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Cyclosporin 5-10 mg/kg daily was given for 2-8 months to twelve recently diagnosed type 1 diabetics from a mean of 49 +/- SE 14 days after the start of insulin therapy, which was regulated to give near-normal blood glucose and haemoglobin A1c values. Mean insulin dosage dropped from 46 +/- 5 U/day before cyclosporin treatment to 16 +/- 4 U/day by the 7th month. Four patients had a complete remission and the insulin needs of four more were cut by half. The remaining four did not have remissions. Initial basal and glucagon-stimulated C peptide concentrations were higher in those who went into remission than in those who did not; they rose during cyclosporin treatment in the former but not in the latter. OKT4+ lymphocyte functions were suppressed in all patients and OKT4/OKT8 ratios declined. Anti-beta-cell autoimmunity, as indicated by lymphocyte-induced inhibition of insulin release from mouse islet cells, declined in all patients who went into remission. No consistent trend was observed for anti-islet cell antibodies. In forty-four similar, but non-randomised, recently diagnosed diabetics treated with insulin alone, the incidence of remission was 6%.