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Copyright of Cameroon Academy of Sciences Journal is the property of Cameroon Academy of Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article takes a reflexive look at the dilemmas and challenges of accessing a predominantly male circle of political and nongovernmental elites in the Central African Republic from the perspective of a young Black African male student researcher. It focuses on questions of positionality, arguing that certain African social norms regarding seniority and hierarchy can affect data generation, specifically access and interactions within interviews. The article argues that the author's identities as a student and researcher complicated access to male and senior elite interviewees during field research, thus illustrating anew how diasporic Africans might experience the field research exercise differently even if accessing elites is generally a difficult exercise. This article contributes to understanding power differentials among interviewers, including differences among students and researchers, and the influence of race during fieldwork by African scholars. This is within an emerging literature on fieldwork that focuses on graduate students in International Relations and Comparative Politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Recherches Feministes is the property of Groupe de Recherche et d'Echange Multidisciplinaires Feministes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Dans le massif forestier du Sud-ouest de la République Centrafricaine, la terre représente, une richesse inaliénable pour les peuples autochtones Aka. C’est de la terre, que les Aka communément appelés pygmées, tirent l’essentiel de leurs subsistances. Raison pour laquelle, les ressources foncières ont fait l’objet d’attention particulière de ces premiers occupants du terroir, qui les ont régies par des normes juridico traditionnelles. Ces règles, quoique fondées sur l’oralité, requiert une valeur juridique, dont l’observance s’impose à toute la communauté. L’accession à l’indépendance, a introduit d’autres modes d’accès au foncier, caractérisés par la mise en valeur des espaces dits domaniaux et appartenant à l’Etat.Il ressort de l’étude, que le multi-juridisme a bouleversé les systèmes de gestion foncière des peuples autochtones Aka, posant ainsi, un problème de gouvernance foncière, ponctuée par une dialectique perpétuelle entre le coutumier et le moderne.

Copyright of Politique Étrangère is the property of Institut Francais des Relations Internationales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article discusses some practical challenges encountered in the course of translating Yvonne Mété-Nguemeu's novel, Femmes de Centrafrique, âmes vaillantes au coeur brisé (2008) into English from a feminist perspective. To effectively tackle these challenges, the approach taken is that of a feminist translation because Mété-Nguemeu is a feminist writer. The grammatical differences between the two languages are major sources of challenge in translating Mété-Nguemeu's feminist discourse. The peculiarity of the African women's experiences is easily understood and immediately translated from, not only, an empathized perspective as a woman, but also as an African feminist translator in particular. A feminist translator translates better a feminist novel or a feminist author. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite numerous sites attributed to Early Stone Age (ESA), the emergence and diversification of lithic industries in Central African Republic is still challenging for discussion. Among all these sites, those located near Baboungué village have been reported by Roger de Bayle des Hermens in the late 1960s, and provided artifacts from two localities, namely Baboungué 1 and Baboungué 2. Both sites are situated around 800 meters from Baboungué village within the Sangha River alluvial deposits. Nowadays, the lithic assemblages from Baboungué are stored at the Institut de Paléontologie Humaine , Paris, France. In this paper, we reappraise a selection of 90 pieces from both localities (Baboungué 1 = 26 and Baboungué 2 = 74), which have already been identified and classified by R. de Bayle des Hermens in " Recherches préhistoriques en République centrafricaine " (1975). He used a morphological and typological approach. We decided to apply a new technological approach on these collections. Reduction strategies (flaking and shaping) and techno-functional analysis were applied with a focus on the shaped tools and pebble tools. Even though, the classification made by R. de Bayle des Hermens is taken into consideration in our study. We introduced several new categories such as Large Flake Tools, and Trifacial Shaped Tools. We expose the unexpected diversity of Baboungué shaped tools and pebble tools both in terms of production and techno-function (structural specificities). This paper also describes for the first time the trifacial shaping strategies for Central African ESA, whereas traditional ESA bifacial shaping is absent. Finally, we question the techno-cultural and functional significance of these collections marked by robust to massive stone tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Le conflit qui a débuté en 2012 a fortement affecté les campagnes centrafricaines, déjà fragilisées par des décennies de marginalisation et par les précédentes crises sécuritaires. Pillages et insécurité prolongée déstabilisent les villages. Tant individuellement que collectivement, les paysans tentent de s’adapter à ce contexte de crise et aux transformations qu’il induit. Mais face à une insécurité qui demeure forte, beaucoup ne parviennent qu’à résister au quotidien à l’adversité vécue. La résilience des paysans, tant souhaitée par les acteurs de l’aide humanitaire, demeure peu apparente dans ces campagnes.

INTRODUCTION: Dans les zones de conflit en Afrique les récentes études rapportent des fréquences élevées des états de stress posttraumatiques (ESPT) notamment en milieu communautaire. L'objectif général de cette étude est de contribuer à une meilleure prise en charge des patients confrontés à la violence subséquente au conflit sociopolitique en cours en République centrafricaine. METHODES: Il s'agit d'une étude transversale portant sur les dossiers des patients reçus en consultation externe Trauma center de Médecins sans Frontières/France à Bangui. RESULTATS: L'ESPT était présent chez 33.33 % (n = 35) alors que l'état de stress aigu était présent chez 17.14 % (n = 18) des patients. Les états de stress (ES) étaient associés au sexe féminin, au viol, à l'anxiété et à la dépression. Le viol multipliait par 8 le risque de survenue d'un ES. L'âge médian observé était de 30 ans (P25: 22 ans; P75: 40 ans). La majorité des patients présentait un trouble de l'humeur (63.81 %; n = 67). L'insomnie était présente chez 62.83 % (n = 66). L'anxiété (HADS) était présente chez 44.76 % des patients (n = 47). La dépression a été retrouvée chez 40.95 % (n = 43). CONCLUSION: Les résultats obtenus montrent à quel point, au-delà des membres de milices, la société est touchée par la violence du conflit que traverse le pays. Ces résultats pourraient nourrir la réflexion sur l'organisation des soins et la prise en charge de la population centrafricaine considérant l'impact à court, moyen et long terme des états de stress aigus en situation de conflit.

Copyright of Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article provides an overview of the legal and institutional framework of elections that were held to end the political crisis in the Central African Republic (CAR). The Constitution of 30 March 2016 dictates that local elections and elections for Senators should take place before the presidential and legislative elections in 2021. The rules of the political game were new and the 2015-2016 elections had lessons to be learned by different institutions involved in the electoral process to improve the legal framework. The author argues that despite some shortcomings, the electoral process went smoothly and the rules which governed these elections constituted a good start but some improvements were required to perfect the electoral process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Médecine et Santé Tropicales is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cahiers d'Études Africaines is the property of Editions EHESS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Context: in Africa's zones of conflict, recent studies report a high frequency of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) particularly in community settings. Objective: This study aimed to contribute to a better management of patients experiencing violence subsequent to the Central African Republic socio-political conflict. Material and methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of the medical records of patients receiving outpatient treatment in the Doctors Without Borders/Médecins Sans Frontières (France) Trauma Center, Bangui. Results: 33.33% (n=35) of patients had PTSD, while 17.14% (n=18) of patients had acute stress syndrome. Stress syndrome (SS) was associated with female sex, rape, anxiety and depression. Rape multiplied the risk of SS occurrence by 8. The average age was 30 years (P25:22 years; P75:40 years). The majority of patients had mood disorder (63.81%; n=67). Insomnia was present in 62.83% (n=66) of patients. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was present in 44.76 % of patients. Depression was found in 40.95% (n=43) of patients. Conclusion: The obtained results show how the society, apart from militia members, is affected by conflict-related violence in the country. These results can enrich the reflections on health organisation and on the management of patients in Central African, by considering the impact of conflict-related acute stress syndome in the short, medium and long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Médecine et Santé Tropicales is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Des données entomologiques de base ont été recueillies dans les villages de Zinga et Boali-Chutes, en République Centrafricaine (RCA) en prévision de l’évaluation de l’impact à long terme du traitement par l’ivermectine sous directives communautaires (TIDC). Les déterminations morphologiques révèlent que les simulies capturées dans les deux sites appartiennent au sous-groupe Sou/Sq. À Boali, la nuisance était assez élevée avec une moyenne de 243 piqûres/homme/jour, le taux de parturité moyen de 61,6% et le potentiel annuel de transmission (PAT) brut de 8259 larves infectantes d’onchocerques par homme et par an. En outre, le nombre moyen de larves infectantes pour 1000 pares était de 177. À Zinga, on notait une moyenne de 191 piqûres/ homme/jour, un taux de parturité moyen de 51,6% et un PAT brut de 3422; quant au nombre moyen de larves infectantes pour 1000 pares, il était de 86. En conclusion, les capacités vectrices et les indices entomologiques enregistrés sont caractéristiques de zones à forte transmission onchocerquienne. Reste que certaines des larves infectantes récoltées peuvent être d’origine animale, d’où la nécessité de leur identification pour situer le niveau réel de la transmission.

Un couple d'Allopsylla lobayensis Beaucournu et Barrière sp. n. a été récolté le 1er novembre 1999 en forêt de Ngotto, dans la partie sud-ouest du bassin de la Lobaye, République Centrafricaine (RCA). Le spécimen hôte, un chiroptère molossidé méconnu (Myopterus whitleyi), constitue la première collecte de l'espèce en RCA. La nouvelle puce s'apparente à A. hetera Beaucournu et Fain, 1982, l'une des deux autres espèces du genre Allopsylla connues jusqu'alors de régions fauniques distinctes (A. alloides au Nigéria et A. hetera en République Démocratique du Congo). L'identification de trois hôtes parmi les trois espèces d'Allopsylla interpelle sur la spécificité hôte-parasite au sein de ce groupe.

Animal draft plays a major role in the savannah zone of Central Africa (Chad, Cameroon, Central African Republic). Since the last few years, the institutional environment has been changing greatly. States relinquish control of the agriculture sector and new actors emerge in the animal draft “market” (farmers’ associations, veterinarians, blacksmiths, rural development services...). Some of these actors face difficulties meeting producers’ demands, generating enough profitability, and they look for support to sustain their activity. Producers also face hardship when they attempt to acquire equipment or take full advantage of their animal team, from lack of knowledge and insufficient financial means. Therefore, new stakes have emerged. The land pressure increase and wider use of herbicides also alter the place held by animal draft on the farm. This new situation leads to new questions to research and development. In the past, the research role was to bring technical answers to questions raised by development. Today, it is essential to understand institutions’ new configuration, to analyze need changes, to promote innovation, and to reinforce the cooperation process within the new distribution of actors. Development objectives must be redirected towards animal draft financing, crop system mechanization, agriculture-livestock integration, and must support animal-draft-team transport and emerging sectors.

Animal draft has been used for a very long time in sub-Saharan Africa, but it underwent many changes. The Central Africa savannah zone counts about 260,000 animal teams – 40% of farms are equipped in Chad, 25% in Cameroon and 10% in the Central African Republic. Two-oxen systems prevail. In production systems, animal power is primarily used for ploughing and secondarily for maintenance and transport. Animal draft has major agronomic (mechanization, agriculturelivestock integration) and socioeconomic functions. The equipment phase is a strategic time for the farmer. Since 1950, cotton companies have proposed equipment credits and technical aid that highly contributed to animal draft development. Farmers invested a large part of cotton revenues into this technique.

Copyright of Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

L'étude a porté sur l'agencement de l'espace pastoral chez les éleveurs Mbororo de Centrafrique et les mouvements de leurs zébus à robe acajou. Outre le campement des éleveurs, cet espace est divisé en trois compartiments principaux : l'aire de repos, l'abreuvoir et le Pâturage sillonné de sentiers. Son utilisation repose sur une ségrégation spatiale et temporelle des déplacements des animaux. Dans le contexte particulier des savanes humides du centre de la République centrafricaine, où l'espèce riveraine Glossina fuscipes fuscipes Newst. 1910 est le vecteur principal des trypanosomoses bovines, les auteurs montrent qu'une connaissance approfondie des pratiques pastorales apporte de nouveaux éléments à la compréhension de l'épidémiologie du nagana. Ainsi, la conduite différentielle des veaux par rapport mix adultes est-elle vraisemblablement un facteur épidémiologique capital.

Le suivi d'un réseau d'élevage de 19 troupeaux zébus Mbororo a été mis en place pour évaluer l'impact d'une lutte par piégeage contre Glossina fuscipes fuscipes limitée aux abreuvoirs. Ce programme s'inscrit dans la stratégie d'une lutte intégrée contre les trypanosomoses bovines en République centrafricaine. Le piégeage permet d'abaisser les densités de G. f. fuscipes et de diminuer les prévalences trypanosomiennes. Ces effets se traduisent par l'amélioration des valeurs de l'hématocrite et par la diminution du nombre de traitements trypanocides réalisés. L'impact sur les productivités est plus difficile à mettre en évidence sur une courte période ; il apparaît cependant manifeste sur les paramètres calculés.

Copyright of Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Sous l’effet de divers facteurs, le cheptel zébu Mbororo de la RCA s’est considérablement accru durant ces dernières années (2 200 000 têtes) du fait des potentialités pastorales offertes. En vue d’une meilleure gestion de cet espace, des zones d’activité agropastorale ont été créées (ZAGROP). En contrepartie du disponible fourrager, cet élevage en zone humide doit affronter des contraintes pathologiques accrues, dominées notamment par les trypanosomoses. Pour éviter que l’usage massif actuel des trypanocides par les éleveurs n’aboutisse à une impasse, l’Agence Nationale de Développement de 1’Elevage (ANDE) a demandé d’identifier des méthodes de lutte contre les glossines. Dans l’une de ces ZAGROP (60 000 ha), la première étape a consisté à établir une carte précise de la distribution des espèces vectrices grâce à un piégeage systématique (piège biconique). Glossina fuscipes fuscipes (10 805 glossines capturées) occupe la totalité du réseau hydrographique avec des densités faibles à moyennes (3 glossines par piège et par jour). Glossina fusca eongolensis est rare (7 individus capturées) et Glossina morsitans submorsitans, autrefois présente, semble avoir disparu. Les éléments sur l’abondance, la diversité et la distribution des espèces sont discutés. Ils servent de base au choix d’une méthode de lutte par piégeage actuellement mise en oeuvre dans ce milieu pastoral.

This paper presents the results of a survey carried out in 2010 aimed at evaluating the type and quality of the groundwater resources of the Bangui region of the Central African Republic. This work is the first step towards the development of groundwater resources in the Central African Republic in order to find alternatives to direct pumping from the Ubangi River and provide the population of the suburbs with a safer drinking water supply from deep boreholes. By combining both geological and hydrogeochemical approaches, it appears that the geology of Bangui is favourable to the development of a secure and sustainable water supply from groundwater provided that the conditions of exploitation would be constrained by the local authorities. The deep Precambrian carbonate aquifers, known as the Bimbo and Fatima formations, are identified as target resources in view of the relatively good quality of their water from the chemical point of view, and the semi-confined structure of the aquifers that prevents the mixing with shallow aquifers that are already strongly affected by domestic and industrial pollution. The main difficulty in terms of exploitation is to appreciate the depth of the resource and the more or less fractured/palaeo-karstified type of the porosity. EditorZ.W. Kundzewicz CitationDjebebe-Ndjiguim, C.L., Huneau, F., Denis, A., Foto, E., Moloto-a-Kenguemba, G., Celle-Jeanton, H., Garel, E., Jaunat, J., Mabingui, J., and Le Coustumer, P., 2013. Characterization of the aquifers of the Bangui urban area, Central African Republic, as an alternative drinking water supply resource.Hydrological Sciences Journal, 58 (8), 1760–1778. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cahiers d'Études Africaines is the property of Editions EHESS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: Objectives: To describe clinical, biological characteristics and virological aspects of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Patients and methods: Sera obtained from consent patients with clinical suspicion of HCC. Routine biochemical tests and serological markers of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis D virus (HDV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) were searched. A hepatic ultrasound scan was realized and, when a suspected mass lesion was observed, ultrasonographic-guided fine needle aspiration of the hepatic mass lesion was made to ascertain the diagnosis of HCC. Results: One hundred and seventy-five sera were collected from 99 men and 76 women. Approximately 96.6% (169/175) of them had previous contact with HBV. HBs surface antigen was positive in 41% (69/169) of whom 53.6% (37/69) were co-infected by the HDV. Three patients (1.71%=3/175) were positive for anti-HCV antibodies. The other three patients (1.71%=3/175) did not present any markers for HBV or HCV. At the time of diagnosis, right upper quadrant pain, hepatomegaly, cachexia, were present in all patients. An increase in serum transaminases (70%), high bilirubin concentrations (40%), high AFP levels (40%) and low prothrombin levels (52%) were the most frequent biological abnormalities. Only 17 guided fine needle aspirations of mass lesions were realized. The diagnosis of HCC was confirmed by cytopathological examination for 14 of them. Conclusions: HCC is a frequent pathology in the Central African Republic (CAR). According to the ultrasound imaging data, patients consult at terminal stage of the disease. This study confirms also the association between HBV and HCC in CAR. Moreover, in 26.5% of patients HDV is associated with severe forms of the disease. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Objectives: Genotyping of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) strains from patients in Central African Republic and comparison with results obtained in other African countries. Patients and methods: Sera were collected from patients admitted with symptoms of acute or chronic hepatitis to the “Hôpital de l’Amitié de Bangui”, Central African Republic (CAR). The complete sequence of preS2/S gene has been defined for determining genotypes. Results: Hundred and ninety-six sera were collected from 112 men and 84 women. Ninety-two percent of patients had contact with HBV (anti-HBc postitive) and the HBsAg prevalence was about 62%. HBV DNA was detected in 66% of HBsAg positive sera. No HBV-DNA was evidenced among patients with negative HBsAg. Ninety-three percent of the HBV strains belonged to genotype E; one (3.4%) belonged to genotype A1, and one (3.4%) belonged to genotype D. Conclusions: The high prevalence of HBV infection in the studied population is due to their recruitment. The genotype E is predominant in CAR and the intragroup variability of HBV genotype E reached only 1.8%. Genotypes A and D were less common in CAR their presence may be explained by importation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background In southern Cameroon, 40–50% of individuals born before 1945 have antibodies against hepatitis C virus (HCV), suggesting massive iatrogenic transmission of at least one blood-borne virus in the region of the world where SIVcpz emerged into HIV-1. Objective To estimate the potential role of disease control programs that used intravenous (IV) drugs in the transmission of blood-borne viruses, especially HCV. Methods We reviewed, for 1921–1959, records of health services in Cameroun, Oubangui-Chari, Gabon and Moyen-Congo. We calculated the incidence of diseases whose treatment required the administration of IV drugs, and compared these with previously published data on HCV prevalence. Results Several IV drugs were used against African trypanosomiasis, leprosy, yaws and syphilis. However, yaws was the only disease whose incidence was high enough so that up to half of some birth cohorts could have acquired HCV. Yaws incidence varied dramatically between regions, and was often >200 per 1000 per year in southern Cameroon, where extremely high HCV prevalence was found. Yaws incidence peaked between 1935 and 1955, a period which coincided with the emergence of HCV and HIV. Conclusion Age, geographical and temporal distributions of yaws suggest that the HCV epidemic in Cameroon was driven by campaigns against yaws (and, secondarily, syphilis) using arsenicals and other metallic drugs. The same interventions may have exponentially amplified other blood-borne viruses, including SIVcpz/HIV-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Un nouveau protocole qui présente l'intérêt d'associer dans la même expérience le carré latin et la compétition de deux pièges en vis-à-vis a été testé sur Glossina fuscipes fuscipes en République Centrafricaine.

En utilisant des anticorps monoclonaux (Amclx) anti-IgGs de zébu, plusieurs sortes d'épitopes ont pu être identifiés : spécifiques du zébu, communs au zébu et au boeuf, au zébu et au mouton ou aux trois espèces. Ces épitopes et leur position sur la molécule d'IgG (de zébu) ont pu être déterminés pour certains d'entre eux.