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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The impact of metabolic syndrome (MetS) on healthcare costs remains unclear in the literature. OBJECTIVES: To determine the impact of MetS on primary healthcare costs of adults, as well as to identify the impact of physical activity and other covariates on this phenomenon. DESIGN AND SETTING: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the city of Presidente Prudente, State of São Paulo/Brazil, in 2016. METHODS: The sample comprised 159 older adults (> 50 years) of both sexes (110 women) who were identified from their medical records in the Brazilian National Health Service. Healthcare costs (US$) were assessed through medical records and divided into medical consultations, medications, laboratory tests, and total costs. MetS was assessed using medical records. RESULTS: The Brazilian National Health Service spent more on consultations (US$ 22.75 versus US$ 19.39; + 17.3%) and medication (US$ 19.65 versus US$ 8.32; + 136.1%) among adults with MetS than among those without MetS, but the costs for laboratory tests were similar (P = 0.343). Total costs were 53.9% higher in adults with MetS than in those without the diagnosis of the disease (P = 0.001). Regarding total costs, there was an increase of US$ 38.97 when five components of MetS were present (P = 0.015), representing an increase of approximately 700%, even after adjusting for sex, age, and physical activity. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the presence of the MetS is responsible for increasing primary care costs among older adults, especially in those related to medicines.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The magnitude of economic losses attributed to sleep problems and insufficient physical activity (PA) remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the association between insufficient PA, sleep problems, and direct healthcare costs. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between insufficient physical activity (PA), sleep problems, and direct healthcare costs among adults. DESIGN AND SETTING: Adults aged ≥ 50 years attended by the Brazilian National Health Service were tracked from 2010 to 2014. METHODS: Direct healthcare costs were assessed using medical records and expressed in US$. Insufficient PA and sleep problems were assessed through face-to-face interviews. Differences were identified using the analysis of covariance and variance for repeated measures. RESULTS: In total, 454 women and 166 men were enrolled. Sleep problems were reported by 28.9% (95%CI: 25.2% to 32.4%) of the sample, while insufficient PA was reported by 84.8% (95%CI: 82.1% to 87.6%). The combination of sleep problems and insufficient PA explained 2.3% of all healthcare costs spent on these patients from 2010 to 2014, which directly accounts for approximately US$ 4,765.01. CONCLUSION: The combination of sleep problems and insufficient PA plays an important role in increasing direct healthcare costs in adults. Public health stakeholders, policymakers, and health professionals can use these results to reinforce the need for strategies to improve sleep quality and increase PA, especially in nations that finance their National Health Systems.

Abstract: Leisure-time physical activity seems relevant to prevent the development of chronic diseases and obesity. However, not much is known about the economic burden of these healthy behaviors, mainly in longitudinal designs. This study aimed to analyze the impact of walking and cycling on leisure-time on adiposity and healthcare costs among adults. This longitudinal study was conducted at a medium-size Brazilian city and included 198 participants with no missing data attended in the Brazilian Unified National Health System. Cycling and walking were assessed by a questionnaire with a face-to-face interview at four time-points (baseline, 6-month, 12-month, and 18-month). Healthcare costs were assessed using medical records. Adiposity markers included waist circumference and body fatness. Over the follow-up period, participants who were more engaged in cycling presented lower body fatness (p-value = 0.028) and healthcare costs (p-value = 0.038). However, in the multivariate model, the impact of cycling on costs was not significant (p-value = 0.507) due to the impact of number of chronic diseases (p-value = 0.001). Cycling on leisure-time is inversely related to adiposity in adults, whereas its role on preventing chronic diseases seems the main pathway linking it to cost mitigation.

Abstract Background The association of lifestyle habits of parents and of their children has been widely investigated as an important determinant for healthy habits in youth. Although parental sociodemographic characteristics are potential confounding factors in parent-child physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviour (SB), it is still unclear whether these factors have a moderating role in this association. This study aimed to analyze the association of parent-child PA and SB according to parental sex and economic level in adolescents. Methods The study sample was made up of 1231 adolescents (15.6 ± 1.1 years, 58.2% of girls), 1202 mothers and 871 fathers. The leisure-time and commuting PA was assessed by the Baecke questionnaire, while sedentary behaviour (SB) was assessed according to hours per week of television viewing and computer use, by both adolescents and their parents. Economic status was analyzed using a questionnaire and classified as low, medium, and high. Linear models were used to assess the association of parent-child PA and SB in the different domains according to parental sex and economic level. Results Leisure time was associated between boys and their fathers in high (β = 0.23, p = 0.044) and low economic classes (β = 0.31, p

ObjectivesThe aim of the present study was to analyze the association between sports participation in childhood and adolescence and the practice of physical activity at different intensities in adulthood, and to verify if some sports participation characteristics such as number of sports; type of sport (individual, collective or a combination of both) and total estimated sports participation time are associated with the different physical activity intensities in adulthood.DesignThis is a cross-sectional study.MethodsThis study included 129 young adults of both sexes aged 18-25 years. Sports participation in childhood (7-10 years) and adolescence (11-17 years) was retrospectively estimated through specific questionnaire. Light, moderate, vigorous and moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity was objectively estimated by accelerometers. To verify the association between SP in childhood and adolescence and BP intensities in adults, multiple linear regression was adopted, with 5% significance.ResultsAnalyses showed that, in females, sports participation in childhood (β = 0.315; R2 = 0.14; P = 0.020) and persistence in sports participation (β = 0.364; R2 = 0.18; P = 0.007) were positive predictors of vigorous physical activity in adulthood. In addition, the comparison according to the specificities of the sport practice, indicated that participation in two or more sports in childhood, one sport and collective sports in adolescence and at least one year of sports participation throughout childhood and adolescence were associated with longer time in vigorous physical activity intensity and MVPA (minutes/day) in adult females (P < 0.05).ConclusionsIt could be concluded that sports participation indicators in childhood and adolescence were considered predictors of vigorous physical activity in adult females. In addition, number of sports, type of sport and practice time in childhood and adolescence seem to predict vigorous and moderate to vigorous levels of physical activity for adult females.

Abstract Background This study was aimed to examine the relationship between muscular fitness indicators in childhood and areal bone mineral density (aBMD) in adulthood and to verify whether the relationship is mediated by performance on muscular fitness indicators in adulthood. Methods A sample of 138 healthy adults (69 males; 22.3 years) were followed after a previous assessment at the age of 7–10 years. Stature, body mass and muscular fitness indicators (handgrip strength, standing long jump and sit-ups tests) were assessed in childhood and adulthood. Additionally, total body, upper limbs, lower limbs, right femoral neck and lumbar spine aBMD was assessed in adulthood using dual X-ray absorptiometry. Analysis included descriptive statistics; t-test or Mann-Whitney U-test for comparison between males and females, multiple linear regression for the prediction aBMD from muscular fitness indicators in childhood, mediation analysis of the respective muscular fitness indicators in adulthood and the relationship between muscular fitness indicators in childhood and aBMD. Results Males were stronger compared to females regarding muscular fitness indicators in childhood and adulthood, and presented higher mean values for aBMD in adulthood, except for lumbar spine (p

Abstract Background The relationship between physical activity and health care costs among adolescents is not yet clear in the literature. Objective To analyze the relationship between physical activity and annual health care costs among adolescents. Methods The present sample was composed of 85 adolescents of both sexes with ages ranging from 11 to 18 years (mean age 15.6 ± 2.1). Health care costs were self-reported every month for 12 months, and information on health care values was verified with local pharmacies, private health care plans, and the National Health Service. The time spent in different physical activity intensities was objectively measured by accelerometers. Confounding variables were: sex, age, somatic maturation, body fatness, blood pressure, and components of dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. Multivariate models were generated using generalized linear models with gamma distribution and a log-link function. Results The overall annual health care cost was US$ 733.60/ R$ 2,342.38 (medication: US$ 400.46 / R$ 1,278.66; primary and secondary care: US$ 333.14 / R$ 1,063.70). The time spent in vigorous physical activity (minutes/day) was negatively related to health care costs (r = -0.342 [95% CI: -0.537,—0.139]; β = -0.06 cents (95% CI: -0.089, -0.031). Conclusion Vigorous physical activity seems to be associated with lower health care costs among adolescents.

Abstract Background The use of anthracycline-based chemotherapy is associated with the development of heart failure, even years after the end of treatment. Early detection of cardiac dysfunction could identify a high-risk subset of survivors who would eventually benefit from early intervention. Cardiac magnetic resonance feature-tracking (CMR-FT) analysis offers a practical and rapid method to calculate systolic and diastolic strains from routinely acquired cine images. While early changes in systolic function have been described, less data are available about late effects of chemotherapy in diastolic parameters by CMR-FT. The main goal of this study was to determine whether left ventricular (LV) early diastolic strain rates (GDSR-E) by CMR-FT are impaired in long-term adult survivors of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Our secondary objective was to analyze associations between GDSR-E with cumulative anthracycline dose, systolic function parameters and myocardial tissue characteristics. Methods This is a single center cross-sectional observational study of asymptomatic patients in remission of NHL who previously received anthracycline therapy. All participants underwent their CMR examination on a 3.0-T scanner, including cines, T2 mapping, T1 mapping and late gadolinium enhancement imaging. Derived myocardial extracellular volume fraction was obtained from pre- and post-contrast T1 maps. CMR-FT analysis was performed using Trufi Strain software. The data obtained were compared between anthracycline group and volunteers without cardiovascular disease or neoplasia. Results A total of 18 adult survivors of NHL, 14 (77.8%) males, at mean age of 57.6 (± 14.7) years-old, were studied 88.2 (± 52.1) months after exposure to anthracycline therapy (median 400 mg/m2). Compared with controls, anthracycline group showed impaired LV global early diastolic circumferential strain rate (GCSR-E) [53.5%/s ± 19.3 vs 72.2%/s ± 26.7, p = 0.022], early diastolic longitudinal strain rate (GLSR-E) [40.4%/s ± 13.0 vs 55.9%/s ± 17.8, p = 0.006] and early diastolic radial strain rate (GRSR-E) [− 114.4%/s ± 37.1 vs − 170.5%/s ± 48.0, p

Abstract Background Training volume is associated with direct and indirect pathways of bone adaptations. In addition, training volume is a training variable associated with lean soft tissue (LST), which has been shown to be an important predictor of areal bone mineral density (aBMD). Thus, the aim of this study is to investigate the influential role of lean soft tissue (LST) in the association between training volume and aBMD in male adolescent athletes. Methods This cross-sectional study was composed of 299 male adolescent athletes, mean age 14.1 (1.8) years, from 9 different weight-bearing modalities. The Ethical Board approved the investigation. The adolescents reported the number of days per week they trained and the time spent training and, from this, the training volume (h/wk) was estimated. The LST and aBMD were assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Somatic maturation was estimated by the peak of height velocity. Mediation analysis was performed to investigate the role of LST in the association between training volume and aBMD. Level of significance was set at p

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Physical activity (PA) practices seem to differ between weekdays and weekends and these pattern changes can affect body fat differently. However, previous studies did not assess the mediation effect of weekday and weekend PA on maintenance of body fat using sophisticated statistical models. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the mediation effect of PA during weekdays and weekends on maintenance of fat mass over a 12-month follow-up. DESIGN AND SETTING: Longitudinal cohort study (12 months) conducted at a public university in Presidente Prudente, Brazil. METHODS: A sample of 225 adults (117 females) was used. Body fatness and fat mass were assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. PA levels were assessed using a pedometer. The statistical analysis consisted of paired-sample t tests, independent-sample t tests, Pearson correlations and mediation models. RESULTS: After 12 months, weekend PA had decreased while body composition indicators remained stable (without changes). The correlation between fat mass at baseline and follow-up was high for both sexes (men: 0.966; women: 0.941; P-value = 0.001 for both). Moreover, PA indices were inversely but moderately related to fat mass at baseline and follow-up. Lastly, weekend PA mediated the association between fat mass at baseline and follow-up (P-value < 0.05) by around 2% and 4%. CONCLUSION: Weekend PA mediated the association between fat mass at baseline and fat mass after one year of follow-up among these adults. Further studies are required to investigate the association between physical activity, body fat and other variables such as dietary patterns and sleep time.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Although the benefits of physical activity are clear, adherence to physical activity programs is a challenge, especially during transitional phases of life. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to identify adolescents who were more likely to drop out from physical activity and sports participation, from childhood to adolescence. DESIGN AND SETTING: This was a cross-sectional study on retrospective data regarding childhood activity among 803 Brazilian adolescents. The study was conducted at public schools in Londrina, Paraná, in 2011. METHODS: Habitual physical activity, sports participation during childhood, parental physical activity, socioeconomic status and perception of social relationships were self-reported. Cardiorespiratory fitness was estimated via a 20-m shuttle-run test and somatic maturation was estimated from the age at peak height velocity. RESULTS: Our results provided evidence that girls (physical activity: odds ratio, OR: 4.37 [95% confidence interval, CI: 1.86-10.3]; sports: OR: 2.65 [95% CI: 1.39-5.05]) and adolescents with low cardiorespiratory fitness (physical activity: OR: 1.77 [95% CI: 1.13-2.78]; sports: OR: 1.62 [95% CI: 1.15-2.26]) were more likely to drop out from active behaviors. Children with inactive mothers and inactive fathers (OR: 3.55 [95% CI: 1.12-11.3]) also showed a higher dropout rate from physical activity. Adolescents with negative perceptions of friendships (OR: 2.33 [95% CI: 1.21-4.47]) were more likely to drop out from sports. CONCLUSIONS: Higher dropout rates from active lifestyles during childhood were observed among girls and adolescents with low cardiorespiratory fitness. Parental inactivity and negative perceptions of friendships were also potential risk factors for discontinuation of childhood physical activity and sports.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Sports participation plays an important role in bone gain during childhood and adolescence. The aim here was to identify sex-related determinants of bone mineral density (BMD) differences between male and female adolescents, with emphasis on the role of sports participation. DESIGN AND SETTING: Longitudinal study conducted in a public university in Presidente Prudente, Brazil. METHODS: The sample comprised 48 adolescents aged 11-17 years, of both sexes, who were matched according to sex, age and sports participation. BMD was the main outcome, while muscle mass, sports participation, calendar age and biological maturation were treated as covariates. Participants were followed up after nine months. RESULTS: At baseline, BMD values were similar between the sexes. However, adjustment for covariates showed that BMD was higher among girls at all sites, with a contribution from lean soft tissue (LST) in the model (partial eta-squared, ES-r = 0.619 in upper limbs; 0.643 in lower limbs; 0.699 in spine; and 0.599 in whole body). Sports participation only explained the upper-limb variance (ES-r = 0.99). At the follow-up, the results resembled the baseline except in the lower limbs (P = 0.109), in which BMD was similar between the groups. BMD gain over time was similar between girls and boys in all segments, and baseline LST affected upper-limb and whole-body BMD accrual (ES-r = 0.396 and 0.107, respectively). CONCLUSION: Whole-body and specific-site BMD differed between baseline and follow-up. However,BMD accrual was similar between the sexes, given that muscle mass constituted the most relevant determinant of the difference between them.

ABSTRACT Objective: To systematically review the literature to verify the relationship between neuromuscular fitness indicators in childhood/adolescence and bone strength variables in adulthood. Data sources: A systematic review was conducted in PUBMED, SCOPUS, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, PsycINFO, LILACS, and SciELO, covering the entire period until March 2019. Data synthesis: The search identified 1149 studies. After duplicity analysis and eligibility criteria, four studies were reported. In one study, baseline was childhood and, in the others, adolescence. In childhood, when adjusting the model for age and body mass index, a statistically significant relation was found for girls: standing long jump with quantitative ultrasound index (β=0.11; p

The objective of this study was to describe the prevalence of sports participation in Brazilian children and adolescents using a systematic review approach. This review follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement and the protocol was previously registered on PROSPERO (95441), the searches were performed in the following electronic databases: PubMed, ScIELO, Bireme, and EMBASE. The search strategy included a combination of keywords: Children and adolescents, prevalence and sports participation. Four papers included 7104 adolescents aged from 10 to 18 years old, living in four different cities located at Southeast (n= 1) and South (n= 3) of Brazil data collections were carried out between 2004 and 2012. Most of the studies had cross-sectional design and the findings of all surveys were published in international journals. The definition of “sports participation” was not the same in all papers. The overall prevalence of sports participation among adolescents was 58.1%, higher among boys (65.9%) than in girls (51.5%). The systematic review identified that the prevalence of sports participation among Brazilian adolescents is low and significantly affected by gender.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Our aim was to analyze multilevel correlates of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) according to sex, nutritional status and maturity status among adolescents. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study conducted in public schools. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study on 1,209 adolescents aged between 10 and 17 years. CRF was estimated from the 20-meter shuttle run test. Anthropometric data on body mass index and waist circumference were obtained. Somatic maturation was assessed from the peak height velocity. Questionnaires were used to evaluate socioeconomic variables (family income, parents’ education level and number of siblings) and behavioral variables (physical activity, screen time and alcohol and tobacco consumption) among the parents and adolescents. RESULTS: Boys, adolescents with normal weight and on-time maturers presented greater CRF (P < 0.05). Concerning socioeconomic correlates, girls (tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity and screen time), adolescents with normal weight (alcohol consumption, physical activity and screen time), and on-time maturers (alcohol consumption, physical activity during childhood and habitual physical activity) demonstrated higher numbers of behavioral correlates with CRF. Normal-weight adolescents presented a higher number of biological correlates (chronological age, age at peak height velocity and waist circumference). CONCLUSIONS: Different correlates were observed according to sex, nutritional status and somatic maturation status. However, habitual physical activity, waist circumference and chronological age seemed to be the strongest factors associated with cardiorespiratory fitness among adolescents.

Given the importance of physical activity for health promotion and for the prevention of chronic non-communicable diseases, the Unified Health System (SUS) has changed its strategy of action in the last decades, trying to adopt preventive activities, seeking better quality of life of the Brazilian population and reduce costs with treatment of diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in physical activity and sedentary behavior patterns in users of the Brazilian National Unified Health System during 18 months and the impact of sex and time on such variables. One hundred and ninety-eight participants (58 men and 140 women) were evaluated. Physical activity level was assessed using the Baecke questionnaire. Men had higher scores in all physical activity variables compared to women: walking (p-value = 0.013), cycling (p-value = 0.001) and commuting (p-value= 0.007), but not for TV watching (p-value = 0.362). After 18 months, in the overall sample, walking score increased 25.9% (95%CI = 10.6 to 41.1), but not cycling (1.5% [95%CI = -2.7 to 5.7]), commuting (14.4% [95%CI = -0.4 to 29.3]) and TV watching (1.6% [95%CI = -5.7 to 9.1]). Men were usually more active than women in active behaviors, but not in TV watching. However, differences over time were similar between sexes.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine whether parents’ current and previous physical activity practice is associated with adolescents’ physical activity. Methods: The sample was composed of 1,231 adolescents (14‐17 years), and 1,202 mothers and 871 fathers were interviewed. Weight and height of the adolescents were measured. Self‐reported parents’ weight and height were obtained. The current and previous physical activity levels (Baecke's questionnaire) of parents (during childhood and adolescence) and adolescents’ physical activity levels were obtained using a questionnaire. The magnitude of the associations between parent and adolescent physical activity levels was determined by binary logistic regression (adjusted by sex, age, and socioeconomic level of adolescents and education level of parents). Results: The current physical activity practice by parents was associated with adolescents’ physical activity (p < 0.001). The physical activities reported by parents in their childhood and adolescence were also associated with higher physical activity levels among adolescents. Adolescents whose parents were both physically active in the past and present were six times (OR = 6.67 [CI = 1.94‐22.79]) more likely to be physically active compared to adolescents with no parents who were physically active in the past. Conclusions: The current and previous physical activities of parents were associated with higher levels of physical activity in adolescents, even after controlling for confounding factors.

ABSTRACT CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: In this longitudinal study, we aimed to describe time trends of physical activity (PA) in different domains from 2010 to 2014 among users of the Brazilian National Health System, taking into account the effects of sex, age and economic status (ES). DESIGN AND SETTING: Longitudinal study conducted in five primary care units in Bauru (SP), Brazil. METHODS: The sample was composed of 620 men and women who were interviewed in 2010, 2012 and 2014. The same group of researchers conducted the interviews, using the questionnaire developed by Baecke et al. Scores for occupational, exercise/sport, leisure-time/transportation and overall PA were considered in this longitudinal survey. Time trends of PA over the four years of follow-up were assessed according to sex, age and ES. RESULTS: We found that after four years of follow-up, the reduction in overall PA (-13.6%; 95% confidence interval, CI = -11.9 to -15.3) was statistically significant. Additionally, declines in the occupational domain and exercise/sports participation were affected by age, while the reduction in overall PA was affected by sex, age and ES. CONCLUSIONS: Overall PA decreased significantly from 2010 to 2014 among these outpatients of the Brazilian National Health System, and age and male sex were important determinants of PA in its different domains.

ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of passive smoking during pregnancy and associated with swimming on bone area growth, bone mineral density (BMD), and bone mineral content (BMC). Methods: The offspring was grouped by control matrices (G1) and passive smokers (G2). The offspring was regrouped in eight subgroups, with exposure to smoking (2x/day) and physical exercise (1 session/day), respecting the group of matrices in: sedentary control (G1CS and G2CS), swimming control (G1CN and G2CN), sedentary passive smoker (G1FS and G2FS), and passive smoker swimmer (G1FN and G2FN). The area, BMD and BMC were measured by the tibia and femur and analyzed by densitometer. The results were analyzed by One-Way ANOVA test with Tukey post-test, with a significance level of 5%. Results: In the tibia BMC study, a better rate was observed in G2CN group when compared to G1CS, G1CN and G1FN (p ≤ 0.023). When assessing BMD in the femur, a higher density ratio was observed in G1FS group when compared to G2CS, G2CN, G2FS and G2FN (p

ABSTRACT CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: One of the big challenges facing governments worldwide is the financing of healthcare systems. Thus, it is necessary to understand the factors and key components associated with healthcare expenditure. The aim here was to identify demographic, socioeconomic, lifestyle and clinical factors associated with direct healthcare expenditure within primary care, among adults attended through the Brazilian National Health System in the city of Bauru. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study conducted in five primary care units in Bauru (SP), Brazil. METHODS: Healthcare expenditure over the last 12 months was assessed through medical records of adults aged 50 years or more. Annual healthcare expenditure was assessed in terms of medication, laboratory tests, medical consultations and the total. Body mass index, waist circumference, hypertension, age, sex, physical activity and smoking were assessed through face-to-face interviews. RESULTS: The total healthcare expenditure for 963 participants of this survey was US$ 112,849.74 (46.9% consultations, 35.2% medication and 17.9% laboratory tests). Expenditure on medication was associated with overweight (odds ratio, OR = 1.80; 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.07-3.01), hypertension (OR = 3.04; 95% CI: 1.91-4.82) and moderate physical activity (OR = 0.56; 95% CI: 0.38-0.81). Expenditure on consultations was associated with hypertension (OR = 1.67; 95% CI: 1.12-2.47) and female sex (OR = 1.70; 95% CI: 1.14-2.55). CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that overweight, lower levels of physical activity and hypertension were independent risk factors associated with higher healthcare expenditure within primary care.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate cardiorespiratory fitness’ tracking from childhood to adolescence, as well as to test the moderation role of somatic maturation. Methods: Our sample was composed by 375 children (197 boys), with a baseline age between 7 and 10 years old. The children were followed-up over three years. Body mass and stature were measured as anthropometric indicators and were used to estimate maturity status through Moore’s method. Cardiorespiratory fitness was evaluated through 9-minute running test. Body adiposity was estimated through the subcutaneous skinfold method, with measures of triceps and subscapular skinfolds and used as a covariate. Sample was categorized into tertiles. Thereafter, the Kappa (k) coefficient and Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient (LCCC) tests were adopted to verify stability. Dummy variable in regression was used to test moderation effects. All analyses were conducted in Stata 14.0, adopting p

Diferentes tipos de programas de exercícios físicos têm sido utilizados na tentativa de melhorar a composição corporal e aumentar o gasto energético de repouso (GER) de adolescentes obesos. O objetivo foi comparar os efeitos de dois modelos de treinamento sobre o gasto energético de repouso e a composição corporal de adolescentes com obesidade. Participaram do estudo vinte adolescentes obesos do sexo masculino, foram divididos de forma aleatória em dois modelos de treinamento: treinamento contra resistência (n=8, idade=13,4±1,0) e treinamento funcional (n=12, idade= 13,0±1,1). As variáveis de composição corporal foram estimadas pela densitometria radiológica de dupla energia. O GER foi realizado por meio da calorimetria indireta usando o equipamento QUARK-PFT (COSMED, Roma, Itália). O protocolo de treinamento consistiu de 30 minutos de treino aeróbio seguidos de 30 minutos de treino contra resistência (TC)ou funcional (TF), ambos durante 20 semanas. Não houve diferenças significantes entre os dois modelos de treinamento na composição corporal (massa gorda, TF= -7,6±5,5% x TC= -8,9±6,2%; p=0,620), (massa corporal magra, TF= 9,0±5,3% x TC= 6,8±6,7%; p=0,431) e no GER (TF= 19,6±15,3% x TC= 10,7±24,5%; p=0,331). Além disso, a massa corporal magra (p=0,01) e massa gorda (p=0,01) influenciam o GER. Não há diferença entre os dois modelos de treinamento, porém ambos são eficazes na redução da composição corporal e aumento do GER de adolescentes obesos. Adicionalmente, foi verificada a importância do treinamento físico sistematizado, uma vez que a massa corporal magra e massa gorda contribuíram para o aumento do GER após o treinamento.

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between martial arts practice (judo, karate and kung-fu) and bone mineral density in adolescents. Methods: The study was composed of 138 (48 martial arts practitioners and 90 non-practitioners) adolescents of both sexes, with an average age of 12.6 years. Bone mineral density was measured using Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry in arms, legs, spine, trunk, pelvis and total. Weekly training load and previous time of engagement in the sport modality were reported by the coach. Partial correlation tested the association between weekly training load and bone mineral density, controlled by sex, chronological age, previous practice and somatic maturation. Analysis of covariance was used to compare bone mineral density values according to control and martial arts groups, controlled by sex, chronological age, previous practice and somatic maturation. Significant relationships between bone mineral density and muscle mass were inserted into a multivariate model and the slopes of the models were compared using the Student t test (control versus martial art). Results: Adolescents engaged in judo practice presented higher values of bone mineral density than the control individuals (p-value=0.042; Medium Effect size [Eta-squared=0.063]), while the relationship between quantity of weekly training and bone mineral density was significant among adolescents engaged in judo (arms [r=0.308] and legs [r=0.223]) and kung-fu (arms [r=0.248] and spine [r=0.228]). Conclusions: Different modalities of martial arts are related to higher bone mineral density in different body regions among adolescents.

The objective of this study was to assess, in a sample composed by postmenopausal women, the agreement between physical activity time reported by short version of the IPAQ and measured by accelerometer in different intensities. The participants consisted of postmenopausal women aged ≥ 50 years (N = 60, mean age 61.5±7.5 years). They completed the IPAQ (short version) and then wore an accelerometer for one week. Statistical analysis was composed by the Kappa index, McNemar’s test, specificity and sensitivity, Spearman’s rank correlation and the Wilcoxon test. The amount of time spent in moderate and vigorous physical activity had weak correlation (r=-0.04-0.28) between accelerometer and IPAQ. IPAQ overestimated the minutes spent in moderate and vigorous intensities and underestimated the time spent in light activities. There was not significant agreement between instruments (kappa index= 0.151±0.111; p= 0.185; sensibility, 46% and specificity, 28%). There was a significant inconsistence for the time of physical activity reported by IPAQ.

Abstract AIM The aim of this longitudinal study was to analyze the relationship between sleep disorder and intima-media thickness. METHOD Baseline measurements included carotid intima-media thickness, assessed by an ultrasound device; questionnaires about sleep and other behavioral variables; physical activity was measured by pedometer; body fatness was estimated by Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry; fasting glucose, lipid profile and C-reactive protein were collected. RESULTS The occurrence rate of sleep-related disorders was 47% (95%CI= 37.2%-56.7%). Carotid intima-media thickness was related to symptoms of insomnia (r= 0.328 [0.141 to 0.493]) and, after adjustments for potential confounders, the relationship between carotid intima-media thickness and insomnia remained statistically significant (β= 0.121 [95%CI= 0.017; 0.225]). CONCLUSIONS In young adults, sleep disorder was significantly related to premature increase in carotid intima-media thickness.

O objetivo do estudo foi verificar associações entre prática de atividades físicas, obesidade abdominal e compra de medicamentos por usuários do sistema público de saúde da cidade de Bauru/SP. A amostra foi composta por adultos com idade acima de 50 anos e através de entrevista foram coletadas informações sobre compra de medicamentos, prática de atividades físicas, condição econômica e tabagismo. Índice de massa corporal e perímetro abdominal compuseram marcadores de obesidade geral e abdominal. Como principais resultados encontrou-se que a compra de medicamentos foi maior entre mulheres, pessoas com mais de 65 anos, não-fumantes e naqueles com obesidade abdominal. De forma inversa, indivíduos ativos apresentaram menor compra de medicamentos quando comparados aos sedentários. Por fim, quando inatividade física e a obesidade abdominal foram agregadas em uma única variável, pessoas apenas inativas fisicamente e inativas fisicamente com obesidade abdominal apresentaram chances aumentadas de comprar medicamentos no último mês.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the relationship among sports practice, physical education class, habitual physical activity and cardiovascular risk in adolescents. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with 120 schoolchildren (mean: 11.7±0.7 years old), with no regular use of medicines. Sports practice and physical education classes were assessed through face-to-face interview, while habitual physical activity was assessed by pedometers. Bodyweight, height and height-cephalic trunk were used to estimate maturation. The following variables were measured: body fatness, blood pressure, resting heart rate, blood flow velocity, intima-media thickness (carotid and femoral) and heart rate variability (mean between consecutive heartbeats and statistical index in the time domain that show the autonomic parasympathetic nervous system activity root-mean by the square of differences between adjacent normal R-R intervals in a time interval). Statistical treatment used Spearman correlation adjusted by sex, ethnicity, age, body fatness and maturation. RESULTS: Independently of potential confounders, sports practice was positively related to autonomic parasympathetic nervous system activity (β=0.039 [0.01; 0.76]). On the other hand, the relationship between sport practice and mean between consecutive heartbeats (β=0,031 [-0.01; 0.07]) was significantly mediated by biological maturation. CONCLUSIONS: Sport practice was related to higher heart rate variability at rest.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar o padrão de uso da estatística em artigos científicos publicados em periódicos nacionais da área da Educação Física. Para tal, foram analisados todos os artigos publicados no triênio 2009-2011 de periódicos da área de Educação Física com estratificação B2 ou superior no QUALIS CAPES (Área 21) vigente. No levantamento bibliográfico foram encontrados 872 artigos nas cinco revistas pesquisadas, que foram classificados em sem estatística, estatística descritiva e estatística analítica. Para as análises, utilizou-se a estatística descritiva e o intervalo de confiança de 95% para comparar a diferença entre as proporções e, quando necessário, o teste qui-quadrado e regressão logística. Observou-se uma menor proporção de trabalhos com análise descritiva (7,1%; IC95% = 5,4%-8,8%) quando comparados com os artigos sem estatística (46,3%; IC95% = 42,9%-49,6%) e com estatística analítica (46,6%; IC95% = 43,2%-49,9%). O padrão de uso de procedimentos estatísticos variou entre as cinco revistas científicas e entre as áreas de concentração (Saúde, Esporte, Lazer, Educação e Outras). A proporção dos artigos que não atenderam aos pressupostos básicos para a utilização de testes paramétricos foi de 43,3%. Essa proporção não apresentou diferença significativa ao longo dos três anos analisados, região de afiliação dos primeiros e últimos autores ou em relação à titulação dos primeiros e últimos autores. O presente estudo aponta um cenário preocupante no que tange à utilização da estatística na área de Educação Física, pois, além do alto índice de trabalhos que não seguem os pressupostos básicos para utilização da estatística, essa situação parece ser comum independente da titulação dos autores, região de afiliação ou revista de publicação.

OBJETIVO: Analisar a ocorrência de distúrbios relacionados ao sono entre adultos de Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, bem como identificar suas associações com variáveis comportamentais, sociodemográficas e de estado nutricional. MÉTODOS: Após a seleção aleatória da amostra, foram realizadas entrevistas face a face com 743 adultos de ambos os sexos, residentes na cidade de Presidente Prudente, São Paulo. Foram aplicados questionários para análise de distúrbios relacionados ao sono, variáveis sociodemográficas (sexo, idade, etnia, escolaridade), comportamentais (atividade física no lazer, etilismo e tabagismo) e de estado nutricional. RESULTADOS: Foram observados distúrbios relacionados ao sono em 46,7% da amostra, com intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%) 43,1 - 50,2. Após a análise multivariada, foi observado que o sexo feminino, com odds ratio (OR) = 1,74 (IC95% 1,26 - 2,40), escolaridade (OR = 0,49; IC95% 0,28 - 0,82), sobrepeso (OR = 1,99; IC95% 1,39 - 2,85) e obesidade (OR = 2,90; IC95% 1,94 - 4,35) foram associados à ocorrência de distúrbios relacionados ao sono. CONCLUSÃO: É elevada a ocorrência de distúrbios de sono na amostra analisada, os quais foram mais frequentes em mulheres, pessoas de menor escolaridade e com sobrepeso e obesidade.

Analisar os fatores associados à autoavaliação do peso corporal (AAPC) em mulheres praticantes de exercícios físicos em academias. A coleta de dados foi realizada nas maiores academias da cidade de Presidente Prudente-SP, sendo a amostra constituída por 200 mulheres com idade média de 25,5±9,7 anos. A AAPC foi realizada mediante o preenchimento de questionário com opções de resposta em escala de Likert. As variáveis independentes analisadas foram: acompanhamento com nutricionista, idade cronológica, estado nutricional (avaliado pelo IMC), percepção da qualidade de vida e estado civil. O teste qui-quadrado e a regressão logística binária foram utilizados (p

Background and objective: Early sport practice prevents development of diseases in children/adolescents, but still unclear its effect over health in adulthood. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze the association between sport practice in early life and chronic diseases in adulthood. Materials and methods: A retrospective population-based survey carried out in eight Brazilian cities with adults of both genders. Throughout a multistage random process 2720 adults (1096 male and 1624 female) were selected and interviewed. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and arterial hypertension were assessed in a face-to-face interview through a self-report, which was necessarily based on previous medical diagnosis. Early sport practice was assessed in childhood (7–10 years old) and adolescence (11–17 years old). Current physical activity and body mass index were assessed in adulthood throughout a face-to-face interview. Results: Type 2 diabetes mellitus and arterial hypertension were identified in 8.1% (95% CI, 7.1–9.2) and 23.5% (95% CI, 21.9–25.1) of the sample, respectively. Early sport practice during childhood and adolescence was associated with lower occurrence of arterial hypertension (OR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.33–0.73) and type 2 diabetes (OR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.24–0.88) in adulthood. Conclusions: Independently of obesity and current physical activity, early sport practice in early life was positively associated with lower occurrence of chronic diseases in adulthood.

INTRODUCTION: Hypertension is a chronic disease that requires special attention in identifying comorbidities or risk factors including inactivity and obesity. Considering that a large proportion of the Brazilian population is hypertensive, obese, and sedentary, the relationship among these variables in the context of the public health system is unclear. OBJECTIVE: To assess the association among physical activity, markers of adiposity, and hypertension in adult users of the public healthcare system in the city of Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: The study was conducted in five Basic Health Units in Bauru, São Paulo, and consisted of 963 patients. Data were collected from habitual physical activity and previous (childhood and adolescence), education, purchasing power and anthropometric markers of overall and abdominal obesity. RESULTS: The incidence of hypertension was 76.8%. Significant associations were found among sedentarism, presence of total and abdominal obesity, with the higher incidence of hypertension. It was also observed that the magnitude of association between hypertension and adiposity increased with decreased involvement in physical activity. CONCLUSION: Further investigations are needed to analyze the occurrence of overweight and obesity in people suffering from chronic diseases in order to prevent future complications.

O Objetivo foi investigar a ocorrência de faltas agressivas no futebol e fatores relacionados. Foram analisados 16 jogos da fase final da Copa do Mundo de 2010. Na análise estatística utilizou-se o qui-quadrado e a regressão logística. Ao todo, 18,4% das faltas foram consideradas violentas, e quem mais utilizou foram times europeus (OR= 1.71 [IC95%: 0.92 – 3.19]; p= 0,089). O maior número de faltas ocorreu no segundo tempo; goleiros/zagueiros (OR= 2.55 [IC95%: 0.99 – 6.53]; p= 0,051) foram quem mais utilizaram esta infração. O local do campo com mais faltas foi a defesa (OR= 2.88 [IC95%: 1.27 – 6.33]; p= 0,011). Houve associação entre gravidade da falta e ocorrência de cartões (p= 0,001), e correlação entre nível da falta e grau de punição (r= 0.65; p= 0,001). Local do campo e a postura dos árbitros parecem ser determinantes na ocorrência de ações violentas no jogo.

O emprego equivocado da bioestatística nas pesquisas científicas implica em erros metodológicos tanto na condução quanto nas análises das mesmas. Dentre estes, a ausência do cálculo amostral, considerado primordial para validação e credibilidade dos resultados, é frequentemente encontrado. O objetivo do estudo foi verificar com que frequência o cálculo amostral é empregado nos artigos publicados em periódicos nacionais de Educação Física. Foram incluídos no estudo somente periódicos científicos nacionais classificados entre A1 e B2 pela Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), dos quais foram analisados somente artigos originais disponíveis na íntegra e publicados no período de 2010 a 2012. Foram excluídos do estudo artigos de revisão, carta ao editor, ponto de vista e artigos originais que não realizaram nenhum tipo de análise estatística. Aproximadamente 15% dos artigos analisados realizaram cálculo amostral; não houve diferença entre as proporções destes ao longo dos anos. Observou-se diferença entre as subáreas da Educação Física (educação, saúde e esporte), sendo menor na subárea esporte (p=0,001) em relação às demais. Os periódicos classificados como B2 apresentaram maior uso do cálculo amostral em relação àqueles classificados como B1 (p=0,013) e A2 (p=0,007). O emprego do cálculo amostral em pesquisas científicas publicadas em periódicos nacionais de Educação Física no período de 2010 a 2012 não foi satisfatório, especialmente na subárea esporte. Além disso, não foi observada uma evolução do uso do cálculo amostral ao longo dos anos analisados.

The objective of this study was to analyze the association between sleep quality, leisure-time exercise and obesity among university employees. The sample consisted of 92 adults of both genders. Sleep quality and physical activity were assessed by questionnaires. Overweight/obesity was diagnosed based on body mass index, which was calculated from self-reported measures of body weight and height. The prevalence of sleep disorders was 53.84%. An association was observed between obesity (OR = 7.22 [OR95%CI: 1.65-31.5]) and poor sleep quality, and between physical activity and good sleep quality (OR = 0.19 [OR95%CI: 0.04-0.95]), irrespective of other confounders. In conclusion, the results showed a high prevalence of sleep disorders, which were independently associated with physical activity and obesity.

Objective: To analyze the association of potential risk factors to health with body fatness and insulin resistance. Baseline measures of the ongoing longitudinal Analysis of Behaviors of Children During (ABCD) Growth Study. Materials and Methods: The sample was composed of 280 adolescents of both sexes (198 boys and 82 girls) aged from 10 to 18 years. Four risk factors were considered, as follows: no sports practice, skipping breakfast, poor sleep quality, and TV viewing. The outcomes considered were insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and body fatness (densitometer scanner). Age, sex, maturity offset, and ethnicity were treated as covariates. Results: No sports practice and skipping breakfast were associated with higher body fatness (Sports practice: Wald: 8.786; p = 0.003. Breakfast: Wald: 9.364; p = 0.002). Poor sleep quality was related to a greater HOMA-IR index (Wald: 6.013; p = 0.014). Adolescents with ≥3 risk factors presented a higher risk of high HOMA-IR (OR = 4.89 (95%CI: 1.61 to 14.84)) than their counterparts with no risk factors. Conclusion: Lifestyle risk factors seem relevant to affect obesity and insulin resistance, while the aggregation of these risk factors affects insulin resistance, independent of adiposity.

The relationship between physical activity and the use of medicines is not clear. The purpose of this study was to investigate this relationship between the level of physical activity and the use of medications by type 2 diabetic patients who were attended in the Brazilian public healthcare system. The sample was composed of 121 Brazilian diabetic patients, of both genders, attended by the public healthcare system. Body fat (estimated by anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance), physical activity (measured by Baecke’s questionnaire), and the participant’s use of medicines (during the 15 days before evaluation) were assessed. There was a relationship between the use of medicines and: gender (r = 0.18; p = 0.045), body mass index (BMI) (r = 0.22; p = 0.012), waist circumference (r = 0.19; p = 0.029), body fat percentage (r = 0.21; p = 0.016), age (r = 0.23; p = 0.009), and level of physical activity (r = -0.22; p = 0.012). Linear regression included in the multivariate model only age (β = 0.718; p = 0.057), BMI (β= 0.057; p = 0.022), and level of physical activity (β = -0.176; p = 0.044). In conclusion, physical activity decreases medicinal use independent of age or obesity.

Objetivo: Analisar a associação entre pressão arterial elevada, obesidade geral e abdominal, indicadores de atuação autonômica, prática habitual de atividade física e hábitos alimentares na rede pública de ensino de Londrina/PR. Métodos: Foram avaliados 189 sujeitos (75 masculino e 114 feminino), com idade entre 10 e 17 anos. Foram realizadas avaliações antropométricas, além da pressão arterial de repouso, atuação autonômica, hábitos alimentares e prática habitual de atividade física. O teste qui-quadrado foi aplicado para verificar associações da pressão arterial (variável dependente) com as demais variáveis. Aplicou-se também a regressão de Poisson para identificação da magnitude da associação. Resultados: Obesidade e obesidade abdominal foram associadas à pressão arterial elevada. Indivíduos com obesidade abdominal obtiveram 2,3 vezes mais chance (P=0,002) de apresentarem pressão arterial elevada. Conclusão: Adolescentes com obesidade abdominal possuem aproximadamente duas vezes mais chances de apresentarem pressão arterial elevada, independente dos níveis de obesidade.

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a associação entre auto-percepção da qualidade de vida e atividade física em idosos brasileiros. Foram investigados 199 indivíduos (117 homens e 82 mulheres) com idade entre 60 a 70 anos, funcionários de uma universidade pública. A atividade física foi estimada pela versão curta do Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física (IPAQ). A auto-percepção da qualidade de vida foi avaliada utilizando o questionário World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-Bref) composto por quatro domínios: físico, psicológico, relações sociais e meio ambiente. Não houve diferença na auto-percepção da qualidade de vida entre homens e mulheres. Em contrapartida, a qualidade de vida foi associada com atividade física quando ajustada pelo sexo, escolaridade e renda. O domínio físico foi o que apresentou a associação mais elevada com a atividade física (Odds Ratio = 2.70, IC 95% 1.87−3.52). Apenas o domínio meio ambiente avaliado pelo WHOQOL-Bref não foi associado com inatividade física. Em sujeitos idosos, a melhoria da auto-percepção da qualidade de vida está significativamente associada à atividade física.

The study aimed to identify the satisfaction of self-perception of body image in female adolescents, practicing rhythmic gymnastics (RG) and identify its possible relationship with nutritional status. We conducted a cross-sectional study with descriptive/analytical between 88 female adolescent athletes (12.3±1.3 years), participants in the state crown RG. For measurement of body image, it was applied the test range of silhouettes with nine figures, and the assessment of nutritional status, body mass index (BMI) based on the proposal of Conde and Monteiro (2006). Dissatisfaction with body image was of 77.3% and 55.7% of gymnasts unfulfilled wish to lessen the silhouette. We could say that the levels of body dissatisfaction among the athletes investigated are at least concern, as these even when considered within the normal BMI, want to be thinner.

It is possible that physical activity practice affects the quality of life of any subject, independently of age, sex and ethnicity. Therefore, this issue has received increasing attention. The aim of this study was to analyze through systematic review, national data about the relationship between physical activity and quality of life, as well as, to indicate future lines of research. It was carried out a systematic review in the Scientific Electronic Library Online (SCIELO). Only Brazilian original articles were taken into count. Statistical analysis was composed by signal test and Fisher’s exact test, being significance set at p

Monitoração dos níveis de prática de atividade física em segmentos da população jovem tem se tornado importante tema de interesse entre especialistas da área. O Objetivo do estudo foi verificar o nível de atividade física de escolares, baseando-se em duas recomendações vigentes, e analisar a existência de associações entre a quantidade de passos/dia e diferentes indicadores de adiposidade corporal. A casuística foi composta por 162 indivíduos de dez a 18 anos (65 do sexo masculino e 97 do sexo feminino). Foram calculados o Índice de Massa Corporal e o percentual de gordura por impedância bioelétrica. O nível de atividade física habitual foi mensurado por meio de “pedômetro” (New Lifestyles modelo NL-2000) e analisado de acordo com duas recomendações internacionais: Duncan et al. (masculino: 16.000 passos/dia e feminino: 13.000 passos/dia) e Tudor-Locke et al. (masculino: 15.000 passos/dia e feminino: 12.000 passos/dia). O teste t de Student e a ANOVA One-Away (Post Hoc – LSD) compararam os grupos formados. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5% (p£0,05). Dos resultados, apenas 18,5% da amostra cumpriu as recomendações propostas por Duncan e 25,9% cumpriram os pontos de corte propostos por Tudor-Locke et al.. Os adolescentes que não cumpriram as recomendações propostas por Duncan et al., apresentaram valores percentuais de gordura corporal maiores quando comparados aos jovens que cumpriram (p

OBJETIVOS: identificar as prevalências de pressão arterial elevada em crianças e adolescentes em estudos publicados nos últimos 30 anos. MÉTODOS: foi realizada uma busca nas seguintesbases de dados: Medline/PubMed, Lilacs, Web ofScience, Embase e Scielo entre os anos de 1980 e 2009. Foram incluídos estudos originais de prevalência de pressão arterial elevada ou hipertensão com tamanho amostral superior a 500sujeitos. RESULTADOS: a prevalência de pressão arterial elevada em crianças e adolescentes de 4 a 20 anos variou de 0,46% a 20,6%. As menores prevalências de pressão arterial elevada foram detectadas nos estudos em que a maior parte da amostra foi composta por crianças de 4 a 7 anos. Os protocolos mais utilizados na avaliação da pressão arterial foram o da Task Force e o do National High Blood Pressure Education Program. Ao todo 52,4% dos estudos utilizaram o método auscultatório para verificar a medida de pressão arterial e 47,6%, o método oscilométrico. CONCLUSÕES: apesar da grande discrepância dos valores de prevalência encontrados, ressalta-se ocrescimento da prevalência de pressão arterial elevada na população de crianças e adolescentes de diversas partes do mundo.OBJECTIVES: to identify the prevalence of high blood pressure in children and adolescents in studiespublished in the past 30 years. METHODS: a search was carried out in the Medline/PubMed, Lilacs, Web of Science, Embase and Scielo databases for articles published between 1980 and 2009. Articles were included if they were original studies of the prevalence of high arterial blood pressure or hypertension in a sample of more than 500 subjects. RESULTS: the prevalence of high blood pressure (in individuals aged between 4 and 20 years) varied from 0.46% to 20.6%. The lower prevalence of high blood pressure was found in studies where the majority ofthe sample was aged between 4 and 7 years. Theprotocols most commonly used for evaluation of blood pressure were those developed by the Task Force and National High Blood Pressure Education Program. In all, 52.4% of studies used auscultation to determine blood pressure and 47.6% used oscillometry. CONCLUSIONS: despite the great discrepancy between the values for prevalence found in the studies, it is clear that there has been a growth in the prevalence of high blood pressure in children and adolescents all over the world.

The practice of resistance training (RT) has been stimulated by important societies related to sports medicine and prevention/treatment of some diseases of musculoskeletal order and thus their practice for the treatment of chronic diseases has been discussed. However, there are severe limitations in the experimental design of many studies, this limitation creates bias in its application for such purposes. The aim of this study was to analyze, using a model of systematic review of national literature, the methodological quality of the papers used in weight training in adults and thus identify possible gaps in the national literature. A systematic literature review was conducted in an electronic database. The electronic search was performed in the Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO). Among the detected items, inclusion criteria were established: (i) original study involving the practice of weight training, (ii) study conducted in Brazil, (iii) is not a review article, (iv) does not involve other age groups, as children and adolescents. The statistical analysis was made using the chi-square test to compare proportions and the Fisher exact test. Among the studies that examined health-related outcomes, 75% used a control group, while only 26.7% of the studies did not analyze health used a control group. Only 47.8% of the studies used the 1RM test to prescribe intensity. Of the 23 articles analyzed only 30.4% used prior to the familiarization training protocol. There are more scientific studies male samples. Finally, our findings support the conclusion that there is a significant lack of discretion in the conduct of national studies involving RT. In addition, there is little national information on the RT to improve health and that this absence is most felt in specific age groups such as children and adolescents.

FUNDAMENTO: A prevalência de dislipidemias vem aumentando em diversas partes do Brasil, porém não é claro ainda quanto de exercício físico é necessário para se obter efeitos benéficos sobre os níveis de lipoproteínas plasmáticas. OBJETIVO: O estudo analisou, em oito cidades do Estado de São Paulo, a associação entre a prática continuada de exercícios físicos ao longo da vida e a ocorrência de dislipidemia na idade adulta. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal envolvendo 2.720 adultos, de ambos os sexos, residentes em oito cidades do Estado de São Paulo. Por meio de entrevista domiciliar, a presença de dislipidemias foi autorreferida e a prática de exercícios físicos foi analisada na infância (7-10 anos), na adolescência (11-17 anos) e na idade adulta (atividades de lazer). No tratamento estatístico, modelos multivariados foram criados com a regressão logística binária. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de dislipidemia foi de 12,2% (IC95%= 11,1%-13,5%) e não houve diferença entre as cidades (p = 0,443). Mulheres (p = 0,001) e obesos (p = 0,001) apresentaram maior taxa de dislipidemia. Exercício físico atual não se associou com a presença de dislipidemia ([> 180 minutos por semana] p = 0,165), porém, a prática de exercício físico, tanto na infância (p = 0,001) como na adolescência (p = 0,001), foi associada com menor ocorrência da doença. Adultos fisicamente ativos em todos os três momentos da vida apresentaram 65% menos chances de reportar dislipidemia (RC = 0,35 [0,15-0,78]). CONCLUSÃO: A prática continuada de exercícios físicos ao longo da vida foi associada com menor ocorrência de dislipidemia entre adultos do Estado de São Paulo.BACKGROUND: The prevalence of dyslipidemia is increasing in many parts of Brazil, but it is yet unclear how much exercise is needed to attain beneficial effects on plasma lipoprotein levels. OBJECTIVE: The study analyzed eight cities of the state of São Paulo, the association between the continued practice of physical exercise throughout life and the occurrence of dyslipidemia in adulthood. METHODS: Cross-sectional study involving 2,720 adults, of both sexes, living in eight cities of the state of São Paulo. Through household interviews, the presence of dyslipidemia was self-reported and physical exercise practice was assessed in childhood (7-10 years), adolescence (11-17 years) and adulthood (leisure activities). In the statistical analysis, multivariate models were created using binary logistic regression. RESULTS: The prevalence of dyslipidemia was 12.2% (95%CI: 11.1% -13.5%) and there was no difference between cities (p = 0.443). Women (p = 0.001) and obese individuals (p = 0.001) had a higher rate of dyslipidemia. Current practice of physical exercise was not associated with the presence of dyslipidemia ([> 180 minutes per week] p = 0.165); however, physical exercise, both in childhood (p = 0.001) and adolescence (p = 0.001) was associated with a lower incidence of the disease. Physically active adults in all three stages of life were 65% less likely to report dyslipidemia (OR = 0.35 [0.15 to 0.78]). CONCLUSION: The continued practice of physical exercise throughout life was associated with a lower incidence of dyslipidemia in adults in the State of São Paulo.

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a associação entre a prática de atividade física e indicadores de risco coronariano entre servidores do Hospital Universitário de Londrina. A amostra foi composta por 400 servidores de 20 a 67 anos, dos quais 64,8% eram mulheres e 35,3%, homens. Foi aplicado o questionário internacional de atividade física (IPAQ) versão curta e o inquérito de risco coronariano proposto pela Michigan Heart Association. Verificou-se que 64,3% dos entrevistados encontravam-se em risco de sobrepeso/obesidade. Quanto à prática de atividade física, verificou-se que 64,5% dos servidores eram irregularmente ativos. Constaou-se associação entre maior pratica de atividade física e menor risco coronariano, sobretudo nos homens. Como conclusão, foi encontrado alto risco de ocorrência de doenças cardiovasculares, bem como elevada proporção de indivíduos irregularmente ativos. Constatou-se igualmente que maior prática de atividades físicas associa-se com menor risco, porém esta associação ocorre de maneiras distintas entre os sexos.

O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar, segundo o esquema terapêutico, gastos com tratamento e indicadores de saúde. Foram avaliados 121 diabéticos (49 homens e 72 mulheres, de idade 60+8 anos). O esquema terapêutico compreende o uso de medicamentos, exercício físico e dieta. Despesas médicas foram transformadas em moeda (reais). Complementarmente, foram analisados a pressão arterial, a composição corporal e o risco coronariano. O tratamento estatístico foi efetuado através dos testes de χ2, “t de student” e ANOVA. O Grupo “exercício/medicamento” apresentou menor gasto com clínicos gerais e menor valor médio da pressão arterial; e o grupo dieta/medicamento, menor despesa com médicos especialistas e menor índice de massa corporal e risco coronariano. Concluiu-se que a adesão ao esquema terapêutico adequado pode ser determinante para indicadores de risco e custo.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar e comparar a prevalência de fatores de riscos cardiovasculares em adolescentes escolares de diferentes classes econômicas. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 1.021 adolescentes. Os indivíduos foram pesados e tiveram sua altura e circunferência abdominal medidos, além da sua pressão arterial aferida. A prática de atividade física e condição socioeconômica foram relatadas. Os resultados foram avaliados pela utilização da frequência das variáveis e pelo teste do qui-quadrado. RESULTADOS: Observou-se menor prevalência de sedentarismo (p < 0,001) e maiores prevalências de obesidade abdominal (p = 0,038) e de sobrepeso (p = 0,010) entre adolescentes da classe econômica alta. Não houve diferença de prevalência de pressão arterial elevada entre adolescentes da classe econômica baixa e alta. Quando os fatores de risco cardiovasculares foram agregados, a prevalência também foi maior na classe econômica alta para um ou dois fatores de risco. CONCLUSÃO: Com exceção do sedentarismo e da pressão arterial elevada, a prevalência de fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares foi maior na classe econômica alta.OBJECTIVE: To analyze and compare the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among school students of different economic conditions. METHODS: A total of 1,021 adolescents were analyzed. Subjects were weighed and had their height, waist circumference and blood pressure measured. Both physical activity and economic condition (low and high) were reported. Results were analyzed through frequencies of variables and the chi-square test. RESULTS: A lower prevalence of physical inactivity (p < 0.001) and higher prevalences of abdominal obesity (p = 0.038) and overweight (p = 0.010) were observed among adolescents of high economic class. No differences regarding high blood pressure were observed among adolescents of low and high economic classes. When cardiovascular risk factors were aggregated, the prevalence of one and two factors was also higher among high economic class adolescents. CONCLUSION: With the exception of physical inactivity and high blood pressure, the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors was higher among high economic status adolescents.

Monitoring physical activity levels in segments of the young population has become an important topic among specialists. The objective of this study was to analyze the physical activity level of schoolchildren based on two current recommendations and to examine the association between the number of steps/day and different indicators of adiposity. The sample consisted of 162 subjects aged 10 to 18 years (65 boys and 97 girls). Body mass index and body fat percentage were calculated. The level of physical activity was quantified with a pedometer (New Lifestyles NL-2000) based on the following recommendations: Duncan et al. (male: 16,000 steps/day and female: 13,000 steps/day) and Tudor-Locke et al. (male: 15,000 steps/day and female: 12,000 steps/day). The Student t-test and one-way ANOVA (LSD post hoc test) were used for comparison between groups. A level of significance of 5% was adopted (p £ 0.05). Only 18.5% of the sample met the recommendations proposed by Duncan et al. and 25.9% met the cutoff proposed by Tudor-Locke et al. Adolescents who did not meet the cutoff proposed by Duncan had higher body fat percentages than those who did (p < 0.05). In conclusion, a high rate of the youngsters did not meet the recommendations analyzed and only one indicator of adiposity was associated with meeting one of the recommendations.

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a prática de atividade física por jovens saudáveis em diferentes segmentos (trabalho, lazer e esportes) e relacionar com indicadores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares. MÉTODOS: A amostra foi composta por 32 estudantes de Educação Física, com idade media de 22,6 anos. A adiposidade corporal foi analisada através de circunferência da cintura (CC), índice de massa corporal (IMC) e impedância bioelétrica. Adicionalmente, valores de glicemia em jejum (10-12 horas), pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e diastólica (PAD) foram coletados. O nível de envolvimento com atividades Físicas foi avaliado por meio de questionário desenvolvido por Baecke et al. (1982). RESULTADOS: As atividades esportivas e de tempo livre não se relacionaram estatisticamente com os indicadores de risco cardiovascular. Porém, as atividades realizadas no trabalho (%GC, PAS e PAD) a somatória de todos os domínios investigados (PAD e Glicemia) relacionaram-se negativamente com os mesmos. CONCLUSÃO: Diferentes domínios da atividade física devem ser considerados quando se analisa o efeito da mesma sobre indicadores de saúde.OBJECTIVES: To analyze different physical activities domains in healthy adults and correlate with cardiovascular risk factors. METHODS: The sample was composed by 32 Physical Education undergraduate students, with mean age of 22.6 years old. Adiposity was assessed by waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI) and bioelectrical impedance. Additionally, fast glucose (10-12 hours), systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure were assessed. Physical activity level was assessed by questionnaire (Baecke et al., 1982). RESULTS: sports activities and leisure time were not related with cardiovascular risk factors. However, job activities were negatively related with %BF, SBP and DBP. CONCLUSION: Different physical activity domains should be considered when analyzing its associations with health indicators.