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2. Study and evaluation of atmospheric pollution in Spain: necessary measures arising from the EC Directive on PM10 and PM2.5 particles in the Ceramic industry

Author

Rodríguez, S., Querol, X., Mantilla, E., and Alastuey, A.

Subjects
Atmospheric particles, PM10-PM2, European Directive, ceramic industry, emissions, Partículas atmosféricas, PM10, normativa Europea, emisiones industria cerámica, Clay industries. Ceramics. Glass, TP785-869
Abstract

The European Commission Directive, 1999/30/EC, approved on the 22nd of April 1999, on atmospheric particles establishes a standard that is more stringent than the current one. This Directive proposes the monitoring of particles lower than 10 μm (PM10, thoracic particles) based on health impact criteria. The proposed EC limits are 40 μgPM10.m-3 and 20 μgPM10.m-3 as annual means in 2005 and 2010, respectively. In accordance with the European Commission (EC), the future PM10 limits will be revised in 2003 if the European States can demonstrate that the exceedances of the new limits are attributed to natural inputs. The exceedances due to natural inputs are more frequent in Mediterranean countries due to the re-suspension of natural soil particles and to the higher frequency of Saharan air mass intrusions. This study summarises the preliminary results obtained from two research projects in Spain focused on: 1) establishing the criteria for the discrimination of natural/anthropogenic inputs of PM10; 2) identifying the events when the proposed limits are exceeded by natural inputs and 3) determining the most suitable monitoring parameter, PM10 or PM2.5, in order to avoid natural interference. Given the importance of the ceramic industry in Castelló, special attention will be placed on the preliminary results obtained this area.La Directiva de la comisión Europea, 1999/30/CE, aprobada el 22 de Abril de 1999, referida a partículas atmosféricas en suspensión, establece una normativa más estricta que la vigente. Esta normativa propone el control de las partículas inferiores a 10 μm (PM10, partículas torácicas) basándose en criterios de impacto en la salud. Según esta directiva no se podrán superar medias diarias anuales de 40 μgPM10.m-3 en el 2005 y de 20 μgPM10.m-3 en el 2010. La directiva contempla la revisión de los límites normativos y de los parámetros de control en el 2003, pudiendo variar estos en el caso de que los Estados miembros demuestren que los rebasamientos de los nuevos límites normativos se deban a causas naturales. Estas superaciones por causas naturales son más frecuentes en los países del área Mediterránea debido a la resuspensión de partículas naturales y la mayor frecuencia de intrusiones de masas de aire del Sahara. El presente trabajo presenta los resultados preliminares de dos proyectos de investigación, desarrollados en el territorio español, cuyos objetivos principales son: 1) establecer los criterios para la discriminación de aportes naturales/antropogénicos de PM10; 2) identificar cuando las superaciones de los limites de PM10 se superan por causas naturales y 3) determinar la conveniencia de medir PM2.5 o PM10 para evitar la interferencia de aerosoles naturales en el PM10. En este trabajo se van a resaltar los resultados obtenidos en el área de Castelló, debido a la gran industria cerámica presente en esta zona, con objeto de estudiar el posible impacto de la nueva Directiva europea en la industria cerámica.

Published
2000

5. Practical Indicators for Risk of Airborne Transmission in Shared Indoor Environments and Their Application to COVID-19 Outbreaks.

Author

Peng, Z, Rojas, A, Kropff, E, Bahnfleth, W, Buonanno, G, Dancer, S, Kurnitski, J, Li, Y, Loomans, M, Marr, L, Morawska, L, Nazaroff, William, Noakes, C, Querol, X, Sekhar, C, Tellier, R, Greenhalgh, T, Bourouiba, L, Boerstra, A, Tang, J, Miller, S, and Jimenez, J

Subjects
COVID-19, airborne transmission, indoor air, mitigation, outbreaks, risk assessment, Aerosols, Air Pollution, Indoor, COVID-19, Disease Outbreaks, Humans, SARS-CoV-2, Ventilation
Abstract

Some infectious diseases, including COVID-19, can undergo airborne transmission. This may happen at close proximity, but as time indoors increases, infections can occur in shared room air despite distancing. We propose two indicators of infection risk for this situation, that is, relative risk parameter (Hr) and risk parameter (H). They combine the key factors that control airborne disease transmission indoors: virus-containing aerosol generation rate, breathing flow rate, masking and its quality, ventilation and aerosol-removal rates, number of occupants, and duration of exposure. COVID-19 outbreaks show a clear trend that is consistent with airborne infection and enable recommendations to minimize transmission risk. Transmission in typical prepandemic indoor spaces is highly sensitive to mitigation efforts. Previous outbreaks of measles, influenza, and tuberculosis were also assessed. Measles outbreaks occur at much lower risk parameter values than COVID-19, while tuberculosis outbreaks are observed at higher risk parameter values. Because both diseases are accepted as airborne, the fact that COVID-19 is less contagious than measles does not rule out airborne transmission. It is important that future outbreak reports include information on masking, ventilation and aerosol-removal rates, number of occupants, and duration of exposure, to investigate airborne transmission.

Published
2022

14. Understanding the local and remote source contributions to ambient O3 during a pollution episode using a combination of experimental approaches in the Guadalquivir valley, southern Spain

Author

in 't Veld, M., Carnerero, C., Massagué, J., Alastuey, A., de la Rosa, J.D., Sánchez de la Campa, A.M., Escudero, M., Mantilla, E., Gangoiti, G., García-Pando, C. Pérez, Olid, M., Moreta, J.R., Hernández, J.L., Santamaría, J., Millán, M., and Querol, X.

Published
2021
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20. Impact of Dust Source Patchiness on the Existence of a Constant Dust Flux Layer During Aeolian Erosion Events

Author

Dupont, S., primary, Klose, M., additional, Irvine, M. R., additional, González‐Flórez, C., additional, Alastuey, A., additional, Bonnefond, J.‐M., additional, Dagsson‐Waldhauserova, P., additional, Gonzalez‐Romero, A., additional, Hussein, T., additional, Lamaud, E., additional, Meyer, H., additional, Panta, A., additional, Querol, X., additional, Schepanski, K., additional, Vergara Palacio, S., additional, Wieser, A., additional, Yus‐Díez, J., additional, Kandler, K., additional, and Pérez García‐Pando, C., additional

Published
2024
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48. Clean Air in Europe for All: Taking Stock of the Proposed Revision to the Ambient Air Quality Directives. A Joint ERS, HEI, and ISEE Workshop Report

Author

Turner, M.C., Andersen, Z.J., Neira, M., Krzyzanowski, M., Malmqvist, E., Ortiz, A.G., Kiesewetter, G., Katsouyanni, K., Brunekreef, B., Melén, E., Ljungman, P., Tolotto, M., Forastiere, F., Dendale, P., Price, R., Bakke, O., Reichert, S., Hoek, G., Pershagen, G., Peters, A., Querol, X., Gerometta, A., Samoli, E., Markevych, I., Basthiste, R., Khreis, H., Pant, P., Nieuwenhuijsen, M., Sacks, J.D., Hansen, K., Lymes, T., Stauffer, A., Fuller, G.W., Boogaard, H., Hoffmann, B., Turner, M.C., Andersen, Z.J., Neira, M., Krzyzanowski, M., Malmqvist, E., Ortiz, A.G., Kiesewetter, G., Katsouyanni, K., Brunekreef, B., Melén, E., Ljungman, P., Tolotto, M., Forastiere, F., Dendale, P., Price, R., Bakke, O., Reichert, S., Hoek, G., Pershagen, G., Peters, A., Querol, X., Gerometta, A., Samoli, E., Markevych, I., Basthiste, R., Khreis, H., Pant, P., Nieuwenhuijsen, M., Sacks, J.D., Hansen, K., Lymes, T., Stauffer, A., Fuller, G.W., Boogaard, H., and Hoffmann, B.

Published
2023
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49. Practical Indicators for Risk of Airborne Transmission in Shared Indoor Environments and Their Application to COVID-19 Outbreaks

Author

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Peng, Z, Rojas, AL Pineda, Kropff, E, Bahnfleth, W, Buonanno, G, Dancer, SJ, Kurnitski, J, Li, Y, Loomans, MGLC, Marr, LC, Morawska, L, Nazaroff, W, Noakes, C, Querol, X, Sekhar, C, Tellier, R, Greenhalgh, T, Bourouiba, L, Boerstra, A, Tang, JW, Miller, SL, Jimenez, JL, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Peng, Z, Rojas, AL Pineda, Kropff, E, Bahnfleth, W, Buonanno, G, Dancer, SJ, Kurnitski, J, Li, Y, Loomans, MGLC, Marr, LC, Morawska, L, Nazaroff, W, Noakes, C, Querol, X, Sekhar, C, Tellier, R, Greenhalgh, T, Bourouiba, L, Boerstra, A, Tang, JW, Miller, SL, and Jimenez, JL

Abstract

Some infectious diseases, including COVID-19, can undergo airborne transmission. This may happen at close proximity, but as time indoors increases, infections can occur in shared room air despite distancing. We propose two indicators of infection risk for this situation, that is, relative risk parameter (Hr) and risk parameter (H). They combine the key factors that control airborne disease transmission indoors: virus-containing aerosol generation rate, breathing flow rate, masking and its quality, ventilation and aerosol-removal rates, number of occupants, and duration of exposure. COVID-19 outbreaks show a clear trend that is consistent with airborne infection and enable recommendations to minimize transmission risk. Transmission in typical prepandemic indoor spaces is highly sensitive to mitigation efforts. Previous outbreaks of measles, influenza, and tuberculosis were also assessed. Measles outbreaks occur at much lower risk parameter values than COVID-19, while tuberculosis outbreaks are observed at higher risk parameter values. Because both diseases are accepted as airborne, the fact that COVID-19 is less contagious than measles does not rule out airborne transmission. It is important that future outbreak reports include information on masking, ventilation and aerosol-removal rates, number of occupants, and duration of exposure, to investigate airborne transmission.

Published
2023

50. Black Carbon Exposure of Schoolchildren in Barcelona

Author

Rivas, I., Bouso, L., Donaire, D., Pandolfi, M., de Castro, M., Viana, M., Àlvarez-Pedrerol, M., Nieuwenhuijsen, M., Alastuey, A., Sunyer, J., Querol, X., Abarbanel, Henry, Series editor, Braha, Dan, Series editor, Érdi, Péter, Series editor, Friston, Karl, Series editor, Haken, Hermann, Series editor, Jirsa, Viktor, Series editor, Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series editor, Kaneko, Kunihiko, Series editor, Kelso, Scott, Series editor, Kirkilionis, Markus, Series editor, Kurths, Jürgen, Series editor, Nowak, Andrzej, Series editor, Qudrat-Ullah, Hassan, Series editor, Reichl, Linda, Series editor, Schuster, Peter, Series editor, Schweitzer, Frank, Series editor, Sornette, Didier, Series editor, Thurner, Stefan, Series editor, Steyn, Douw G., editor, and Chaumerliac, Nadine, editor

Published
2016
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