Search

Hypothesis: Because particle-stabilised foams are extremely stable and have a yield stress, a particle-stabilised aqueous foam and a particle-stabilised oil foam can be mixed together to give a stable composite foam whichbrings together two immiscible liquids.Experiments: We have developed a mixed foam system comprised of an olive oil foam with bubbles stabilised using partially fluorinated particles and an aqueous foam with bubbles stabilised using hydrophobic silica particles. The aqueous phase is a mixture of water and propylene glycol. We have studied this system using bulk observations, confocal microscopy and rheology as we vary the proportions of the two foams, the silica particles and the propylene glycol, and the sample age.Findings: The composite foam resembles an emulsion of one foam within another and is stable for a week or more. The structure and flow properties depend on the proportions of the two phases and the quantities of bothsilica particles and propylene glycol. Inversion between water-in-oil and oil-in-water is observed, where both phases are foams, driven both by silica wettability and by adding increasing quantities of the dispersed foam.Composites formed at the inversion point are the least stable, showing significant phase separation in less thanone week.

Colloidal gels formed from small attractive particles are commonly used in formulations to keep larger components in suspension. However, despite extensive work characterizing unfilled gels, little is known about how larger inclusions alter the phase behavior and microstructure of the colloidal system. Here we use numerical simulations to examine how larger `granular' particles can alter the gel transition phase boundaries. We find two distinct regimes depending on both the filler size and native gel structure: a `passive' regime where the filler fits into already-present voids, giving little change in the transition, and an `active' regime where the filler no longer fits in these voids and instead perturbs the native structure. In this second regime the phase boundary is controlled by an effective colloidal volume fraction given by the available free volume., Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures

We show that mixing a colloidal gel with larger, non-Brownian grains generates novel flow-switched bistability. Using a combination of confocal microscopy and rheology, we find that prolonged moderate shear results in liquefaction by collapsing the gel into disjoint globules, whereas fast shear gives rise to a yield-stress gel with granular inclusions upon flow cessation. We map out the state diagram of this new `mechanorheological material' with varying granular content and demonstrate that its behavior is also found in separate mixture using different particles and solvents.

The handleability and sensory perception of hand sanitisers by consumers affect the hygiene outcome. Spillage may result in under-dosing and poor sensory properties can lead to under-utilisation. We first propose four principles (low run off, spreadability, smoothness and non-stickiness) for designing the rheology of thickened alcohol-based hand rubs with acceptable handleability and hand feel. We then evaluate a commercial hand gel and a variety of simplified formulations thickened with microgels (Carbopol 974P, Carbopol Ultrez 20 and Sepimax Zen), or linear polymers (Jaguar HP 120 COS), and evaluate them against these design criteria. All four additives provide acceptable spreadability by shear thinning to $\eta \approx 10^{-1} Pa \, s$ at $\dot\gamma \sim 10^3 s^{-1}$. Either the finite yield stress conferred by the microgels ($\sigma_y \gtrsim 10 Pa$) or the increase in low-shear viscosity provided by the linear polymer ($\eta \gtrsim 1 Pa \, s$ at $\dot\gamma \lesssim 0.1 s^{-1}$) give rise to acceptably low run-off. However, the formulation using the linear polymer shows a filament breakage time of $\tau_{\rm b} \approx 1 s$ in capillary rheology, which may result in stickiness and therefore a less than optimal hand feel., Comment: 10 pages, 8 figures

We study the role of filler concentration and microphysics on the rheology of polydisperse flake-graphite particles suspended in Newtonian mineral oil. Under steady shear, our samples exhibit shear thinning, and yielding behavior is observed for volume fractions [Formula: see text]. Time-temperature superposition was observed using an Arrhenius-type horizontal shift factor, giving a flow activation energy that is dependent on the graphite volume fraction, suggesting concentration-dependent contributions to relaxation processes in the suspensions. The flow curves are fitted by a constraint-based model, indicating that the flow behavior is controlled by frictional and adhesive contacts, with the model suggesting that the adhesive stress is temperature dependent.

Bijels (bicontinuous interfacially jammed emulsion gels) have the potential to be useful in many different applications due to their internal connectivity and the possibility of efficient mass transport through the channels. Recently, new methods of making the bijel have been proposed, which simplify the fabrication process, making commercial application more realistic. Here, we study the flow properties of bijels prepared by mixing alone using oscillatory rheology combined with confocal microscopy and also squeezing flow experiments. We found that the bijel undergoes a two-step yielding process where the first step corresponds to the fluidizing of the interface, allowing the motion of the structure, and the second step corresponds to the breaking of the structure. In the squeeze flow experiments, the yield stress of the bijel is observed to show a power law dependence on squeezing speed. However, when stress in excess of yield stress is plotted against shear rate, all the different squeeze flow data show a superposition.

Two experiments were conducted to extend research on the Cognitive-Emotional Theory of Esteem Support Messages by examining order, interaction, and absolute effects of emotion- and problem-focused esteem support in the context of the job search. Participants were presented with an esteem support message and rated its perceived effects on their job-search state self-esteem and self-efficacy. Study 1 participants ( N = 228) were college students seeking post-graduation employment. Study 2 participants ( N = 268) were adults in the community with experience seeking full-time employment. Results of both studies revealed that a message that addressed the esteem threat and contained problem- or emotion-focused content was rated as more effective than a message that failed to address the esteem threat and contained neither form of content. Mixed-focused messages were rated similarly to messages containing only high emotion-focused content, though some differences between the samples emerged. No order effects were observed in either study.

Much of the science underpinning the global response to the COVID-19 pandemic lies in the soft matter domain. Coronaviruses are composite particles with a core of nucleic acids complexed to proteins surrounded by a protein-studded lipid bilayer shell. A dominant route for transmission is via air-borne aerosols and droplets. Viral interaction with polymeric body fluids, particularly mucus, and cell membranes control their infectivity, while their interaction with skin and artificial surfaces underpins cleaning and disinfection and the efficacy of masks and other personal protective equipment. The global response to COVID-19 has highlighted gaps in the soft matter knowledge base. We survey these gaps, especially as pertaining to the transmission of the disease, and suggest questions that can (and need to) be tackled, both in response to COVID-19 and to better prepare for future viral pandemics., 15 pages

Recent advances in shear-thickening suspension rheology suggest a relation between (wet) suspension flow below jamming and (dry) granular physics. To probe this connection, we simulated the contact force networks in suspensions of non-Brownian spheres using the discrete element method (DEM), varying the particle friction coefficient and volume fraction. We find that force networks in these suspensions show quantitative similarities to those in jammed dry grains. As suspensions approach the jamming point, the extrapolated volume fraction and coordination number at jamming are similar to critical values obtained for isotropically compressed spheres. Similarly, the shape of the distribution of contact forces in flowing suspensions is remarkably similar to that found in granular packings, suggesting potential refinements for analytical mean field models for the rheology of shear thickening suspensions., 6 Pages, 4 Figures

Aims and objectives As a first step in developing traumatic brain injury-specific nursing education, the purpose of this study was to investigate nurses' concerns about caring for patients with moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury. Background Patients with moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury typically have significant immediate and chronic cognitive impairments. These cognitive impairments can negatively affect their inpatient stay after an acute traumatic brain injury and affect their health care later in life when seeking care for other acute health conditions during the chronic phase of traumatic brain injury. Nurses must be knowledgeable about modifying care to accommodate the cognitive impairments of these patients throughout the continuum of care. Yet, current guidelines focus exclusively on acute care and do not address nurses' central role in dealing with residual cognitive impairments of these patients. Thus, educational and training interventions are needed to ensure nurses have adequate knowledge to care for these patients. Design We conducted a cross-sectional, exploratory survey of 692 nurses across hospital departments at three hospitals between October 2014-August 2015. Nurses answered the following qualitative open-ended question: "What are your primary concerns about providing care to patients with moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury?" Methods Conventional qualitative content analysis was used to analyse nurses' responses. Results Findings showed nurses reported multiple concerns about caring for patients in the acute phase after traumatic brain injury, but few concerns about caring for patients in the chronic phase. Some of the concerns nurses reported included: (i) preventing physical injury; (ii) missing changes in condition; (iii) providing adequate education; (iv) providing support; and (v) promoting recovery. Barriers to providing adequate care were as follows: (i) lack of knowledge; (ii) limited staffing; and (iii) inadequate resources. Conclusions Findings have implications for education of nurses and development of nursing guidelines for management of patients with traumatic brain injury, including providing direction for nurses on development of care plans for patients in the chronic phase after a moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury.

Conventional Lewis acids and Lewis bases will react with each other to form thermodynamically stable Lewis adducts which are inherently unreactive. Sterically encumbered Lewis acids and Lewis bases are prevented from forming such adducts, resulting in the formation of frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) with latent reactivity. Extending this concept to polymer science permits the development of a new class of responsive, functional, self-healing materials. Here, we report the rheology of fully macromolecular FLPs based on both styrene and methyl methacrylate (MMA) backbones. When reacted with small molecule cross-linkers, a dynamic network is formed which is both heat-responsive and self-healing. The effect of the polymer backbone and cross-linking density on the formed networks is significant. First generation polymeric FLPs behave in a similar way to the noncovalently linked supramolecular assemblies, where switching from styrene to MMA co-monomers creates stiffer polymer networks as the likelihood of chain e...

Competing time scales generate novelty. Here, we show that a coupling between the time scales imposed by instrument inertia and the formation of inter-particle frictional contacts in shear-thickening suspensions leads to highly asymmetric shear-rate oscillations. Experiments tuning the presence of oscillations by varying the two time-scales validate our model. The observed oscillations give access to a shear-jamming portion of the flow curve that is forbidden in conventional rheometry. Moreover, the oscillation frequency allows us to quantify an intrinsic relaxation time for particle contacts. The coupling of fast contact network dynamics to a slower system variable should be generic to many other areas of dense suspension flow, with instrument inertia providing a paradigmatic example., 6 pages, 4 figures

Dense particulate suspensions often become more dilute as they move downstream through a constriction. We find that as a shear-thickening suspension is extruded through a narrow die and undergoes such liquid migration, the extrudate maintains a steady concentration $\phi_c$, independent of time or initial concentration. This concentration $\phi_c$ varies with volumetric flow rate $Q$ and die radius $r_{\rm d}$, but at low $Q$ collapses onto a universal function of $Q/r_{\rm d}^3$, a characteristic shear rate in the die. We explain quantitatively the onset of liquid migration in extrusion by coupling a recent model for discontinuous shear thickening and the `suspension balance model' for solvent permeation through particles., Comment: 5 pages, 5 figures

The purpose of this article is to describe the findings of a 5-year program evaluation of a hospital-based Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) Scholars Program. The EBP Scholars Program was developed in 2011 to (a) educate and engage staff in the EBP process and (b) develop a cadre of EBP mentors within each clinical unit of the organization. The evaluation of the EBP Scholars Program examined both the feasibility and the impact of the program. The findings suggest that not only is the program feasible to implement and highly acceptable to the participants, but it also significantly increases staff EBP self-efficacy and promotes staff engagement in EBP, organizational leadership, and professional development. Most importantly, this program has been foundational to motivating and sustaining a strong culture of inquiry at our Magnet ® designated organization. [ J Contin Educ Nurs. 2018;49(12):547–554.]

Significance Granular materials are used for a wide variety of technological applications in nearly every industry and also serve as an instructive prototype for far-from-equilibrium behavior. Although they have received considerable attention, there are few general guidelines describing how they collectively organize and yield under shear, especially in physically relevant frictional grains. Using simulations, we explore the response of granular packings to slow periodic shear, systematically varying both the friction and shear. We discover a previously unidentified state in which the otherwise chaotic motion gives way to a precisely repetitive limit cycle for each individual grain. Understanding how grains self-organize into stable, periodic limit cycle configurations in this unlikely system foretells new approaches to understand yielding and memory formation in disordered materials.

The prevalence of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations among breast cancer patients in Peru has not yet been explored. We enrolled 266 women with breast cancer from a National cancer hospital in Lima, Peru, unselected for age or family history. DNA was screened with a panel of 114 recurrent Hispanic BRCA mutations (HISPANEL). Among the 266 cases, 13 deleterious mutations were identified (11 in BRCA1 and 2 in BRCA2), representing 5% of the total. The average age of breast cancer in the mutation-positive cases was 44 years. BRCA1 185delAG represented 7 of 11 mutations in BRCA1. Other mutations detected in BRCA1 included: two 2080delA, one 943ins10, and one 3878delTA. The BRCA2 3036del4 mutation was seen in two patients. Given the relatively low cost of the HISPANEL test, one should consider offering this test to all Peruvian women with breast or ovarian cancer.

Growing evidence suggests that the nervous system contributes to non-contact knee ligament injury, but limited evidence has measured the effect of extrinsic events on joint stability. Following unanticipated events, the startle reflex leads to universal stiffening of the limbs, but no studies have investigated how an acoustic startle influences knee stiffness and muscle activation during a dynamic knee perturbation. Thirty-six individuals were tested for knee stiffness and muscle activation of the quadriceps and hamstrings. Subjects were seated and instructed to resist a 40-degree knee flexion perturbation from a relaxed state. During some trials, an acoustic startle (50 ms, 1000 Hz, 100 dB) was applied 100 ms prior to the perturbation. Knee stiffness, muscle amplitude, and timing were quantified across time, muscle, and startle conditions. The acoustic startle increased short-range (no startle: 0.044 ± 0.011 N·m/deg/kg; average startle: 0.047 ± 0.01 N·m/deg/kg) and total knee stiffness (no startle: 0.036 ± 0.01 N·m/deg/kg; first startle 0.027 ± 0.02 N·m/deg/kg). Additionally, the startle contributed to decreased [vastus medialis (VM): 13.76 ± 33.6%; vastus lateralis (VL): 6.72 ± 37.4%] but earlier (VM: 0.133 ± 0.17 s; VL: 0.124 ± 0.17 s) activation of the quadriceps muscles. The results of this study indicate that the startle response can significantly disrupt knee stiffness regulation required to maintain joint stability. Further studies should explore the role of unanticipated events on unintentional injury.

Objectives To describe young women's reasons to seek and not to seek sexually transmitted infection (STI) screening; to explore whether reasons differed by age and STI screening history. Design and Sample Cross-sectional, descriptive. Female students (N = 216) at a university in the Midwestern United States. Measures An anonymous online survey was designed based on the Theory of Care Seeking Behavior and literature regarding STI screening among young women. Results The most common reason to seek STI screening was to start treatment promptly (85%); the most common reason not to seek screening was being asymptomatic (54%). Participants' reasons differed by age and screening history. Women under 25 were more likely than women 25 and older to seek screening because of encouragement from female role models (p

We have recently identified targetable mutations in CSF3R (GCSFR) in 60% of chronic neutrophilic leukemia (CNL) and atypical (BCR-ABL-negative) chronic myeloid leukemia (aCML) patients. Here we demonstrate that the most prevalent, activating mutation, CSF3R T618I, is sufficient to drive a lethal myeloproliferative disorder in a murine bone marrow transplantation model. Mice transplanted with CSF3R T618I-expressing hematopoietic cells developed a myeloproliferative disorder characterized by overproduction of granulocytes and granulocytic infiltration of the spleen and liver, which was uniformly fatal. Treatment with the JAK1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib lowered the white blood count and reduced spleen weight. This demonstrates that activating mutations in CSF3R are sufficient to drive a myeloproliferative disorder resembling aCML and CNL that is sensitive to pharmacologic JAK inhibition. This murine model is an excellent tool for the further study of neutrophilic myeloproliferative neoplasms and implicates the clinical use of JAK inhibitors for this disease.

Sexually transmitted diseases are common among young women and effective self-management is foundational to improving health outcomes and preventing negative sequelae. Advances in technology create the opportunity for innovative delivery methods of self-management interventions. However, it is essential to conduct formative research with the target population to identify both the needs and the preferences for the content and delivery method of a sexually transmitted disease self-management intervention prior to intervention development. Eight focus groups were conducted with 35 young women between 18 and 24 years of age. We found that young women strongly support the use of a Web-based intervention to provide sexually transmitted disease self-management guidance. Women were interested in receiving comprehensive management information from the perspective of both clinicians and other women who have experienced a sexually transmitted disease. There was a clear interest in incorporating new media into the Web-based intervention to allow for communication with providers as well as to create opportunities for social networking between women. This formative research provides critical information about the content and delivery method of a self-management intervention and gives direction for intervention development that is inclusive of varying types of new media to allow for connectivity among users, their peers, and clinicians.

Swim-up success, the proportion of fry emerging from a gravel redd, is difficult to quantify in the field, and currently available laboratory systems are limited. We used custom-built gravel bed flumes to assess the swim-up success of Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis, and Cutthroat Trout Oncorhynchus clarkii. Flumes were built with compartments to separate individual egg batches, eggs were buried under gravel, and oxygenated water was supplied to simulate upwelling through the gravel. Temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and flow were constant between compartments and flumes operating in parallel. Swim-up success was scored both by the emergence of fry relative to the number of eggs placed in the flume (59–85% depending on species) and the hatching success (proportion of eggs that hatch and resorb their yolk sac) of a sample from the same clutch reared in a vertical incubator (62–84% depending on species). The gravel bed flumes could be used to estimate the swim-...

A germline JAK2(V617I)point mutation results in hereditary thrombocytosis and shares some phenotypic features with myeloproliferative neoplasm, a hematologic malignancy associated with a somatically acquired JAK2(V617F) mutation. We established a mouse transduction-transplantation model of JAK2(V617I) that recapitulated the phenotype of humans with germline JAK2(V617I). We directly compared the phenotypes of JAK2(V617I) and JAK2(V617F) mice. The JAK2(V617I) mice had increased marrow cellularity with expanded myeloid progenitor and megakaryocyte populations, but this phenotype was less severe than that of JAK2(V617F) mice. JAK2(V617I) resulted in cytokine hyperresponsiveness without constitutive activation in the absence of ligand, whereas JAK2(V617F) resulted in constitutive activation. This may explain why JAK2(V617I) produces a mild myeloproliferative phenotype in the mouse model, as well as in humans with germline JAK2(V617I) mutations.

Objective To describe young women's perceptions of human papillomavirus (HPV) using the Common Sense Model and examine whether perceptions differ based on history of HPV diagnosis or sexually transmitted disease (STD) testing. Design Cross‐sectional, survey data. Setting Four women's health clinics and one university classroom. Participants Three hundred and two women ages 18–24. Methods Young women's beliefs regarding HPV were measured using the HPV Representations of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (RoSTD) survey. Results Most survey respondents believed HPV diagnosis was likely to result in cancer and death. Negative beliefs about the psychosocial consequences of HPV diagnosis were common. Compared to those who had not been diagnosed with HPV (or had never received STD testing), young women with a history of HPV diagnosis or STD testing had less serious and more accurate beliefs about HPV. Conclusion Young women tend to have misconceptions about HPV in addition to noteworthy concerns about the psychosocial consequences of HPV diagnosis. Clinical attention to young women's beliefs about HPV may provide direction for improving the delivery of patient‐centered education and counseling about this exceedingly common illness.

Measurement of beliefs about sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) is important to understanding sexual health behaviors. The purpose of this study was to develop and test the psychometric properties of the Representations of STDs (RoSTD) Scale. The RoSTD was developed to measure young women's representations of STDs, and it is intended to be used to measure beliefs about any of the seven most common STDs. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated a four-factor structure for the 40-item RoSTD: Future Perspective, Cause, Psychosocial Consequence, and Identity. Internal consistency for the subscales (measured for each of seven different STDs) ranged from .67 to .93 and 2-week test�retest correlations ranged from .69 to .90. The RoSTD shows evidence of reliability and validity in young women.

A microwave radiance assimilation (RA) scheme for the retrieval of snow physical state variables requires a snowpack physical model (SM) coupled to a radiative transfer model. In order to assimilate microwave brightness temperatures (Tbs) at horizontal polarization (h-pol), an SM capable of resolving melt-refreeze crusts is required. To date, it has not been shown whether an RA scheme is tractable with the large number of state variables present in such an SM or whether melt-refreeze crust densities can be estimated. In this paper, an RA scheme is presented using the CROCUS SM which is capable of resolving melt-refreeze crusts. We assimilated both vertical (v) and horizontal (h) Tbs at 18.7 and 36.5 GHz. We found that assimilating Tb at both h-pol and vertical polarization (v-pol) into CROCUS dramatically improved snow depth estimates, with a bias of 1.4 cm compared to -7.3 cm reported by previous studies. Assimilation of both h-pol and v-pol led to more accurate results than assimilation of v-pol alone. The snow water equivalent (SWE) bias of the RA scheme was 0.4 cm, while the bias of the SWE estimated by an empirical retrieval algorithm was -2.9 cm. Characterization of melt-refreeze crusts via an RA scheme is demonstrated here for the first time; the RA scheme correctly identified the location of melt-refreeze crusts observed in situ.

Study Objective Sexual reference display on a social networking web site (SNS) is associated with self-reported sexual intention; females are more likely to display sexually explicit content on SNSs. The purpose of this study was to investigate male college students’ views towards sexual references displayed on publicly available SNSs by females. Design Focus groups. Setting One large state university. Participants Male college students age 18–23. Interventions All tape recorded discussion was fully transcribed, then discussed to determine thematic consensus. Main Outcome Measures A trained male facilitator asked participants about views on sexual references displayed on SNSs by female peers and showed examples of sexual references from female’s SNS profiles to facilitate discussion. Results A total of 28 heterosexual male participants participated in seven focus groups. Nearly all participants reported using Facebook to evaluate potential female partners. Three themes emerged from our data. First, participants reported that displays of sexual references on social networking web sites increased sexual expectations. Second, sexual reference display decreased interest in pursuing a dating relationship. Third, SNS data was acknowledged as imperfect but valuable. Conclusion Females who display sexual references on publicly available SNS profiles may be influencing potential partners’ sexual expectations and dating intentions. Future research should examine females’ motivations and beliefs about displaying such references and educate women about the potential impact of these sexual displays.

II est montre que, contrairement e ce qui a ete observe dans les reactions de Pfitzinger pour la synthese des quinoleines, l'empechement sterique ne joue qu'un role beaucoup plus restreint en ce qui concerne les syntheses d'indoles selon la methode d'Emil Fischer. Beaucoup de cetones steriquement encombrees qui ne donnent pas de reactions de Pfitzinger sont capables de conduire facilement a des indoles. En outre, la cyclisation de Fischer affecte de preference un methylene plutot qu'un methyle, alors que c'est en general le contraire dans les reactions de Pfitzinger.

Dans le present travail, on decrit toute une serie de reactions de Friedel-Crafts entre le chlorure de phenylacetyle d'une part, et d'autre part, de nombreux composes aromatiques appartenant aux noyaux benzenique et naphtalenique. Plusieurs aryl-benzyl-cetones nouvelles ont ete ainsi preparees, leur constitution etablie, et leurs principales proprietes chimiques indiquees. Subsidiairement, la structure d'un corps obtenu autrefois par Mac Kenzie et Tattersall a partir de l'acide phenyl-a-naphtyl-acetique a pu etre eclaircie.

Dans le present memoire, il est montre que les cyclanones a tres grand cycle peuvent reagir avec l'isatine et ses homologues dans les conditions de la reaction de Pfitzinger. Les acides cinchoniniques substitues en positions 2 et 3 par un grand cycle qui prennent ainsi naissance fournissent par decarboxylation des quinoleines macrocycliques, non odorantes.

Older women who have survived breast cancer (BC) commonly report multiple symptoms that may be due to normal age-related physiological changes, multiple comorbid health problems, or late effects of cancer and its treatment (Heidrich et al., in press; Heidrich, Egan, Hengudomsub, & Randolph, 2006) Unfortunately, these symptoms can interfere with daily functioning and reduce quality of life (Deimling, Sterns, Bowman, & Kahana, 2005; Deimling, Bowman, Sterns, Wagner, & Kahana, 2006; Keating, Norredam, Landrum, Huskamp, & Meara, 2005; Sherwood et al., 2005; Yancik et al., 2001). Older cancer survivors are faced with the tasks of interpreting the meaning of the symptom (Is this just aging or could this be a cancer recurrence?), deciding if and when to seek medical care for the symptom, and engaging in self-care practices to manage the symptom. However, little is known about how women accomplish this task when faced with the dual issues of breast cancer survivorship and aging. Many symptoms experienced by older persons, such as fatigue and sleep problems, are perceived as “normal aging,” however, this perception is associated with a decreased likelihood of reporting the symptom, with less active engagement in self-care of symptoms, and with perceiving medical treatment as less beneficial (Dawson et al., 2005; Hofland, 1992; Maxwell, 2000; Miaskowski, 2000; Morgan, Pendleton, Clague & Horan 1997; Schroevers, Ranchor, & Sanderman, 2006). On the other hand, for cancer survivors, any symptom can lead to worry about whether or not to seek care for that symptom because of the ongoing concern about the possibility of a cancer recurrence (Clayton, Mishel, & Belyea, 2006). Thus, women’s beliefs about their symptoms can drive their choice of coping strategies, including their self-care of symptoms as well as seeking health care. Appropriate self-care and health care for symptoms is important for long-term health and well-being, thus, it is important to understand older women’s beliefs about their symptoms and how these beliefs drive their symptom management behaviors. Such knowledge could lead to better assessment and symptom management interventions on the part of health care providers when caring for older cancer survivors. Leventhal’s Common Sense Model (CSM) (Leventhal & Dieffenbach, 1991; Leventhal, Meyer, & Nerenz, 1980) has been extensively used to understand “lay theories” of a variety of illnesses including asthma (Halm, More, & Leventhal, 2006), myocardial infarction (Cooper, Lloyd, Weinman, & Jackson, 1999; Lau-Walker, 2004) and sexually transmitted infections (Royer, 2008) just to name a few. According to the CSM, people have common sense beliefs or representations about their illness, and these representations guide coping behaviors. An illness representation is a set of beliefs – whether medically sound or not – that a person has about a symptom and consists of five dimensions: identity, cause, timeline, consequences, and cure/control (see Figure 1). Although not previously explored, it may be that women also have representations of their symptoms. For the purposes of exploring symptom representations (versus illness representations) the definitions of the five dimensions were slightly re-conceptualized from the original dimensions of the CSM. Identity refers to the attributes (e.g., quality, quantity) used to describe a symptom. Cause refers to an individual’s beliefs about the origin of the symptom. Timeline relates to temporal ideas, such as the acute, chronic, or cyclic nature of the symptom. Consequences are ideas about the short- and long-term outcomes of the symptom. Cure/control refers to beliefs about the extent to which one can control or cure the symptom. Figure 1 The Common Sense Model of Symptom Representations In addition to identifying the dimensions of a representation, the CSM also posits that these representations drive how one copes with an illness. One way individuals cope is through behaviors (strategies) they employ to manage the impact of an illness (or symptoms). In addition, some representations may act as barriers to symptom management. For instance, the belief that a particular symptom is ‘caused’ by aging and therefore normal and not amenable to intervention could be a barrier to self-care or seeking treatment. There may be other barriers, other than representations, which may also interfere with symptom management. Because previous research has shown evidence of positive health behavior change when representations are targeted in interventions (Donovan & Ward, 2001; Donovan et al., 2007; Ward et al., 2008) identification of women’s symptom representations may lead to insight to improve symptom management among older breast cancer survivors. To date, few studies have systematically examined the symptom representations of older breast cancer survivors nor identified their specific symptom management strategies or barriers (Heidrich et al., 2006). Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to describe older breast cancer survivors’ symptom representations, symptom management strategies, and perceived barriers to symptom management using the CSM as the guiding framework.

A free-falling stream of liquid quickly breaks into droplets because of surface tension, a result of the attraction between molecules. Surprisingly, a similar effect can occur in a falling stream of a granular material such as sand. Surface tension is not an obvious presence in such flows, and until now the clustering mechanism involved had not been fully resolved. A study of the break up and rupture of falling streams of glass and copper grains, using a high-speed camera falling alongside the granular stream, now shows that tiny cohesive forces between the individual grains are responsible, corresponding to a granular surface tension some 100,000 times weaker than that of ordinary liquids. While the droplet shapes resemble those predicted for nanoscale liquid jets, current theoretical frameworks cannot adequately explain the results. Freely falling granular streams break up into characteristic droplet patterns similar to liquid flows, but the clustering mechanism remains unresolved. Here, imaging and microscopy data reveal that tiny cohesive forces are responsible, corresponding to a granular surface tension some 100,000 times weaker than in ordinary liquids. Thin streams of liquid commonly break up into characteristic droplet patterns owing to the surface-tension-driven Plateau–Rayleigh instability1,2,3. Very similar patterns are observed when initially uniform streams of dry granular material break up into clusters of grains4,5,6, even though flows of macroscopic particles are considered to lack surface tension7,8. Recent studies on freely falling granular streams tracked fluctuations in the stream profile9, but the clustering mechanism remained unresolved because the full evolution of the instability could not be observed. Here we demonstrate that the cluster formation is driven by minute, nanoNewton cohesive forces that arise from a combination of van der Waals interactions and capillary bridges between nanometre-scale surface asperities. Our experiments involve high-speed video imaging of the granular stream in the co-moving frame, control over the properties of the grain surfaces and the use of atomic force microscopy to measure grain–grain interactions. The cohesive forces that we measure correspond to an equivalent surface tension five orders of magnitude below that of ordinary liquids. We find that the shapes of these weakly cohesive, non-thermal clusters of macroscopic particles closely resemble droplets resulting from thermally induced rupture of liquid nanojets10,11,12.

Resume Introduction Le bortezomib est un inhibiteur du proteasome utilise dans le traitement du myelome et d’autres hemopathies. Nous rapportons deux cas de toxidermie sous ce traitement, dont l’un marque par la presence d’ulcerations muqueuses geantes. Observations Cas 1 : un homme de 62 ans etait traite par bortezomib pour un lymphome du manteau. Dix jours apres le premier cycle de traitement, on notait l’apparition d’ulcerations buccales douloureuses spontanement resolutives. Une semaine apres la fin du deuxieme cycle survenait un second episode d’ulcerations muqueuses associees a une eruption cutanee papulonodulaire. La biopsie montrait un infiltrat dermique a polynucleaires neutrophiles dans la peau et a predominance lymphocytaire sur la muqueuse. L’arret du bortezomib, associe a un traitement par colchicine, entrainait une guerison des lesions. Cas 2 : une femme de 46 ans etait traitee par bortezomib pour une leucemie a plasmocytes. Deux jours apres le premier cycle est apparue une eruption cutanee febrile, spontanement regressive. L’eruption recidivait 48 heures apres la premiere injection du deuxieme cycle, sous forme de lesions douloureuses papulonodulaires du tronc. La biopsie montrait un aspect histologique evoquant un syndrome de Sweet. Les lesions ont disparu spontanement. De la dexamethasone a ete ajoutee lors des perfusions suivantes de bortezomib et il n’y a pas eu de recidive des lesions cutanees. Discussion Les reactions cutanees induites par le bortezomib sont frequentes et ne necessitent generalement pas l’arret du traitement. Dans certaines observations publiees, le diagnostic de syndrome de Sweet induit par le medicament a ete porte, mais aucune ne mentionnait de lesion muqueuse. Chez notre patient, plusieurs hypotheses pourraient expliquer l’origine des ulcerations, mais leur rattachement a la dermatose neutrophilique induite par le bortezomib semble probable.

Colloidal shear thickening presents a significant challenge because the macroscopic rheology becomes increasingly controlled by the microscopic details of short ranged particle interactions in the shear thickening regime. Our measurements here of the first normal stress difference over a wide range of particle volume fraction elucidate the relative contributions from hydrodynamic lubrication and frictional contact forces, which have been debated. At moderate volume fractions we find $N_10$), indicating frictional contact networks. Remarkably, there is no signature of this transition in the viscosity, instead this change in the sign of $N_1$ occurs while the shear thickening remains continuous. These results suggest a scenario where shear thickening is driven primarily by the formation of frictional contacts, with hydrodynamic forces playing a supporting role at lower concentrations. Motivated by this picture, we introduce a simple model which combines these frictional and hydrodynamic contributions and accurately fits the measured viscosity over a wide range of particle volume fraction and shear stress., 5 pages, 3 figures

Asset owners and engineers throughout the U.S. and the world are in search of cost-effective and environmentally friendly solutionsthat serve infrastructure issues. One of the most critical areas of concern is wastewater piping and structures. It is well known that corrugated metal pipes used in storm-water structures are corroding and microbial induced corrosion of sanitary sewers of various materials results in structural concern.Geopolymers have long been known to provide enhanced physical performance to traditional cementitious binders with the addedadvantages of significantly reduced greenhouse emissions and superior chemical resistance. Geopolymers are ceramic polymertechnology that creates a chemical material similar to natural stone that is superior to traditional Portland cement and shotcretematerials. However, they have not generally been contractor-friendly. This paper reviews a geopolymer mortar system that has been used in the U.S. since 2011 and is becoming a preferred solution fortrenchless rehabilitation. The system is spray cast either by rotary nozzle or via traditional shotcrete delivery systems inside ofexisting structures to create whole new structures which do not depend on the existing structure, just using it as formwork. This paperdiscusses competitive advantages over other trenchless repair solutions such as spiral wound, slip-lining and CIPP through specificcase studies including a corrugated metal storm drain rehabilitation in Hidalgo, Texas along with the repair of a stone sewer system inCincinnati, Ohio.

Recent advances in colloidal synthesis make it possible to generate a wide array of precisely controlled, non-spherical particles. This provides a unique opportunity to probe the role that particle shape plays in the dynamics of colloidal suspensions, particularly at higher volume fractions, where particle interactions are important. We examine the role of particle shape by characterizing both the bulk rheology and micro-scale diffusion in a suspension of pseudo-cubic silica superballs. Working with these well-characterized shaped colloids, we can disentangle shape effects in the hydrodynamics of isolated particles from shape-mediated particle interactions. We find that the hydrodynamic properties of isolated superballs are marginally different from comparably sized hard spheres. However, shape-mediated interactions modify the suspension microstructure, leading to significant differences in the self-diffusion of the superballs. While this excluded volume interaction can be captured with a rescaling of the superball volume fraction, we observe qualitative differences in the shear thickening behavior of moderately concentrated superball suspensions that defy simple rescaling onto hard sphere results. This study helps to define the unknowns associated with the effects of shape on the rheology and dynamics of colloidal solutions.

Evidence is the bedrock of nursing practice, and nursing research is the key source for this evidence. In this article, we draw distinctions between the use and the conduct of nursing research and provide a perspective for how the conduct of nursing research in a Veterans Administration hospital can build an organization's capacity for nursing research.

Population-based testing for BRCA1/2 mutations detects a high proportion of carriers not identified by cancer family history-based testing. We sought to determine whether population-based testing is an effective approach to genetic testing in the Bahamas, where 23% of women with breast cancer carry one of seven founder mutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene. We determined the prevalence of founder BRCA mutations in 1847 Bahamian women without a personal history of breast or ovarian cancer, unselected for age or family history. We found that 2.8% (20/705) of unaffected women with a family history of breast/ovarian cancer and 0.09% (1/1089) of unaffected women without a family history carry a BRCA mutation. A total of 38% of unaffected women with a known mutation in the family were found to carry the familial mutation. We previously suggested that all Bahamian women with breast or ovarian cancer be offered genetic testing. These current data suggest that additionally all unaffected Bahamian women with a family history of breast/ovarian cancer should be offered genetic testing for the founder BRCA mutations.

Invasive plants with large flowering displays have been shown to compete with native plants for pollinator services, often to the detriment of native plant fitness. In this study, we compare the pollinator communities and pollen deposited on stigmas of native plant species within and away from stands of the invasive alien plant, leafy spurge ( Euphorbia esula ) at a large natural area in North Dakota, USA. Specifically, we ask if infestation influences (1) visitation rates and taxonomic composition of visitors to native flowers, and (2) the amount of conspecific pollen, number of pollen species, and proportion of heterospecific pollen on stigmas of native plants. We observed visits to selected native species during May and June 2000 and 2001. Stigmas were collected from a subsample of the flowers within these plots, squashed, and the pollen identified and counted under a light microscope. Visitation varied between years and among species of native plants: infestation had mixed effects in 2000 but visitation, especially by halictids was always lower within infestations in 2001. Despite differences in visitation between years, we found significantly less conspecific pollen on stigmas from infested plots in six of eight cases; we never found significantly more conspecific pollen on stigmas from within infestations. Our results emphasize the temporal variability in plant–pollinator relations and the added complexity imposed by an invasive species that will always make prediction of effects difficult. Nonetheless, the consistently lower conspecific pollen counts on native stigmas within infestations, regardless of visitation, suggest the likelihood of negative effects.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and other neurotrophins induce a unique prolonged activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) compared with growth factors. Characterization and kinetic and spatial modeling of the signaling pathways underlying this prolonged MAPK activation by BDNF will be important in understanding the physiological role of BDNF in many complex systems in the nervous system. In addition to Shc, fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2 (FRS2) is required for the BDNF-induced activation of MAPK. BDNF induces phosphorylation of FRS2. However, BDNF does not induce phosphorylation of FRS2 in cells expressing a deletion mutant of TrkB (TrkBDeltaPTB) missing the juxtamembrane NPXY motif. This motif is the binding site for SHC. NPXY is the consensus sequence for phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domains, and notably, FRS2 and SHC contain PTB domains. This NPXY motif, which contains tyrosine 484 of TrkB, is therefore the binding site for both FRS2 and SHC. Moreover, the proline containing region (VIENP) of the NPXY motif is also required for FRS2 and SHC phosphorylation, which indicates this region is an important component of FRS2 and SHC recognition by TrkB. Previously, we had found that the phosphorylation of FRS2 induces association of FRS2 and growth factor receptor binding protein 2 (Grb2). Now, we have intriguing data that indicates BDNF induces association of the SH2 domain containing protein tyrosine phosphatase, Shp2, with FRS2. Moreover, the PTB association motif of TrkB containing tyrosine 484 is required for the BDNF-induced association of Shp2 with FRS2 and the phosphorylation of Shp2. These results imply that FRS2 and Shp2 are in a BDNF signaling pathway. Shp2 is required for complete MAPK activation by BDNF, as expression of a dominant negative Shp2 in cells attenuates BDNF-induced activation of MAPK. Moreover, expression of a dominant negative Shp2 attenuates Ras activation showing that the protein tyrosine phosphatase is required for complete activation of MAPKs by BDNF. In conclusion, Shp2 regulates BDNF signaling through the MAPK pathway by regulating either Ras directly or alternatively, by signaling components upstream of Ras. Characterization of MAPK signaling controlled by BDNF is likely to be required to understand the complex physiological role of BDNF in neuronal systems ranging from the regulation of neuronal growth and survival to the regulation of synapses.

When a heavy sphere is dropped onto a bed of loose, fine sand, a remarkable phenomenon occurs: a large, focused jet of sand shoots upwards1,2,3,4. Although similar looking jets are observed on impact in fluid systems5,6,7, they are held together by surface tension. Surprisingly, the granular jet exists in the absence of both surface tension and cohesion, thus fluid jet models are of limited use. Previous work1,2 proposed that the jet is created solely by the gravity-driven collapse of a void left by the sphere’s descent through the pack. Here we present experimental evidence that granular jets are instead driven by a more complex process involving the interaction between the sand and interstitial air. Using high-speed X-ray radiography, and high-speed digital video, we observe the formation of the jet both inside and above the bed. We find that what previously was thought of as a single jet in fact consists of two components: a wispy, thin jet that varies little with pressure followed by a thick air-pressure-driven jet. This is further evidence that qualitatively new phenomena in granular systems can emerge as a function of air pressure8,9,10,11. Our results highlight the importance of the dynamic coupling between gas and granule motion.

Over the last few years, there has been a rapid and steadily expanding demographic explosion in the elderly population in France. When the most dynamic segment of this growth is considered, i.e. patients aged 80 years or more (who, moreover, usually have several diseases), under- or over-prescribing and/or inappropriate prescribing are identified. Three short- and medium-term recommendations are proposed: to quickly get expert consensus on the theme of prescribing for the aged patient; to integrate systematic drug re-evaluation into annual consultations for people aged 80 years or more; and to better coordinate actions and communication between institutions, health professionals and the pharmaceutical industry.

Resume L’explosion demographique des sujets âges en France est en pleine et durable expansion depuis quelques annees. Si on s’interesse au segment le plus dynamique de cette croissance, a savoir plus particulierement les patients âges de 80 ans et plus, par ailleurs le plus souvent polypathologiques, on identifie frequemment soit une sous-prescription, soit une surprescription et/ou une prescription inappropriee. Trois recommandations a court et moyen terme ont ete proposees : obtenir rapidement des consensus d’experts sur le theme de la prescription chez le sujet âge, integrer la reevaluation systematique des medicaments dans des consultations annuelles pour les 80 ans et plus, mieux coordonner les actions et la communication entre les institutions, les professionnels de sante et l’Industrie.

Mass customization relates to the ability to provide individually designed products and services to customers through high-process flexibility and integration. It enables the delivery of individualized products at prices similar to mass-produced items. This paper proposes a customization index to estimate the viability of implementing mass customization systems. The index establishes a ranking of customizability for different characteristics of a product, which is based on three variables: customer requirements, supplier delivery flexibility and production flexibility. The index is implemented through an original application of the Quality Function Deployment matrix.

Use of supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO 2 ) as a blowing agent to generate microcellular polymer foams (MPFs) has recently received considerable attention due to environmental concerns associated with conventional organic blowing agents. While such foams derived from amorphous thermoplastics have been previously realized, semicrystalline MPFs have not yet been produced in a continuous scCO 2 process. This work describes the foaming of highly crystalline poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and its blends with amorphous polymers during extrusion. Foams composed of neat PVDF and immiscible blends of PVDF with polystyrene exhibit poor cell characteristics, whereas miscible blends of PVDF with poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) yield foams possessing vastly improved morphologies. The results reported herein illustrate the effects of blend composition and scCO 2 solubility on PVDF/PMMA melt viscosity, which decreases markedly with increasing PMMA content and scCO 2 concentration. Morphological characterization of microcellular PVDF/PMMA foams reveals that the cell density increases as the PMMA fraction is increased and the foaming temperature is decreased. This study confirms that novel MPFs derived continuously from semicrystalline polymers in the presence of scCO 2 can be achieved through judicious polymer blending.

A magnetically levitated sphere rheometer (MLSR) designed to measure viscosity of fluids exposed to high-pressure carbon dioxide has been developed. This device consists of a magnetic sphere submerged inside a test fluid within a high-pressure housing and levitated at a fixed point. The housing is constructed from an optically transparent sapphire tube. The cylindrical tube can be moved vertically to generate a shear flow around the levitated sphere. The difference in magnetic force required to levitate the sphere at rest and under fluid motion can be directly related to fluid viscosity. Rheological properties, specifically zero shear viscosities, of transparent high-pressure materials can be measured to a precision of about 5% and over a wide range of viscosities. In addition, operation at constant pressure, in concentration regimes from a pure polymer to an equilibrated polymer/supercritical fluid solution, and at shear rates over several orders of magnitude is possible, eliminating many of the disadvantages associated with other high-pressure rheometers. Experiments performed at different temperatures with a poly(dimethylsiloxane) melt at atmospheric pressure are compared with data from a commercial Couette rheometer to demonstrate device sensitivity and viability. Measurements of a PDMS melt plasticized by high-pressure CO 2 are performed to illustrate the utility of the new rheometer under high-pressure conditions. Experimental data are obtained at 30 °C, for pressures up to 20.7 MPa and CO 2 concentrations reaching 30 wt%. Viscosity reductions of nearly two orders of magnitude compared with the pure polymer viscosity at atmospheric pressure are observed. Additionally, the effects of pressure on a polymer/CO 2 system are directly investigated taking advantage of the constant pressure operation mode of the MLSR. This allows us, for the first time in experiments of polymers with supercritical fluids, to decouple the effects of CO 2 concentration and pressure in a single device.

Growing evidence suggests that the nervous system contributes to non-contact knee ligament injury, but limited evidence has measured the effect of extrinsic events on joint stability. Following unanticipated events, the startle reflex leads to universal stiffening of the limbs, but no studies have investigated how an acoustic startle influences knee stiffness and muscle activation during a dynamic knee perturbation. Thirty-six individuals were tested for knee stiffness and muscle activation of the quadriceps and hamstrings. Subjects were seated and instructed to resist a 40-degree knee flexion perturbation from a relaxed state. During some trials, an acoustic startle (50 ms, 1000 Hz, 100 dB) was applied 100 ms prior to the perturbation. Knee stiffness, muscle amplitude, and timing were quantified across time, muscle, and startle conditions. The acoustic startle increased short-range (no startle: 0.044 ± 0.011 N·m/deg/kg; average startle: 0.047 ± 0.01 N·m/deg/kg) and total knee stiffness (no startle: 0.036 ± 0.01 N·m/deg/kg; first startle 0.027 ± 0.02 N·m/deg/kg). Additionally, the startle contributed to decreased [vastus medialis (VM): 13.76 ± 33.6%; vastus lateralis (VL): 6.72 ± 37.4%] but earlier (VM: 0.133 ± 0.17 s; VL: 0.124 ± 0.17 s) activation of the quadriceps muscles. The results of this study indicate that the startle response can significantly disrupt knee stiffness regulation required to maintain joint stability. Further studies should explore the role of unanticipated events on unintentional injury.