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Collections of Psychodidae in Portugal revealed a number of new species and a new genus for this country and the Iberian Peninsula. New species described are: Pneumia portuguesa sp. nov., Ulomyia iberica sp. nov., Clytocerus ibericus sp. nov., Pericoma estrelica sp. nov., and Psychoda iucunda sp. nov.. Heteroberdeniella gen. nov. is proposed with Berdeniella jaramensis (Wagner) as type species and Heteroberdeniella guardarramica sp. nov. is also included. Most species and genera are members of the West Palearctic fauna, but the genus Mystropsychoda Duckhouse is mentioned for the first time out of the Afrotropical realm. Distribution patterns of several genera and species cover at least the Mediterranean area and in addition indicate biogeographic relationships to the Afrotropical realm and particularly the East African mountain chains.

A new species Sycorax longistyla has been recovered in amber from the Tadkeshwar Lignite Mine, Cambay Basin, Gujarat. It belongs to the Sycoracinae, a subfamily of tiny flies, some of which prey on amphibian blood, well-preserved in the Early Eocene Cambay amber. Females of most species have functional mandibles. The new species is distinguished from the extant and extinct representatives by possessing an elongate tubular gonocoxite with a large internal lobe, the gonostylus is curved and longer than the gonocoxite and bears a strong apical spine 0.6 times the length of the gonostylus. The species occurred in sludge-based peat bog spring habitats that existed in the Early Eocene tropical angiosperm Cambay forest.

The genus Neoarisemus was proposed by Botoşaneanu & Vaillant (1970) for the extant North American species Psychoda nigra Banks, 1894. The diagnostic characters are eyes without eye suture, wing venation with R5 vein pectinate, wing forks complete and in basal position, epandrial appendages basally swollen, and aedeagus asymmetrical. In his treatise on Palearctic Psychodidae Vaillant (1975: p. 168) transferred to the genus Neoarisemus several species previously placed in genus Telmatoscopus Eaton, 1904, among them N. spinitibialis (Tokunaga & Komyo, 1955) [Japan] and N. lindbergi (Vaillant, 1963) [Afghanistan]. Neoarisemus ibericus Wagner, 1977 [Spain], and N. sardous Wagner & Salamanna, 1984 [Sardinia] were described later.

Bruchomyiinae is a subfamily of the Psychodidae (Diptera) with 57 extant and 19 extinct described species (Wagner & Stuckenberg, 2012, 2016). The core distribution area of extant species is the Neotropical region with almost 50 species in four genera. Six species in two genera are known from the Afrotropical region, and four species in one genus from the Oriental region (Polseela et al., 2018; Wagner & Stuckenberg, 2012, 2016). In the Nearctic and the Palearctic regions Bruchomyiinae are almost absent, with species occurrences only along the southern borders with sub-tropical climates.

Knowledge of the European aquatic dance flies (Clinocerinae, Hemerodromiinae) is updated. The following new synonyms are proposed: Chelifera pallida Vaillant, 1981 with Chelifera diversicauda Collin, 1927, syn. nov.; Chelifera giraudae Vaillant, 1981 and Chelifera berdeni Vaillant, 1978 (nomen nudum) with Chelifera subangusta Collin, 1961, syn. nov.; Hemerodromia slovenica Horvat & Wagner, 1989 with Hemerodromia laudatoria Collin, 1927, syn. nov.; Hemerodromia maculata Vaillant, 1968 with Hemerodromia unilineata Zetterstedt, 1842, syn. nov.; Wiedemannia aerea Vaillant, 1967 with Wiedemannia hastata (Mik, 1880), syn. nov.; Wiedemannia brevilamellata Wagner, 1985 with Wiedemannia debilis Collin, 1961, syn. nov.; Wiedemannia bilobata Oldenberg, 1910 with Wiedemannia oxystoma (Bezzi, 1905), syn. nov. Lectotypes are designated for Clinocera (Wiedemannia) oxystoma Bezzi, 1905, Wiedemannia aerea Vaillant, 1967, Wiedemannia bilobata Oldenberg, 1910, Philolutra erminea Mik, 1887, Wiedemannia hastata (Mik, 1880), Wiedemannia mirousei Vaillant, 1956 and Phaeobalia pokornyi Mik, 1886. A neotype is designated for Wiedemannia alpina Vaillant, 1953. Wiedemannia rudolfi Wagner & Ivković, sp. nov. and Phaeobalia remschakae Wagner sp. nov. are described and figures of male terminalia are provided.

Geographical variation in abundance and composition of pollinator assemblages may result in variable selection pressures among plant populations and drive plant diversification. However, there is limited knowledge on whether differences in local visitor and pollinator assemblages are the result of site-specific strategies of plants to interact with their pollinators and/or merely reflect the pollinator availability at a given locality. To address this question, we compared locally available insect communities obtained by light-trapping with assemblages of floral visitors in populations of

Insect-pollinated plants often release complex mixtures of floral scents to attract their pollinators. Yet scent compounds eliciting physiological or behavioural responses in pollinators have only been identified in few plant species. The sapromyiophilous aroid Arum maculatum releases a highly diverse dung-like scent with overall more than 300 different compounds recorded so far to attract its psychodid and other fly pollinators. The volatiles’ role in pollinator attraction is mostly unknown. To identify potential behaviourally active compounds, we recorded electroantennographic responses of four Psychodidae and one Sphaeroceridae species to (1) inflorescence scents of A. maculatum and (2) the scents released by cow dung, likely imitated by the plant species. Here we show that these flies are sensitive to 78 floral volatiles of various chemical classes, 18 of which were also found in cow dung. Our study, which for the first time determined physiologically active compounds in the antennae of Psychoda spp. and Sphaeroceridae, identified various volatiles not known to be biologically active in any floral visitors so far. The obtained results help deciphering the chemical basis that enables A. maculatum and other plants, pollinated by psychodids and sphaerocerids, to attract and deceive their pollinators.

Im 19. Jahrhundert erfährt der Kommunikations- und Erfahrungshorizont eine enorme Erweiterung und verändert damit auch die Ansichten von Welt. Vorangetrieben wurde diese Entwicklung durch ein neues Verständnis von Wissenschaft. An die Stelle spekulativer Annahmen traten systematische Beobachtungen und präzise Datenerhebungen. Dabei wuchs den Medien die zentrale Rolle bei der Generierung und Vermittlung von Wissen in allen Bereichen der Gesellschaft zu. In hundert Mediengeschichten aus dem 19. Jahrhundert rekonstruiert Wolf-Rüdiger Wagner anhand zeitgenössischer Stimmen und Berichte den kulturellen und gesellschaftlichen Kontext, in dem die heutige Mediengesellschaft ihren Anfang nahm.

In the framework of a mosquito-monitoring program conducted from 2014 to 2018, non-culicid dipteran bycatch was identified to species-level with a focus on Diptera of medical and veterinary importance as part of a biodiversity initiative and barcoding project (“Austrian Barcode of Life”). Two species hitherto not known from Austria, the regularly sampled synanthropic moth fly Clogmia albipunctata (Psychodidae) and a single specimen of the louse fly Ornithoica turdi (Hippoboscidae), were collected in Vienna and Lower Austria. We confirmed identification results using a barcoding approach and provide the first reference sequence for O. turdi.

Seoda cavernicola sp. nov. and Psychoda glamocensis sp. nov., are new species and cave dwellers from Bosnia and Hercegovina, and Croatia. Adults of S. cavernicola are pale and small; the eye bridge is reduced, ommatidia irregularly arranged, epandrium with a pair of setose excrescences. The eye bridge of P. glamocensis is likewise reduced with 2 or 3 irregularly ordered facet rows, palpus segments of some individuals are malformed; its closest relative is Psychoda alticola Vaillant based on the morphology of male and female genitalia as well as on COI barcodes.

Nymphomyia allissae sp. nov. from the approximately 100 million years old Burmese amber is described and figured. The species is distinguished from other known taxa by the scimitar shaped wing, and the well sclerotized female terminalia with large cerci.

We revise the Oriental species of Bruchomyiinae based on type and additional material, with first descriptions of the genus Alexanderia Wagner & Kvifte, gen. nov. and A. thailandensis Wagner, Rulik & Polseela, sp.nov. The genus further comprises Nemapalpus orientalis Edwards, 1928 (type species), Nemopalpus vietnamensis Quate, 1962 and Nemapalpus unicolor Edwards, 1928. Alexanderia thailandensis is described using morphology of males and females and DNA barcodes, whereas A. orientalis Edwards, 1928 comb.nov., A. unicolor Edwards 1928 comb.nov., and A. vietnamensis Quate 1962 comb. nov. are redescribed. The male and female internal genitalia in the genus are discussed in the context of sexual selection, and we suggest that the spermathecal ducts of the female and the basiphallic musculature of the male may be shaped by a male/female coevolutionary arms race.

Tonnoiriella Vaillant, 1971 was one of the genera not treated by F. Vaillant for his revision in Die Fliegen der paläartktischen Region. Here we provide a genus diagnosis, re-describe known species based mainly on type material, and provide descriptions and figures of the West-Palearctic species. New species described are T. aurasica sp. nov., T. italiae sp. nov., T. ikariae sp. nov., T. andradei sp. nov., T. rhodesica sp. nov., and T. goncalvesi sp. nov.; T. androsica Vaillant, 1978, T. orientalis Vaillant, 1978, and T. pallidipenis Vaillant, 1978 are nomina nuda; finally 21 species are known to date from Europe and North Africa. The ejaculatory apodeme (basiphallus) is asymmetric and bilobed, lobes are stacked; one or both lobes are connected with asymmetric, cross positioned (distiphallus) sclerites. Operating of the open–close mechanism of the aedeagus is explained. Information on larval ecology is provided and the systematic position of the genus is discussed.

Rising global temperatures force many species to shift their distribution ranges. However, whether or not (and how fast) such range shifts occur depends on species' dispersal capacities. In most ecological studies, dispersal-related traits (such as the wing size or wing loading in insects) are treated as fixed, species-specific characteristics, ignoring the important role of phenotypic plasticity during insect development. We tested the hypothesis that dispersal-related traits themselves vary in dependence of ambient environmental conditions (temperature regimes, discharge patterns and biotic interactions during individual development). We collected data over 8 years from a natural population of the crane fly Tipula maxima in central Germany. Using linear mixed-effect models, we analysed how phenotypic traits, phenological characteristics and population densities are affected by environmental conditions during the preceding 3, 6 and 12 months. We found a moderate (5.6%) increase in wing length per 1°C increase in mean annual temperatures during the previous year. At the same time, body weight increased by as much as 17.8% in females and 26.9% in males per 1°C, likely driven by increased habitat productivity, which resulted in a 16.4% (female) and 19.3% (male) increased wing loading. We further found a shorter, more synchronized emergence period (i.e. a narrower time frame for dispersal) with increasing temperatures. Altogether, our results suggest that dispersal abilities of T. maxima were negatively affected by elevated temperatures, and we discuss how similar patterns might affect the persistence of populations of other aquatic insects, especially stenoecious taxa with narrow distribution ranges. Our study calls for integration of information on temperature-induced phenotypic plasticity of dispersal-related traits into models forecasting range shifts in the face of climate change. Furthermore, the patterns reported here are likely to affect metapopulation dynamics of aquatic insects under climate change conditions and may contribute to the ongoing decline of insect biomass and diversity.

Queenslandomyia cannula gen. nov. et sp. nov. from Queensland, and Theischingerus imbricatus gen. nov. et sp. nov. (Diptera, Psychodidae) from New South Wales, are described and figured. Queenslandomyia is characterized by the shape of the basal 4 flagellomeres with digitate lateral extensions, and an afferent sclerotized thin channel to flagellomere 4; parameres connate to a large central sclerite with apical setae. Theischingerus is conspicuous by the unusual furcation of the Radius sector vein in R 2 and R 3+4 so that between radial and medial forks only a single vein (R 5 ) occurs. Rotundopteryx notata (Duckhouse, 1966) is redescribed and the genus diagnosis of Rotundopteryx Duckhouse 1990 is expanded, based on a remarkable connection of the basiphallus, with the distiphallus and the parameres, and of the subepandrial plate with the surstyli and the hypoproct. Records of other 6 species are provided.

The male of Pintomyia (Pifanomyia) bolontikui sp. nov., from the Miocene Mexican amber deposits of Simojovel, Chiapas, is described. This is the second fossil phlebotomine sand fly described from Mexico. Morphological differences between fossil and extant species of American phlebotomine sand flies are discussed.

Specimens of moth flies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Psychodinae) were sampled in southwest Anatolia and the European part of Turkey between 2003 and 2009. Samples contained nine species new to science: Ulomyia asiaminorica sp. n., Pneumia pellucida sp. n., Berdeniella turcica sp. n., B. aktashi sp. n., Clytocerus thracicus sp. n., Jungiella afyonica sp. n., J. geniculatoides sp. n., J. barlasi sp. n., and Telmatoscopus remotus sp. n. The new species are described and illustrated. Distributional data for a total of 45 species are provided. 63 species of Psychodinae are now known to occur in Turkey.

Climate change, land-use change, pollution and exploitation are among the main drivers of species' population trends; however, their relative importance is much debated. We used a unique collection of over 1,000 local population time series in 22 communities across terrestrial, freshwater and marine realms within central Europe to compare the impacts of long-term temperature change and other environmental drivers from 1980 onwards. To disentangle different drivers, we related species' population trends to species- and driver-specific attributes, such as temperature and habitat preference or pollution tolerance. We found a consistent impact of temperature change on the local abundances of terrestrial species. Populations of warm-dwelling species increased more than those of cold-dwelling species. In contrast, impacts of temperature change on aquatic species' abundances were variable. Effects of temperature preference were more consistent in terrestrial communities than effects of habitat preference, suggesting that the impacts of temperature change have become widespread for recent changes in abundance within many terrestrial communities of central Europe., Additionally, we appreciate the open access marine data provided by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. We thank the following scientists for taxonomic or technical advice: C. Brendel, T. Caprano, R. Claus, K. Desender, A. Flakus, P. R. Flakus, S. Fritz, E.-M. Gerstner, J.-P. Maelfait, E.-L. Neuschulz, S. Pauls, C. Printzen, I. Schmitt and H. Turin, and I. Bartomeus for comments on a previous version of the manuscript. R.A. was supported by the EUproject LIMNOTIP funded under the seventh European Commission Framework Programme (FP7) ERA-Net Scheme (Biodiversa, 01LC1207A) and the long-term ecological research program at the Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB). R.W.B. was supported by the Scottish Government Rural and Environment Science and Analytical Services Division (RESAS) through Theme 3 of their Strategic Research Programme. S.D. acknowledges support of the German Research Foundation DFG (grant DO 1880/1-1). S.S. acknowledges the support from the FP7 project EU BON (grant no. 308454). S.K., I.Kü. and O.S. acknowledge funding thorough the Helmholtz Association’s Programme Oriented Funding, Topic ‘Land use, biodiversity, and ecosystem services: Sustaining human livelihoods’. O.S. also acknowledges the support from FP7 via the Integrated Project STEP (grant no. 244090). D.E.B. was funded by a Landes–Offensive zur Entwicklung Wissenschaftlich–ökonomischer Exzellenz (LOEWE) excellence initiative of the Hessian Ministry for Science and the Arts and the German Research Foundation (DFG: Grant no. BO 1221/23-1).

Subfamily Bruchomyiinae is comprised of 60 species and has been referred to as the most primitive within the Psychodidae. The assumed sister-group relationship with Phlebotominae is based on ecological constraints of their environment. A cladistics analysis based on 29 characters and 52 species revealed the distinction of an Old World clade characterized by males with elongate, narrow vasa deferentia, and a New World clade with males having shorter and basally widened vasa deferentia. The Old World clade consists of the genera Nemopalpus Macquart (9 species), and Eutonnoiria Alexander (1 species). The New World clade includes Bruchomyia Alexander (10 species), Boreofairchildia genus nov. (13 species), Laurenceomyia genus nov. (5 species), and Notofairchildia genus nov. (15 species). Parsimony and Bayesian analyses resulted in trees that generally support this generic classification; however, with some species groups less resolved. Diagnostic features for genera are provided. In contrast to the other New World genera, Notofairchildia is paraphyletic with the provisional inclusion of at least the Australasian taxa.

Two new fossil species of Bruchomyiinae (Diptera: Psychodidae), namely: Nemopalpus velteni Wagner, sp. n. (Burmese amber) and N. inexpectatus Wagner, sp. n. (Baltic amber), are described and figured, together with four extant species from the Neotropical Region: N. stuckenbergi Wagner, sp. n. (Chile), N. amazonensis Wagner & Stuckenberg, sp. n., N. similis Wagner & Stuckenberg, sp. n. (both Brazil) and N. cancer Wagner & Stuckenberg, sp. n. (Colombia). The terminalia of N. pilipes Tonnoir, 1922 are illustrated for the first time. Based on the shape of the male terminalia, N. stuckenbergi sp. n. is probably closely related to N. rondanica Quate & Alexander and to N. stenhygros Quate & Alexander, both of which occur in Brazil. Nemopalpus similis sp. n. (Brazil), N. pilipes Tonnoir (Paraguay), N. dampfianus Alexander (Mesoamerica) and N. capixaba Biral Dos Santos, Falqueto & Alexander (Brazil) form a distinct species-group of their own. Nemopalpus amazonensis sp. n. (Brazil) and N. rondanica Quate &...

A new species of Neotropical Psychodidae, Alepia apexalba sp. nov., is described from dry-forest tank bromeliads in Saba, Netherlands Antilles. Larvae, pupae and adults are described and figured. It is possible to relate larvae and adults because the latter were reared from pupae collected from the bromeliads (Tillandsia utriculata) that also contained larvae. Bromeliads are adapted to intercept canopy litter and throughfall water, and decaying litter is washed into and retained by the leaf bases. It is from this aquatic habitat that the larvae and pupae were collected.

The new genus and species, Phlebotoiella eoindianensis, from the Eocene Vastan amber deposits in western India is described and illustrated. This marks the first Psychodidae to be described from Vastan amber. The relationship of this new genus is discussed as well as its biogeographic implications.

A new species of Neotropical Psychodidae, Alepia zavortinki spec. nov., is reported from tank bromeliads at high elevations in both the Luquillo and Central Mountains of Puerto Rico. Fourth instar larva and adults are described and figured. It is possible to relate larvae and adults because males and females were reared from the larvae and pupae collected from various bromeliads (Vriesea sintenisii and Guzmania berteroniana). Bromeliads are adapted to intercept canopy litter and throughfall water, and decaying litter is washed into and retained by the leaf bases. It is from this aquatic habitat that the larvae and pupae were collected.

Summary Land-use changes have degraded ecosystems worldwide. A particular concern for freshwater biodiversity and ecosystem function are stressors introduced by intensified agriculture. Typically several stressors affect freshwater ecosystems simultaneously. However, the combined effects of these multiple stressors on streams and rivers are still poorly understood, yet of critical importance to improve freshwater management. We investigated responses of benthic macroinvertebrates to three globally important agricultural stressors affecting streams (nutrient enrichment, fine sediment deposition and reduced current velocity), using 64 stream mesocosms (full-factorial 2 × 2 × 2 design, eight replicates of each treatment combination) established on the banks of the Breitenbach Stream (Hesse, Germany). The experiment ran for 1 month (16 days of colonisation, 14 days of manipulations), and all invertebrates in the mesocosms were collected at the end of this period. Fourteen of the 17 studied invertebrate response variables were affected by one or more stressors each. Negative effects on richness or abundance of pollution-sensitive Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT) taxa were particularly common. Overall, both sediment addition and stream flow velocity reduction had pervasive and strong effects. Responses to sediment addition were mostly negative, whereas decreased current velocity reduced several EPT metrics but increased the abundances of some of the other common taxa. Nutrient enrichment had few effects, but these were consistently negative. Combined stressor effects were mainly additive, with only two interactions found in total, both between reduced velocity and nutrients (on the crustacean Gammarus spp. and ceratopogonid midges). This finding implies that multiple-stressor responses may be predicted from knowledge of single-stressor effects in this stream community (unlike the often synergistic or antagonistic responses observed elsewhere). However, further taxon-specific responses and interactions among stressors may have been obscured by limited taxonomic resolution, especially for the numerically dominant Chironomidae. Genetic approaches are required to address this limitation in the future.

The aquatic insect collection of the late Dr. W. Joost contained two new species of Thaumaleidae (Diptera) from the Caucasus Mountains: Thaumalea monikae sp. n. and Thaumalea biacuminata sp. n. These two new species are herein described, and the most abundant species in Dr. Joost's collection, Thaumalea martinovskyi Joost, 1979, is redescribed based on the type material. Figures of male and female genitalia for all species are provided. All three species show morphological similarities to taxa from the Eastern Mediterranean area. Thaumalea monikae is related to the European T. bezzii-species group, T. biacuminata to the T. serrata-group, and T. martinovskyi to T. kyladica Wagner, 1981 and T. malickyi Theischinger, 1979 from the Eastern Mediterranean area.

In a recent paper a new subfamily of Psychodidae was inadequately named Protopsychodinae. This nomenclatural act cannot be considered as a valid name under ICZN regulations because the subfamily name is not based on the type genusDatziaStebner et al., 2015, and furthermore the fossil genusProtopsychodaAzar et al., 1999 was originally described under the subfamily Psychodinae. Therefore, the new family-group name Datziinae is herein proposed.