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8. Review of Solar Energetic Particle Prediction Models

Author

Whitman, Kathryn, primary, Egeland, Ricky, additional, Richardson, Ian G., additional, Allison, Clayton, additional, Quinn, Philip, additional, Barzilla, Janet, additional, Kitiashvili, Irina, additional, Sadykov, Viacheslav, additional, Bain, Hazel M., additional, Dierckxsens, Mark, additional, Mays, M. Leila, additional, Tadesse, Tilaye, additional, Lee, Kerry T., additional, Semones, Edward, additional, Luhmann, Janet G., additional, Núñez, Marlon, additional, White, Stephen M., additional, Kahler, Stephen W., additional, Ling, Alan G., additional, Smart, Don F., additional, Shea, Margaret A., additional, Tenishev, Valeriy, additional, Boubrahimi, Soukaina F., additional, Aydin, Berkay, additional, Martens, Petrus, additional, Angryk, Rafal, additional, Marsh, Michael S., additional, Dalla, Silvia, additional, Crosby, Norma, additional, Schwadron, Nathan A., additional, Kozarev, Kamen, additional, Gorby, Matthew, additional, Young, Matthew A., additional, Laurenza, Monica, additional, Cliver, Edward W., additional, Alberti, Tommaso, additional, Stumpo, Mirko, additional, Benella, Simone, additional, Papaioannou, Athanasios, additional, Anastasiadis, Anastasios, additional, Sandberg, Ingmar, additional, Georgoulis, Manolis K., additional, Ji, Anli, additional, Kempton, Dustin, additional, Pandey, Chetraj, additional, Li, Gang, additional, Hu, Junxiang, additional, Zank, Gary P., additional, Lavasa, Eleni, additional, Giannopoulos, Giorgos, additional, Falconer, David, additional, Kadadi, Yash, additional, Fernandes, Ian, additional, Dayeh, Maher A., additional, Muñoz-Jaramillo, Andrés, additional, Chatterjee, Subhamoy, additional, Moreland, Kimberly D., additional, Sokolov, Igor V., additional, Roussev, Ilia I., additional, Taktakishvili, Aleksandre, additional, Effenberger, Frederic, additional, Gombosi, Tamas, additional, Huang, Zhenguang, additional, Zhao, Lulu, additional, Wijsen, Nicolas, additional, Aran, Angels, additional, Poedts, Stefaan, additional, Kouloumvakos, Athanasios, additional, Paassilta, Miikka, additional, Vainio, Rami, additional, Belov, Anatoly, additional, Eroshenko, Eugenia A., additional, Abunina, Maria A., additional, Abunin, Artem A., additional, Balch, Christopher C., additional, Malandraki, Olga, additional, Karavolos, Michalis, additional, Heber, Bernd, additional, Labrenz, Johannes, additional, Kühl, Patrick, additional, Kosovichev, Alexander G., additional, Oria, Vincent, additional, Nita, Gelu M., additional, Illarionov, Egor, additional, O’Keefe, Patrick M., additional, Jiang, Yucheng, additional, Fereira, Sheldon H., additional, Ali, Aatiya, additional, Paouris, Evangelos, additional, Aminalragia-Giamini, Sigiava, additional, Jiggens, Piers, additional, Jin, Meng, additional, Lee, Christina O., additional, Palmerio, Erika, additional, Bruno, Alessandro, additional, Kasapis, Spiridon, additional, Wang, Xiantong, additional, Chen, Yang, additional, Sanahuja, Blai, additional, Lario, David, additional, Jacobs, Carla, additional, Strauss, Du Toit, additional, Steyn, Ruhann, additional, van den Berg, Jabus, additional, Swalwell, Bill, additional, Waterfall, Charlotte, additional, Nedal, Mohamed, additional, Miteva, Rositsa, additional, Dechev, Momchil, additional, Zucca, Pietro, additional, Engell, Alec, additional, Maze, Brianna, additional, Farmer, Harold, additional, Kerber, Thuha, additional, Barnett, Ben, additional, Loomis, Jeremy, additional, Grey, Nathan, additional, Thompson, Barbara J., additional, Linker, Jon A., additional, Caplan, Ronald M., additional, Downs, Cooper, additional, Török, Tibor, additional, Lionello, Roberto, additional, Titov, Viacheslav, additional, Zhang, Ming, additional, and Hosseinzadeh, Pouya, additional

Published
2023
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12. Advancing Solar Energetic Particle Forecasting

Author

Whitman, Kathryn, primary, Bain, Hazel, additional, Richardson, Ian, additional, White, Stephen, additional, Allison, Clayton, additional, Egeland, Ricky, additional, Mays, M. Leila, additional, Quinn, Philip, additional, Tadesse, Tilaye, additional, Luhmann, Janet, additional, Burkepile, Joan, additional, Zheng, Yihua, additional, Loper, Robert, additional, and Chen, Thomas Y., additional

Published
2023
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14. Review of Solar Energetic Particle Models

Author

Whitman, Kathryn, Egeland, Ricky, Richardson, Ian G, Allison, Clayton, Quinn, Philip, Barzilla, Janet, Kitiashvili, Irina, Sadykov, Viacheslav, Bain, Hazel M, Dierckxsens, Mark, Mays, M Leila, Tadesse, Tilaye, Lee, Kerry T, Semones, Edward, Luhmann, Janet G, Nunez, Marlon, White, Stephen M, Kahler, Stephen W, Ling, Alan G, Smart, Don F, Shea, Margaret A, Tenishev, Valeriy, Soukaina F, Boubrahimi, Aydin, Berkay, Martens, Petrus, Angryk, Rafal, Marsh, Michael S, Dalla, Silvia, Crosby, Norma, Schwadron, Nathan A, Kozarev, Kamen, Gorby, Matthew, Young, Matthew A, Laurenza, Monica, Cliver, Edward W, Alberti, Tommaso, Stumpo, Mirko, Benella, Simone, Papaioannou, Athanasios, Anastasiadis, Anastasios, Sandberg, Ingmar, Georgoulis, Manolis K, Ji, Anli, Kempton, Dustin, Pandey, Chetraj, Li, Gang, Hu, Junxiang, Zank, Gary P, Lavasa, Eleni, Giannopoulos, Giorgos, Falconer, David, Kadadi, Yash, Fernandes, Ian, Dayeh, Maher A, Munoz-Jaramillo, Andres, Chatterjee, Subhamoy, Moreland, Kimberly D, Sokolov, Igor V, Roussec, Ilia I, Taktakishvili, Aleksandre, Effenberger, Frederic, Gombosi, Tamas, Huang, Zhenguang, Zhao, Lulu, Wijsen, Nicolas, Aran, Angels, Poedts, Stefaan, Kouloumvakos, Athanasios, Paassilita, Miikka, Vainio, Rami, Belov, Anatoly, Eroshenko, Eugenia A, Abunina, Maria A, Abunin, Artem A, Balch, Christopher C, Malandraki, Olga, Karavolos, Michalis, Herber, Bernd, Labrenz, Johannes, Kühl, Patrick, Kosovichev, Alexander G, Oria, Vincent, Nita, Gelu M, Illarionov, Egor, O'Keefe, PAtrick M, Jiang, Yucheng, Fereira, Sheldon H, Ali, Aatiya, Paouris, Evangelos, Aminalfragia-Giamini, Sigiava, Jiggens, Piers, Jin, Meng, Lee, Christina O, Palmerio, Erika, Bruno, Alessandro, Kasapis, Spiridon, Wang, Xiantong, Cheng, Yang, Sanahuja, Blai, Lario, David, Jacobs, Carla, Strauss, Du Toit, Steyn, Ruhann, den Berg van, Jabus, Swalwell, Bill, Waterfall, Charlotte, Nedal, Mohamed, Miteva, Rositsa, Dechev, Momchil, Zucca, Pietro, Engell, Alec, Maze, Brianna, Farmer, Harold, Kerber, Thuha, Barnett, Ben, Loomis, Jeremy, Grey, Nathan, Thompson, Barbara J, Linker, Jon A, Caplan, Ronald M, Downs, Cooper, Török, Tibor, Linello, Roberto, Titov, Viacheslav, Zhang, Ming, Hosseinzadeh, Pouya, Whitman, Kathryn, Egeland, Ricky, Richardson, Ian G, Allison, Clayton, Quinn, Philip, Barzilla, Janet, Kitiashvili, Irina, Sadykov, Viacheslav, Bain, Hazel M, Dierckxsens, Mark, Mays, M Leila, Tadesse, Tilaye, Lee, Kerry T, Semones, Edward, Luhmann, Janet G, Nunez, Marlon, White, Stephen M, Kahler, Stephen W, Ling, Alan G, Smart, Don F, Shea, Margaret A, Tenishev, Valeriy, Soukaina F, Boubrahimi, Aydin, Berkay, Martens, Petrus, Angryk, Rafal, Marsh, Michael S, Dalla, Silvia, Crosby, Norma, Schwadron, Nathan A, Kozarev, Kamen, Gorby, Matthew, Young, Matthew A, Laurenza, Monica, Cliver, Edward W, Alberti, Tommaso, Stumpo, Mirko, Benella, Simone, Papaioannou, Athanasios, Anastasiadis, Anastasios, Sandberg, Ingmar, Georgoulis, Manolis K, Ji, Anli, Kempton, Dustin, Pandey, Chetraj, Li, Gang, Hu, Junxiang, Zank, Gary P, Lavasa, Eleni, Giannopoulos, Giorgos, Falconer, David, Kadadi, Yash, Fernandes, Ian, Dayeh, Maher A, Munoz-Jaramillo, Andres, Chatterjee, Subhamoy, Moreland, Kimberly D, Sokolov, Igor V, Roussec, Ilia I, Taktakishvili, Aleksandre, Effenberger, Frederic, Gombosi, Tamas, Huang, Zhenguang, Zhao, Lulu, Wijsen, Nicolas, Aran, Angels, Poedts, Stefaan, Kouloumvakos, Athanasios, Paassilita, Miikka, Vainio, Rami, Belov, Anatoly, Eroshenko, Eugenia A, Abunina, Maria A, Abunin, Artem A, Balch, Christopher C, Malandraki, Olga, Karavolos, Michalis, Herber, Bernd, Labrenz, Johannes, Kühl, Patrick, Kosovichev, Alexander G, Oria, Vincent, Nita, Gelu M, Illarionov, Egor, O'Keefe, PAtrick M, Jiang, Yucheng, Fereira, Sheldon H, Ali, Aatiya, Paouris, Evangelos, Aminalfragia-Giamini, Sigiava, Jiggens, Piers, Jin, Meng, Lee, Christina O, Palmerio, Erika, Bruno, Alessandro, Kasapis, Spiridon, Wang, Xiantong, Cheng, Yang, Sanahuja, Blai, Lario, David, Jacobs, Carla, Strauss, Du Toit, Steyn, Ruhann, den Berg van, Jabus, Swalwell, Bill, Waterfall, Charlotte, Nedal, Mohamed, Miteva, Rositsa, Dechev, Momchil, Zucca, Pietro, Engell, Alec, Maze, Brianna, Farmer, Harold, Kerber, Thuha, Barnett, Ben, Loomis, Jeremy, Grey, Nathan, Thompson, Barbara J, Linker, Jon A, Caplan, Ronald M, Downs, Cooper, Török, Tibor, Linello, Roberto, Titov, Viacheslav, Zhang, Ming, and Hosseinzadeh, Pouya

Abstract

Solar Energetic Particles (SEP) events are interesting from a scientific perspective as they are the product of a broad set of physical processes from the corona out through the extent of the heliosphere, and provide insight into processes of particle acceleration and transport that are widely applicable in astrophysics. From the operations perspective, SEP events pose a radiation hazard for aviation, electronics in space, and human space exploration, in particular for missions outside of the Earth’s protective magnetosphere including to the Moon and Mars. Thus, it is critical to imific understanding of SEP events and use this understanding to develop and improve SEP forecasting capabilities to support operations. Many SEP models exist or are in development using a wide variety of approaches and with differing goals. These include computationally intensive physics-based models, fast and light empirical models, machine learning-based models, and mixed-model approaches. The aim of this paper is to summarize all of the SEP models currently developed in the scientific community, including a description of model approach, inputs and outputs, free parameters, and any published validations or comparisons with data.

Published
2023

15. ISEP: A Joint SRAG/CCMC Collaboration to Improve Mitigation of Space Weather Effects on Crew Health in the Exo-LEO Era

Author

Barzilla, Janet E, Semones, Edward, Kuznetsova, Maria, Mays, M. Leila, Lee, Kerry, Johnson, A. Steve, Quinn, Philip, and Whitman, Kathryn

Subjects
Space Radiation
Abstract

The Space Radiation Analysis Group (SRAG) at Johnson Space Center (JSC) is tasked with monitoring changes to space weather and mitigating any resultant impacts to crew health and safety. As human spaceflight goals extend from Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) missions like the International Space Station (ISS) to the moon, Mars and beyond, SRAG will need to update their current approach for crew monitoring of and protection from radiation exposure due to energetic Solar Particle Events (ESPEs). Challenges faced in planning exo-LEO missions include the lack of protection from the Earth’s geomagnetic field employed by the ISS in addition to limited communication capability between the crew and the ground. In the event of an ESPE, the current ISS trajectory ensures that the vehicle is only traveling through fields of higher radiation exposure for a brief period of time; the Earth’s geomagnetic field prevents the penetration of the high-energy particles of concern throughout the majority of the orbit. Exo-LEO missions, on the other hand, require that the vehicle travel through free space, exposing vehicle and crew to the full impact of the ESPE. NASA has combined multiple approaches to resolve this radiation exposure issue. New vehicles are designed to take advantage of advances in particle transport modeling capabilities and shielding technology, allowing redistribution of mass throughout the vehicle to areas of thinner shielding when the energetic particle flux has increased to levels of concern. Although vehicle shielding is an important aspect of radiation exposure protection, there is a continued requirement to monitor and predict the space weather environment. To this end, SRAG maintains a console position in Mission Control with 24/7 mission support capability. In the event of increased solar activity, SRAG collaborates with the Flight Control Team (FCT) to determine if crew action (i.e., shelter) is required. During any increase in solar activity, the FCT needs three pieces of information to effectively decide the crew response in light of other required mission tasks: if an event (ESPE) will occur, how ‘intense’ an observed event will be, and how long will an observed event will last. An ideal alert system limits false alarms, therefore causing the crew to take action unnecessarily, without ignoring events that pose a hazard to the crew. SRAG’s current operational concept for ISS missions focuses on short-term forecasts, best described as ‘now-casting’. Console operators are in daily communication with the Space Weather Prediction Center (SWPC) for situational awareness purposes. When conditions exist that may lead to increased solar activity, operators receive notifications from SWPC. In the case of a well-connected ESPE, the console operator may only have on the order of minutes to several hours to notify the FCT of the event and provide a recommendation for crew action. As NASA shifts to exo-LEO missions, the increased time in free space as well as the reduced ability to communicate with the crew will force a transition in crew protection strategy that emphasizes improvments to both the accuracy and the lead time in forecasting capabilities.

Published
2019

17. Secondary School Students' Views of Inhibiting Factors in Seeking Counselling

Author

Chan, Stephanie and Quinn, Philip

Abstract

This study examines secondary school students' perceptions of inhibiting factors in seeking counselling. Responses to a questionnaire completed by 1346 secondary school students were analysed using quantitative and qualitative methods. Exploratory factor analysis highlighted that within 21 pre-defined inhibiting factors, items loaded strongly on one component, "diffident", suggesting that this is a main inhibiting factor. A second component, "self-reliant", also emerged as a main inhibiting factor. Significant differences were found across gender, with female participants rating the pre-defined inhibitory factors higher than males on items relating to diffidence and self-reliance. The main inhibiting factors, "diffidence" and "self-reliance", warrant development into measures for future investigations into students' views of school-based counselling. (Contains 4 tables.)

Published
2012
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20. Modeling the effectiveness of shielding in the earth-moon-mars radiation environment using PREDICCS: five solar events in 2012

Author

Quinn Philip R., Schwadron Nathan A., Townsend Larry W., Wimmer-Schweingruber Robert F., Case Anthony W., Spence Harlan E., Wilson Jody K., and Joyce Colin J.

Subjects
Mars, Moon, Radiation environment, Human exploration, Exposure, Meteorology. Climatology, QC851-999
Abstract

Radiation in the form of solar energetic particles (SEPs) presents a severe risk to the short-term health of astronauts and the success of human exploration missions beyond Earth’s protective shielding. Modeling how shielding mitigates the dose accumulated by astronauts is an essential step toward reducing these risks. PREDICCS (Predictions of radiation from REleASE, EMMREM, and Data Incorporating the CRaTER, COSTEP, and other SEP measurements) is an online tool for the near real-time prediction of radiation exposure at Earth, the Moon, and Mars behind various levels of shielding. We compare shielded dose rates from PREDICCS with dose rates from the Cosmic Ray Telescope for the Effects of Radiation (CRaTER) onboard the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) at the Moon and from the Radiation Assessment Detector (RAD) on the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) during its cruise phase to Mars for five solar events in 2012 when Earth, MSL, and Mars were magnetically well connected. Calculations of the accumulated dose demonstrate a reasonable agreement between PREDICCS and RAD ranging from as little as 2% difference to 54%. We determine mathematical relationships between shielding levels and accumulated dose. Lastly, the gradient of accumulated dose between Earth and Mars shows that for the largest of the five solar events, lunar missions require aluminum shielding between 1.0 g cm−2 and 5.0 g cm−2 to prevent radiation exposure from exceeding the 30-day limits for lens and skin. The limits were not exceeded near Mars.

Published
2017
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25. Review of Solar Energetic Particle Models

Author

Whitman, Kathryn, Egeland, Ricky, Richardson, Ian G, Allison, Clayton, Quinn, Philip, Barzilla, Janet, Kitiashvili, Irina, Sadykov, Viacheslav, Bain, Hazel M, Dierckxsens, Mark, Mays, M Leila, Tadesse, Tilaye, Lee, Kerry T, Semones, Edward, Luhmann, Janet G, Nunez, Marlon, White, Stephen M, Kahler, Stephen W, Ling, Alan G, Smart, Don F, Shea, Margaret A, Tenishev, Valeriy, Soukaina F, Boubrahimi, Aydin, Berkay, Martens, Petrus, Angryk, Rafal, Marsh, Michael S, Dalla, Silvia, Crosby, Norma, Schwadron, Nathan A, Kozarev, Kamen, Gorby, Matthew, Young, Matthew A, Laurenza, Monica, Cliver, Edward W, Alberti, Tommaso, Stumpo, Mirko, Benella, Simone, Papaioannou, Athanasios, Anastasiadis, Anastasios, Sandberg, Ingmar, Georgoulis, Manolis K, Ji, Anli, Kempton, Dustin, Pandey, Chetraj, Li, Gang, Hu, Junxiang, Zank, Gary P, Lavasa, Eleni, Giannopoulos, Giorgos, Falconer, David, Kadadi, Yash, Fernandes, Ian, Dayeh, Maher A, Munoz-Jaramillo, Andres, Chatterjee, Subhamoy, Moreland, Kimberly D, Sokolov, Igor V, Roussec, Ilia I, Taktakishvili, Aleksandre, Effenberger, Frederic, Gombosi, Tamas, Huang, Zhenguang, Zhao, Lulu, Wijsen, Nicolas, Aran, Angels, Poedts, Stefaan, Kouloumvakos, Athanasios, Paassilita, Miikka, Vainio, Rami, Belov, Anatoly, Eroshenko, Eugenia A, Abunina, Maria A, Abunin, Artem A, Balch, Christopher C, Malandraki, Olga, Karavolos, Michalis, Herber, Bernd, Labrenz, Johannes, Kühl, Patrick, Kosovichev, Alexander G, Oria, Vincent, Nita, Gelu M, Illarionov, Egor, O'Keefe, PAtrick M, Jiang, Yucheng, Fereira, Sheldon H, Ali, Aatiya, Paouris, Evangelos, Aminalfragia-Giamini, Sigiava, Jiggens, Piers, Jin, Meng, Lee, Christina O, Palmerio, Erika, Bruno, Alessandro, Kasapis, Spiridon, Wang, Xiantong, Cheng, Yang, Sanahuja, Blai, Lario, David, Jacobs, Carla, Strauss, Du Toit, Steyn, Ruhann, den Berg van, Jabus, Swalwell, Bill, Waterfall, Charlotte, Nedal, Mohamed, Miteva, Rositsa, Dechev, Momchil, Zucca, Pietro, Engell, Alec, Maze, Brianna, Farmer, Harold, Kerber, Thuha, Barnett, Ben, Loomis, Jeremy, Grey, Nathan, Thompson, Barbara J, Linker, Jon A, Caplan, Ronald M, Downs, Cooper, Török, Tibor, Linello, Roberto, Titov, Viacheslav, Zhang, Ming, Hosseinzadeh, Pouya, Whitman, Kathryn, Egeland, Ricky, Richardson, Ian G, Allison, Clayton, Quinn, Philip, Barzilla, Janet, Kitiashvili, Irina, Sadykov, Viacheslav, Bain, Hazel M, Dierckxsens, Mark, Mays, M Leila, Tadesse, Tilaye, Lee, Kerry T, Semones, Edward, Luhmann, Janet G, Nunez, Marlon, White, Stephen M, Kahler, Stephen W, Ling, Alan G, Smart, Don F, Shea, Margaret A, Tenishev, Valeriy, Soukaina F, Boubrahimi, Aydin, Berkay, Martens, Petrus, Angryk, Rafal, Marsh, Michael S, Dalla, Silvia, Crosby, Norma, Schwadron, Nathan A, Kozarev, Kamen, Gorby, Matthew, Young, Matthew A, Laurenza, Monica, Cliver, Edward W, Alberti, Tommaso, Stumpo, Mirko, Benella, Simone, Papaioannou, Athanasios, Anastasiadis, Anastasios, Sandberg, Ingmar, Georgoulis, Manolis K, Ji, Anli, Kempton, Dustin, Pandey, Chetraj, Li, Gang, Hu, Junxiang, Zank, Gary P, Lavasa, Eleni, Giannopoulos, Giorgos, Falconer, David, Kadadi, Yash, Fernandes, Ian, Dayeh, Maher A, Munoz-Jaramillo, Andres, Chatterjee, Subhamoy, Moreland, Kimberly D, Sokolov, Igor V, Roussec, Ilia I, Taktakishvili, Aleksandre, Effenberger, Frederic, Gombosi, Tamas, Huang, Zhenguang, Zhao, Lulu, Wijsen, Nicolas, Aran, Angels, Poedts, Stefaan, Kouloumvakos, Athanasios, Paassilita, Miikka, Vainio, Rami, Belov, Anatoly, Eroshenko, Eugenia A, Abunina, Maria A, Abunin, Artem A, Balch, Christopher C, Malandraki, Olga, Karavolos, Michalis, Herber, Bernd, Labrenz, Johannes, Kühl, Patrick, Kosovichev, Alexander G, Oria, Vincent, Nita, Gelu M, Illarionov, Egor, O'Keefe, PAtrick M, Jiang, Yucheng, Fereira, Sheldon H, Ali, Aatiya, Paouris, Evangelos, Aminalfragia-Giamini, Sigiava, Jiggens, Piers, Jin, Meng, Lee, Christina O, Palmerio, Erika, Bruno, Alessandro, Kasapis, Spiridon, Wang, Xiantong, Cheng, Yang, Sanahuja, Blai, Lario, David, Jacobs, Carla, Strauss, Du Toit, Steyn, Ruhann, den Berg van, Jabus, Swalwell, Bill, Waterfall, Charlotte, Nedal, Mohamed, Miteva, Rositsa, Dechev, Momchil, Zucca, Pietro, Engell, Alec, Maze, Brianna, Farmer, Harold, Kerber, Thuha, Barnett, Ben, Loomis, Jeremy, Grey, Nathan, Thompson, Barbara J, Linker, Jon A, Caplan, Ronald M, Downs, Cooper, Török, Tibor, Linello, Roberto, Titov, Viacheslav, Zhang, Ming, and Hosseinzadeh, Pouya

Abstract

Solar Energetic Particles (SEP) events are interesting from a scientific perspective as they are the product of a broad set of physical processes from the corona out through the extent of the heliosphere, and provide insight into processes of particle acceleration and transport that are widely applicable in astrophysics. From the operations perspective, SEP events pose a radiation hazard for aviation, electronics in space, and human space exploration, in particular for missions outside of the Earth’s protective magnetosphere including to the Moon and Mars. Thus, it is critical to imific understanding of SEP events and use this understanding to develop and improve SEP forecasting capabilities to support operations. Many SEP models exist or are in development using a wide variety of approaches and with differing goals. These include computationally intensive physics-based models, fast and light empirical models, machine learning-based models, and mixed-model approaches. The aim of this paper is to summarize all of the SEP models currently developed in the scientific community, including a description of model approach, inputs and outputs, free parameters, and any published validations or comparisons with data.

Published
2022

32. Objective Ratings of Monitor-Modeling Supervision in Practicum.

Author

Silverman, Manuel S. and Quinn, Philip F.

Abstract

Two groups of 12 practicum trainees were exposed to either Monitor-modeling or Immediate-feedback supervision. Ten minute counseling sessions with coached clients were taped before and after the practicum. Three independent judges rated the tapes, using Carkhuff's scales for "Gross ratings of facilitative interpersonal functioning" to assess the level of facilitative conditions offered by the trainees, and the trainees' action orientation (Carkhuff, 1969). Results indicated that: (1) the judges' ratings from pre-test to post-test increased significantly for the Monitor-modeling group, but not for the Immediate-feedback group; (2) although the results approached significance, there were no significant differences between the two groups on the post-test; and (3) the amount of growth from pre-test to post-test was significantly greater from the Monitor-modeling group. Since the ratings used in this study were considered to be a more accurate evaluation of facilitative skills than the global ratings used in a previous study with similar results, these data lend further support to the relative effectiveness of Monitor-modeling supervision. Due to the small sample and the local situation of the study, additional research is recommended. References are included. (Author)

Published
1972

33. Monitor-Modeling Supervision in Practicum.

Author

Silverman, Manuel S. and Quinn, Philip F.

Abstract

Twenty-four practicum trainees experienced either monitor-modeling or immediate feedback supervision during their training. Ten minute counseling sessions with coached clients were taped before and after the practicum. Three independent judges rated the tapes, using Carkhuff's scales for "gross ratings of facilitative interpersonal functioning" to assess (1) the level of facilitative conditions offered by the trainee, and (2) the trainee's action orientation (Carkhuff, 1969). Results indicated that both groups were similar at the beginning of the experiment; that the judges' ratings increased significantly from pre-test to post-test for both groups; that, although there were indications that the monitor-modeling supervision was more effective, there were no significant differences between the two groups on the post-test; and, finally, that the amount of growth from pre-test to post-test was significantly greater for the monitor-modeling group. The investigators strongly suggest further, more extensive evaluations of monitor-modeling supervision to more fully assess its usefulness. (Author)

Published
1971

34. C-PAK: Correcting and Completing Variable-Length Prefix-Based Abbreviated Keystrokes.

Author

LI, TIANSHI, QUINN, PHILIP, and ZHAI, SHUMIN

Subjects
ERROR rates, AUTOMATIC speech recognition, TERMS & phrases, EXPERIMENTAL design, ABBREVIATIONS
Abstract

Improving keystroke savings is a long-term goal of text input research. We present a study into the design space of an abbreviated style of text input called C-PAK (Correcting and completing variable-length Prefixbased Abbreviated Keystrokes) for text entry on mobile devices. Given a variable length and potentially inaccurate input string (e.g., “li g t m”), C-PAK aims to expand it into a complete phrase (e.g., “looks good to me”). We develop a C-PAK prototype keyboard, PhraseWriter, based on a current state-of-the-art mobile keyboard consisting of 1.3 million n-grams and 164,000 words. Using computational simulations on a large dataset of realistic input text, we found that, in comparison to conventional single-word suggestions, PhraseWriter improves the maximum keystroke savings rate by 6.7% (from 46.3% to 49.4%), reduces the word error rate by 14.7%, and is particularly advantageous for common phrases. We conducted a lab study of novice user behavior and performance which found that users could quickly utilize the C-PAK style abbreviations implemented in PhraseWriter, achieving a higher keystroke savings rate than forward suggestions (25% vs. 16%). Furthermore, they intuitively and successfully abbreviated more with common phrases. However, users had a lower overall text entry rate due to their limited experience with the system (28.5 words per minute vs. 37.7). We outline future technical directions to improve C-PAK over the PhraseWriter baseline, and further opportunities to study the perceptual, cognitive, and physical action trade-offs that underlie the learning curve of C-PAK systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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35. Honoring Jonathan Edwards

Author

Quinn, Philip L., Wilson, Stephen A., McDermott, Gerald R., Spohn, William C., and Delattre, Roland A.

Published
2003

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