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Comparisons of liquid and solid carbohydrate intakes reveal similar physiological affects after exercise. Subjects ingested either solid or liquid carbohydrate and performed three cycling trials. Testing of exercise performance, blood glucose, glucoregulatory hormone and metabolic responses were similar between the two groups. Additionally, no significant variances between the groups were found for insulin, plasma glucose, lactate or glycerol.

A 0.29-mm-diameter flexible electrode designed for subcutaneous in vivo amperometric monitoring of glucose is described. The electrode was designed to allow 'one-point' in vivo calibration, i.e., to have zero output current at zero glucose concentration, even in the presence of other electroreactive species of serum or blood. A valid zero point, along with a measurement of the glucose concentration in a withdrawn sample of blood at which the current is known, defined the sensitivity in the linear response range. The electrode was four-layered, with the layers serially deposited within a 0.125-mm recess upon the tip of a polyimide-insulated 0.25-mm gold wire. The recessed structure reduced the sensitivity to movement and allowed, through control of the depth of the recess, control of the transport of glucose and thus the range of linearity. The recess contained the four polymeric layers, with a total mass less than 5 [[micro]gram] and no leachable components. The bottom glucose concentration-to-current transducing layer consisted of the enzyme 'wiring' redox polymer [poly[(vinylimidazole)Os[(bipyridine).sub.2]Cl].sup.+/2+], complexed with recombinant glucose oxidase and cross-linked with poly (allylamine), on which an immobilized interference-eliminating horseradish peroxidase based film was deposited. An outer biocompatible layer was formed by photo-cross-linked poly(allylamine), on which an immobilized interference-eliminating horseradish peroxidase based film was deposited. An outer biocompatible layer was formed by photo-cross-linking derivatized poly(ethylene oxide). The current output of a typical electrode at 10 mM, glucose and at 37 [degrees] C was 35 nA, the apparent [K.sub.m] was 20 mM, and the 10-90% response time was [approximately] 1 min. The sensitivity varied only by [+ or -] 5% over a 72-h test period. The electrode tracked the blood glucose concentration in a rat model before, during, and following intraperitoneal glucose infusion. Two failure modes were observed. The first, deactivation of hydrogen peroxide-producing lactate oxidase in the interference-eliminating layer, resulted in inadequate preoxidation of interferants. The second was an abrupt drop in the sensitivity of implanted electrodes, [approximately] 7 h after implantation. The failed electrodes promptly regained their sensitivity in buffer.

Mental health clinicians work within a recovery framework that is rights based and emphasizes positive and respectful approaches to working with mental health consumers. Mental health nurses' practice is also predicated on holism and inclusiveness, yet consumers' sexuality is sometimes neglected and rights in this area overlooked. Also overlooked is sexuality as an area for investigation, particularly from a consumer perspective, even though it constitutes part of consumers' broader remit of sexual health. This paper reports findings from a case study where consumers were asked about their ability to negotiate and sustain sexual expression while residing in a long‐stay mental health rehabilitation facility. There were three main findings. First, the physical space of the facility, inclusive of consumers' bedrooms, was policed by mental health clinicians with ongoing intrusions into consumers' privacy, which inhibited their sexual expression. The creation of barriers to sexual expression is counter to polices that promote recovery. Second, consumers reported significant medication‐related weight gain which negatively affected their self‐image and sexual sense of self. Third, the consumers spoke about their sexuality in ordinary, everyday language devoid of any hallmark of psychosis. This highlights the importance of relating to consumers about their sexuality and sexual needs from a humane rather than technical framework. Further, it foregrounds the relational aspect of the mental health nurses' role rather than the technical aspect. Yet sexuality is a topic that is often neglected, indicating that an upskilling of the mental health nursing workforce is required, to strengthen communication and relationship skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible summary: What is known on the subject: The intersection of sexuality and psychosis has a long history, yet research in this area has been minimal over the past few decades.Mental health clinicians practice from within the confines of a mental health system that is founded on a conflict between containment and care and that positions the consumer as an object of care.At the same time, mental health services often have a Recovery approach to care. This presents a difficulty and tension in mental health clinical work because the Recovery approach is opposed to positioning the consumer as an object. What this paper adds to existing knowledge: The findings suggest that sexuality and sexual needs are common to both clinicians and consumers, and via identification, make the two groups more similar than different.Sexuality can problematize and so open up questions about the objectification of consumers.Consideration of consumers' sexuality and sexual needs can therefore work as a resistance to the dominant mental health approach and, in doing so, produce a more Recovery‐oriented approach to treatment in terms of how the consumer is positioned.Other aspects of living that escape capture by the diagnostic system may also operate as organizing factors for a more subject‐to‐subject approach to treatment. The implications for practice: Focusing on sexuality and other aspects of living that escape capture by the diagnostic system can bring into question the way consumers are objectified by the psychiatric model of care. Introduction: The Recovery approach introduced a radical shift in the positioning of consumers as subjects rather than objects of mental health treatment. While this approach has been internationally adopted, the practice of Recovery has been under‐researched and a knowledge gap exists regarding the intersection of sexuality and psychosis. Aim: The study aim was to investigate how sexuality was governed in a long‐stay mental health rehabilitation facility that was Recovery‐oriented. Method: A case study methodology with a conceptual framework using Foucault's work on disciplinary power was used. Results: The findings illustrated how mental health clinicians were caught between two main and incompatible models of care: a psychiatric one and a Recovery one. Discussion: While the policy framework authorized a Recovery approach, clinicians practised surveillance, hierarchical observation and normalization, which are tenants of a psychiatric model of care. However, the study found that sexuality was an area that opened questions about the psychiatric model for clinicians. Consideration of consumers' sexual needs allowed the clinicians to think of consumers more as subjects like themselves than as objects to be treated. Implications for practice: Consideration of consumers' sexuality opens up possibilities for questioning the objectification of the consumer via the psychiatric model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: People with serious mental illness (service users) have needs related to sexual health and sexuality, yet these have been poorly addressed in mental health services. In the present study, we report the current practice of mental health professionals in relation to sexual health. Focus groups conducted in two mental health trusts explored routine practice in relation to discussing, assessing, and planning care in relation to sexual health. A thematic analysis identified seven themes: (i) sexual health provision is a complex issue; (ii) mental health staff are aware of sexual health needs; (iii) current provision regarding sexual health is ‘neglected’; (iv) barriers to sexual health provision; (v) enabling a discussion around sexual health; (vi) sexual health provision is a role for mental health professionals; and (vii) training needs. Mental health staff are aware of complex issues related to sexual health for service users, but this is mainly seen through the lens of risk management and safeguarding. We need to develop the mental health workforce to be able to incorporate sexual health into routine health care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]