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The global overfishing scenario of the historically exploited marine stocks have generated concern and encouraged the search for new potentially exploitable fisheries resources. In this sense, shrimps are potential alternative resources to be exploited, given their high diversity and stock resilience. This study had an objective to estimate life-history traits and analyse yield and abundance fishing levels to see whether Plesionika edwardsii shrimp is vulnerable to overexploitation or not in the mid-North Atlantic (Azores region, ICES Subdivision 10a2). The females showed larger L∞ (asymptotic length) and k (coefficient of growth; L∞ = 27.3 mm, k = 0.75 year−1) than did males (L∞ = 24.58 mm, k = 0.73 year−1). The mortality rates of males (Z = 1.00 year−1; M = 0.84 year−1) and females (Z = 0.92 year−1; M = 0.85 year−1) were very similar. In terms of longevity, the males (3.47 year−1) survived longer than did females (3.34 year−1). Depletion experiments showed a fast and straight-forward decline of CPUEs (3, 5 and 9 days), confirming a low mobility and vulnerability to high fishing efforts. The maximum sustainable yield (MSY) estimates (5.4–10.7 tonnes (Mg) year−1) showed a low annual sustainable catch. These values combined with the life-history characteristics indicated that this stock is less resilient and highly vulnerable to overfishing.

Small-scale fisheries play a critical role in food security and contribute to nearly half of reported global fish catches. However, the status of most small-scale fisheries stocks is still poor. In data-limited situations, length-based methods have been widely applied to estimate reference points and to understand stock status. This study applied three different length-based assessment methods (length-based indicators—LBI, length-based spawning potential ratio—LBSPR, and the length-based Bayesian biomass approach—LBB) to predict fisheries stock sustainability in the Azores. Overall, the three methods showed robustness for 15 out of 18 stocks assessed and agreed on their exploitation status. The results showed that 45% of the Azorean stocks were classified as sustainable stocks, 33% possible rebuilding/overfished and 22% overfishing/overfished stock status. Sensitivity analysis showed that biases on the source of initial life-history parameters, especially the asymptotic length (L∞) and the ratio of natural mortality and growth coefficient (M/k), have a stronger influence on the reference points of conservation of mature individuals (LBI), spawning potential ratio and fishing mortality (LBSPR) and the biomass relative to the maximum sustainable yield (LBB). Furthermore, sensitivity analysis indicated that, among the three methods, LBI is more robust. Our findings provide some management recommendations such as (1) catches and effort should be reduced; (2) minimum landing size should be increased; (3) minimum hook size should be increased, to be applied mainly for those stocks classified as possible rebuilding/overfished and overfishing/overfished stock status. Graphical abstract

The Azorean demersal fishery sector is one of the most important in the archipelago. As a small-scale fishery, it plays an important role in the livelihood of the community, being a source of employment and income, and contributing to poverty alleviation. Because fisheries are a complex system, a multidisciplinary approach that includes socioeconomic indicators is required for a broader assessment of fishery sustainability. This study analyzes the Azorean bottom longline fishery using the Fishery Performance Indicators tool, regarding its ecology, economy, and community indicators. The findings indicated that the fishery is mostly sustainable, although there is still opportunity for improvement. Its ecological indicators had a good performance, mainly due to the effort and work of the scientific community that makes continuous studies to examine the state of its stocks. The economic indicators are in good condition as well, but some obstacles stopped the indicator from obtaining a better performance; mainly the landing volatility and the fishery's main source of capital (subsidies), which can make the fishery less competitive. Finally, its community indicator had a very good performance, which reflects the fishery's socioeconomic and cultural relevance for the Azores. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Small-scale fishing is a multi-gear activity that focuses on a wide range of species. As there is a considerable diversity of species, it is often difficult to keep track of all of those that are caught, and due to the lack of data or poor quality, most stock statuses are currently unknown around the world. Therefore, local ecological knowledge provided by fishers has been regarded as a valuable source of information to bridge these crucial gaps. This study assesses the vulnerability status of 22 fishing stocks in the Azores, through productivity and susceptibility analyses (PSAs) using two independent data sources: conventional scientific knowledge and fishers’knowledge data. We created four PSAs with separate and integrated data sources. Although we found some differences in the vulnerability scores and rankings, the risk outputs of the PSAs using independent and integrated sources of data generally match, reflecting a similar pattern trend. The findings of this work suggest that integrating FK may be an alternative to provide good fisheries’ assessment outcomes in the absence of CSK. Overall, this research supports the inclusion of fishers’ knowledge in vulnerability assessments as not only beneficial in the absence of data, but also as a supplement to data that can improve management advice.

Este estudo objetivou avaliar a influência das citocininas durante o estágio de multiplicação in vitro e a combinação entre carvão ativado com o ácido indol-3-butírico (AIB) durante o enraizamento in vitro de Handroanthus impetiginosus. Para a multiplicação in vitro, os segmentos nodais dos brotos obtidos a partir do estabelecimento de plântulas in vitro foram inoculados em meio de cultura Woody Plant Medium (WPM), com e sem as seguintes concentrações de 6-benzilaminopurina (BAP), cinetina (KIN) e tidiazuron (TDZ): 0,5; 1,0; 2,0; 4,0 e 8,0 µmol L-1. Para o enraizamento in vitro, brotos foram inoculados em meio WPM contendo combinações entre AIB (1,0; 3,0; 6,0 e 9,0 μmol L-1) e carvão ativado (1,0; 2,0 e 3,0 g L‑1), bem como suas ausências no meio de cultura. O maior número de brotos e gemas foi alcançado após usar 8,0 μmol L-1 de TDZ, enquanto que o melhor enraizamento ocorreu após a adição de 2,0 g L-1 de carvão ativado, independente da concentração de AIB. Nossos resultados mostram que usar TDZ em níveis adequados para o estágio de multiplicação in vitro seguido pelo uso de 2,0 g L-1 de carvão ativado para obter brotos bem enraizados é eficiente para a micropropagação de ipê-roxo de maneira rápida e com baixo custo, além de fornecer conhecimento sobre como manter esta espécie ameaçada de extinção em um ambiente in vitro podendo ajudar outros estudos de conservação.

Elasmobranchs are a vulnerable resource, more susceptible to overfishing than most teleosts, and their assessment is complicated due to a general lack of information about their fisheries, biology ...

Bowdichia virgilioides Kunth is a tree species native to the Brazilian Cerrado that has been listed as an endangered species due to its overexploitation in the last decades. Given its slow and difficult propagation in natural environments, propagation in plant nurseries appears as an interesting strategy to preserve this endangered species. Therefore, in this study we employed a wide range of temperatures (i.e. from -25°C to -196°C) to store seeds of B. virgilioides in the short-term, and evaluated its efficiency by assessing seed germination rate, speed index, time and synchrony, as well as seedling growth and quality. Germination percentage was only slightly negatively affected by storage time (up to 32 weeks) at 25°C. Despite that, after 32 weeks of storage, all storage temperatures resulted in similar seed germination parameters and seedling growth and quality. Overall, our results highlight that the seeds of this species can be stored in the short-term at a wide range of temperatures, facilitating large-scale propagation in plant nurseries.

Elasmobranchs are globally recognized as vulnerable due to their life-history characteristics, fishing pressure, and habitat degradation. Among the skates and rays caught by commercial fisheries, the thornback ray Raja clavata is one of the most economically important in Northwest European seas. However, the scarcity of biological knowledge about this species in Azorean waters has limited the stock assessment types that can be conducted. To improve information on its habitat preferences, spatial distribution and movement pattern, growth, sex ratio, mortality, and reproduction, as well as to investigate long-term changes in abundance and size, this study analyzed approximately 25 years of fishery-dependent and independent data from the Azores. Raja clavata was mainly caught at depths up to 250 m. Most of the tagged fish were recaptured near the release point. A larger–deeper trend was found, and females were larger and more abundant than males. Life-history parameters showed that R. clavata has a long lifespan, large size, slow growth, and low natural mortality. The sustainability of its population is of concern to fisheries management and, while our findings suggested a relatively healthy stock in the Azores, a thorough increase in data quality is required to better understand the stock condition and prevent overexploitation.

Garcinia brasiliensis is a tropical tree species of economic importance to local populations in the Amazon and Atlantic forests. The plant propagation of this species occurs mostly through seeds and despite that very little information about seedling emergence and growth is currently available. Here we assessed basic information on the seed and seedling ecophysiology of G. brasiliensis aiming at providing key details for seed propagation. Seeds are large and contain high levels of water when recently collected (c. 50%). Seed storage, especially under low temperature, resulted in very low seedling emergence. Fruit storage at c. 25 °C, on the other hand, was demonstrated to be the best option for maintaining seed viability in the short term. Removal of the seed coat considerably hastened and increased the percentage emergence of seedlings, despite the light condition. Similarly, a higher percentage and index of seedling emergence was observed under 35 °C over 25 °C, despite the substrate. Amongst all the substrates tested, sand resulted in lower seedling emergence. Cultivating seedlings in vermiculate and at 25 °C provided the best condition for root and shoot growth. Ideal conditions of light and temperature for seedling emergence and development mirror the environmental conditions under which plants of G. brasiliensis establish in nature. Resumo: Garcinia brasiliensis é uma espécie arbórea tropical de grande importância econômica para populações locais das Florestas Amazônica e Atlântica. A propagação se dá majoritariamente por sementes, e ainda sim, pouca informação sobre a emergência e crescimento de sua plântula é encontrada. Nesse trabalho, nós estudamos informações básicas acerca da ecofisiologia da semente e das plântulas a fim de promover conhecimento para propagação dessa espécie via semente. As sementes são grandes e com alto teor de água (c. 50%). O armazenamento de sementes, especialmente sob baixas temperaturas, resultou em baixas taxas de emergência. O armazenamento de frutos a 25 °C, por outro lado, se mostrou como a melhor opção para o armazenamento no curto prazo. A remoção do tegumento aumentou e acelerou a emergência de plântulas, independente da luz. Similarmente, maior porcentagem e index de emergência foram observados a 35 °C, independente do substrato. Dentro os substratos avaliados, areia resultou em menor emergência. O cultivo em vermiculita a 25 °C foi melhor para o crescimento da raiz e da parte aérea. As condições ideias de luz e temperatura para emergência e crescimento de plântulas de G. brasiliensis refletem as condições ambientais naturais nas quais essa espécie é encontrada.

Simple Summary The growing scarcity of continental shelf and epipelagic oceanic fishes has led to commercial fishing in deeper waters. With this spatial expansion in fishing efforts, some vulnerable deep-sea species have been increasingly captured. To reduce fishing-induced impacts on these resources, information on population traits is required by fishery scientists to produce adequate management advice. In the Northeast Atlantic, the common mora Mora moro has become the main fish species caught by bottom longliners operating in deep waters between 600 and 1200 m. Information about the biology and exploitation status of this species is scarce. This study unravels and highlights important and crucial aspects of the habitat preferences, life-history traits (sex ratio, timing of reproduction, size at maturity, growth pattern, and mortality rates), size structure, and abundance of the M. moro based on scientific surveys and commercial fisheries in the Azores region. Results highlight its vulnerability to overfishing due to its large size, slow growth, low natural mortality, long life span, and late maturity. Abstract With the commercial fishery expansion to deeper waters, some vulnerable deep-sea species have been increasingly captured. To reduce the fishing impacts on these species, exploitation and management must be based on detailed and precise information about their biology. The common mora Mora moro has become the main deep-sea species caught by longliners in the Northeast Atlantic at depths between 600 and 1200 m. In the Azores, landings have more than doubled from the early 2000s to recent years. Despite its growing importance, its life history and population structure are poorly understood, and the current stock status has not been assessed. To better determine its distribution, biology, and long-term changes in abundance and size composition, this study analyzed a fishery-dependent and survey time series from the Azores. M. moro was found on mud and rock bottoms at depths below 300 m. A larger–deeper trend was observed, and females were larger and more abundant than males. The reproductive season took place from August to February. Abundance indices and mean sizes in the catch were marked by changes in fishing fleet operational behavior. M. moro is considered vulnerable to overfishing because it exhibits a long life span, a large size, slow growth, and a low natural mortality.

Protected cultivation has increased over the years. More studies on the benefits of using photoselective agrofilms are necessary. The choice of material to cover the greenhouse is a decisive factor for crop development and production. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of diffuser and blue-colored agrofilms on the production of different tomato cultivars of indeterminate growth habit under NFT hydroponic system. A completely randomized design in a 2x3 factorial scheme (two environments and three cultivars) was used: two agrofilm types (blue and diffuser) and 3 cultivars (Monterrey, Arendell and Totalle). Each plot consisted of 30 plants per treatment, with four replicates. Commercial tomato seedlings of indeterminate growth habit grafted on rootstock cultivar (Shincheonggang) were used. During the experiment, the electrical conductivity, intensity of radiation inside the greenhouse, gas exchange, soluble solids, lycopene content, pH and fruit production were evaluated. We concluded that the amount of radiation transmitted through the diffuser favors an increase of about 18% in gas exchange, 12% in lycopene content and 9.4% in tomato crop production. RESUMO O cultivo protegido tem aumento ao longo dos anos, havendo necessidade de ampliar as pesquisas que comprovem benefícios da utilização de agrofilmes fotosseletivos. A escolha do material para a cobertura da casa de vegetação é fator decisivo para o desenvolvimento da cultura e produção. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito dos agrofilmes de cor azul e o difusor na produção de diferentes cultivares de tomateiro de hábito de crescimento indeterminado no sistema hidropônico-NFT. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2x3 (dois ambientes e três cultivares): dois tipos de agrofilme (azul e difusor) e 3 cultivares (Monterrey, Arendell e Totalle), sendo cada parcela constituída por 30 plantas por tratamento, com quatro repetições. Utilizaram-se mudas comerciais de tomateiro de hábito de crescimento indeterminado enxertadas em porta-enxerto cultivar Shincheonggang. Foram avaliadas durante a pesquisa a condutividade elétrica, intensidade da radiação dentro da casa de vegetação, trocas gasosas, sólidos solúveis, teor de licopeno, pH e produção de frutos. Conclui-se com a pesquisa que a quantidade de radiação que passa pelo agrofilme difusor favorece um aumento em torno de 18% as trocas gasosas, 12% o teor de licopeno e 9,4% a produtividade da cultura do tomate.

O presente trabalho se propõe a discutir como a virada digital traz implicações e possibilidades da aplicação das tecnologias digitais ao ofício do historiador. Se constituem como questões de pesquisa: quais são os desafios produzidos pela utilização das tecnologias digitais no ofício do historiador? Ou ainda, quais são as suas potencialidades? Metodologicamente, foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica no Google Acadêmico com o uso dos descritores: “ofício do historiador”, “história digital e global” e “desafios do historiador na era digital”. A pesquisa foi realizada somente em Português, foram encontrados 4 (quatro) artigos, porém, incorporados 2 (dois) textos citados nos artigos mapeados com o uso dos descritores. Conclui-se que o desenvolvimento de pesquisas na área da História Digital e os seus desdobramentos acerca do que a cultura digital conduz aos historiadores, é fundamental para compreender as transformações que a "Era da conexão" possibilitará a esses profissionais.

Volume e série não informados. Nesse estudo foi avaliado o efeito da suplementação com glutamina no conteúdo endógeno de aminoácidos, proteínas, fenólicos totais, flavonoides e proantocianidinas em calos de Bacupari. Os explantes foram inoculados em meio MS, meio MS com metade da concentração de dos sais de nitrogênio (MS½) e meio MS sem nitrogênio suplementado com glutamina (5, 10, 30 e 60mM) denominados como Gln5, Gln10, Gln30 e Gln60. Os aminoácidos e as proteínas foram analisados após 20, 80 e 140 dias e os metabólitos secundários no 140° dia. Não houve diferença nos aminoácidos no 20° dia. No 80° dia os tratamentos MS e MS½ apresentaram os menores níveis. No 140° dia, MS e MS½ apresentaram as menores concentrações de aminoácidos e o Gln10 as maiores. A respeito das proteínas, houve diferença apenas no 140° dia, sendo as maiores concentrações observadas nos tratamentos Gln, e as menores no MS½. O conteúdo de fenólicos totais foi maior no tratamento Gln60 e menor no MS. Os tratamentos Gln5, Gln10, Gln30 e MS½ foram estatisticamente iguais. Para os flavonóides, os maiores valores ocorreram nos tratamentos Gln30, Gln60 e MS½ e os menores no Gln5, Gln10 e MS. Da mesma forma, para as proantocianidinas, as maiores concentrações foram observadas no tratamento Gln60 os menores no Gln5 e MS. Em conclusão, o tratamento com 60 mM de glutamina favorece o acúmulo de proteínas e a produção de metabólitos secundários em calos de Bacupari. In this study was evaluated the influence of glutamine supplementation on the endogenous content of amino acids, proteins, total phenolics, flavonoids and proanthocyanidins in Bacupari callus. The explants were inoculated in MS medium, MS with half concentration of the nitrogen salts (MS½) and nitrogen-free MS, supplemented with glutamine (5, 10, 30 and 60mM) named as Gln5, Gln10, Gln30 and Gln60. Amino acids and proteins were analyzed after 20, 80 and 140 days and the secondary metabolites on the 140th day. There was no difference in the amino acids on the 20th day. On the 80th day the treatments MS and MS½ presented the lowest levels. On the 140th day MS and MS½ presented the lowest amino acid concentration and Gln10 the highest. Concerning proteins, there was difference only on the 140th day, being the highest concentrations observed in Gln5, and the lowest in MS½ treatment. Total phenolics content was higher in the treatment Gln60 and lowest in MS. Treatments Gln5, Gln10, Gln30 and MS½ were statistically equal. For flavonoids, the highest values occurred in the treatments Gln30, Gln60 and MS½ and the lowest in Gln5, Gln10 and MS. Similarly, for the proanthocyanidins the highest concentrations were observed in treatment Gln60 and the lowest in Gln5 and MS. In conclusion, the treatment with 60mM of glutamine favors the protein accumulation and production of secondary metabolites in Bacupari callus.

In this study, we used a comparative cross-system analysis and a standardized methodological approach to understand which abiotic parameters, in addition to salinity, can play an important role in determining larval fish assemblages in tropical estuaries. Surveys were performed by using surface trawls in the same water mass (salinity ranging from 15 to 25) in four Brazilian estuaries (Macae, Sao Joao, Bracui and Pereque-Acu) from May 2013 to March 2015. Water temperature, oxygen saturation, pH, chlorophyll- a , nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, phosphate and total particulate matter were obtained at each sampling area. Comparative analysis of structural attributes of larval fish assemblages, showed inter-estuarine differences in terms of total abundance and diversity. Pereque-Acu Estuary registered the highest abundance levels and was highly dominated by a typical anadromous species Anchoviella lepidentostole. Macae Estuary presented the most diverse larval fish assemblage, which was comprised by several marine species. Temperature and precipitation, in addition to salinity, were the main environmental variables regulating the larval fish assemblages. Temperature has played an important role in determining anadromous species abundance, since the greatest abundances were associated with high water temperatures recorded mainly in Pereque-Acu Estuary. Precipitation was responsible for episodic events of runoff in Bracui, Sao Joao and Pereque-Acu estuaries, where the high precipitation collaborated to carry anadromous larvae from the spawning habitat to the estuarine zone. Conversely, the low precipitation in Macae Estuary favored the immigration of marine species due to the decrease of the river flow. Oxygen saturation and nutrient load could have operated in an indirect way, through their effect on food supply, but further studies are necessary to investigate this question. Our study highlighted that fish larvae are highly sensitive to environmental variations and emphasized that conservation of estuarine habitats is essential to ensure success in the fish recruitment.

Biodiesel stands out as an alternative for petroleum-based products, but its production generates a large amount of by-products. This study was carried out at the Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Sul de Minas Gerais, Campus Machado, with the objective of evaluating the impacts of the disposal of crude glycerin on agricultural soil and its microbial activity as well as in plant development. An experiment with a completely randomized design, five treatments, and five replicates was developed in the laboratory to analyze microbial activity. Soil samples of 100 g were incubated for 36 days with concentrations of crude glycerin, namely: 0; 48.7; 146.1; 292.2 L ha-1. Besides these four treatments, flasks without soil and glycerin have composed one more treatment. During this period, the CO2 volume released in each sample was evaluated 11 times. Another experiment was developed in the laboratory with hairy beggarticks’ achenes to evaluate crude glycerin effects on plant development. A randomized complete block design was used in a 4x2 factorial scheme, with five replicates, the same glycerin concentrations, and two glycerin sources (laboratory and biodiesel plant-unit). Crude glycerin stimulated soil microbial activity for doses of up to 143.83 L ha-1, being a positive indicative for future studies on its application to agricultural soils. Glycerin applications reduced the hairy beggarticks’ root protrusion, even at the lowest doses. Residues have Na+ contents that limit their application in agricultural soils. RESUMO O biodiesel se destaca como sendo alternativa para a diminuição do uso de derivados do petróleo, contudo sua produção acarreta em um grande volume de subprodutos gerados. O trabalho foi realizado no Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Sul de Minas Gerais - campus Machado, com o objetivo de avaliar os impactos da disposição da glicerina bruta em solo agrícola sobre a atividade microbiana e o desenvolvimento vegetal. Para a análise da atividade microbiana, um experimento foi desenvolvido em laboratório, com delineamento inteiramente casualizado, cinco tratamentos e cinco repetições. Amostras de 100 g de solo foram incubadas por 36 dias com quatro concentrações de glicerina bruta, a saber: 0; 48,7; 146,1; 292,2 L ha-1, além da ausência de solo e glicerina. Durante este período, realizaram-se 11 avaliações do volume de CO2 liberado, em cada amostra. Para avaliar os efeitos da glicerina bruta sobre o desenvolvimento vegetal, outro experimento foi desenvolvido em laboratório utilizando aquênios de picão preto. Foi utilizado delineamento em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 4x2, com cinco repetições, as mesmas concentrações de glicerina e duas origens do resíduo (laboratório e usina produtora de biodiesel). Para doses de até 143,83 L ha-1, a glicerina bruta estimulou a atividade microbiana do solo, sendo indicativo positivo para estudos futuros em relação a sua aplicação em solos agrícolas. As aplicações de glicerina reduziram a protrusão radicular do picão-preto, mesmo nas menores doses. Os resíduos possuem teores de Na+ que limitam sua aplicação em solos agrícolas.

A micropropagacao em sistemas de biorreatores e considerada como uma forma de reduzir os custos de producao por meio do escalonamento de automatizacao do processo. O objetivo desse trabalho foi desenvolver um protocolo eficiente de producao de mudas de Eucalyptus camaldulensis em diferentes tipos de sistema, incluindo biorreator de imersao continua e temporaria. Para isso, meristemas apicais (1 mm) e meristemas apicais com tecido adjacente (2,5 mm) foram usados como explantes iniciais. Esses tecidos foram cultivados, por 60 dias, em meio de cultura suplementado com 1 mg L-1 de acido indolacetico (AIA) e 0.32 mg L-1 de benzilaminopurina (BAP). Apos 60 dias, os meristemas com tecidos adjacentes foram transferidos para biorreatores de imersao continua ou temporaria e mantidos no escuro ou sob condicoes controladas de luminosidade. Para verificar o efeito da fonte de explante na multiplicacao em biorreator foram testados explantes subcultivados de meristemas multiplicados em meio de cultura semissolido e meristemas multiplicados em biorreator de imersao continua e mantidos no escuro. Despois de estabelecer esses parâmetros, os experimentos de multiplicacao foram realizados em biorreatores de imersao continua e temporaria. Os explantes multiplicados foram enraizados em meio de cultura MS suplementado com 0, 2, 4, 8 e 20 mg L-1 de acido indolbutirico (AIB) e mantidos no escuro ou sob condicoes controladas de luminosidade. Depois do enraizamento as plantas foram aclimatizadas em câmara de nebulizacao. Os meristemas com tecidos adjacentes favoreceram um maior numero de gemas/explantes. O biorreator de imersao continua e mantido no escuro promoveu maior numero de brotacoes e maior taxa de multiplicacao e o melhor enraizamento ocorreram no meio de cultura isento de auxina, mantido no escuro por 15 dias ou o meio de cultura suplementado com auxina, mantido na luz apresentando 100% de enraizamento. A aclimatizacao do Eucalyptus camaldulensis foi eficiente com taxa de sobrevivencia de 76%. Portanto, foi possivel desenvolver um metodo eficiente de micropropagacao em biorreator para a producao de mudas Eucalyptus camaldulensis em larga escala.

This paper summarises the detailed information on catch, fork length, weight, sex and maturity of alfonsinos Beryx splendens and Beryx decadactylus collected from targeted surveys in Azores waters, complemented by fishery data, over the past c. 20 years. To date, it was not possible to define if the Azorean component of the population can be considered as a discrete local management unit. The reason for this is the lack of available information for these resources covering the entire spatial distribution of the species in the North Atlantic Ocean. Additionally, there are some conflicts between the different genetic results available, poor understanding about the species movements and data from the Azores show some discrepancies in aspects of reproduction. Consequently, there is no analytical assessment for this resource and the stock of Beryx spp. is currently managed based on the precautionary approach. Outputs of recent analyses are presented in this study and possible assumptions and strategies for the assessment are discussed.

The plant micro-propagation in bioreactor systems is regarded as one way to reduce cost by automation and production scheduling. This research was carried out in order to obtain an efficient procedure for clone production of Eucalyptus camaldulensis on different types of bioreactor including continuous and temporary immersion bioreactor. To do so, the apical meristems (1 mm) and the apical meristems with adjacent tissue (2,5 mm) were used as initial explants. These tissues were cultured, for 60 days, in semisolid culture medium supplemented with 1 mg L -1 indole acetic acid (IAA) and 0.32 mg L -1 benzylaminopurine (BA). After 60 days, the meristems with adjacent tissue were transferred to a continuous immersion bioreactor and maintained in dark or light conditions. In order to verify the effect of the explant source on bioreactor multiplication, the explants subcultured from meristems multiplied in semisolid culture medium and the meristems multiplied in continuous immersion bioreactor were tested and maintained in dark conditions. After establishing this parameters, the multiplication experiments were carried out in continuous and temporary immersion and the multiplied explants were then rooted in MS medium supplemented with 0, 2, 4, 8 and 20 mg L -1 indole butyric acid (IBA) and kept in the dark or under controlled lighting conditions. After that, the rooting the plants were acclimatized in mist chamber. The meristem with adjacent tissue favored a greater number of buds/explants. The continuous immersion bioreactor in the dark provided higher shoots number and multiplication rate. The rooting was better on culture medium without auxin and kept in the dark for 15 days or the culture medium supplemented with auxin and maintained under light with 100% plantlet rooting. The Eucalyptus camaldulensis acclimatization was efficient, with high survival rate (76%). It was possible to establish the procedure for bioreactor micro-propagation of Eucalyptus camaldulensis large-scale clones.

Survey data from the Azores is used for fisheries stock assessments under the ICES Working Group on the Biology and Assessment of Deep-sea Fisheries Resources (WGDEEP) covering deep open ocean areas. The Azores research cruise using bottom longlines for abundance estimation is probably unique in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean. This study analyzed data from annual Azorean bottom longline surveys (ICES subdivision 10a2) from 1996 to 2018 to calculate abundance indices of commercial demersal species, to estimate the statistical significance of the annual changes in the abundance estimates, and to examine the possible factors that cause this variability. The catch rates of these surveys appear to provide accurate indices of abundance for most of the commercially important demersal species. The observed inter-annual variability of the survey abundance estimates can be explained by survey effort distribution, fishery dynamics, aggregation patterns of some species, habitat preferences, fish movements, and environmental effects. However, other factors can affect these estimates (soak time, gear saturation and competition for hooks) and we recommend that additional studies be undertaken to understand these effects.

Water erosion is one of the main environmental impacts of land use. When soil and water losses occur, nutrients essential for the growth and maintenance of plants are removed, with harmful outcomes on the sustainability of agriculture and the environment. In addition, they lead to other deleterious effects, such as sedimentation and eutrophication of water bodies. Estimation of soil losses due to water erosion in sub-basins is essential for prediction of soil degradation, especially in areas of semi-intensive cultivation, such as coffee fields. Thus, the aim of this study was to estimate soil losses in relation to the limit of soil loss tolerance in Oxisols (Latossolos Vermelhos Distróficos) under coffee cultivation. This study was conducted from March 2015 to January 2017 in the Córrego da Laje Hydrographic Sub-basin in the municipality of Alfenas in the southern region of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil. Soil losses due to water erosion were estimated from the revised universal soil loss equation and compared to soil loss tolerance. Morphological, physical, and chemical properties of the soil were used, as well as geoprocessing techniques, remote-sensing images, and data from the literature. The results show potential soil losses from 0.01 to 18.77 Mg ha-1 yr-1, with an average of 1.52 Mg ha-1 yr-1. The soil loss tolerance ranged from 5.19 to 5.90 Mg ha-1 yr-1, with 7.35 % of the area having larger losses. Areas with steeper slopes and no sustainable practices have soil losses above the tolerance level and are thus a priority for adoption of measures to mitigate erosive effects. The revised universal soil loss equation enabled water erosion modeling and identification of areas with the highest rates of potential soil loss in watersheds.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do cultivo de plantas de copo-de-leite (Zantedeschia aethiopica) em sistema hidropônico, no crescimento vegetativo, no teor de nutrientes na parte aérea e nas trocas gasosas. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial triplo (2x2x2), com oito tratamentos, três repetições e oito plantas por parcela. Os tratamentos consistiram de duas dimensões de espuma fenólica (2,5x2,5x2,5 e 5,0x5,0x3,8 cm, expressas em altura x comprimento x largura), duas soluções nutritivas e dois perfis hidropônicos (100 e 150 mm). As plantas de copo-de-leite foram cultivadas em sistema hidropônico fluxo laminar de nutriente (NFT) e apresentaram teores de nutrientes na parte aérea, na seguinte sequência decrescente: K>N>Ca>P>S>Mg para macronutrientes e Fe>Mn>Zn>B>Cu para micronutrientes. Plantas de copo-de-leite cultivadas em sistema hidropônico NFT, em espuma fenólica de 5,0x5,0x3,8 cm e em perfil hidropônico de 150 mm, apresentam maior acúmulo de massa de matéria seca na parte aérea e no rizoma, bem como maiores taxas fotossintéticas, independentemente da solução nutritiva. Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of growing calla lily plants (Zantedeschia aethiopica) in a hydroponic system on vegetative growth, nutrient content in shoots, and gas exchange. A completely randomized design in a triple factorial arrangement (2x2x2) was used, with eight treatments, three replicates, and eight plants per plot. The treatments consisted of two dimensions of phenolic foam (2.5x2.5x2.5 and 5.0x5.0x3.8 cm, expressed as height x length x width), two nutrient solutions, and two hydroponic profiles (100 and 150 mm). The calla lily plants were grown in a nutrient film technique (NFT) hydroponic system and presented nutrient content in the shoots in the following decreasing order: K>N>Ca>P>S>Mg for macronutrients and Fe>Mn>Zn>B>Cu for micronutrients. Calla lily plants grown in a NFT hydroponic system, in the phenolic foam of 5.0x5.0x3.8-cm dimensions and in the hydroponic profile of 150 mm, show greater dry matter accumulation in shoots and bulbs, as well higher photosynthetic rates, regardless of nutrient solution.

Some macrophytes species show a high growth potential, colonizing large areas on aquatic environments. Cattail (Typha angustifolia L.) uncontrolled growth causes several problems to human activities and local biodiversity, but this also may lead to competition and further problems for this species itself. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate anatomical modifications on T. angustifolia plants from different population densities, once it can help to understand its biology. Roots and leaves were collected from natural populations growing under high and low densities. These plant materials were fixed and submitted to usual plant microtechnique procedures. Slides were observed and photographed under light microscopy and images were analyzed in the UTHSCSA-Imagetool software. The experimental design was completely randomized with two treatments and ten replicates, data were submitted to one-way ANOVA and Scott-Knott test at p

Fish larvae of four SE Brazilian estuaries were investigated to assess if the larval fish assemblages reflect the ecological status of estuaries. All samples were collected in the same water mass to guarantee similar natural water parameters, assuring that major differences among estuaries were related to anthropogenic pressures. Water temperature, oxygen, pH, chlorophyll a, faecal coliforms, nutrient load and total particulate matter were obtained at each sampling area. A pressure index was used to assess the overall anthropogenic pressures acting in each estuary. Results showed that fish larvae were sensitive to water contamination, reducing the diversity and especially exhibiting a high dominance of few species. Furthermore, this study reinforced the idea that the high sensitivity of fish larvae can increase the accuracy of the environmental assessments when tackling short-time events of hydrological controls (physical barriers and control of the freshwater input), representing an advance in the water ecological quality assessments.

The forms of spatial and temporal resources use of two sympatric species of Ameivula were studied in an Atlantic Forest-Caatinga ecotone located in Parque Nacional Serra de Itabaiana, Sergipe, Brazil. The study was conducted between February 2008 and January 2009. The method used was an active search for a limited time, from 06:00 am to 06:00 pm. The species were observed during all months sampled, and A. ocellifera presented the highest number of sightings. Despite the high temporal niche overlap observed ( O jk = 0.90), A. ocellifera and A. abaetensis differed regarding the times of higher activity. A. ocellifera was most seen (≥ 10%) between 08:00 am and 01:00 pm, and A. abaetensis from 09:00 am to 01:00 pm. Both species were found more frequently on sunny days, with similar patterns of activity at the time of sighting, being usually observed walking on sand ( A. ocellifera ) or leaves near the base of shrubs ( A. abaetensis ). The behaviors demonstrated by both species of Ameivula in response to the approach of the observer were different and were related to the level of exposure along with the vulnerability to predation. The coexistence of A. ocellifera and A. abaetensis in the study area is possibly related to minor differences in the use pattern of temporal and spatial resources by both species, and these differences are probably due to the current ecological interactions. The results obtained in this study contribute to the understanding of the natural history and ecology of the species of Ameivula and mainly generate useful information for the conservation of these species in habitats transitional of Atlantic Forest-Caatinga. USO DOS RECURSOS POR DUAS ESPECIES SIMPATRICAS DE Ameivula (SQUAMATA: TEIIDAE) EM UM ECOTONO DE MATA ATLÂNTICA-CAATINGA As formas de utilizacao dos recursos espaciais e temporais por duas especies simpatricas de Ameivula foram estudadas em um ecotono de Mata Atlântica e Caatinga, situado no Parque Nacional Serra de Itabaiana, Sergipe, Brasil. O estudo foi desenvolvido entre fevereiro de 2008 e janeiro de 2009. O metodo adotado foi o de busca ativa limitado por tempo, sendo utilizado o periodo das 06:00 as 18:00 h. As duas especies foram verificadas ao longo de todos os meses de coleta, sendo A. ocellifera a com maior numero de registros. Apesar da alta sobreposicao de nicho temporal observada ( O jk = 0,90), A. ocellifera e A. abaetensis diferiram em relacao aos horarios de maior atividade. A. ocellifera foi avistado com maiores frequencias (≥10 %) entre 08:00 e 13:00 h, enquanto que A. abaetensis , entre as 09:00 as 13:00 h. As duas especies foram mais frequentes em dias ensolarados, com padroes similares de atividade no momento do avistamento, tendo as mesmas sido verificadas, em geral, andando sobre areia ( A. ocellifera ) ou folhas proximas a base de arbustos ( A. abaetensis ). Os comportamentos adotados pelas duas especies de Ameivula em resposta a aproximacao do observador foram diferenciados e estiveram relacionados ao grau de exposicao e, consequentemente, de vulnerabilidade a predacao. A coexistencia de A. ocellifera e A. abaetensis na area de estudo esta possivelmente relacionada a pequenas divergencias no padrao de uso de recursos temporais e espaciais pelas duas especies, sendo provavelmente essas diferencas resultantes de interacoes ecologicas atuais. Os dados obtidos neste estudo contribuem para o conhecimento sobre a historia natural e ecologia das especies de Ameivula e, principalmente, geram informacoes uteis para a conservacao destas especies em habitats de transicao Mata Atlântica-Caatinga. Uso de recursos por dos especies simpatricas de Ameivula (Squamata: Teiidae) en un ecotono de bosque Atlantico-Caatinga En un ecotono de bosque atlantico y Caatinga, ubicado en el Parque Nacional Serra de Itabaiana, Sergipe, Brasil, fueron estudiadas las formas de uso de recursos espaciales y temporales de dos especies simpatricas de Ameivula El estudio se realizo entre febrero de 2008 y enero de 2009. El metodo adoptado fue la busqueda activa con control de tiempo, en el periodo de las 06:00-18:00 horas. Se observo que la especie con mas registros fue A. ocellifera . A pesar del alto solapamiento de nicho temporal observado ( O jk = 0,90), A. ocellifera y A. abaetensis difirieron en relacion con los momentos de mayor actividad. A. ocellifera se observo con mayor frecuencia (≥ 10 %) 08:00-13:00, mientras que A. abaetensis de 09:00 a 13:00 horas. Ambas especies fueron mas frecuentes en los dias soleados, con patrones similares de actividad en el momento de la observacion, fueron vistas por lo general caminando sobre la arena ( A. ocellifera ) o en las hojas cerca de la base de arbustos ( A. abaetensis ). Conductas adoptadas por las dos especies Ameivula en respuesta al enfoque del observador eran diferentes y estaban relacionados con el grado de exposicion de la vulnerabilidad a la depredacion. La coexistencia de A. ocellifera y A. abaetensis en el area de estudio se relaciona posiblemente con pequenas diferencias en el patron de tiempo de uso de los recursos y el espacio de las dos especies, estas diferencias son probablemente el resultado de las interacciones ecologicas actuales. Los resultados obtenidos en este estudio contribuyen a la comprension de la historia natural y ecologia de las especies de Ameivula y generan principalmente informacion util para la conservacion de estas especies en habitats de transicion de la Mata Atlantica-Caatinga

Diante da expansão do uso das novas tecnologias e da Educação à Distância, o presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar a viabilidade de implantação de um curso à distância de latu sensu em geografia na comunidade ribeirinha de Santa Maria do Boiaçu – município de Caracaraí – no estado de Roraima. A justificativa deste trabalho encontra-se primeiramente por ter escolhido uma região desconhecida da maior parte do Brasil, com possibilidades reduzidíssimas de acesso ao ensino superior, e que praticamente vive à margem dos avanços tecnológicos e projetos desenvolvimentistas na área da educação, bem como, por representar uma possibilidade de mudança de vida daqueles brasileiros. Como metodologia desenvolveu-se vasta pesquisa bibliográfica em relação à temática abordada, além de se fazer várias visitas in loco a região objeto do estudo para vivenciar a realidade. Quiçá possa este artigo contribuir para a efetivação do ensino superior aos habitantes da comunidade, e de toda a região do baixo Rio branco.

To obtain important baseline information about population dynamics and to provide valuable insights about the possible effects of artisanal fishing on the demersal fish community, this study had three specific objectives: (1) to update the annotated list of demersal teleost species occurring in the Azores (mid-North Atlantic); (2) to describe their depth distribution and related fishery information; and (3) to evaluate annual changes in their observed abundance and length composition. To do this, a time series with about 25 years of scientific data from the commercial fishery and surveys was analyzed. The demersal teleost community was represented by 213 species, predominantly deep-water species, reflecting the main marine habitat in the Azores region. Fishery takes place mainly in the intermediate strata (200–600 m), where the most commercially important species occur. No changing in the fork length (LF) distribution toward small individuals caused by size-selective fishing was detected in this study. The high variability observed in the LF data indicates the need for more accurate studies considering alternative statistical analyses (e.g., generalised linear models) to examine the possible factors (e.g. depth coverage, gear configuration, soak time, and fishing area) that cause this variability. On the other hand, the abundance indices of some commercially important species appear to have declined (Phycis phycis, Pontinus kuhlii, Conger conger, Beryx splendens and B. decadactylus), while others appear to be more stable (Helicolenus dactylopterus) or even increasing (Mora moro). Although the available data are insufficient for a formal assessment on the status of exploited populations, the long-term analysis of commercial landings and survey data was used as a basis to assess deep sea demersal teleost fisheries of the Azores, under a precautionary approach.

Sewage sludge is the solid residue obtained from urban sewage treatment plants. It is possible to use the sludge in a sustainable way as fertilizer and as soil conditioner due to its high levels of organic matter and nutrients. Besides pathogens and volatile organic compounds, the residue may also contain heavy metals which may accumulate and contaminate crops and the food chain. The aim of this study was evaluates the changes in the fertility of dystrophic Red Latosol and in the availability of heavy metals following application of sewage sludge. It was assessed whether organic matter supplied to the soil as large amounts of sewage sludge would decrease availability of heavy metals in the soil due to of insoluble compounds formation. From this, an experiment was carried out in polyethylene pots using lettuce plant for test. Sewage sludge were applied to the soil in concentrations equivalent to 60, 120 and 180 t ha-1, and a control without sludge, in four replicates, in a completely randomized design. The results show that sewage sludge led to an increase of organic matter contents, of the cation exchange capacity (CEC) and of nutrients found in the soil. It also improved plant growth up to a concentration of 120 t ha-1. Availability of heavy metals, however, was reduced in sludge concentrations starting with 120 t ha-1. Lodo de esgoto é o resíduo obtido após o tratamento dos esgotos municipais. Em decorrência dos elevados teores de matéria orgânica e de nutrientes, é possível utilizar o lodo, de forma sustentável, como fertilizante agrícola e condicionador de solos. Todavia, além de patógenos e de compostos orgânicos voláteis, esse resíduo pode conter ainda metais pesados que podem ser acumulados e contaminar as culturas agrícolas e a cadeia trófica. Assim, neste trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar as alterações na fertilidade de um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico e na disponibilidade de metais pesados decorrentes da aplicação de lodo de esgoto. Foi avaliado se a matéria orgânica fornecida ao solo com aplicações elevadas de lodo deverá, em razão da formação de compostos insolúveis, diminuir a disponibilidade dos metais pesados do solo. Para tanto, foi conduzido experimento em vasos de polietileno, com a aplicação do lodo no solo nas concentrações equivalentes a 60, 120 e 180 t ha-1, e um tratamento controle sem lodo, com quatro repetições, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, utilizando alface como planta teste. Os resultados indicam que o lodo de esgoto promoveu o aumento dos teores de matéria orgânica, da capacidade de troca catiônica (CTC) e de nutrientes no solo e ainda melhorou o desenvolvimento das plantas até a concentração de 120 t ha-1. A disponibilidade dos metais pesados, no entanto, foi reduzida nos tratamentos a partir de 120 t ha-1 de lodo.

The tissue culture can contribute to the propagation of several economic species, such as the bromeliads. This research aimed at evaluating the auxins type and concentration in the in vitro and ex vitro rhizogenesis of Neoregelia concentrica bromeliad. N. concentrica shoots were induced in a growth medium with 15.0 µM of 6-benzylaminopurine, for 80 days, followed by sub-cultivation in phytoregulator-free medium, for 45 days. In the in vitro rhizogenesis, the shoots grew in a medium supplemented with indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) or naphthalene-acetic acid (NAA), at the concentrations of 0.0 µM, 1.0 µM, 2.0 µM, 3.0 µM and 4.0 µM. In the ex vitro rhizogenesis, the bases of shoots were immersed, for 60 minutes, in IBA or NAA solutions, at the concentrations of 0.0 µM, 5.0 µM, 10.0 µM and 15.0 µM. After immersion, the shoots were planted in plastic trays with vermiculite. At the end of each rhizogenesis method, the phytotechnical parameters analysis was carried out. For the in vitro rhizogenesis, a higher number of roots were observed when the shoots were cultivated in concentrations higher than 1.0 µM of NAA, when compared to the IBA. However, the rooting rate differed only at 30 days after the in vitro growth, with a higher root induction in the shoots grown with NAA. At 60 days, the rooting rate was higher than 90% and statistically similar in all treatments. In the ex vitro rhizogenesis, a better formation of the rooting system was observed when 5.0 µM of IBA was applied, with higher rooting averages and number of roots. A cultura de tecidos pode contribuir na propagação de várias espécies de interesse comercial, como as bromeliáceas. Objetivou-se avaliar o tipo e a concentração de auxinas na rizogênese in vitro e ex vitro da bromélia Neoregelia concentrica. Brotos de N. concentrica foram induzidos em meio de cultivo com 15,0 µM de 6-benzilaminopurina, por 80 dias, com posterior subcultivo em meio isento de fitorreguladores, por 45 dias. Na rizogênese in vitro, os brotos foram cultivados em meios suplementados com ácido indol-3-butírico (AIB) ou ácido-naftaleno-acético (ANA), nas concentrações de 0,0 µM; 1,0 µM; 2,0 µM; 3,0 µM; e 4,0 µM. Para a rizogênese ex vitro, os brotos tiveram suas bases imersas, por 60 minutos, em solução de AIB ou ANA, nas concentrações de 0,0 µM; 5,0 µM; 10,0 µM; e 15,0 µM. Após imersão, os brotos foram plantados em bandejas plásticas contendo vermiculita. Ao final de cada método de rizogênese, foi realizada a análise de parâmetros fitotécnicos. Na rizogênese in vitro, observou-se maior número de raízes quando os brotos foram cultivados com concentrações superiores a 1,0 µM de ANA, em relação ao AIB. Contudo, a percentagem de enraizamento diferiu apenas aos 30 dias de cultivo in vitro, com maior indução de raízes nos brotos cultivados com ANA. Aos 60 dias, o enraizamento foi superior a 90% e estatisticamente semelhante em todos os tratamentos. Na rizogênese ex vitro, observou-se melhor formação do sistema radicular quando aplicados 5,0 µM de AIB, com as maiores médias para enraizamento e número de raízes.

Eucalyptus stands in the setting of worldwide forestry due to its adaptability, rapid growth, production of high-quality and low cost of wood pulp fibers. The eucalyptus convetional breeding is impaired mainlly by the long life cycle making the genetic transformation systems an important tool for this purpose. However, this system requires in vitro eficient protocols for plant induction, regeneration and seletion, that allow to obtain transgenic plants from the transformed cell groups. The aim of this work was to evaluate the callus formation and to optimize the leaves and callus genetic transformation protocol by using the Agrobacterium tumefaciens system. Concerning callus formation, two different culture media were evaluated: MS medium supplemented with auxin, cytokinin (M1) and the MS medium with reduced nitrogen concentration and supplemented with auxin, cytokinin coconut water (M2). To establish the leave genetic transformation, those were exposed to agrobiolistics technique (gene gun), to tissue injury, and A. tumesfasciens EHA 105 contening the vetor pCambia 3301 (35S::GUS::NOS), for gene transference and to establish the callus transformation thoses were exposed only to A. tumefasciens. For both experiments, the influence of different infection periods was evaluated. The M2 medium provided the best values for callus sizea and fresh and dry weight. The leaves genetic transformation using the agrobiolistics technique was effective, the gus gene transient expression could be observed. No significant differences were obtained in the infection periods (4, 6 and 8 minutes). The callus genetic transformation with A. tumefaciens also promotend the gus gene transient expression on the callus co-cultiveted for 15 e 30 minutes. The transformed callus was transfered to a regeneration and selection medium and transformed plants were obtained. O Eucalyptus destaca-se no cenário silvicultural mundial devido à sua adaptabilidade, crescimento rápido e produção de fibra de baixo custo e com alta qualidade. O melhoramento convencional do gênero é dificultado, principlamente, pelo seu longo ciclo de vida, tornando a transformação genética importante ferramenta para esse propósito. Esse processo requer o desenvolvimento de protocolo eficiente de progagação in vitro para indução, regeneração e seleção que permita a obtenção de plantas transgênicas a partir de grupos de células transformadas. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avalair a formação de calos e otimizar o protocolo de transformação genética de folhas e calos através da infecção por A. tumefaciens. Para a formação de calos foram avaliados dois meios de cultura: meio de cultura MS supplementado com auxina e citocinina (M1) e meio de cultura MS com concentração de nitrogênio reduzida e suplementado com auxinas, citocininas e água de coco (M2). Para estabelecer o protocolo de transformação genética de E. camaldulensis, as folhas foram expostas à técnica de agrobiobalística, utilizando-se o bombardeador com micropartículas para realizar ferimentos nos tecidos; e A. tumefasciens EHA 105 contendo o vetor pCambia 3301 (35S::GUS::NOS) para a transferência do gene, enquanto para a transformação genética dos calos estes foram somente infectados com A. tumefasciens. Em ambos os experimentos foi avaliada a influência de diferentes períodos de infecção. O meio de cultura M2 promoveu os melhores valores de volume, massa seca e massa fresca. A transformação genética de folhas através da técnica de agrobiobalística foi efetiva, sendo possível observar a expressão transiente do gene gus, mas não houve diferenças significativas entre os períodos de infecção (4, 6 e 8 min). Os calos infectados por 15 e 30 min com A. tumefasciens também apresentaram expressão transiente do gene gus quando foram tranferidos para meio de cultura de regeneração e seleção e apresentaram formação de brotos.