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We evaluated the HIV-1 DNA reservoir in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in people with HIV (PWH) and associations to cognitive dysfunction. Using the intact proviral DNA assay (IPDA), an emerging technique to identify provirus that may be the source of viral rebound, we assessed HIV DNA in CSF and PBMC in PWH regardless of antiretroviral therapy (ART). CSF was used as a sampling surrogate for the central nervous system (CNS) as opposed to tissue. IDPA results (3' defective, 5' defective, and intact HIV DNA) were analyzed by compartment (Wilcoxon signed rank; matched and unmatched pairs). Cognitive performance, measured via a battery of nine neuropsychological (NP) tests, were analyzed for correlation to HIV DNA (Spearman's rho). 11 CSF and 8 PBMC samples from PWH were evaluated both unmatched and matched. Total CSF HIV DNA was detectable in all participants and was significantly higher than in matched PBMCs (p ​= ​0.0039). Intact CSF HIV DNA was detected in 7/11 participants and correlated closely with those in PBMCs but tended to be higher in CSF than in PBMC. CSF HIV DNA did not correlate with global NP performance, but higher values did correlate with worse executive function (p ​= ​0.0440). Intact HIV DNA is frequently present in the CSF of PWH regardless of ART. This further supports the presence of an HIV CNS reservoir and provides a method to study CNS reservoirs during HIV cure studies. Larger studies are needed to evaluate relationships with CNS clinical outcomes.

This study presents an analysis of the influence of climatic conditions and the operation of a dam reservoir on the occurrence of ice cover and water temperature in two rivers (natural and transformed by reservoir operations) located in the Carpathian Mountains (central Europe). The analyses are based on data obtained from four hydrological and two climatological stations. The Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) machine learning model was used to quantitatively separate the effects of climate change from the effects arising from the operation of the dam reservoir. An analysis of the effects of reservoir operation on the phase synchronization between air and river water temperatures based on a continuous wavelet transform was also conducted. The analyses showed that there has been an increase in the average air temperature of the study area in November by 1.2 °C per decade (over the period 1984–2016), accompanied by an increase in winter water temperature of 0.3 °C per decade over the same period. As water and air temperatures associated with the river not influenced by the reservoir increased, there was a simultaneous reduction in the duration of ice cover, reaching nine days per decade. The river influenced by the dam reservoir showed a 1.05 °C increase in winter water temperature from the period 1994–2007 to the period 1981–1994, for which the operation of the reservoir was 65% responsible and climatic conditions were 35% responsible. As a result of the reservoir operation, the synchronization of air and water temperatures was disrupted. Increasing water temperatures resulted in a reduction in the average annual number of days with ice cover (by 27.3 days), for which the operation of the dam reservoir was 77.5% responsible, while climatic conditions were 22.5% responsible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Life cycle assessment (LCA) distinguishes three types of water use: (1) consumptive water use, (2) degradative water use, and (3) in-stream water use. When it comes to assessing the impact of turbine water use (TWU, major source of in-stream water use) in LCA, so far, no method exists to quantify the related environmental impacts. Here, we developed the first midpoint characterization factors (CFs) with global coverage for turbine water use of storage and pumped storage hydropower power plants. Methods: The midpoint CF at the basin scale describes the hydropower regulation potential (HRP) [HDOR·y] per TWU [m3]. The HRP indicates the probability of how strongly the natural flow regime of a river is potentially affected by all upstream reservoir operation, calculated as the quotient between reservoir volume [m3] and the annual river discharge [m3/y]. The hydropower degree of regulation (HDOR) thereby equals the unitless m3/m3 fraction. The TWU depends on the electricity production [kWh] and the turbine efficiency [m3/kWh]. We tested the sensitivity of the input data on the calculated CFs for four parameters (discharge, turbine efficiency, multipurpose allocation, and plant type). Furthermore, we performed a case study to analyze if consumptive and TWU impacts of producing 1 kWh are correlated or not. Results and discussion: The calculated CFs for the 342 basins vary from 1.13E-13 HDOR·y/m3 to 3.28E10-7 HDOR·y/m3. The HDOR values range from 0.0015 to 16.66, and the TWU varies between 0.0030 km3 and 2824 km3. A HDOR ≥ 0.02 can be interpreted as affected basin, and only 23 out of 342 basins have a HDOR below this threshold. This confirms that TWU of hydropower production can have important environmental impacts. The sensitivity analyses revealed that discharge and turbine efficiency are the most sensitive parameters because they are influencing almost all basins. The results of the case study showed that a high consumptive water-use impact does not automatically lead to a high TWU impact and vice versa (R2 values of 0.0081 and 0.003). Conclusion: Our study highlights that it is important to account for the environmental impacts of in-stream water use in LCA, as otherwise, the environmental impact can be underestimated, which could lead to wrong conclusions. However, the CFs are not meant to replace a local risk assessment of hydropower reservoir operation and should only be used for relative comparison between basins. The CF application in LCA will represent a step forward towards more sustainable hydropower development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastic concentrations were studied in surface waters of two reservoirs playing an important role in water storage and supply in Vietnam, the Dau Tieng and Tri An reservoirs, by collecting water samples during dry and rainy seasons. Microplastic mean concentration (including all sites and seasons per reservoir) was of 3.96 ± 1.38 items m−3 at Dau Tieng and 4.04 ± 1.35 items m−3 at Tri An, and is in the range of concentrations found in other reservoirs studied worldwide. We noted that microplastic spatial distribution was driven by difference levels of anthropogenic activities and population density surrounding each area of the reservoirs. Between the two seasons, microplastic mean abundance did not change at the level of the Dau Tieng reservoir (4.36 ± 1.71 items m−3 and 3.57 ± 0.95 items m−3 during dry and rainy season, respectively), but their value significantly decreased at specific sites under intense anthropogenic activities during the rainy season. Meanwhile, in Tri An reservoir, mean microplastic abundance and size significantly decrease during the rainy season. Although the mean abundances are low value, ecological concern needs to be addressed because of the important touristic activities and their potential impact to the quality of the water and to the agriculture development of the surrounding areas. We therefore questioned microplastic as a new parameter to include into local environmental monitoring network, and we recommended to consider microplastic as an important parameter in the monitoring control of the surface water quality of the two reservoirs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monitoring and analyzing reservoir water quality are crucial for ecological and environmental strategies. This study examines the differences between the water quality index (WQI) of Indonesia (WQI-INA), Malaysia (DOE-Malaysia), Oregon (WQI-Oregon), and Italy (PI-Prati), considering the tropical climate of Indonesia and Malaysia, and contrasting with the temperate climate of Oregon and the Mediterranean climate of Italy. Using data from the Sutami Reservoir in Indonesia from 2015 to 2021, the study assesses water quality parameters such as BOD, COD, DO, NH3, NO3, total suspended solids, total phosphorus (TP), and pH at various depths (0.3, 5, and 10 meters) across three sites (upstream, midstream, down-stream). The results show varied classifications: WQI-INA rated the reservoir as "pretty good," WQI-Oregon as "poor," and both DOE-Malaysia and PI-Prati as "slightly polluted." Spatial analysis of vertical distribution revealed "slightly polluted" (WQI-INA), "moderately polluted" (WQI-Oregon and PI-Prati), and "heavily polluted" (DOE-Malaysia). These discrepancies arise from differences in local environmental standards, regulatory requirements, and specific water quality concerns included in each index. The Sutami Reservoir water quality status was declared using WQI-INA, however, other methods were employed to simulate the worst-case scenarios and inform preventive actions. The Sutami Reservoir hyper-eutrophic conditions indicate a pollution load capacity of 65.22 tons per year. Critical parameters such as pH and TP highlight significant water quality and pollution issues. Recommendations for water quality treatment under heavy pollution conditions include applying 12.09-120.87 tons of lime, using 78.75-393.75 kg of chemical buffers, oxygen diffusion, controlling riparian vegetation over 2.37-23.7 hectares, dredging 37,100 m3 of sediment per year, and reducing nutrient sources through community involvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of dredging reservoirs serves the purpose of preserving water storage capacity and ensuring the functionality of navigational channels. Additionally, it has the potential to mitigate the presence of pollutants and chemicals that pose risks to both the environment and human well-being. This review article examines the many ways of disposal and treatment of dredged sediment, as well as the ecological and economic advantages associated with these approaches. Algae and reed-based treatment methods have the potential to effectively and economically remediate and sustainably manage dredged sediments. Landfills and ocean dumping are widely utilized methods for the disposal of excavated materials. However, other approaches such as land reclamation, the use of fill material, and the preservation of wetlands can offer cost-effective solutions while also contributing to environmental conservation. The implementation of sediment cleaning, stabilization, and solidification techniques has the potential to effectively mitigate waste and improve the quality of sediment, hence facilitating its reuse. Algae and reed-based treatment systems have been found to effectively mitigate disposal costs and contribute to environmental enhancement. Additionally, the practice of reusing dredged sediments has been recognized as a valuable strategy in promoting a circular economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composite xerogel films with structural orientation, controlled swelling degree, and drug‐release ability are prepared using biocompatible megamolecular liquid crystalline polysaccharide (sacran) secreted by a cyanobacterium Aphanothece sacrum. The sacran xerogel films (Sac‐XFs) are formed by drying sacran aqueous solution including vitamin C (L‐ascorbic acid, AA) and trehalose under various conditions. In X‐ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry of Sac‐XFs, diffractions or melting points of either AA or trehalose are not detected, indicating no crystal formation. Additionally, the stability of entrapped AA in Sac‐XFs is evaluated through changes in film color and percentage loss, to indicate that AA stability is enhanced by entrapment in Sac‐XFs in the presence of trehalose. Scanning electron microscopy of Sac‐XFs reveals the morphological orientation, and number of striped lines along the longitudinal axis of film edges on side views while no visible textures in top views. When Sac‐XFs are immersed in water, anisotropic swelling is observed, and anisotropy decreases with an increase in the drying temperature of the films. AA is released preferentially from the hydrogel sheet edges, indicating the direction‐controlled release. Thus, the trehalose/sacran composite xerogels offer an alternative platform for preserving and controlled‐releasing sensitive substances for fields of foods, pharmaceutics, and cosmetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we explore the potential of assimilating satellite-derived reservoir storage data into the global-scale hydrodynamic model CaMa-Flood, focusing on the Yangtze River basin. We evaluated three data assimilation (DA) methods: direct assimilation (DIR), anomaly based assimilation (ANO), and normalized assimilation (NOM). Our results show that the DIR method achieved the most significant improvements in reservoir storage and downstream discharge simulations. DIR reduced the average relative root mean square error (rRMSE) of reservoir storage estimates by 80.5%, and increased discharge correlation (ΔCC) by 78.6% in the 14 validated discharge stations. ANO, while effective in certain cases, led to mixed results, with 56.4% of the 39 assimilated dams showing improved storage estimates and a modest 7.8% reduction in average RMSE. NOM had minimal impact, with negligible changes in RMSE or discharge correlation (ΔCC). The direct assimilation method (DIR) consistently outperformed the others, improving both reservoir storage and downstream discharge estimates. However, the magnitude of improvement varied across locations, highlighting the need for the further refinement of DA techniques and input data, especially for regions with complex reservoir operations. Our findings enhance reservoir representation in global hydrodynamic models and improve the predictability of river dynamics and water resource management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Romania has a rich hydrographic network, which permitted the construction of over 80 large dams on its water courses, estimating a number between 545 and 674 hydropower plants that were either built or were in a different construction stage on the rivers of Romania in 2021. These hydropower plants were often built outside specific legislation regarding ecological impacts, especially before 1990. Longitudinal fragmentation of rivers causes severe ecological impacts on biodiversity, food chains, and nutrient cycles. Someșul Cald River is the main tributary of Someșul Mic River, the most important water source for the northwestern region of Transylvania. On its course, several dams and reservoirs were built from 1968 to 1980 for electricity production and population freshwater supply. The present study aimed to analyze the length–weight relationships (LWRs) and condition factors occurring in the longitudinally fragmented Someșul Cald River. The LWRs, relative condition factor Kn, and Fulton condition factor K were determined based on total length and wet body weight. Comparisons of LWRs, Kn, and K across river sections constrained by dams showed that some fish species exhibited similar growth patterns and physiological conditions, while others differed significantly. Freshwater fish physiology is altered by longitudinal fragmentation, both natural and artificial. Barriers such as dams influence the energy gradient, limiting feed availability and, consequently, the life history of fish species. Long-term management plans regarding conservation should take into consideration existing fish species population dynamics, along with their physiological and somatic status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a simulation-based approach for optimizing CO2 injection into depleted gas reservoirs, with the goal of enhancing underground CO2 storage. The research employs a two-dimensional dynamic reservoir model, developed using Darcy's law, to describe gas flow in a pressure-homogeneous porous medium, along with real gas equations. The model integrates the Du Fort–Frenkel and finite-difference methods to accurately simulate the behavior of CO2 during injection and storage. Real data from an operational gas storage facility were used to calibrate the model. CO2sim v1 software, specifically developed for this purpose, simulates CO2 injection cycles and quiescence phases, enabling the optimization of storage capacity and energy efficiency. The reservoir model, based on the engineering of the geological structure, is discretized into approximately 16,000 cells and solved using the finite-difference method, allowing for rapid simulation of CO2 injection and quiescence processes. The average computation time for a 150-day cycle is approximately 5 min. Simulation results indicate that increasing the number of injection wells and carefully controlling the injection rates significantly improves the distribution of CO2 within the reservoir, thereby enhancing storage efficiency. Additionally, appropriate well placement and prolonged quiescence periods lead to better CO2 dispersion, increasing the storage potential while reducing energy costs. The study concludes that further development of the software, along with comprehensive technical and economic assessments, is required to fully optimize CO2 storage on a commercial scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The practice of oil and gas exploration has confirmed the existence of recoverable shale oil resources in the Permian Lucaogou Formation on the northern edge of the Bogda Mountains. However, previous research on the development characteristics and main controlling factors of shale oil resources in this area is relatively limited. In order to elucidate the development characteristics and principal controlling factors of the shale deposit in the Lucaogou Formation, the characteristics, physical properties, diagenesis, and influencing factors of the shale ore were investigated utilising data derived from outcrop, drilling, seismic, and geochemical analysis. The findings indicate that the shale of the Lucaogou Formation is prevalent and extensive. The deposit's lithology is predominantly composed of dark grey and grey-black mud shale, interspersed with thin layers of dark grey and grey-black sandy mud shale and dolomite mud shale. The most prevalent minerals are carbonate minerals, followed by feldspar and quartz, with a notable proportion of brittle minerals. The deposit is primarily composed of dissolution pores, bedding fractures, and structural fractures, with a porosity of 1.23–3.26% and permeability of 0.012–0.076 mD, which are characteristic of ultra-low porosity and ultra-low permeability deposits. Among the three deposit types, the sandstone type exhibits the most favourable physical properties, followed by the dolomite type and the shale type, which displays the least favourable properties. The shale of the Lucaogou Formation is currently in the middle diagenetic phase, which is characterised by compaction, cementation (carbonate cementation, mudstone cementation, pebble cementation), and dissolution. The destructive effect of compaction and cementation on the physical properties is counterbalanced by the constructive effect of dissolution. The diagenetic environment has gradually changed from an alkaline environment to a slightly alkaline, slightly acidic stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on optimizing the storage capacity of an underground natural gas storage facility through numerical modeling and simulation techniques. The reservoir, characterized by an elongated dome structure, was discretized into approximately 16,000 cells. Simulations were conducted using key parameters such as permeability (10–70 mD) and porosity (12–26%) to assess the dynamics of gas injection and pressure distribution. The model incorporated core and petrophysical data to accurately represent the reservoir's behavior. By integrating new wells in areas with storage deficits, the model demonstrated improvements in storage efficiency and pressure uniformity. The introduction of additional wells led to a significant increase in storage volume from 380 to 512 million Sm³ and optimized the injection process by reducing the storage period by 25%. The study concludes that reservoir performance can be enhanced with targeted well placement and customized flow rates, resulting in both increased storage capacity and economic benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reservoir projects often have significant impacts on ecosystems. The resulting environmental problems hinder the ecologically sustainable development of project areas. Research focusing on landscape pattern vulnerability could shed light on ecological restoration in disturbed sites. However, few studies have specifically examined reservoir areas in this context. This study investigates the spatial distribution characteristics, change rules, spatial autocorrelation, and driving forces of landscape pattern vulnerability in the Qianping Reservoir area (3859.16 hm2) from 2000 to 2020 using land use data. The findings reveal several key points: (1) Over the study period, cultivated land, grassland, and forest land are the key landscape types, covering more than 90% of the area. Cultivated land decreased by 481.57 hm2 as other land use types expanded. (2) Vulnerability remained stable in the first decade but sharply increased from 2010 to 2020, showing a trend of spatial aggregation. Reservoir construction and simultaneous ecological restoration efforts led to shifts in vulnerability zones across the landscape. (3) Spatial distribution of landscape pattern vulnerability shows a positive correlation, which strengthened by 2020 compared to earlier years. (4) Man-made factors, particularly land use changes, significantly influence landscape pattern vulnerability, with their impact growing over time. These findings not only provide a scientific basis for ecological restoration and landscape reconstruction in the Qianping Reservoir area but also offer insights applicable to similar environments. Overall, this study enhances theoretical understanding of reservoir landscape pattern vulnerability and contributes valuable perspectives on ecological restoration strategies for reservoir areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytoplankton are an important part of aquatic ecosystems and substantially contribute to primary productivity. Under certain conditions, phytoplankton can grow or cluster in large numbers, resulting in enormous economic losses and serious threats to human life and health. In this study, complex causative species of algal blooms were examined and regulatory factors were determined in a reservoir formed by harbor construction. The reservoir is isolated from the harbor by sluice gates, forming a separate water region. Twelve species of phytoplankton, including normally and abnormally blooming species, were identified to be causing blooms in this continuous water. Different from the areas where simple algae caused blooms, multiple bloom-causative species, which were completely different, occurred at several stations. In this study area, whereas the abundance of algal cells was above 10 million cells/L, the total phosphorus concentration was higher than 0.2 mg/L. When the total phosphorus concentration was lower than 0.2 mg/L, there was no algal bloom. In waters with total algal cell abundance over 10 million, the N/P ratios were all <8. This study indicates that the occurrence of algal blooms in this water was influenced by the concentrations of total nitrogen and phosphorus, and total phosphorus plays a more important role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main principles of optimal flow regulation in small rivers by reservoirs are presented. New methodological approaches are considered, taking into account the need of differential analysis of the physiographic conditions of the areas where the basins of the examined rivers are located. This is of particular importance in the case of formation of regional response to global climate warming with a combination of unfavorable economic and environmental conditions. The methodological basis of the study includes the geosystem approach and a basin principle, which allow comprehensive incorporation of the effect of the totality of natural and anthropogenic factors on the formation of variations of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of water in watercourse and the ecological conditions in them. The methods of studies include the physiographic zoning of the Ural River basin within the boundaries of the Russian Federation, statistical and graphical analysis of materials of long-term hydrometeorological observations, cartography, etc. The results of the study include methodological provision and substantiation of methodological principles for optimal flow regulation of small rivers in the Ural River basin by reservoirs within the boundaries of the Russian Federation, taking into account environmental and economic criteria. They form a part of a vast list of proposals aimed at hydrological-environmental rehabilitation of small rivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the risks of planktonic algal proliferation and its environmental causes is crucial for protecting water quality and controlling ecological risks. Reservoirs, due to the characteristics of slow flow rates and long hydraulic retention times, are more prone to eutrophication and algal proliferation. Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) serves as an indicator of planktonic algal biomass. Exploring the intricate interactions and driving mechanisms between Chl-a and the water environment, and the potential risks of algal blooms, is crucial for ensuring the ecological safety of reservoirs and the health of water users. This study focused on the Danjiangkou Reservoir (DJKR), the core water source of the Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project of China (MRSNWDPC). The multivariate statistical methods and structural equation modeling were used to explore the relationships between chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) contents and water quality factors and understand the driving mechanisms affecting Chl-a variations. The Copula function and Bayesian theory were combined to analyze the risk of changes in Chl-a concentrations at Taocha (TC) station, which is the core water source intake point of the MRSNWDPC. The results showed that the factors driving planktonic algal proliferation were spatially heterogeneous. The main factors affecting Chl-a concentrations in Dan Reservoir (DR) were water physicochemical factors (water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH value, and turbidity) with a total contribution rate of 60.18%, whereas those in Han Reservoir (HR) were nutrient factors (total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and ammonia nitrogen) with a total contribution rate of 73.58%. In TC, the main factors were water physicochemical factors (turbidity, pH, and water temperature) and nutrient factors (total phosphorus) with total contribution rates of 39.76% and 45.78%, respectively. When Chl-a concentrations in other areas of the DJKR ranged from the minimum to the uppermost quartile, the probabilities that Chl-a concentrations at the TC station exceeded 3.4 μg/L (the benchmark value of Chl-a for lakes in the central-eastern lake area of China) owing to the influence of these areas were all less than 10%. Thus, the risk of planktonic algal proliferation at the MRSNWDPC intake point is low. This study developed an integrated framework to investigate spatiotemporal changes in algal proliferation and their driving factors in reservoirs, which can be used to support water quality management in mega hydro projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Revealing the subtle variations in thermal structure in a reservoir is crucial for accurately understanding the interaction between water and the carbon cycle. This study provides a detailed description of the thermal structure of Dalongdong reservoir, a representative subtropical stratified reservoir in Guangxi, China. It unveils the three stable state changes in water – mixing, microstratification, and stratification – along with their influencing factors. The study emphasizes air temperature (AT) as the primary factor influencing water temperature (WT) stability, followed by water level. Cross-correlation analysis shows that adjacent WTs experience a prolonged response hysteresis during the stratification period, while the mixing period exhibits a shorter hysteresis. Wavelet analysis revealed that AT and surface-layer WT exhibited a dominant oscillation period of 16–32 h. The periodicity of other water layers is not obvious. This framework can help to enhance our understanding of material cycles and protection of the water environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humans have considerably influenced accumulation rates and sediment composition in lake deposits. Due to near‐continuous accumulation, lakes and reservoirs are an excellent archive of these anthropogenic influences. The Urft Reservoir in the Eifel Mountains, western Germany, provides a unique record of the human influence on the landscape for the past 115 years. In 2020 and 2021, 24 cores and 23 surface samples were obtained from the bottom of the, by that time drained, reservoir. Grain size, heavy metals, weathering signatures and microplastic were analysed. For the chronology, caesium‐137 and microplastic were used. Using the first occurrence of microplastic as well as different plastic types for dating was not successful. However, a distinct layer with a high number of microplastic particles could be traced back to a fire in 1991 and was used as an additional stratigraphic marker in the age‐depth model. A period of relatively high accumulation rates in the reservoir occurred in the mid‐1950s and was related to enhanced construction works in the local valleys. Analysis of heavy metal content in the reservoir sediments shows a strong connection to historical changes in ore industry in the valley of the Urft. Stricter environmental protection laws and the decline of the metal processing industry resulted in a reduced input of lead, copper and zinc in the reservoir until the mid‐1980s. Since then, heavy metal content has remained relatively constant. A major flooding event in July 2021 did not lead to the remobilisation of older contaminated deposits as indicated by low heavy metal content in flood deposits. Accordingly, also the microplastic content is not increasing following the extreme event. Due to the degree of weathering of the flood deposits, it is argued that mainly hillslope material was transported into the Urft and subsequently into the Urft Reservoir during this event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2019, random samples of Panicum miliaceum growing as a weed were surveyed to uncover their virus infections at two locations in Hungary. This pilot study revealed infection with three viruses, two appearing for the first time in the country. As follow-up research, in the summer of 2021, we collected symptomatic leaves of several monocotyledonous plants in the same locations and determined their viromes using small RNA high-throughput sequencing (HTS). As a result, we have identified the presence of wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV), barley yellow striate mosaic virus (BYSMV), barley virus G (BVG), and two additional viruses, namely Aphis glycines virus 1 (ApGlV1) and Ljubljana dicistrovirus 1 (LDV1), which are described for the first time in Hungary. New hosts of the viruses were identified: Cynodon dactylon is a new host of BYSMV and LDV1, Echinocloa crus-galli is a new host of BVG, ApGlV1 and LDV1, Sorghum halepense is a new host of ApGlV1, and Panicum miliaceum is a new host of LDV1. At the same time, Zea mays is a new host of ApGlV1 and LDV1. Small RNA HTS diagnosed acute infections but failed to detect persistent ones, which could be revealed using RT-PCR. The infection rates at the different locations and plant species were different. The phylogenetic analyses of the sequenced virus variants suggest that the tested monocotyledonous weeds can host different viruses and play a virus reservoir role. Viral spread from the reservoir species relies on the activity of insect vectors, which is why their management requires an active role in plant protection strategies, which need careful planning in the changing environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, an ensemble inflow-prediction system was developed for a hydropower-generation dam in the upper Sai River basin, and the accuracy of ensemble inflow prediction, which is important for efficient dam operation, was investigated. First, the Water and Energy Based Distributed Hydrological Model for Snow (WEB-DHM-S), a hydrological model developed for the Sai River basin, can represent the hydrological process from warm to cold seasons. Next, a system was developed on the Data Integration and Analysis System (DIAS) to predict inflows into the dam by inputting real-time meteorological data and ensemble rainfall forecast data into WEB-DHM-S. The WEB-DHM-S was calibrated and validated over a 3-year period from August 2015 to July 2018, and showed good agreement with observed inflows from base flow to peak flow and snowmelt runoff in each year. The results of inflow forecasting during frontal rainfall in August 2021 by inputting ensemble rainfall forecasts up to 39 h ahead showed that at the Inekoki Dam site, the total inflow (volume) to the peak was predicted with an accuracy of within 20% at 30 h, 24 h, 18 h, 12 h, and 6 h before the peak. These ensemble inflow forecasts can help optimize dam operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The control of African trypanosomiasis (AT) in Eastern and Southern Africa, including Zambia, faces huge challenges due to the involvement of wild and domestic animal reservoirs. Free-roaming dogs in wildlife-populated and tsetse-infested villages of Zambia's Mambwe district are exposed to infectious tsetse bites. Consuming fresh raw game meat and bones further exacerbates their risk of contracting AT. We focus on the reservoir role of such dogs in maintaining and transmitting diverse species of trypanosomes that are infective to humans and livestock in Zambia's Mambwe district. A cohort of 162 dogs was enrolled for follow-up at 3 different time points from June to December 2018 in selected villages of Malama, Mnkhanya, and Nsefu chiefdoms of Mambwe district, eastern Zambia. Blood and serum were screened for AT by microscopy, GM6 ELISA, PCR (ITS1 and SRA), and Sanger sequencing. Out of the 162 dogs in the cohort, 40 were lost to follow-up and only 122 remained traceable at the end of the study. GM6 ELISA detected Trypanosoma antibodies in 121 dogs (74.7%) and ITS1-PCR detected DNA involving single and mixed infections of T. congolense, T. brucei, and suspected T. simiae or T. godfreyi in 115 dogs (70.9%). The human-infective T. b. rhodesiense was detected by SRA PCR in 67 dogs (41.4%), and some sequence data that support the findings of this study have been deposited in the GenBank under accession numbers OL961811, OL961812, and OL961813. Our study demonstrates that the Trypanosoma reservoir community in Zambia is wider than was thought and includes domesticated dogs. As dogs are active carriers of human and livestock-infective trypanosomes, they pose a risk of transmitting AT in endemic villages of Mambwe district as they are neglected and left untreated. To fully bring AT under control, countries such as Zambia where the role of animal reservoirs is important, should not limit their prevention and treatment efforts to livestock (especially cattle) but also include dogs that play an integral part in most rural communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global warming has caused an increase in the frequency and duration of droughts worldwide. Droughts could trigger large changes in physico-chemical conditions and phytoplankton community in waterbodies, resulting in a shift in the phytoplankton community. Spring diatom blooms in reservoirs have been increasingly observed in the past decade in the Taihu Lake basin. The aim of the present study is to elucidate the impacts of droughts on aquatic environment and to determine the driving factors for the succession of the phytoplankton functional groups based on the analysis of data collected during spring from 2009 to 2020 in the Daxi Reservoir. The unimodal relationship between 1-month aggregated precipitation index and phytoplankton species richness indicated the competitive exclusion occurred in extremely drought period. The structural equation modeling indicated that drought-related low water level conditions intensified sediment resuspension, and increased the phosphorus-enriched nonalgal turbidity in the Daxi Reservoir. Concurrently, a steady shift in the Reynolds phytoplankton functional groups from L0, TD, J, X2, and A (phytoplankton taxa preferring low turbidity and nutrient conditions) to TB (pennate diatoms being adapt to turbid and nutrient-rich conditions) was observed. The increased TP and non-algal turbidity in addition to the lowered disturbance contribute to the prevalence of Group TB. Considering the difficulties in nutrient control, timely water replenishment is often a feasible method of controlling the dominance of harmful algae for reservoir management. Finally, alternative water sources are in high demand for ensuring ecological safety and water availability when dealing with drought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reservoir-type drinking water sources in the Pearl River Delta ensure a safe urban water supply; thus, land-use changes are important factors affecting these aquatic environments. In this study, we investigated the water source areas of medium and large reservoirs in the Pearl River Delta to determine the contributions and trends of land-use changes within reservoir drinking water source areas to the reservoir water quality. First, we analyzed dynamic land-use changes in reservoir-type water sources in the Pearl River Delta region from 1980 to 2020. We then used the gray relational analysis method to determine the relationship between land use and water quality changes. We analyzed changes in the main water quality factors in the Dajingshan Reservoir (Zhuhai) and determined the relationship between changes in land use and the reservoir water quality index over the past 20 years using correlation and redundancy analyses. The results indicate that paddy fields, dry land, forest land, and water areas were the main land-use types around reservoir-type drinking water sources in the Pearl River Delta. Although construction land and water areas expanded, paddy fields, dry land, and forest land areas decreased. The land transfer trend was mainly from forest and cultivated land to production and living land (e. g. 1980-2020), construction land) and water areas. With the implementation of the policy, the aforementioned land-use transformation began to slow. Regionally, the risk sources of non-point source pollution in the study area gradually decreased, but still accounted for 9.48% of total land use in 2020. The water quality of reservoir sources in the Pearl River Delta improved; however, nitrogen pollution remains problematic. Gray relational analysis indicates that land-use changes and water quality were correlated (in order of decreasing strength): construction land > agricultural land > forest land. Non-point source pollution caused by land use remains an important influencing factor. The Dajingshan Reservoir water quality is seriously polluted, as the total nitrogen exceeded the standard during several months, and nitrogen and phosphorus pollution gradually increased over time. Nitrogen and phosphorus were the main pollutants in the reservoir. Big mountain reservoir redundancy, correlation, and partial least squares regression analyses indicate that the land use type and water quality index were correlated, forest land and the nitrogen/phosphorus water quality index were negatively correlated, and construction and agricultural land were significantly positively correlated, which had a positive effect on the total nitrogen concentration. The influence of land-use patterns on non-point source pollution remains an uncontrollable factor. The specific effects of land-use changes on water quality are complex; therefore, further modeling should investigate the mechanism by which the water supply quality is influenced to improve reservoir water quality, ensure the safety of the regional water supply, and provide support for ecological restoration measures in protected areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Widely regarded as one of the chief causes of diseases in cattle population, bovine herpesvirus‐1 (BoHV‐1) has the potential to infect sheep and goat, making them potential reservoirs or hosts for this virus. Thus, preventive measures against BoHV‐1 in cattle should not overlook the ability of this virus to infect other animals. Aims: Therefore, the focal point of this study was to ascertain the seroprevalence of BoHV‐1 in 300 healthy goats, the relationship between host and the environmental determinants of infection, and the contributing role of goats in the epidemiology of the BoHV‐1. Materials & Methods: In order to pinpoint the existing antibodies to BoHV‐1, the obtained sera were analyzed by Virus Neutralization test. Results: According to this test, the seroprevalence of BoHV‐1 appeared to be 64.33% in southwestern Iran. What logistic regression disclosed was that the odds ratio between age and infection with BoHV‐1 was 0.83 (p = 0.01), representing a decrease of 17% as goats grew one year older. In addition, females manifested a higher relative frequency of infection compared to males, with the odds of infection in female goats being registered at 1.88, compared to those in males (p = 0.2). Moreover, contrasted with goats lacking any history of abortion, those with a history of abortion featured 1.1 as the odds ratio (p = 0.87). The seroprevalence in Hendijan, Ahvaz, Shushtar and Dasht e Azadegan was detected to stand at 73.24, 71.30, 55.56 and 47.06 percent, respectively, with 6% of fluctuation in the infection rates being attributed to various geographical locations under the scrutiny of this study (p = 0.003). Discussion and Conclusion: Having attested the marked seroprevalence of BoHV‐1, the definitive role of goats in the epidemiology of this virus as a secondary host or reservoir was confirmed by the present study, necessitating the strict monitoring of BoHV‐1 in goats by animal health authorities in areas where BoHV‐1 abounds in cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tecnología y Ciencias del Agua is the property of Instituto Mexicano de Tecnologia del Agua (IMTA) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Arid Zone Research / Ganhanqu Yanjiu is the property of Arid Zone Research Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Information on the state of the nesting population of some species of the order Charadariiformes (Charadriiformes) based on our own expeditionary and published data obtained during the study of bird species of the marsh-near-water complex, which is the most sensitive to changes in the water regime of reservoirs in the southern European part of Russia (using the example of artificial reservoirs of the Republic of Kalmykia), due to increased anthropogenic pressure and climate change is provided. An analysis of the impact of the water factor (drainage/watering of the reservoir) on the nesting population of some representatives of the Gull family (Laridae) is given. Information is provided on the features of the nesting ecology of the most typical nesting species of this taxonomic group for the study area, and their general quantitative indicators and population dynamics for the period 2011–2015 are given. The contribution of the reservoirs of the Sarpinskaya lake system and Deed-Khulsun Lake to the preservation and enrichment of biodiversity of the region was assessed. Recommendations are given for managing their hydrological regime in order to maintain and preserve populations of rare and vulnerable bird species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brazil's Northeast region (BRN), especially the state of Ceará (CE), has dealt historically with severe drought events since the late 1800s, which commonly led to catastrophic impacts of mass migration and deaths of thousands of people. Throughout the last century, the "Droughts Polygon" region experienced an intense infrastructural development, with the expansion of a dense network of reservoirs. This paper presents a parsimonious hydrologic modeling approach to investigate the 100‐year (1920–2020) evolution of the hydrology of the 24,500 km2 Upper Jaguaribe Basin, throughout the development of a dense reservoir network. We aimed at reproducing the hydrology at the basin scale and analyzed the outcomes of reservoir expansion in terms of water fluxes and water security. Our model's structure captured the growth in reservoir count and storage capacity, which was then confronted with an evolving water demand, allowing us to estimate how water security (i.e., proportion of demand being met) varied over the 100‐year period. Significant streamflow reduction at the basin's outlet and increase in evaporation losses, associated with a decrease in streamflow at varying exceedance frequencies were observed at the end of the study period. While reservoir expansion allowed for the transition from complete vulnerability to meteorological droughts to increased levels of water security, drought impacts had, in the meantime, disproportionally intensified, especially in reservoirs of medium to small capacities. Smaller reservoirs are suggested to have played the role of distributing water resources throughout the region, while larger reservoirs were more efficient as tools to promote water security. Plain Language Summary: Brazil's Northeast region is known to suffer from severe droughts since colonial times. The state of Ceará is perhaps the best representation of how hydraulic interventions were used in the last century to mitigate water scarcity in Brazil's semi‐arid. Recently, the debate on how widespread construction of reservoirs can lead to unintended (negative) consequences in terms of water provisioning has been the brought to the attention of the scientific community. Studies to quantitatively characterize such phenomena are thus necessary to create basic understanding on how humans interact with water systems, with the potential of promoting more sustainable water management practices. In this study, we investigate a large region in the state of Ceará that experienced a dramatic increase in storage capacity through the last century, spurred by the construction of dams of varying sizes led by both local population as well as funded by the authorities. Our study tries to characterize how this complex system has evolved over time in terms of the positive and negative effects reservoir expansion might have brought to humans living in that region. Key Points: A hydrologic model with an evolving structure was developed to capture 100 years of reservoir expansion in a large semi‐arid basinDrought intensity and duration evolved differently through the system, with smaller reservoirs becoming more affected over timeWater retention in the basin reduced streamflow at the basin outlet and increased evaporation losses [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diagenesis has been demonstrated to significantly affect porosity development in shale reservoirs, however, the effect of diagenetic modifications on shale pore structures is still unclear. For clarifying this issue, this paper focuses on the Upper Ordovician to Lower Silurian Wufeng and Longmaxi shales, which are the only commercially gas-produced shale plays in China. This study aims to reveal the influence of diagenetic alterations on the WF-LMX shale reservoir quality by integrating total organic carbon (TOC) content, X-ray diffraction (XRD), low-temperature gas (N2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) adsorption experiments, field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDS), and cathodoluminescence (CL) analyses. Three major shale lithofacies were identified, mainly including siliceous, siliceous–argillaceous mixed, and argillaceous shale; the siliceous shale has a relatively high TOC content. The organic pores, intergranular pores, intragranular pores, and fractures are generally developed in the WF-LMX shales. The pore volume (PV) and specific surface area (SSA) of micropores, mesopores, and macropores of siliceous shales are higher than those of mixed shales and argillaceous shales. The TOC content has a strongly positive correlation with PV and SSA for micropores and mesopores. After combustion, the PV and SSA of micropores and mesopores were decreased, whereas the PV and SSA of macropore were significantly increased. In the siliceous shale, organic pore is the dominant pore type due to the fact that a large amount of authigenic microcrystalline quartz aggregates can protect organic pores from compaction. The argillaceous shale has high clay and low TOC content, and the dominant pore type is pores between clay flakes. The siliceous shale has a relatively high TOC content, large PV and SSA, and so are the dessert lithofacies for shale gas exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During 2021–2023, the tropical oligochaeta Branchiura sowerbyi Beddard, 1892 was recorded at two stations in the Sheksna Reservoir. The finds of the individuals of different size suggest successful reproduction of the species in the Sheksna Reservoir. The success of naturalization of this species may be related to climate warming. The detection of B. sowerbyi in this reservoir occurred against the background of a five-year increase in water temperature indices. A tendency for B.sowerbyi spreading northwards was noted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Natural Gas Geoscience is the property of Natural Gas Geoscience and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objective of this study is to analyze the temporal variability in water levels of Lake Mégantic (27.4 km2) during the period 1920–2020 in relation to anthropogenic and natural factors on the one hand, and its impact on the intensity and frequency of heavy flooding (recurring floods ≥ 10 years) of the Chaudière River of which it is the source, on the other hand. The application of four different Mann–Kendall tests showed a significant decrease in lake water levels during this period. The Lombard test revealed two breaks in the average daily maximum and average water levels, but only one break in the average daily minimum water levels. The first shift, which was smoothed, occurred between 1957 and 1963. It was caused by the demolition in 1956 of the first dam built in 1893 and the significant storage of water in the dams built upstream of the lake between 1956 and 1975. The second shift, which was rather abrupt, occurred between 1990 and 1993. It was caused by the voluntary and controlled lowering of the lake's water levels in 1993 to increase the surface area of the beaches for recreational purposes. However, despite this influence of anthropogenic factors on this drop in water levels, they are negatively correlated with the global warming climate index. It is therefore a covariation, due to anthropogenic factors whose impacts are exerted at different spatial scales, without a physical causal link. However, the winter daily minimum water levels, whose temporal variability has not been influenced by anthropogenic activities, are positively correlated with the NAO and AO indices, but negatively with PDO. Finally, since the transformation of Lake Mégantic into a reservoir following the construction of the Mégantic dam in 1893 and 1973 to control heavy flooding in the Chaudière River, all recurrent floods ≥ 10 years have completely disappeared in the section of this river located downstream of Lake Mégantic. However, the disappearance of these floods and the drop in water levels of Lake Mégantic have not significantly impacted the stationarity in the flow series of the Chaudière River since 1920. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is an American emerging disease caused by the rodent-borne virus genus Orthohantavirus (Family: Hantaviridae: Order: Elliovirales Class: Bunyaviricetes). In Argentina, almost half of the HPS infections occur in the northwestern endemic region. In this study, we monitored rodent abundance during 2022 and 2023 in three sites with different sampling methods (removal trapping, live trapping and hunted rodents by domestic cats) to evaluate their relationship with human infections. We found a similar pattern of variation in rodent abundance across time, and particularly a synchronous rise of rodent abundance that anticipated an HPS outbreak in 2023. Our dynamic regression models revealed a positive relationship between HPS cases and rodent abundance with a three-month lag, as well as rainfall with an eight-month lag. Our results provide a framework for the planning and implementation of public health prevention campaigns based on climatology and rodent monitoring. Domestic cats bringing rodents into houses can be an overlooked risk factor, particularly if viral shedding of infected rodents is magnified by stress. HPS is a disease of public health concern due to its high mortality rate, the lack of a specific therapeutic treatment and no vaccine. Thus, prevention of infections is of the utmost importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. The purpose of the study is to develop the design of a thermoelectric installation for lifting objects from shallow reservoirs using the freezing method, as well as its calculation, analysis of parameters and electrical and thermophysical characteristics. Method. The research is based on the use of methods of thermodynamic analysis, full-scale and computational modeling of cryogenic equipment in order to find optimal solutions for the reliability and service life of low-temperature installations. Result. The installation includes a waterproof probe, on the end surface of which, facing the bottom of the reservoir, thermoelectric modules are installed, heat is removed from the hot junctions of which by means of a heat removal system made in the form of an all-metal heat pipe or in the form of a thermal thermosiphon. The connection between the object lifted from the reservoir and the thermoelectric installation is carried out through a cold wall by freezing. The thermoelectric installation was calculated and its parameters were determined. Graphs were constructed and dependencies were obtained describing the main characteristics of TEMs included in the thermoelectric installation. The graphs are presented at a temperature of the hot junctions of the TEM of 300 K and the achievement of such values of the thickness of frozen water ice on the cold wall of the technical device that would allow lifting objects from a reservoir up to 4 m deep. Conclusion. The installation parameters have been determined: the number of TEMs of the DRIFT-1.2 type is 8, the operating power range of a single TEM of the DRIFT-1.2 type is from 14 to 40 W with an average temperature difference between the junctions of 45 K, the supply current is from 3.8 to 7 .6 A with power consumption from 50 to 200 W, coefficient of performance - from 0.1 to 0.45, minimum temperature of the cold wall of the TU - 248 K, a domestically produced thermal thermosyphon is used as a heat removal system from the hot junctions of the TEM.

Abstract The Onshore Hydrocarbon prospectivity of the Niger Delta X-field is examined through the integration of 3D seismic and recorded information from well log data. Probable reservoirs of hydrocarbon-bearing were delineated to tackle the non-uniqueness in the identification of hydrocarbon quantity of concern. Three significant faulting patterns or systems were delineated and their architectural attributes depict a typical Niger Delta embedded anticlinal structural pattern. The study field exhibited both synthetic and antithetic structures, hence only fault on delineated reservoirs was used for structural modeling. All well locations were sited within the fault-supported synthetic and anticlinal structures and the static characteristics within the well coordinates were analyzed through petrophysical assessment. Depicted reservoir sands show low gamma ray readings, low volume of shale, considerate hydrocarbon saturation and low water saturation. The established petrophysical models showed a better net-to-gross (NTG) ratio, for the entire delineated reservoir units. This has contributed to the assessment of hydrocarbon-bearing reservoir units before employing the strategy for field development scenario, in order to eliminate dry hole drilling campaign. These will contribute to the reduction of operational costs, having delineated the accurate geometry and petrophysical model of hydrocarbon reservoir units.

We tested 130 rats captured in Berlin for coronaviruses. SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were detected in 1 rat, but all animals were negative by reverse transcription PCR, suggesting SARS-CoV-2 was not circulating in the rat population. However, alphacoronaviruses were found. Monitoring rodent populations helps to determine coronavirus occurrence, transmission, and zoonotic potential.

Abstract Understanding the risks of planktonic algal proliferation and its environmental causes is crucial for protecting water quality and controlling ecological risks. Reservoirs, due to the characteristics of slow flow rates and long hydraulic retention times, are more prone to eutrophication and algal proliferation. Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) serves as an indicator of planktonic algal biomass. Exploring the intricate interactions and driving mechanisms between Chl-a and the water environment, and the potential risks of algal blooms, is crucial for ensuring the ecological safety of reservoirs and the health of water users. This study focused on the Danjiangkou Reservoir (DJKR), the core water source of the Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project of China (MRSNWDPC). The multivariate statistical methods and structural equation modeling were used to explore the relationships between chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) contents and water quality factors and understand the driving mechanisms affecting Chl-a variations. The Copula function and Bayesian theory were combined to analyze the risk of changes in Chl-a concentrations at Taocha (TC) station, which is the core water source intake point of the MRSNWDPC. The results showed that the factors driving planktonic algal proliferation were spatially heterogeneous. The main factors affecting Chl-a concentrations in Dan Reservoir (DR) were water physicochemical factors (water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH value, and turbidity) with a total contribution rate of 60.18%, whereas those in Han Reservoir (HR) were nutrient factors (total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and ammonia nitrogen) with a total contribution rate of 73.58%. In TC, the main factors were water physicochemical factors (turbidity, pH, and water temperature) and nutrient factors (total phosphorus) with total contribution rates of 39.76% and 45.78%, respectively. When Chl-a concentrations in other areas of the DJKR ranged from the minimum to the uppermost quartile, the probabilities that Chl-a concentrations at the TC station exceeded 3.4 μg/L (the benchmark value of Chl-a for lakes in the central-eastern lake area of China) owing to the influence of these areas were all less than 10%. Thus, the risk of planktonic algal proliferation at the MRSNWDPC intake point is low. This study developed an integrated framework to investigate spatiotemporal changes in algal proliferation and their driving factors in reservoirs, which can be used to support water quality management in mega hydro projects.

The article reviews the technology of construction and functioning of watertight elements of hydrotechnical embankments. A case study of two reservoirs located in the middle course of the Nysa Kłodzka River is described: (1) Otmuchów reservoir functioning since 1933, (2) Nysa reservoir functioning since 1971. The effectiveness of the applied impermeable screens, i.e. a clay screen of the Otmuchów reservoir and a concrete screen of the Nysa reservoir, was assessed and compared. Data from piezometers located at the height of the dam crest along its entire profile were analysed for measurements taken in the years 2020–2022. Indicators such as the distribution and depth of the water level in the dam body and changes in pressure in piezometers under the influence of water level fluctuations in the reservoir were considered. In addition, the scale and frequency of repair and maintenance activities carried out on both facilities were analysed, especially in aspects of the dam body sealing and the need to repair the upstream slope structures, which are directly exposed to filtration and wave action. It was found that, despite the long period of operation of both facilities, they maintain proper water tightness, and the depth of the water level in the embankments reacts only slightly to fluctuations in the amount (height) of stored water. This correlation is more evident closer to the middle part of the dam of the Nysa reservoir, where an abrupt increase in damming height caused a vertical movement of the water table in the embankment, but with a delay of about a week. It was pointed out that both sealing technologies adopted were associated with the need for numerous revitalisation measures, mainly due to dynamic degradation of the stone paving in the area of fluctuations in the level of dammed water in the case of the Otmuchów reservoir and loss of watertightness at expansion joints of concrete slabs protecting the upstream slope of the Nysa reservoir dam.

Reservoir-type drinking water sources in the Pearl River Delta ensure a safe urban water supply; thus, land-use changes are important factors affecting these aquatic environments. In this study, we investigated the water source areas of medium and large reservoirs in the Pearl River Delta to determine the contributions and trends of land-use changes within reservoir drinking water source areas to the reservoir water quality. First, we analyzed dynamic land-use changes in reservoir-type water sources in the Pearl River Delta region from 1980 to 2020. We then used the gray relational analysis method to determine the relationship between land use and water quality changes. We analyzed changes in the main water quality factors in the Dajingshan Reservoir (Zhuhai) and determined the relationship between changes in land use and the reservoir water quality index over the past 20 years using correlation and redundancy analyses. The results indicate that paddy fields, dry land, forest land, and water areas were the main land-use types around reservoir-type drinking water sources in the Pearl River Delta. Although construction land and water areas expanded, paddy fields, dry land, and forest land areas decreased. The land transfer trend was mainly from forest and cultivated land to production and living land (e.g.1980-2020), construction land) and water areas. With the implementation of the policy, the aforementioned land-use transformation began to slow. Regionally, the risk sources of non-point source pollution in the study area gradually decreased, but still accounted for 9.48% of total land use in 2020. The water quality of reservoir sources in the Pearl River Delta improved; however, nitrogen pollution remains problematic. Gray relational analysis indicates that land-use changes and water quality were correlated (in order of decreasing strength): construction land > agricultural land > forest land. Non-point source pollution caused by land use remains an important influencing factor. The Dajingshan Reservoir water quality is seriously polluted, as the total nitrogen exceeded the standard during several months, and nitrogen and phosphorus pollution gradually increased over time. Nitrogen and phosphorus were the main pollutants in the reservoir. Big mountain reservoir redundancy, correlation, and partial least squares regression analyses indicate that the land use type and water quality index were correlated, forest land and the nitrogen/phosphorus water quality index were negatively correlated, and construction and agricultural land were significantly positively correlated, which had a positive effect on the total nitrogen concentration. The influence of land-use patterns on non-point source pollution remains an uncontrollable factor. The specific effects of land-use changes on water quality are complex; therefore, further modeling should investigate the mechanism by which the water supply quality is influenced to improve reservoir water quality, ensure the safety of the regional water supply, and provide support for ecological restoration measures in protected areas.

Abstract The control of African trypanosomiasis (AT) in Eastern and Southern Africa, including Zambia, faces huge challenges due to the involvement of wild and domestic animal reservoirs. Free-roaming dogs in wildlife-populated and tsetse-infested villages of Zambia’s Mambwe district are exposed to infectious tsetse bites. Consuming fresh raw game meat and bones further exacerbates their risk of contracting AT. We focus on the reservoir role of such dogs in maintaining and transmitting diverse species of trypanosomes that are infective to humans and livestock in Zambia’s Mambwe district. A cohort of 162 dogs was enrolled for follow-up at 3 different time points from June to December 2018 in selected villages of Malama, Mnkhanya, and Nsefu chiefdoms of Mambwe district, eastern Zambia. Blood and serum were screened for AT by microscopy, GM6 ELISA, PCR (ITS1 and SRA), and Sanger sequencing. Out of the 162 dogs in the cohort, 40 were lost to follow-up and only 122 remained traceable at the end of the study. GM6 ELISA detected Trypanosoma antibodies in 121 dogs (74.7%) and ITS1-PCR detected DNA involving single and mixed infections of T. congolense, T. brucei, and suspected T. simiae or T. godfreyi in 115 dogs (70.9%). The human-infective T. b. rhodesiense was detected by SRA PCR in 67 dogs (41.4%), and some sequence data that support the findings of this study have been deposited in the GenBank under accession numbers OL961811, OL961812, and OL961813. Our study demonstrates that the Trypanosoma reservoir community in Zambia is wider than was thought and includes domesticated dogs. As dogs are active carriers of human and livestock-infective trypanosomes, they pose a risk of transmitting AT in endemic villages of Mambwe district as they are neglected and left untreated. To fully bring AT under control, countries such as Zambia where the role of animal reservoirs is important, should not limit their prevention and treatment efforts to livestock (especially cattle) but also include dogs that play an integral part in most rural communities.

Monitoring and analyzing reservoir water quality are crucial for ecological and environmental strategies. This study examines the differences between the Water Quality Indices (WQI) of Indonesia (WQI-INA), Malaysia (DOE-Malaysia), Oregon (WQI-Oregon), and Italy (PI-Prati), considering the tropical climate of Indonesia and Malaysia, and contrasting with the temperate climate of Oregon and the Mediterranean climate of Italy. Using data from the Sutami Reservoir in Indonesia from 2015 to 2021, the study assesses water quality parameters such as BOD, COD, DO, NH3, NO3, total suspended solids, total phosphorus (TP), and pH at various depths (0.3, 5, and 10 meters) across three sites (upstream, midstream, downstream). The results show varied classifications: WQI-INA rated the reservoir as "pretty good," WQI-Oregon as "poor," and both DOE-Malaysia and PI-Prati as "slightly polluted." Spatial analysis of vertical distribution revealed "slightly polluted" (WQI-INA), "moderately polluted" (WQI-Oregon and PI-Prati), and "heavily polluted" (DOE-Malaysia). These discrepancies arise from differences in local environmental standards, regulatory requirements, and specific water quality concerns included in each index. The Sutami Reservoir water quality status was declared using WQI-INA, however, other methods were employed to simulate the worst-case scenarios and inform preventive actions. The Sutami Reservoir hyper-eutrophic conditions indicate a pollution load capacity of 65.22 tons per year. Critical parameters such as pH and TP highlight significant water quality and pollution issues. Recommendations for water quality treatment under heavy pollution conditions include applying 12.09 - 120.87 tons of lime, using 78.75 - 393.75 kg of chemical buffers, oxygen diffusion, controlling riparian vegetation over 2.37 - 23.7 hectares, dredging 37,100 m3 of sediment per year, and reducing nutrient sources through community involvement.

Deciphering the mechanisms underlying viral persistence is critical to achieving a cure for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Here, we implement a systems approach to discover molecular signatures of HIV latently infected CD4+ T cells, identifying the immunosuppressive, adenosine-producing ectonucleotidase CD73 as a key surface marker of latent cells. Hypoxic conditioning, reflecting the lymphoid tissue microenvironment, increases the frequency of CD73+ CD4+ T cells and promotes HIV latency. Transcriptomic profiles of CD73+ CD4+ T cells favor viral quiescence, immune evasion, and cell survival. CD73+ CD4+ T cells are capable of harboring a functional HIV reservoir and reinitiating productive infection ex vivo. CD73 or adenosine receptor blockade facilitates latent HIV reactivation in vitro, mechanistically linking adenosine signaling to viral quiescence. Finally, tissue imaging of lymph nodes from HIV-infected individuals on antiretroviral therapy reveals spatial association between CD73 expression and HIV persistence in vivo. Our findings warrant development of HIV-cure strategies targeting the hypoxia-CD73-adenosine axis.

The Triassic-Jurassic successions of the Sulaiman Fold-Thrust Belt, Pakistan, are predominantly composed of limestone with minor proportions of shale, marl, and sandstone, accumulated at the northwestern passive margin of the Indian Plate within the Palaeo-Tethys. The current work is an outcome of field observations, thin-section petrographic studies, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), aiming to reconstruct the palaeoenvironments and diagenetic pathways. Facies analysis and microscopic descriptions revealed sixteen microfacies, including mud-supported microfacies (mudstone and wackestone), grain-supported microfacies (packstone and grainstone) and calcisiltite. The Triassic succession includes calcisiltite and radiolarite, deposited below the CCD. Carbonates of the study area reflect both early-stage diagenesis (micrite envelopes, syntaxial rim cement, drusy mosaic calcite cement, and microbial micritization) - and late-stage diagenesis (chemical compaction, partial mechanical compaction, filling of fractures, and stylolites). Specific types of cement including dog tooth, syntaxial overgrowths, circumgranular, granular, radiaxial acicular and drusy mosaic calcite cements, indicate an early diagenetic stage of the marine phreatic zone. The Triassic-Jurassic carbonates have been affected by various diagenetic processes, which include cementation, compaction, dissolution, replacement and de-dolomitization, indicating primarily alteration by marine phreatic diagenesis, later burial diagenetic processes and mechanical breakdown of the rocks subsequently controlled by tectonics. Sea level changes, punctuated by tectonics and the paleogeographic evolution of the Indian Plate, controlled these depositional and diagenetic changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of cholera, an acute diarrheal disease that spreads locally and globally in epidemics and pandemics. Although it was discovered that fish harbor V. cholerae strains in their intestines, most investigations revealed non-toxic V. cholerae serogroups in fish. Due to the rarity of toxigenic V. cholerae serogroups, it is difficult to cultivate these strains from environmental samples. Hence, here we aimed to uncover evidence of the occurrence of toxigenic V. cholerae in the intestines and spleens of various fish species. By using molecular detection tools, we show that V. cholerae O1 and strains positive for the cholera toxin inhabit both healthy and diseased fish intestines and spleens, suggesting that fish may serve as intermediate vectors of toxigenic V. cholerae. No significant differences were found between the abundance of toxigenic V. cholerae (either O1 or cholera toxin positive strains) in the healthy and the diseased fish intestines or spleens. In conclusion, a variety of fish species may serve as potential vectors and reservoirs of toxigenic V. cholerae as they form a link between the other reservoirs of V. cholerae (chironomids, copepods, and waterbirds). Similarly, they may aid in the spread of this bacterium between water bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When reservoirs are constructed on rivers, river velocity decreases and the river system gradually evolves into a reservoir system. This phenomenon is particularly pronounced in the case of megareservoirs. Previous studies on this problem mostly relied on physical models, analyzing changes in water temperature. However, traditional physical process models are limited by data availability on hydrology, meteorology, and topography. Conversely, data-driven models offer the advantages of a simple structure, ability to use remote sensing data as primary data, easy acquisition, and efficiency in parameter tuning. This study constructed a hybrid artificial neural network data-driven water temperature model using a mutual information screening model to drive factors and dividing the dataset using the hold-out method. Taking the Xiaowan Reservoir as an example, the vertical distribution of water temperature across 20 layers was simulated and predicted. The results are as follows: (1) The Hybrid Artificial Neural Network (H-ANN) model enhanced the accuracy of simulating vertical water temperature in the reservoir by taking into account the correlation between water temperatures at different depths, effectively overcoming the challenges of traditional physical models (acquisition of experimental data and difficulties in model parameter tuning). (2) The water temperature simulated using the H-ANN model showed good agreement with observed water temperature in the Xiaowan Reservoir. The average Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), correlation coefficient (r), root mean square error (RMSE), mean squared error (MSE), and mean absolute error (MAE) for water temperature in the 1–200 m layer were 0.94, 0.98, 0.23°C, 0.1°C, and 0.13°C, respectively, during the training period, and 0.9, 0.96, 0.32°C, 0.16°C, and 0.19°C, respectively, during the testing period. Overall, the model showed a high degree of conformity between simulated and observed series, indicating the suitability of the mutual information-based and concatenated multilayer ANN data-driven model for simulating vertical water temperature. (3) The Xiaowan Reservoir is a typical stratified reservoir with evident seasonal thermal stratification, where the epilimnion ranges from 1 to 15 m, the metalimnion ranges from 15 to 80 m, and the hypolimnion lies below 80 m. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: to apply engineering geophysics methods based on the assessment of reliability parameters using non-destructive testing to identify the state of the engineering protection structures of the Shapsug reservoir. Materials and methods. The materials for the study were non-destructive testing data performed at different times of the year at the Shapsug reservoir, using “Oko-3” ground penetrating radar, “Pulsar-2.2” unit, Sokkia CX-105 total station, Nokta Invenio Smart and PSG-MG4 static action penetrometer. During the inspection, attention is drawn to the presence of such defects and damages as: violation of the geometric dimensions of the element or structure section; presence of deformation of an element or structure as a whole; formation and decompaction of the voids; landslide processes; visual dynamic damage; various cracks and the size of their opening; concrete and metal structures corrosion, etc. Results. The engineering-geophysical method for assessing the technical condition of the engineering protection structures of the Shapsug reservoir has been carried out. The state of the connection between earthworks and concrete structures and the temperature-sedimentation joints between concrete and reinforced concrete structures, affecting their stability, has been studied. Radiograms of collapse sites that arose as a result of accidents and were eliminated during the reconstruction of the dam were obtained. Conclusions. It was determined on the results obtained, that the geophysical complex makes it possible to study earthen low-head dams when determining various soil parameters, and most importantly, to identify the position and size of various defects inside the earth foundation of the dam. The identified difficulties were successfully resolved using a combined geophysical method, and the main problem is the compilation and adaptation of this method for a specific object.

Abstract The practice of oil and gas exploration has confirmed the existence of recoverable shale oil resources in the Permian Lucaogou Formation on the northern edge of the Bogda Mountains. However, previous research on the development characteristics and main controlling factors of shale oil resources in this area is relatively limited. In order to elucidate the development characteristics and principal controlling factors of the shale deposit in the Lucaogou Formation, the characteristics, physical properties, diagenesis, and influencing factors of the shale ore were investigated utilising data derived from outcrop, drilling, seismic, and geochemical analysis. The findings indicate that the shale of the Lucaogou Formation is prevalent and extensive. The deposit’s lithology is predominantly composed of dark grey and grey-black mud shale, interspersed with thin layers of dark grey and grey-black sandy mud shale and dolomite mud shale. The most prevalent minerals are carbonate minerals, followed by feldspar and quartz, with a notable proportion of brittle minerals. The deposit is primarily composed of dissolution pores, bedding fractures, and structural fractures, with a porosity of 1.23–3.26% and permeability of 0.012–0.076 mD, which are characteristic of ultra-low porosity and ultra-low permeability deposits. Among the three deposit types, the sandstone type exhibits the most favourable physical properties, followed by the dolomite type and the shale type, which displays the least favourable properties. The shale of the Lucaogou Formation is currently in the middle diagenetic phase, which is characterised by compaction, cementation (carbonate cementation, mudstone cementation, pebble cementation), and dissolution. The destructive effect of compaction and cementation on the physical properties is counterbalanced by the constructive effect of dissolution. The diagenetic environment has gradually changed from an alkaline environment to a slightly alkaline, slightly acidic stage.

The analysis and assessment of the correlations of the ice dates vice the zero ­isotherm dates, dates of water temperatures transition through 2 and 3 ° C were carried out. The initial data were long ­ term series of observations of air temperature at weather stations, water temperature and ice dates at the gauge stations of Roshydromet for the whole period of the reservoir existence (1956–2021). As the characteristic under study, the dates of ice formation in autumn were used. Main results: verification of previously obtained correlations on independent data (1996–2021) showed that the accuracy of issued forecasts ( P ) was decreased by 20% compared with the accuracy on dependent data (1956–1995); an analysis of the whole period applicability (1956–2021) for constructing predictive correlations with an assessment of their justification showed that there was no noticeable refinement. The accuracy of the forecasts based on the dates of water temperatures transition through 3 ° C has not changed, while forecasts based on the zero ­isotherm dates and the dates of water temperatures transition through 2 ° C, has noticeably decreased at all stations; the use of data only for the period of modern climate changes (1996–2021) led to the following: correlations of the ice dates vice the zero ­isotherm dates and water temperature through 2 °C did not pass the criteria S and P. This period is characterized by a decrease in the frequency of small forecast errors (< 4–5 days) and an increase in large errors (> 6–11 days) by 2–3 times; a forecast technique is proposed based on the separation of the studied correlations for years with different meteorological conditions in autumn (years with stable cooling and with heat returns). The criterion for using this or that dependence in a particular year is the weather forecast. Forecasts issued according to such dependencies have a higher accuracy.