterior end, down to ca. segment XVI; 1 complete spcm in horizontal to transverse sections (worm bent); 4 ethanol-preserved spms. One further syntype spcm���not investigated here���present at the Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales (A. Tablado, Jefe Divisi��n Invertebrados, pers. com.; see also "Note de la Direction" in Černosvitov 1937: 157). Further reference material investigated: MZUSP #350, 11 spms, whole-mounted on one slide each, Brazil, S��o Paulo, Evangelista de Souza, rain forest region, on the banks of a small brooklet, coll. M. L. Christoffersen (Christoffersen 1979: 153: "variety B"). MZUSP # 355, one formol-preserved spcm, fully mature, Brazil, Mato Grosso, Sidrol��ndia, Fazenda Lagoinha, moist soil, coll. G. Righi (Righi 1981), wholemounted for this study, later retransferred to ethanol. MZUSP # 356 A, three formol-preserved spms, Brazil, S��o Paulo, Engenheiro Marsilac, rain forest region, on the banks of a small brooklet, coll. M. L. Christoffersen (Christoffersen 1979: 153, "variety A"). MZUSP # 359, six formol-preserved spms, Brazil, S��o Paulo, Evangelista de Souza, rain forest region, on a damp earth slope, coll. M. L. Christoffersen (Christoffersen 1979: 153: "variety D"). ZMH OL # 14518: one spcm, Mexico, fixed in hot Bouin's fluid, stained with Boraxcarmine; whole-mounted for this study; Mexico, mount Iztacc��huatl, NE-slope, ca. 3000 m a.s.l., soil type humic Andosol, leg. Miehlich, 10.10. 1978, spcm preserved and donated by U. Graefe. Description of new material: (Differences in other descriptions, confirmed by reinvestigation of the reference material, are added, marked by "COD" for Černosvitov (1937), original description, and " CHR ", Christoffersen (1979). Further details in the remarks section.) Living specimens 4���7 mm long (COD: 3���4 mm, CHR: 3.5���8.5 mm) and 0.18���0.2 mm wide, preserved specimens 3.5���5.5 mm long and 0.1���0.15 (- 0.19) mm wide (CHR: 0.09-0.29 mm wide, up to 0.32 mm in clitellar region). Segment number (27)- 30-33 -(38) (CHR: 30-46). Pyriform glands absent. Hyaline epidermal glands cells numerous (Fig. 4 A,B,D,I), in 5���6 transverse rows per segment, 2���10 cells per row, more cells in dorsal body half; some specimens with 8 cells in a longitudinal row dorsally. Cells inconspicuous in some specimens. Cells hyaline, no granular framing distinguished. Cells also present in mid-dorsal clitellar region. Body wall thin (Fig. 4 A���K), cuticle variable; about as thick as body wall in anterior segments (up to 6 ��m), posteriorly thinner; or anteriorly thin (1���2 ��m), posteriorly up to 13 ��m thick (N= 1); thickening of cuticle always stronger dorsally than ventrally. Septa 4 / 5 and 5 / 6 thickened compared to the rest; septa 6 / 7 and 7 / 8 extremely thin or absent, not always distinguished (Fig. 4 A,C); following septa variable; postclitellar septa often well-developed, often as thick as septa at 4 / 5 and 5 / 6, especially laterally and ventrally, dorsally often thin. Head pore on prostomium, dorso-frontal. Frontal prostomial epithelium thickened between head pore and mouth opening, with a small recess immediately below head pore. A pair of elongate prostomial interior papillae present dorso-laterally (prostomial ganglia?), dorsally of and beneath prostomial nerve, connecting with frontal prostomial surface. Prostomial musculature weakly developed. Brain (Fig. 4 C) twice as long as wide, sides parallel or slightly indented, posteriorly truncate, anteriorly convex. Suboesophageal ganglion in II���IV, wider than rest of ganglia. From V on one ganglion per segment, ganglia separate from each other, a few perikarya often present on anterior connectives of 6 / 7���8 / 9 (in 24 out of 34 specimens, comp. Fig. 4 A). Ganglion in V shorter and wider than the rest. Two pairs of post-pharyngeal bulbs. Oesophageal appendages absent. Pharyngeal glands (Fig. 4 A,C,F,G) in IV and V each with one unpaired dorsal lobe and a pair of ventral lobes in wide connection with dorsal lobe; ventral lobes in IV sometimes absent (Fig. 4 F). Glands in VI dorsally separate, shape and size variable, from small, knob-like in anterior of VI to large, extending over VI and VII, occasionally bipartite (Fig. 4 F). Gut dilatation somewhere in VI: at beginning, in the middle, or���rarely���in posterior segment region (CHR: anywhere between the anterior portions of VI and VII, respectively), abrupt or gradual; when abrupt, occasionally with small circumferal diverticulum (Fig. 4 G); epithelium more than 2 x as thick here as anteriorly (15���20 ��m), cells larger, finely granulated, often with a slight brownish tint; this specialized region extending over 1-1.5 segments (e.g., VI- 1 / 2 VII or 1 / 2 VI-VII, 3 / 4 VI- 1 / 4 VIII); posteriorly of this region, intestine narrower, epithelium flatter, no tint, no granulation, often strongly meandering, blood sinus often wide (comp. Fig. 4 A). Chloragocytes from V, dense layer from VI-VII. Cells filled with refractile brownish granules. Dorsal blood vessel (Fig. 4 A) from XIII���XV in fully mature specimens, not attached to intestine in preclitellar segments, often meandering here (COD: dorsal blood vessel from XI, CHR: from XI ���XIV). Pars tumida of posterior midgut (Fig. 4 H) in XVI���XXVIII, extending over (3.5)- 5-6 -(10) segments in mature specimens, developed ventrally only; cell height variable, epithelium often cuboidal, not cylindrical. Region not distinguished in one specimen. Preclitellar nephridia (Fig. 4 A,C,G) in two pairs, at 6 / 7 and 8 / 9, absent at 7 / 8, most often 3���4 nephridia altogether; nephridia elongate, usually bent, anteseptale distinctly longer than wide, nephrostome embedded obliquely in nephridial body; postseptale slightly narrowed towards ectal pore, no efferent duct; terminal vesicle large. (CHR: some specimens with preclitellar nephridia only at 8 / 9). Postclitellar nephridia (Fig. 4 H): first at 13 / 14 or more posteriorly (e.g., 16 / 17), as long as or longer than one segment, often bent; anteseptale up to 3 x as long as wide, shape variable, same as preclitellar nephridia, occasionally with constriction at septum and/or thinning of ectal third of postseptale; terminal vesicle always large. Proximal region of pre- and postclitellar nephridia often granulated. Coelomocytes (Fig. 4 L) not abundant, cell outline irregular, length: width ratio 1���1.5: 1; cytoplasma filled, Published as part of Schmelz, R��diger M., Collado, Rut & R��mbke, J��rg, 2008, Mata Atl��ntica enchytraeids (Paran��, Brazil): The genus Achaeta (Oligochaeta, Enchytraeidae), pp. 1-35 in Zootaxa 1809 on pages 9-21, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.182758, {"references":["Beck, L. & Hofer, W. (2003) Dr. Werner Arthur Hanagarth † 1948 - 2003. carolinea, 61, 235 - 240.","Nurminen, M. (1973) Enchytraeidae (Oligochaeta) from the vicinity of Montreal. Annales Zoologici Fennici, 10, 399 - 402.","Graefe, U. (1989) Systematische Untersuchungen an der Gattung Achaeta (Enchytraeidae, Clitellata). 2. Beschreibung von vier neuen Arten. Mitteilungen des hamburgischen zoologischen Museums und Instituts, 86, 127 - 131.","Graefe, U. (2007) Achaeta diddeni sp. nov. (Enchytraeidae, Clitellata) from northern German lowlands. Folia Facultatis scientiarum naturalium Universitatis Masarykianae Brunensis, Biologia, 110, 35 - 40.","Righi, G. (1974) Notas sobre os Oligochaeta, Enchytraeidae do Brasil. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia. Museu de Zoologia da Universidade da Sao Paulo, 28, 127 - 145.","Christoffersen, M. L. (1979) Achaeta neotropica Cernosvitov and A. iridescens sp. n. (Oligochaeta, Enchytraeidae) from Serra do Mar, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Zoologica Scripta, 8, 153 - 158.","Righi, G. (1981) Notas sobre Enchytraeidae (Oligochaeta) Brasileiras. Revista Brasileira de Biologia. Rio de Janeiro, 41, 427 - 430.","Rombke, J. & Schmidt, M. (1999) REM documentation of putative cuticular sense organs of enchytraeids. In: Schmelz, R. M. & Suhlo, K. (Eds), Newsletter on Enchytraeidae No. 6. Proceedings of the 3 rd International Symposium on Enchytraeidae, Osnabruck, Germany. Universitatsverlag Rasch, Osnabruck, Germany, pp. 15 - 20.","Yanez, E., Cuadrado, S. & Martinez-Ansemil, E. (2005) External sense organs in freshwater oligochaetes (Annelida, Clitellata) revealed by Scanning Electron Microscopy. Journal of Morphology, 267, 198 - 207.","Nielsen, C. O. & Christensen, B. (1959) The Enchytraeidae. Critical revision and taxonomy of European species (Studies on Enchytraeidae VII). Natura Jutlandica, 8 - 9, 1 - 160.","Healy, B. (1996) New species of Marionina (Oligochaeta: Enchytraeidae) from a wave-exposed rocky shore in SE Ireland. Journal of Natural History, 30, 1287 - 1295.","Zicsi, A. & Csuzdi, C. (1991) Der erste Wiederfund von Zapotecia amecamecae Eisen, 1900 aus Mexico (Oligochaeta: Acanthodrilidae). Miscellanea Zoologica Hungarica, 6, 31 - 34."]}

Achaeta paranensis Schmelz, sp. nov. Figure 5, Table 4 Holotype: MZUSP # 1367, mature spcm, stained whole mount. Cachoeira Natural Reserve, Paran��, Brazil, shrubland (intermediate successional stage from pasture to forest), soil type Cambisol; October 2004. Paratypes: MZUSP # 1368, one spcm from same locality and date as holotype; MZUSP # 1369, four spms from urban parkland in Curitiba, close to entrance of Department of Soils and Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Paran�� (UFPR), Section Agrosciences, March 2004 (3 spms), October 2004 (1 spcm). All stained whole mounts. Further material: One specimen, ill-preserved. Etymology: Named after the Brazilian state Paran��, where the species was found. Description: Living specimens chequered whitish (not brilliant white) under top light. Slow body movements. Posterior end often thickened (Fig. 5 G). Region around male pores always slightly everted (Fig. 5 I). Body length 4-5 mm, diameter 0.15 mm (viv); fixed specimens 3.5���4 mm long and 0.13-0.17 mm wide (0.2 mm in XII/XIII in 1 spcm with mature egg). Segment number of fully mature specimens 28, 31 (N= 2). Pyriform glands absent. Six lentiform epidermal glands per segment (Fig. 5 A), in bilateral-symmetrical arrangement, three on each side of the body; two types present: Ventro-laterally, in posterior segment region right before septum, one segmental pair of glands, large (ca 30 ��m: 20 ��m, fix), roughly rhomboid, anterior and posterior ends hyaline, staining (fix), central part vesicular with nucleus in center (Type I glands, see A. hanagarthi). Slighty more anteriorly but still in posterior fourth of a segment, four smaller hyaline epidermal gland cells (two on each side, diameter ca. 10 ��m) in one transverse row, 2 dorsally, 2 laterally, the latter right above lateral line (Type II glands). Cells conspicuous only in preclitellar segments of well-preserved specimens, posteriorly perhaps absent. Body wall thin, 3���5 ��m, cuticle variable, almost as thick as rest of body wall, ca. 1.5���2 ��m, or thinner. Ring muscles conspicuous, in ca. 23 segmental rows. Septa very thin, only those at 4 / 5 and 5 / 6 conspicuous. Head pore at prostomial tip. Prostomial epithelium homogeneously thick (Fig. 5 A), thinner near upper lip. A pair of prostomial papillae present laterally and dorsally of prostomial nerves (prostomial ganglia?), in wide connection with frontal prostomial surface (Fig. 5 A,B). Prostomial musculature well-developed. Brain (Fig. 5 A,B) 1.5 x as long as wide, 2 x as long as thick, rounded posteriorly, anterior end with a small convex tip, sides parallel. Ventral nerve cord (Fig. 5 A,F) in segmental ganglia. Ganglia of II���IV fused into suboesophageal ganglion, with segmental parts remaining distinguishable. Subsequent ganglia with a hyaline zone (secretory cells?) in the middle, this trait increasingly less evident in posterior segments. Two pairs of postpharyngeal bulbs. Oesophageal appendage (Fig. 5 A,D,E) in V, large, paired, lobed, with canal in IV. Pharyngeal glands (Fig. 5 A,D,E) in IV���VI, all united dorsally, dorsal connection wide in IV and V, narrow in VI, all with primary and without secondary ventral lobes; ventral lobes in IV and V with strong anterior and slight posterior projection; anterior projection in IV peculiar by its medial to sub-medial insertion (lateral view), not always present (Fig. 5 D). Chloragocytes from 1 / 2 VII, vesicles slightly larger than those of coelomocytes (viv); cells inconspicuous in fixed material, ca. 5 ��m high. In VII an abrupt bulbiform intestinal dilatation (Fig. 5 A,D,E): posterior part (= beginning of intestine proper) superposed over anterior part (= end of oesophagus), creating a circumferal intestinal diverticulum, blind-ending anteriorly and open to intestine posteriorly. Mesodermal epithelium (chloragocytes or other unidentified tissue types) proliferated around diverticulum; blood sinus with wide lacunae here. Posterior intestine (in VII, VIII ff.) slightly narrower than bulbiform dilatation, wider than oesophagus, often meandering. Gut epithelium in VII and VIII not modified with respect to IX ff. Dorsal blood vessel (Fig. 5 A) from 1 / 2 VII, large, pulsating, anteriorly of intestinal dilatation. Pars tumida of midgut (Fig. 5 F) extending from XVII���XXIII and XVII���XXIV in the two mature specimens, respectively, cells distinguished from rest of intestinal epithelium also by brownish tint similar to gut contents, and by less intense paracarmine-staining of cytoplasm. Pygidium longer than wide, with strongly developed anal musculature (Fig. 5 G,H); hindmost segments including pygidium often wider than anterior segments. One pair of preclitellar nephridia, at 6 / 7 (Fig. 5 A), sausage-shaped, rounded proximally and distally, 4 x as long as wide, almost as long as worm body diameter and up to 1 / 4 as wide (e.g., 127 ��m long and 34 ��m wide, fix), tapering distad, no constriction at septum, the latter very thin, not always distinguished; anteseptale not longer than wide, nephrostome embedded obliquely in nephridial body, efferent duct not set off against postseptale, no terminal vesicle, ectal pore conspicuous. Postclitellar nephridia (Fig. 5 F) similar in shape as preclitellar nephridia, but extended, not bent, 5 x as long as wide, and longer than worm body diameter; altogether only 1-5 nephridia in postclitellar segments, first at 14 / 15���18 / 19. Coelomocytes (Fig. 5 C) numerous and of dark grey-brown coulour (viv), filled with refractile vesicles, vesicle concentration denser towards interior, nucleus visible as light spot in the center. Cells only slightly longer than wide or circular; lengths between 25 and 40 ��m. All reproductive organs in the usual position: Testis and sperm funnels in XI, ovary and male pores in XII. Clitellum (Fig. 5 I) in ca. 24 separate rows (viv), or rows dense but distinct (fix). Cells absent mid-dorsally and mid-ventrally. Latero-dorsally mostly hyalocytes with a few interspersed granulocytes, hyalocytes not in longitudinal rows, or in disordered longitudinal rows dorsally or laterally, 2���5 hyalocytes per transverse row on each side. Latero-ventrally only granulocytes. Gland cells not projecting proximally into coelom. Seminal vesicle absent, cysts free in XI. Spermatozoa not measured in vivo, heads 11 ��m long (fix). Sperm funnel (Fig. 5 I) barrel-shaped, ca. 60 ��m long (fix), 2 x as long as wide, collar distinct, as wide as funnel body. Vas deferens in wide loops, 7 ��m wide proximally (fix), ca. 5 ��m at male pore. Male pores at XII, widely separate, on body surface. No bursa, no glandular bulbs, no accessory glands. Surrounding body wall region thickened, always slightly protruded or bulged outwards (Fig. 5 I). Spermathecae (Fig. 5 A) confined to V or extending into VI, ectal pores lateral, ectal duct short, proximal part slightly thickened, with irregular outline, sperm not seen (viv), located ectally in slightly oblique position (fix); lumen of ental reservoirs not seen. One mature egg at a time, extending over two segments. Remarks. This new species stands our by five peculiarities, (1) dark coelomocytes, (2) (sub-)medial insertion of anterior ventral pharyngeal gland lobe in IV, (3) intestinal fold at the transition oesophagus/intestine, (4) strongly muscular pygidium, (5) absence of glands around male pore. A. paranensis is the only species in the genus that possesses oesophageal appendages together with intestinal folds. Most Achaeta species have oesophageal appendages, but intestinal diverticula-like folds are described only for A. iridescens Christoffersen, 1979, a species without oesophageal appendages. Intestinal folds are also present in our series of A. neotropica (comp. Fig. 4 G). In addition, one specimen of our A. neotropica series has a muscular pygidium typical of A. paranensis. The distinction between A. paranensis and A. neotropica is nonetheless clearcut, difference are listed in Table 4. A iridescens is much larger than A. paranensis, for further differences see again Table 4. Coloured coelomocytes are not uncommon in Achaeta, see A. hanagarthi, but the intensely dark-grey tint in the cells of A. paranensis is so far unique in the genus. Numerous species in other genera share this trait, e.g. Marionina argentea Michaelsen, 1889 (b), Fridericia nix Rota, 1995, Enchytraeus bulbosus Nielsen & Christensen, 1963, Mesenchytraeus lusitanicus Collado et al., 1993, to name a few. The colour appears to be caused entirely by the refractile properties of the numerous vesicles, it disappears in fixed material. The darkgrey colour increases from the cell periphery towards the nucleus in the center, which itself is uncoloured (Fig. 5 C). Coelomocyte refractions often obscure other structures in living specimens. * A. becki included ** "absent or little developed" (Christoffersen 1979: 157), Published as part of Schmelz, R��diger M., Collado, Rut & R��mbke, J��rg, 2008, Mata Atl��ntica enchytraeids (Paran��, Brazil): The genus Achaeta (Oligochaeta, Enchytraeidae), pp. 1-35 in Zootaxa 1809 on pages 22-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.182758, {"references":["Christoffersen, M. L. (1979) Achaeta neotropica Cernosvitov and A. iridescens sp. n. (Oligochaeta, Enchytraeidae) from Serra do Mar, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Zoologica Scripta, 8, 153 - 158.","Rota, E. (1995) Italian Enchytraeidae (Oligochaeta). I. Bollettino di Zoologia, 62, 183 - 231.","Nielsen, C. O. & Christensen, B. (1963) The Enchytraeidae. Critical revision and taxonomy of European species. Supplement 2. Natura Jutlandica, 10, 1 - 19.","Collado, R., Martinez-Ansemil, E. & Giani, N. (1993) Les Oligochetes aquatiques de la Peninsule Iberique: description de Stylodrilus curvithecus n. sp. (Lumbriculidae) et de Mesenchytraeus lusitanicus n. sp. et redescription de Cognettia hibernica Healy (Enchytraeidae). Annales de Limnologie, Toulouse, 29, 129 - 138."]}

Achaeta sp. 1 Material: MZUSP # 1372, two spms, one fully mature, one submature; urban parkland in Curitiba, close to entrance of Department of Soils and Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Paran�� (UFPR), Section Agrosciences Agrarias. Spms as stained whole mounts. Worms 3 mm long, 0.1 mm wide (viv), or 2 mm: 0.1 mm (fix). Both specimens with 21 segments. Pyriform glands absent. Six segmental epidermal gland cells, three on each side, in bilateral-symmetrical arrangement, cells larger than clitellar hyalocytes, up to twice as thick as body wall, outline circular or oval, diameter ca. 15 ��m (fix); dorsally 4 cells in one transverse row, cells aequidistant from each other, slightly larger than ventral cells, ventrally one segmental pair in usual position, in row directly posterior of dorsal glands, directly anteriorly of septum. Body wall very thin (2���4 ��m, fix), longitudinal muscle layer 1 ��m thick or less, cuticle barely visible. Septa 4 /5, 5/ 6 thickened, rest thin or as if absent. Head pore at tip of prostomium, epithelium beneath thickened, prostomial ganglia not seen. Brain rounded anteriorly and posteriorly, 70 ��m: 30 ��m (fix). Suboesophageal ganglion present, ventral nerve cord in segmental ganglia from V on. Oesophageal appendages as two sausage-like bodies in V, lining oesophagus laterally, diameter 14 ��m (fix), circular in optical cross-section, connected by a mid-dorsal strand of about same diameter, no canal seen in IV. Pharyngeal glands in IV-VI, dorsally connected and with primary ventral lobes, largest in V and VI; lobes in VI perhaps also separate dorsally. Gut dilatation at 1 / 2 VII, no intestinal diverticula. Chloragocytes large, conspicuous, diameter 25���27 ��m (viv), vesicles green-yellowish, size 2 ��m (viv); in whole mounts, elongate and refractile greenish bodies embedded in dense, pale vesicles. Dorsal blood vessel from VII, large, pulsating. Pars tumida of midgut not seen. Two pairs of preclitellar nephridia, at 6 /7, 7/ 8; anteseptale about as wide as long, truncate, postseptale gradually tapering towards ectal pore, no terminal vesicle; shape of postclitellar nephridia alike. Coelomocytes ca. 18 ��m long (viv). All sexual organs except spermathecae shifted one segment anteriad: testis, sperm funnel in X, vas deferens, male copulatory organ and clitellum in XI. Clitellum ventrally open, dorsally (almost?) closed. Three longitudinal rows of hyaline gland cells on each side of dorsal half: First row truly dorsally, distance between rows of both sides not more than one cell diameter; row regular, consisting of 14-15 cells, all one behind the other; further down laterally 2 disordered rows of hyaline cells, cells not in straight line. Latero-ventrally only granulocytes, about half as wide as hyalocytes. Hyalocytes not projecting beneath muscle layer into body cavity, as high as long (ca. 8 ��m), width up to 20 ��m. Seminal vesicle absent. Spermatozoa short, measured head length 8 ��m (fix). Sperm funnel small, collar narrower than funnel body, asymmetrical (28 ��m: 20 ��m and 28 ��m: 12 ��m in the same animal, fix). Vas deferens narrow, with few coils, not straight. Male pore on body surface, surrounded by a compact gland, more or less spherical in side view, diameter 16 ��m (fix). Accessory glands absent. Spermatheca very small, confined to V, ectal pores lateral, cuticularized ectal duct not seen, sperm in parallel at ca. 15���20 ��m distance proximally of ectal pore, ental reservoir not thickened compared to rest of organ. One egg mature, extending over XI ���XII. The scope of the material is insufficient for a formal recognition of the species. The specimens are briefly described here to demonstrate that more Brazilian species of Achaeta await discovery, and to highlight the importance of detailed species descriptions, since the specimens resemble A. hanagarthi, A. paranensis and also A. singularis in some characters (comp. Table 4). The single fully mature specimen stands out by a dorsally almost closed clitellum. The most conspicuous trait in vivo of the two specimens were the large chloragocytes, causing as milky-white and opaque body colour. However, size and texture of these cells may be influenced by the availability and quality of food. Absence of pyriform glands and lateral spermathecal ectal pores agree with the character pattern common in other neotropical Achaeta species (see below)., Published as part of Schmelz, R��diger M., Collado, Rut & R��mbke, J��rg, 2008, Mata Atl��ntica enchytraeids (Paran��, Brazil): The genus Achaeta (Oligochaeta, Enchytraeidae), pp. 1-35 in Zootaxa 1809 on pages 29-30, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.182758