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Hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) have great potential to reduce emissions and improve fuel economy. The application of artificial intelligence-based control algorithms for controlling the electric motor speed and torque yields excellent fuel economy by reducing the losses drastically. In this paper, a novel strategy to improve the performance of an electric motor-like control system for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) with the help of a sensorless vector control method where a trained reinforcement learning agent is used and provides accurate signals which will be added to the control signals. Control Signals referred to here are direct and quadrature voltage signals with reference quadrature current signals. The types of reinforcement learning used are the Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG) and Deep Q Network (DQN) agents. Integration and implementation of these control systems are presented, and results are published in this paper. The advantages of the proposed method over the conventional vector control strategy are validated by numerical simulation results.

Background: The metabolic condition Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus causes insulin resistance and beta-cell malfunction. The presence of low-grade inflammation caused by an elevation in the cytokine’s tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 in the blood is the most crucial indicator of T2DM. Given its potent immunosuppressive properties, specific pro-inflammatory cytokine genes, including interleukin-2, interleukin-12, and tumour necrosis factor-alpha, can be inhibited by vitamin D.Methodology: Participants who satisfied the inclusion criteria and were already getting treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus were screened from the general medicine outpatient department of a Tertiary Care Hospital in South India for this double-blind, randomised, controlled trial. Participants were split into two groups at random, with group 1 getting capsule vitamin D 6,000IU once a week for 16 weeks while group 2 got a placebo.Results: Low Dose vitamin D proved to be more effective and safer in controlling HbA1c after 16 weeks compared to placebo.Conclusion: Vitamin D is proven safe and cost-effective addition to anti-diabetic medicines

Background: One of the malignancies that is most frequently diagnosed worldwide is breast cancer. According to recent data, approximately 2.3 million women worldwide receive a breast cancer diagnosis, and 6,85,000 of them pass away. One of the treatment modalities for breast cancer is chemotherapy. Chemotherapy can induce cytotoxicity in normal cells as well. Studies have shown cytotoxicity effects of calcium channel blockers. Cilnidipine is one of the dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers. The antioxidant effects of Cilnidipine have been observed through its benefits in cardioprotection, reno protection and neuroprotection. This study aims to find the anti-oxidant potential of Cilnidipine in MDA-MB 231 breast cancer cell lines.Methodology: The study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital , Chennai, Tamilnadu from December 2021-July 2022. The anti-oxidant activity is evaluated by Lipid peroxidase assay. In this assay, 4x105 MDA MB 231 cells were incubated for twenty-four hours. After incubation, the cells were either left untreated (control group) or given cilnidipine treatments at various concentrations. After this, the cells were exposed to 1 mM hydrogen peroxide for six hours to promote oxidative damage. Cells were taken after treatment and sonicated for 10 seconds to lyse them. The cell lysates were then centrifuged for 10 minutes at 4°C using 10,000 rotations per minute. The supernatants were then combined with a solution containing an equivalent volume of 0.375 TBA (thiobarbituric acid), 15% trichloroacetic acid, and 0.25 N HCl solution and were heated for 15 minutes in a boiling water bath before being centrifuged at 10,000 rotations per minute for 5 minutes. Finally, the supernatant's absorbance at 535 nm was determined.Result: Cilnidipine shows oxidative effect and produces cytotoxicity in the cancer cells.Conclusion: Cilnidipine causes cytotoxicity like conventional anti-cancer drugs by causing oxidative damage to the cancer cells.

Probiotics play a significant role in improving human health and are beneficial for the gastrointestinal tract. In this study, lactic acid bacteria were isolated from different dairy products collected from different locations of Rohtak and Hisar (Haryana). All these isolates were tested and selected based on their ability to resist low and high pH, ability to survive in the presence of bile salt concentration and their antagonistic activity against pathogenic bacteria. Investigation on probiotics study supported that they are beneficial to human beings and act as a barrier against pathogenic bacteria.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is now growing dramatically on various levels and helps to digitize various vital industries quickly. The most difficult obstacle for BCIs to overcome is the fact that not everyone has the same brain. Every new session requires the BCI to learn from the user’s brain, which is accomplished via the use of machine learning. However, this learning process is time-consuming. Calibration time refers to the amount of time it takes for the BCI to adapt to the user’s brain in order to properly categorize their thoughts and determine their meaning. The patient has had to wait an arduous and tiresome length of time for the system to be completely functioning up until now because of this calibration, which may take up to 20–30 minutes. The aim of this paper was to find a way to decrease the amount of time required for calibration to the smallest amount feasible. In the first section of this paper, a first effort is made to determine the optimum number of features required for the BCI to operate reasonably, taking into consideration all of the calibration data provided. When the results were averaged across five participants, the percentage of properly identified thoughts was just 67.15 percent. Transfer learning was used in order to improve the performance of the BCI while simultaneously decreasing the calibration time. It is feasible to decrease the amount of calibration required for the categorization of thoughts coming from a new target subject by using knowledge collected from previously recorded subjects to the greatest extent possible in transfer learning. It was determined that existing methods were superior, and a new methodology was created that required just 24 seconds of calibration data while accurately identifying 86.8% of the thoughts. In order to alleviate mental stress and anger, the system suggested fits effectively with a deep learning network. This paper proposes a brain learning framework that uses a neural network model that is complex in nature and uses IoT for data collection from various wearable devices, and the same can be used for modelling the brain functions. Aside from the fact that categorization performance is assessed, a more relevant metric is the number of letters per minute that a user transmits. In addition to evaluating classification performance, there are methods that evaluate the amount of time necessary to complete specified tasks.

Purpose: The aim is to study the condition of aquatic species in the Charia beel. A good management technique is developed for protecting biodiversity and productions of the beel in order to ensure food security. Subjects and Methods: Primary data was developed by a semi-structured questionnaires and primary data was collected by field observation which comprised of selected area of the beel basin, survey of different fishing methods, conducted a series of Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), applying Local Ecological Knowledge (LEK) and Key Informant Interview (KII). Secondary data were collected from the Department of Fisheries (DoF), comprehensive literature review and internet sites. The code of IUCN was followed to categorize the status of the beel and to compare the trend among different years Shannon index was followed. Results: A total number of 91 species (83 wild fishes, four prawns, one crab, one snail, and four species of turtles) belonging to 65 genera were identified from the Charia beel. About 10 types of operative fishing gear and craft were found in the river. The increasing rate of using current jal (20.50-30.50%) and Kapuri jal (14.60-18.00%) were identified as detrimental gear used to kill the different species during four years. A common increasing trend of using current jaal, Kapuri jaal (seine net) and FAD (Fish aggregating device) were identified as detrimental gear killing different species between 2016 and 2019. The fish productivity decreased dramatically from 184.52± 55.04 to 141.65± 57.66 mt within four years and the total production percentage (%) also sharply decreased from 8.88% mt to 23.23% over the same period. Conclusion: Commercially important 06 aquatic species namely Sarpunti (Puntius sarana), Napit (Badis badis), Gajar (Channa marulius) and Turtles (Kachuga tecta,Morenia petersi and Lissemys punctata) were regional extinct, 18 commercially important aquatic species were at the edge of extinction (critically endangered, CR), 35 species endangered (EN), 23 species vulnerable status (VU), five species were identified as lower risk (LR) and only four species of the river were not threatened (NT) in position between 2016 and 2019 in the this beel.

BACKGROUND: Aim of the study is to evaluate hormone receptor status and HER 2/neu in breast carcinoma by using immunohistochemical method and to correlate with histological grade, age and lymphnode involvement in breast cancer patients attending General Surgery OPD, Govt. Stanley Medical College Hospital, Chennai. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: 1. To evaluate ER, PR receptor status and HER 2/neu oncoprotein expression in carcinoma breast using immunohistochemical method. 2. To evaluate tumour grading, lymph node status in histopathological specimen. 3. To correlate ER, PR and HER 2/neu status with lymph node, tumour grading and age of the patient. 4. To evaluate occurrence of histological variants of carcinoma breast in patients attending OPD in Govt. Stanley Medical College Hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is an analytical study done during the period from January 2013 to October 2013. It is conducted to female patients presented with a breast lump in the female OPD, The department of General surgery, Govt. Stanley Hospital, Chennai. Female patients with palpable lump are admitted and are subjected to detailed history regarding age, parity, family history, socio economic status, menstrual history, lactational history and any previous biopsy reports if any. Newly diagnosed patients and with unilateral breast malignancies, with no history of neoadjuvant chemotherapy are included in this study. Patients with bilateral breast malignancies and has a history of neoadjuvant chemotheroy are excluded from this study. Based on the clinical examination, patients are subjected to mammogram, fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). If FNAC is proven to be inconclusive, trucut biopsy was done. RESULTS: From the above study in a group of 50 breast cancer patients, we found that Invasive Ductal Carcinoma-Nos type constituted the most commonest histological variants. Regarding histological grade, Grade II tumours was found to be commonest. Estrogen and progesterone receptor positivity was found in about 70% of cases, whereas HER 2/neu positivity was found in 36% of the tumours. Larger the tumour size lesser is the expression of hormone receptor status. There is higher receptor expression in nodal negative patienrs.HER 2/neu overexpression is found in about 64% of nodal positive patients. Higher the histological grade lower the receptor positivity and greater the HER 2/neu overexpression. There is an inverse relation between the receptor and HER 2/neu overexpresssion. CONCLUSION: Estrogen, Progesterone receptor positive tumours are more common in the post menopausal women, tumours of more than 2cm in size, Histological grade I and in nodal negative patients. Oncoprotein overexpression is common among the tumours of more than 2cm in size, grade III tumours and in nodal positive patients. Hormone receptor and oncoprotein expression has an inverse correlation with each other.

Rainfall-triggered landslides are the most common type of mass movement seen along the tropical belt due to the prevalence of monsoons. These landslides can be forecasted by understanding the spatial and temporal rainfall distribution patterns, and subsequent generation of rainfall threshold (RT). However, deriving a regional RT in a geologically, geographically and physiographically diverse milieu is a formidable task. The data on spatial and intra-seasonal variability of monsoons can be widely dispersed in such diversified terrains. Clustering analysis provides a promising approach to handle such widely dispersed data. This study intends to develop a methodology using 2-stage clustering process to create RT in such terrains by using daily rainfall versus antecedent rainfall and rainfall versus antecedent rainfall versus soil depth. Sixteen rainfall-induced landslides, located in different terrains in the Western Ghats of India, were subjected to this analysis. Majority of the landslides were modeled, and different RTs were derived for different conditions. The landslides belong to four different classes, viz., landslides occurring at steep slopes; those occurring at knickpoints of highland and midland; in the plateau region and others characterized by a thin veneer of soil. Out of 16 landslides subjected to RT, this method was able to model 13 landslides with a success rate of 81.25%, which is a fair figure.

This study investigates the temperature-independent switching characteristics of magnesium fluoride (MgFx) based bipolar resistive memory devices at temperatures ranging from 300 K down to 77 K.

'Helicobacter pylori' infection is associated with different gastric diseases, notably gastric cancer. The present study is aimed at comparing the effectiveness of various 'H. pylori' eradication regimens among adult and pediatric patients. A total of 3178 (396 children) patients were recruited. 'H. pylori' infection was diagnosed by nuclear stable isotopic 13C urea breath test (UBT) and positive patients were randomly allocated first-line eradication regimens. The second or third-line regimens were assigned to those who had failed first-line treatment. A negative UBT at least 4 weeks after the completion of treatment indicated a successful eradication of 'H. pylori'. Eradication rates (ER) by per-protocol (PP) and intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis were recorded. The overall prevalence of 'H. pylori' infection was 61.2% and slightly higher in males as compared to females. The modified concomitant therapy showed higher PP (77.8%) and ITT (72.7%) ER as first-line treatment. Among second-line therapies, PP/ITT ER of 63.6% / 55.3% were observed for quadruple therapy in adults. Standard triple therapy with probiotic and modified concomitant therapy as first-line and quadruple therapy as a second line thus is the choice for 'H. pylori' eradication in adult gastric disease patients. In pediatric patients, standard triple therapy was more effective as a first-line with about 68.8% ER., Eine 'Helicobacter pylori'-Infection ist mit verschiedenen gastrischen Krankheiten assoziiert, insbesondere Magenkrebs. Diese Studie vergleicht die Effizienz verschiedener 'H. pylori'-Ausrottungs-Methoden bei erwachsenen Patienten und Kindern. Insgesamt wurden 3178 (396 Kinder) Patienten rekrutiert. Eine 'H. pylori'-Infection wurde mittels 13C-Harnstoff-Atemtest (UBT) diagnostiziert, und positive Patienten wurden nach dem Zufallsprinzip verschiedenen "first-line" Behandlungsverfahren zugeordnet. "Second" oder "third-line"-Behandlungen erhielten diejenigen, bei denen die erste Behandlung nicht erfolgreich war. Ein negativer UBT mindestens 4 Wochen nach der Beendigung der Behandlung indizierte die erfolgreiche Vernichtung von 'H. pylori'. Ausrottungsraten (ER) durch "per-protocol (PP)" und "intention-to-treat (ITT)"-Analysen wurden erfasst. Mit 61.2% waren etwas mehr Männer als Frauen infiziert. Die "modified concomitant"-Therapie zeigte höhere PP (77.8%) und ITT (72.7%) ER als erste Behandlung. Bei den "second-line"-Therapien wurden PP/ITT ER von 63.6% / 55.3% für die "quadruple"-Therapie in Erwachsenen beobachtet. Die "standard triple"-Therapie mit Probiotic und die "modified concomitant"-Therapie als "first" und die "quadruple"-Therapie als "second-line" ist daher die Wahl für eine 'H. pylori'-Vernichtung in erwachsenen Patienten mit gastrischen Krankheiten. In Kindern war die "standard triple"-Therapie effizienter als "first-line"-Behandlung mit ~68.8% ER.

International audience; The parameterization scheme that represents gravity waves due to convection in LMDz A, the atmospheric components of the IPSL coupled climate model (IPSLCM), is di rectly compared to Strateole- balloon observations made in the lower tropical strato sphere from November to February.The input meteorological fields necessary to run the parameterization offline are extracted from the ERA reanalysis and corre spond to the instantaneous meteorological conditions found underneath the balloons. In general, we find a fair agreement between measurements of the momentum fluxes due to waves with periods less than hr and the parameterization. The correlation of the daily values between the observations and the results of the parameterization is around which is statistically elevated considering that we consider around days of data and surprisingly good considering that the parameterization has not been tuned: the scheme is just the standard one that helps producing a Quasi-Biennial Oscillation in the IPSLCM model. Online simulations also show that the measured values of the momentum fluxes are also well representative of the zonally and averaged values of momentum fluxes needed in LMDz-A to simulate a QBO. The observations also tell that longer waves with pe riods smaller than a day roughly carry about twice as much fluxes as waves with peri ods smaller than an hour, which is a potential problems since low period waves that make the difference are potentially in the “grey zone” of most climate models.