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Knowing the behavior of extreme hydrological phenomena is essential so that the impacts resulting from these natural events are minimized. Rio Grande do Sul has frequently been hit by extreme events such as droughts and floods, and these events are associated with several consequences, such as energy or water rationing, urban flooding and damage to hydraulic structures. In this context, the analysis of historical series extremes of hydrometeorological data through the Extreme Values Theory ​​(EVT) is one of the ways to determine the variability due to climate change, enabling the modeling of extreme events. EVT makes it possible to know the frequency with which extreme events occur, allowing extrapolation beyond the historical series, generating occurrence probabilities of such an event. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to apply the Extreme Values Theory ​​in hydrological the data historical series of flow and precipitation in the Guaíba hydrographic region and to carry out occurrence probabilities of intense events return, helping in the planning of the hydrographic watersheds that are in this region, as well as to verify whether the EVT has return periods similar to the climate projections of CMIP5 models. The results demonstrate that the values of flow and precipitation, in the historical series used, have already presented changes regarding the volume and frequency of extreme events occurrence and, in the future, for some stations, values ​​can be expected both above and below the extremes already observed in the historical series., Conhecer o comportamento dos fenômenos hidrológicos extremos é essencial para que os impactos decorrentes desses eventos naturais sejam minimizados. O Rio Grande do Sul tem sido frequentemente atingido por eventos extremos como secas e enchentes, e esses eventos estão associados a diversas consequências, como racionamento de energia ou água, alagamentos e danos em estruturas hidráulicas. Nesse contexto, a análise de séries históricas de extremos de dados hidrometeorológicos por meio da Teoria de Valores Extremos (TVE) é uma das formas de determinar a variabilidade decorrente das mudanças climáticas, possibilitando a modelagem de eventos extremos. A TVE possibilita conhecer a frequência com que esses eventos ocorrem, permitindo a extrapolação para além da série histórica para gerar probabilidades de ocorrência de tais eventos e, desse modo, auxiliar no planejamento e gestão de bacias hidrográficas. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar e analisar a probabilidade de ocorrência e retorno de eventos extremos com a aplicação da TVE em séries históricas de dados hidrológicos de vazão e precipitação na região hidrográfica do Guaíba. Também se avaliou se a TVE apresenta períodos de retorno semelhantes às projeções climáticas de modelos do CMIP5 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5). Os resultados demonstram que os valores de vazão e precipitação, nas séries históricas utilizadas, já apresentaram alterações quanto ao volume e à frequência de ocorrência de eventos extremos e, futuramente, para algumas estações, podem ser esperados valores tanto acima quanto abaixo dos extremos já observados na série histórica.

This work aimed to evaluate social vulnerability based on population characteristics as a means of indicating the possible intra-urban spaces with greater chances of dispersion and contagion by COVID-19. From variables that explain social characteristics and amplify the vulnerability of individuals, information from IBGE was selected, treated by factor analysis and mapped, according to an adaptation of the methodology developed by the Center for Social Studies in Coimbra. The scale of coverage chosen was that of census sectors, based on three municipalities in the state of RS/BR. The analysis resulted in 21 variables that make it possible to classify five dimensions of vulnerability, indicating the places where prevention actions to the contagion should be more incisive, given the population characteristics, and the vulnerability of urban peripheries was evidenced. The grouping of information expressed social dimensions that denote auxiliary aspects in the understanding of territory and social vulnerability on a local scale. The methodology demonstrated can be easily adopted in different scales and regions. This study will enable decisions to be taken in order to avoid contagion, and to provide information to support the development of plans for the gradual resumption of economic and social activities., Este trabajo pretendía evaluar la vulnerabilidad social a partir de las características de la población como medio para indicar los posibles espacios intraurbanos con mayores posibilidades de dispersión y contagio por COVID-19. A partir de las variables que explican las características sociales y amplían la vulnerabilidad de los individuos, se seleccionó la información del IBGE, se trató mediante análisis factorial y se mapeó, según una adaptación de la metodología desarrollada por el Centro de Estudios Sociales de Coimbra. La escala de cobertura elegida fue la de los sectores censales, basada en tres municipios del estado de RS/BR. El análisis resultó en 21 variables que permiten clasificar cinco dimensiones de vulnerabilidad, indicando los lugares donde las acciones de prevención al contagio deben ser más incisivas, dadas las características de la población, y se evidenció la vulnerabilidad de las periferias urbanas. La agrupación de la información expresa dimensiones sociales que denotan aspectos auxiliares en la comprensión del territorio a escala local. La metodología demostrada puede adoptarse fácilmente en diferentes escalas y regiones. Este estudio permitirá tomar decisiones para evitar el contagio y proporcionará información para apoyar el desarrollo de planes para la reanudación gradual de las actividades económicas y sociales., Ce travail visait à évaluer la vulnérabilité sociale sur la base des caractéristiques de la population afin d'indiquer les éventuels espaces intra-urbains présentant de plus grandes chances de dispersion et de contagion par COVID-19. Sur la base des variables qui expliquent les caractéristiques sociales et amplifient la vulnérabilité des individus, les informations de l'IBGE ont été sélectionnées, traitées par analyse factorielle et cartographiées, selon une adaptation de la méthodologie développée par le Centre d'études sociales de Coimbra. L'échelle de couverture choisie était celle des secteurs de recensement, basée sur trois municipalités de l'État de RS/Brésil. L'analyse a donné lieu à 21 variables qui permettent de classer cinq dimensions de vulnérabilité, indiquant les lieux où les actions de prévention de la contagion devraient être plus incisives, compte tenu des caractéristiques de la population, et il a été mis en évidence la vulnérabilité des périphéries urbaines. Le regroupement d'informations exprime des dimensions sociales qui dénotent des aspects auxiliaires dans la compréhension du territoire. La méthodologie démontrée peut être facilement adoptée à différentes échelles et dans différentes régions. Cette étude permettra de prendre des décisions afin d'éviter la contagion et de subventionner l'élaboration de plans de reprise progressive des activités économiques et sociales., Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a vulnerabilidade social a partir de características da população como meio de indicar os possíveis espaços intra urbanos com maiores chances de dispersão e contágio por COVID-19. A partir de variáveis que explicitam características sociais e ampliam a vulnerabilidade dos indivíduos, foram selecionadas informações do IBGE, tratadas por análise fatorial e mapeadas, conforme adaptação da metodologia desenvolvida pelo Centro de Estudos Sociais, em Coimbra. A escala de abrangência escolhida foi a de setores censitários, a partir de três municípios do estado do Rio Grande do Sul/Brasil. A análise resultou em 21 variáveis que possibilitam classificar cinco dimensões da vulnerabilidade das populações, indicando os locais onde ações de prevenção ao contágio devem ser mais incisivas, dadas as características populacionais, e evidenciou-se a vulnerabilização de periferias urbanas. O agrupamento de informações expressou dimensões sociais que denotam aspectos auxiliares na compreensão do território e da vulnerabilidade social em escala local. A metodologia demonstrada pode ser facilmente adotada em diferentes escalas e regiões do Brasil, e também em outros países. Esse estudo possibilitará a tomada de decisões visando evitar o contágio, e subsidiar com informações a elaboração de planos para a retomada gradual das atividades econômicas e social.

There is an urgent need to assess European citizens’ perspective regarding their plastic consumption and to evaluate their awareness of the direct and indirect effect of plastics on human health in order to influence current behavior trends. In this study, the evaluation has been cross-related with scientific facts, with the final aim of detecting the most recommendable paths in increasing human awareness, reducing plastic consumption, and consequently impacting human health. A statistical analysis of quantitative data, gathered from 1000 European citizens via an online survey in the period from May to June 2020, showed that a general awareness about the direct impact of plastic consumption and contamination (waste) on human health is high in Europe. However, only a few participants (from a higher educational group) were aware of the indirect negative effects that oil extraction and industrial production of plastic can have on human health. This finding calls for improved availability of this information to general public. Despite the participants’ positive attitude toward active plastic reduction (61%), plastic consumption on a daily basis is still very high (86%). The most common current actions toward plastic reduction are plastic bag usage, reusage, or replacement with sustainable alternatives (e.g., textile bags) and selecting products with less plastic packaging. The participants showed important criticism toward the information available to the general public about plastics and health. This awareness is important since significant relation has been found between the available information and the participants’ decisions on the actions they might undertake to reduce plastic consumption. The study clearly showed the willingness of the participants to take action, but they also requested to be strongly supported with joint efforts from government, policies, and marketing, defining it as the most successful way toward implementing these changes.

This paper is a cut of the dissertation developed in the Program of Cultural Diversity and Social Inclusion of Feevale University. The aim of this study is to understand the association of the dimensions of the Quality of Life related to Health (HRQoL) with the profile of schooling and access to the labor market of young students aged at 14 to 16 from a city in Vale dos Sinos. A quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional survey was adopted. The sample was non-probabilistic; totaling 335 students between 14 and 16 years old, of both sexes, enrolled in the municipal network investigated in 2015. The Questionnaire Kidscreen-52 version for young and sociodemographic questionnaire were used as data collection instruments. The result revealed that labor market insertion interferes with the perception of HRQoL, raising scores in general, but it brings a significant reduction in the dimension D9 School Environment and elevation of failure rates for young workers.