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Purpose: It’s a known factor that obesity and overweight among adolescentsare major emerging global health problems associated with morbidityand mortality throughout their life in developed and developing countries. There is evidence that reducing overweight and obesity by increasing awareness, self-efficacy, and contemplation to adopt a health-promoting lifestyle.The aim of this review how the theory and model used to reduce this burden through vicarious interventional activities among adolescence (10-19 years)in a school setting. Methods: A literature search was performed in four databases to identify published studies between January 2009 and December 2019. Randomized control trial exploring the multiple interventional effects on obesity and overweight by utilization of with or without theoretical constructs and outcome on body mass index. Results: Originally references searched were 2112 abstracts and full-text articles. The total population was 34,846 adolescents. Most of the multiple interventionshad little positive effect onphysical activity, dietary intake, and sedentary behavior changes directly on BMI. Only three studies show changes in behavior through theory. Minimal studies reported the involvement and motivation of parents, friends, and teachers for themselves and adolescents. Conclusion: The contemporary review to visualizemultiple interventions, and how models and theory focused on various pragmatic activities in the delivery and outcome in school settings among adolescents.

Background. Cardiovascular disease is a global emerging problem and its risk starts in children and adolescents. Adolescents have modifiable cardiovascular risk factors that have been found globally, and nationally, and early intervention programs may be able to lower these risks for both individuals and populations. Accurate risk factor evaluation at the individual level is crucial in this situation for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Objective. The study aimed to investigate cardiovascular disease knowledge and to determine physical activity, and dietary patterns among school-going adolescents in Arakkonam, Tamil Nadu, India. Methods. A school-based cross-sectional survey was conducted to assess cardiovascular disease knowledge among 500 adolescents aged 10-18 from public schools. The study period was from September 2021 to February 2022. The measurement taken on anthropometrics such as height, weight, body mass index, and bio-physiological measurement as blood pressure, structured questionnaire assessed for knowledge, dietary questionnaire assessed previous week food consumption which the investigator developed, and physical activity standard questionnaire assessed the past week’s exercise level. Data were analyzed using IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20. Results. The mean study population age was 13.7±1.7, 53% were boys, and 47% were girls. Factors like age 16-18 years (p=0.01), site of residence from urban (p=0.001), education of teenagers (p=0.01), and family history of cardiovascular disease (p=0.001) are significantly correlated with the level of knowledge score, with better-educated adolescents having fair knowledge score than others. Level of knowledge score and demographic traits are associated with physical activity, such as 16 to 18 years (p=0.03), living in an urban region (p=0.03), being in a joint household (p=0.001), adolescents who are at higher secondary (p=0.02), and having a family history contribute more to cardiovascular disease (p=0.001) than other variables. Mean days eating diets were egg (4.18±2.27), vegetables (3.92±0.93), milk products (3.85±1.87), fried foods (3.75±1.25), toffees, and chocolates (3.35±1.81) all had higher percentages of consumed foods than others. Conclusion: There is a risk of cardiovascular disease higher among adolescents. Still a need for school-based primordial preventive educational approaches needed to improve to curb this burden.

This research is based on the characterization of khat waste (Catha edulis) through the use of some experimental approaches required to produce a clean, renewable energy source that could enhance our environmental economy as well as our energy security. The objective of this article is to characterize the pyrolysis khat waste in both proximate and ultimate analysis, thermal decomposition (weight loss of khat), and functional categories of khat waste, by using a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to determine the functional group of a sample. We also used an elemental analyzer device (model: Thermo Scientific–EA1112 FLASH CHNS/O analyzer) to measure elemental composition, characterize the proximate analysis of khat, and measure weight loss or thermal behavior of raw khat sample by using a device called thermogravimetric analyzer (TA instrument model: SDT Q600). The determined characterization of the khat sample was 48.25 percent carbon, 6.16 percent hydrogen, 45.13 percent oxygen, and 0.46 percent nitrogen. When compared to coal, khat contains extremely little nitrogen, resulting in less environmental contamination to the air than fossil fuel combustion. The proximate analysis results of the khat sample also showed 5 percent and 5.26 percent moisture content for both wet and dry bases, respectively, as well as 76.3 percent volatile matter, 4.8 percent ash content, and 13.83 percent fixed carbon. The findings are discussed in this research by comparing the final value results with other biomass and coil. The functional group of khat waste was studied using a spectrum of (65 Perkin Elmer) at wavelength ranges of 4000 to 400 cm-1. The weight loss of the khat sample at 700°C and a heating rate of 20°C/min, as well as the proximate analysis of this raw khat, were 4.5 percent, 75.84 percent, 5.38 percent, and 14.28 percent for moisture, unstable substance, ash content, and static carbon, respectively. The differences between TGA values and the projected proximal value were 10%, 0.6 percent, 9.47 percent, and 3.15 percent for moisture, volatile matter, as content, and fixed carbon, respectively. Overall, the benefit we get from pyrolysis of khat waste is that khat waste has very low nitrogen content and empty sulfur, which is very important for reducing air pollution and environmental sanitation when used as fuel. So from pyrolysis, khat waste types of fuel such as biochar, liquid fuel, and gas fuel can be obtained.

This study addresses an important policy issue pertaining to the determination of equalisation transfers to Indian states. It empirically estimates the effect of transfers on the expenditures of 29 Indian states using panel data methodology. It also determines transfers based on the spending needs and fiscal capacities of states. The results indicate a strong crowding-in effect of transfers on the public spending of states and the presence of the flypaper effect. Fiscal transfers relate positively to revenue expenditures in 13 out of 18 general category states and in 8 out of 11 special category states. The estimated amounts of equalisation transfers for all 29 states in four alternative scenarios, based on alternative benchmarks of fiscal capacities and spending needs, range between ₹555 billion and ₹16,048 billion. We believe these results will help policymakers and other stakeholders to design appropriate fiscal transfer strategies such that all citizens can avail a standard level of public services in India. JEL Codes: H77, H73, H72, C23

Historically, silver has been recognized as a powerful antibacterial agent with a broad spectrum of functions, and it has been employed safely in healthcare for several years. It seems that the incorporation of silver into embedded medical devices may be advantageous when particular genetic features, including such antibacterial behavior, are needed for the device to function. According to current and prior bacterial studies, it appears that the toxicity against bacteria was significantly more significant than the toxicity against human cells. Silver nanoparticles are nanoparticles with sizes ranging between one and one hundred nanometers (nm) in size. When it comes to molecular diagnostics, therapies, and equipment that are employed in a wide range of medical procedures, silver nanoparticles have a number of unique qualities that make them very useful. The physical and chemical approaches are the two majority ways for the creation of silver nanoparticles. The challenge with chemical and physical approaches is that the synthesis is complicated and can result in harmful compounds being absorbed onto the surfaces of the materials. In order to address this, the biological technique offers a viable alternative solution. Bacteria, fungus, and plant extracts are the three principal biological systems concerned in this process. A complete overview of the mechanism of action, manufacture, and uses in the medical area, as well as the healthcare and ecological concerns that are believed to be produced by these nanoparticles, is provided in this paper. The emphasis is on the proper and effective synthesis of silver nanoparticles even while exploring their numerous promising utility and attempting to assess the current status in the debates over the toxicity concerns that these nanoparticles pose, as well as attempting to reflect the needs in the debates over the toxicity concerns that these nanoparticles pose.

Biosynthesis of nanoparticles is a new way to produce nanoparticles by using bioorganic foundations. It is attainment care because it is cost-effective, eco-friendly, and comprehensive measure manufacture potentials. The application of leaf extract to depose nanoparticles has been taken as a green method. In this study (Carissa spinarum L.), leaf extracts were reserved for examining their possibility to prepare zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs). Zinc acetate is used as the source of zinc; deposition temperature and time were 80 degree Celsius and 60 minutes, respectively. The characterization study was done by UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and photoluminescence (PL). The surface plasmon resonance around 358 nm from the UV–Vis qualitative evaluation result represents the ZnO NPs formation. The crystalline shape of nanoparticles is disclosed inside the XRD result, morphology confirmed through SEM effects, and consequently, the ZnO NPs scale was predicted. We have given allotted the image-catalytic degradation of excitement dye at 365 nm in image reactor victimization ZnO NPs. This will be our preliminary strive at the Carissa spinarum L. extract on ZnO NPs guidance, and degradation reveals that ZnO NPs showcase clever image-catalytic belongings, and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were created to be operative against Bacillus and Staphylococcus.

This paper investigates the technique of biosynthesis of nanoparticles of zinc oxide from the extraction of moringa leaves. Many researchers recognize the use of this method of green culinary technique because it is cost-effective and has no negative impact on the environment; however, this paper focuses on the bacteria chosen for the green synthesis, which was not addressed by many of the researchers. The firmness and reduction of Zn ions in nanoparticles of zinc oxide were analyzed with a UV-visible spectroscope. Its results show that a wide bandgap was observed in the visible region at a wavelength of 350 nanometers. Extraction of moringa leaves serves as a promising agent for the balance of particle size. The result of medical value shows significant antibacterial activity in contrast to the type of pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. From the XRD results, there are no further peaks that correspond to impurities that are discovered, demonstrating the great purity of the provided results.

Ultraviolet radiation causes damages to the human body, such as skin ageing, skin cancer, and allergies throughout the world. Applying zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) in sunscreen products (like cloths or textiles) to protect human skin by absorbing the ultraviolet radiations that emerged from the sun. The main aim of this study is to investigate both absorbance and transmittance characteristics of the untreated and treated cotton textiles. For ZnO NPs using hydrothermal methods, they were made from Zn(NO3)2·6H2O and NaOH at a constant annealing temperature of 300°C. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and UV-vis spectroscopy were used to analyze the produced ZnO NPs. From the FT-IR result, ZnO NPs were observed in the region of 400-600 cm-1. Wurtzite hexagonal structure of ZnO NPs with the average crystal size 32 ± 49 nm was observed from XRD results. Flowers in the shape of synthesized ZnO NPs were observed from SEM images. The UV-vis penetration peaks were identified at 264 nm and 376 nm, with energy band gaps of 4.68 and 3.536 eV, respectively. When compared to bulk ZnO, the energy band gap of ZnO NPs was blue-shifted due to the impact of quantum confinement. The peaks in UV-vis absorption were caused by an electronic transition from the valiancy to the conduction bands. The high energy band shows high absorbance of the synthesis sample in the case of 264 nm. The ZnO NPs were manufactured and applied to 100% of raw cotton to impart sunscreen action to both untreated and treated cotton fabrics. The performance of treatment has been evaluated utilizing UV-vis spectroscopy through quantifying ultraviolet protective factors (UPF) and percentage of transmitted (%T) radiations. The treated cotton textiles have 61.50% UPF while 2.65% ultraviolet radiations were transmitted. In other words, untreated cotton textiles have 1.63% UPF while 74.56% ultraviolet radiation was transmitted. Therefore, the treated cotton textiles have excellent protection categories when compared to untreated cotton textiles.

Elemental powders of iron (Fe), molybdenum (Mo), and carbon (C) were mixed in a pot mill to obtain the compositions of C45, C45–1% Mo, and C45–2% Mo steels. They were then compacted and sintered. The sintered preforms had a density of 75% of the theoretical density (TD). Then, the sintered preforms were subjected to densification to obtain the two densities of 80% and 85% TD through forging. The sintered and densified preforms of the alloy steel were subsequently machined to obtain the required wear test specimens. The experiments were conducted on a pin-on-disc tribometer, conforming to ASTM G99 standards, on a rotating EN32 disc. Using Minitab 16 software, dry sliding wear experiments were planned using a L27 orthogonal array. The percentage TD of the specimens (%Theoretical density + %Porosity = 1), percentage Mo addition, load, and sliding velocity were taken as input parameters, and mass loss was the output parameter. It was observed that increasing the density of the alloy steel adversely affects the wear resistance of the alloy steel, and thus the mass loss is increased. The addition of Mo to the C45 steel improves the wear resistance irrespective of density, owing to hard-phase carbides present in the microstructure. Empirical correlations for mass loss with respect to input parameters were developed using regression analysis. The hardness of the alloy steel was directly related to the density of the alloy. Mo addition contributed to an increase in hardness of the alloy steel. It was observed from optical images of the wear pattern that the C45 steel is subjected to uniform wear, as an evenly spread wear track appeared in the images. On the other hand, it was observed that the C45–Mo-alloyed steel exhibited non-uniform wear because of hard-phases present in the microstructure.

A green deposition method of zinc oxide nanoparticles using coffee leaf extraction was successfully prepared. The use of these preparation techniques is accepted by many researchers because it is nonexpensive and simple and has no environmental impact during the operation. The determination and reduction of Zn ions to ZnO NPs were characterized by using a UV-visible spectroscope. The UV-visible spectroscopy result reveals that the large band gap energy is observed in the visible region at the wavelength of 300 nm. X-ray diffraction and SEM analysis confirm that the deposited nanoparticle is highly crystalline with (111), (222), and (100) planes and cubic shape structure. The coffee leaf extraction serves as a reducing agent for stability of the particle length, where its medicinal value outcome showed an important antibacteria of the pathogenic type which appeared on the wound. The present research deals with the green synthesis of ZnO NPs as well as its application in toxicity reduction.

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO

Using a panel data on the Microfinance-Bank Linkage Program (2008–2015), this paper examines the determinants of the program’s outreach. The results indicate that microfinance outreach has not been a key indicator for addressing economic and social issues. The study underscores that the program favors income-rich rather than poor states: the average loan is correlated with higher per capita income and high economic growth at the state level. Literacy, NPA, and bank ownership also matter in determining microfinance outreach.

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles with the application of pharmaceutical shrub extract are a hopeful unconventional to the old chemical technique. The investigation is intended to synthesis TiO2 NPs in biological approach from homegrown plant Kusaayee Lippia adoensis leaf extraction which is widespread therapeutic plant and sophisticated in home parks of Ethiopia, in Oromia region in Dambi Dollo town. The bioprepared TiO2 nanoparticles written off as by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and infrared visible spectrum (UV-Vis) as well as photoluminescence (PL). In addition, this investigation is assessed the antibacterial activities of the prepared TiO2 nanoparticles in illogicality of medical plus standard anxieties Escherichia coli, Klebsiellae preumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis through the disc dispersal technique. Furthermore of this work, TiO2 nanoparticles prepared using Lippia adoensis leaf extraction revealed hopeful result in contradiction of in cooperation Gram-positive (G+) and Gram-Negative (G-) bacterial anxieties by means of extreme reserve area of 14 nm and 12 nm, respectively, using uncalcinated system of the prepared TiO2 nanoparticles.

CBD-deposited cadmium selenide nanoparticles in acidic medium production at pH value of bath solution was stayed constant at 6.5 using EDTA as complexing agents; sodium selenosulfite acts as a source of Se2- ion and cadmium acetate as source of Cd2+ ion. The nanoparticles of binary compound CdSe were also grown at different concentrations of sodium selenosulfite, and the influence of this parameter on the behaviours of the nanoparticles was studied. The as-synthesized cadmium selenide nanoparticles are investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and PL absorption spectroscopy. Cadmium-selenide nanoparticles were produced using various concentrations as 10, 15, and 20 milliliters on a microscopic glass plate by chemical technique at a growth temperature of 90 degree Celsius. Microstructural constraints realized from the X-ray diffraction pattern decrease in grain size with an increase of concentration (8.25 nm–0.01 nm). It witnessed that the synthesized nanoparticle has a cubic crystal structure with favoured direction towards the (111) Miller indices’ plane. The oriented peak was investigated from the planes (311) and (111). From patterns of PL emissions, it was detected that in increasing concentration of sodium selenosulfate intensity, the nanoparticles with small crystal size could represent maximum luminescence intensity associated with the larger crystal size. This is due to the fact that the amount of ions on the nanoparticle surface rapidly increases as the crystal size of the nanoparticles reduces. Additionally, the transporter recombination ratio was increased as the size of the transporter reduces resulting in an increase in the overlap between the electron and hole wave functions. SEM inspection of produced nanoparticles reveals that the surface is free of cracks and that the grains are spherically formed. The surface is coated with granules of consistent size and shape. There are no fractures or holes visible inside the thin films under examination.

The current study assesses the prospect of using R. Communis seed oil as a substitute fuel for diesel engines. Biodiesel is prepared from the R. Communis plant seed oil by a single-step base catalytic transesterification procedure. The investigation deals with the Physico-chemical characteristics of R. Communis biodiesel and has been associated with the base diesel. It has been perceived that the characteristics of biodiesel are well-matched with the base diesel under the ASTM D6751 limits correspondingly. R. Communis biodiesel is blended in different proportions with base diesel such as D10, D20, D30, D40, D50 and D100 and is tested in a Kirloskar TV1 single-cylinder, 4 blows DI engine under altered loading conditions. Outcomes demonstrate that BTE and BSFC for D10 as well as D20 are similar to base diesel. BSFC indicates that the precise BSFC of base diesel, D10, D20, D30, D40 and D50 was 0.87, 1.70, 2.60, 3.0, 3.4, and 3.5 kg/kW-hr, respectively. The extreme BTE at full load condition for base diesel, D10, D20, D30, D40, D50 and D100 are 28.2%, 28.1%, 27.9%, 25.5%, 24.1%, and 23.6% , respectively. In the case of engine emissions, R. Communis biodiesel blends provided an average decrease in hydrocarbon (HC), Carbon-monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) associated with base diesel. Nevertheless, R. Communis biodiesel blends discharged high stages of nitrogen oxide (NOx) compares to base diesel. Base diesel, D10, D20, D30, D40, D50, and D100 had UBHC emissions of 45 ppm, 40 ppm, 44 ppm, 46 ppm, 41 ppm, and 43 ppm, respectively. The reduction in CO emissions for D10, D20, D30, D40, D50 and D100 are 0.13%, 0.14%, 0.17%, 0.18% and 0.21% respectively. The dissimilarity in NOx attentiveness within brake powers for D10, D20, D30, D40, and D50 and base diesel are 50-ppm, 100 ppm, 150 ppm, 250 ppm, 350 ppm, and 500 ppm, respectively. The dissimilarity of CO2 emanation with reverence to break powers for the base-diesel, D10, D20, D30, D40, D50, and D100 are 4.8%, 4.9%, 4.8%, 4.56%, 4.9% and 5.1%, respectively. The present research provides a way for renewable petrol blends to substitute diesel for powering diesel engines in that way dropping the reliance on fossil fuels.

Chitosan is biopolymer of glucosamine residues, nontoxic, biodegradable and friendly to environment and it also helps to enhance crop production due to their bioactivities. The present experiment was conducted to assess the efficacy of chitosan on the growth and yield related attributes of mulberry, Morus sp. with various concentrations such as 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 ppm. The chitosan was sprayed thrice on 15, 30 and 45 days after pruning (DAP) on the foliage of three different mulberry varieties namely V1, MR2 and G4. The result revealed that, irrespective of varieties, the foliar application of chitosan at 75 ppm significantly increased the biometric as well as yield related attributes of mulberry over other concentrations. Among the three varieties, V1 showed more response to chitosan application than G4 and MR2. At 75 ppm, chitosan showed marked effect on VI variety of mulberry and significantly increased shoot length (170.67 cm), number of shoots per plant (9.03), number of leaves per shoot (29.48), leaf area (220.26 cm2) and leaf area index (2.72) were observed when compared with control. The application of chitosan at 75 ppm significantly enhanced the yield traits namely weight of 100 leaves (448.10 g), leaf shoot ratio (1.45) and leaf yield (14.01 MT/ha/harvest) in V1.