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Asymmetrasca decedens, a polyphagous leafhopper widely distributed in Mediterranean region, is here reported as a new record to mainland Portugal. Heavy infestations of this species have been found associated with peach, apricot and plum orchards, as well as onAlnus glutinosa, in southern of Serra da Gardunha (Beira Interior Region). Typical symptoms, the so-called ‘hopperburn', with leaves turning yellow and curling their edges downwards before drying-out and shedding, were spotted. Both adults and immature forms cause direct injury and the species also has the ability to be a vector of European Stone Fruit Yellows (16RX-B), among other phytoplasmas. External morphological characteristics ofA. decedens, illustration of the male genitalia and a brief description of leaf lesions on peach are presented, in order to enable its identification, since it has a great potential for spreading as a pest. Not onlyA. decedensreveals a significant resistance to conventional insecticides, which may hinder its control, but also it has a vast host range of economically important plants, like ornamental or fruit trees., Asymmetrasca decedens, uma cigarrinha polífaga, largamente distribuída na região mediterrânica é aqui referenciada como um novo registo para Portugal continental. Importantes infestações desta espécie foram encontradas associadas a pomares de pessegueiro, damasqueiro e ameixeira e a amieiros (Alnus glutinosa), a sul da Serra da Gardunha, na região da Beira Interior. Foram observados os sintomas característicos, constituídos por folhas amareladas e enroladas nos bordos, viradas para baixo, antes de secarem e caírem. Quer os adultos quer as ninfas causam danos diretos nas plantas tendo a espécie também capacidade para ser vetora de fitoplasmas, entre os quais oEuropean Stone Fruit Yellows (16RX-B). Neste artigo são apresentadas as características morfológicas externas deA. decedens, imagens da genitália masculina e uma descrição sucinta das lesões nas folhas de pessegueiro, de modo a permitir a sua identificação, na medida em que a espécie tem um elevado potencial de dispersão e de constituir populações com comportamento de praga.A. decedensapresenta uma significativa resistência aos inseticidas convencionais, o que pode dificultar o combate, tendo um vasto leque de hospedeiros entre culturas economicamente importantes, como fruteiras e plantas ornamentais.

Costa, Gonçalo João, Nunes, Vera L., Marabuto, Eduardo, Mendes, Raquel, Laurentino, Telma G., Quartau, José Alberto, Paulo, Octávio S., Simões, Paula Cristina (2017): Morphology, songs and genetics identify two new cicada species from Morocco: Tettigettalna afroamissa sp. nov. and Berberigetta dimelodica gen. nov. & sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Cicadettini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 517-544, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.4

Tettigettalna afroamissa sp. nov. Costa, Nunes, Marabuto, Mendes & Simões Material examined Paratypical series consist of 13 specimens (ten males and three females). Designated holotype is SP18_3779 (♂) and female paratype is SP18_3780 (♀). See Table 2 for additional information on the paratypical series, specimen IDs, collection sites and GPS data. See Figure 2 for images of male holotype, female paratype and for details of the male genitalia. Male morphology Head Head slightly less broad than pronotum; Supra-antennal plates nearly meeting the eye and produced into a pointed lobe; Postclypeus rounded to subquadrate in frontal view, rounded between top and sides in lateral view, transversely grooved towards distal ends; Rostrum brown, reaching the center of mid-trochanters (in rest). Antennae dark-brown, 7-segmented. Dorsal surface of head brown with front bearing a yellowish stripe extending to outer borders; Yellowish stripe at beginning of epicranial suture extending to pronotum. Eyes brown, three red ocelli. Postclypeus dark brown, with apical yellowish-brown spot extending to frons, grooves light-brown or yellowish. Supra-antennal plates dark-brown and yellowish-brown towards distal ends. Gena and lorum brown to dark-brown covered in long white pilosity. Anteclypeus brown to dark-brown with a lighter brownish fascia surrounding a central dark-brown spot. Thorax Pronotal collar slightly larger than head width, widened, sloping laterally and evenly rounded dorsally. Pronotal tooth present mid-laterally. Scutellum wider than long. Epimeral lobe not reaching operculum. Submedian sigillae well defined. Metanotum partly visible at dorsal midline not expanded over tymbals. Pronotum with an olive-green arrow shaped stripe at dorsal midline bordered with dark-brown in fresh specimens (in preserved specimens this fades away to light brown). Remainder of pronotum brown, with dark-brown markings bearing yellowish borders. Mesonotum on overall brown, with a lighter “crown-like” marking, lateral margins of mesonotum yellowish. Scutellum brown, with a longitudinal dark-brown fascia at midline expanding towards the ends, reaching metanotum. Sides of scutellum with a dense pilosity on lateral-anterior ends with a fading gradient of dark-brown to yellowish towards the posterior end with defined, longitudinal, slightly transverse grooves. Metanotum brown, with a dark-brown patch at dorsal midline. Ventral side of thorax brown. Legs Profemur with three to four dark-brown erect spines. Primary spine clearly separated. Metatibiae with three to four long fine spurs on inner side, and two smaller spurs on outer side with finely dispersed white pilosity. Apex of metatibia surrounded by smaller numerous brown spurs. Tarsal formula: 3-3-3. Legs generally brown in colour. Coxae and trochanters yellowish with a central dark-brown stripe, better defined on the hind legs. Femurs and tibiae brown with two dark-brown longitudinal fasciae. Profemurs with a swollen dark brown fascia surrounded by two yellowish/ light brown stripes, varying somewhat among individuals. Dark-brown border along the spines. Tarsi dark-brown on dorsal side, brown on ventral side. Protarsi darker in colour. Wings Forewing and hindwing with eight and six apical cells, respectively. Ulnar cell 3 angled towards radial cell; Forewing costa parallel-sided to radial cell; Pterostigma present. CuA vein weakly bowed; M+CuA meeting at basal cell with stems fused. Vein RA1 aligned closely with subcostal for its length. CuA1 divided by a crossvein with shorter proximal part. CuP and 1A unfused at their bases. Veins C and R+Sc close together. Outer forewing margin developed for its total length. Hindwing first cubital cell width at distal end much greater than second cubital cell. Hindwing anal lobe broad with 3A vein long and strongly curved at distal end. Hindwing RP and M veins fused at their base. Larger forewing proximal veins yellowish with smaller apical veins brown, same for hindwing. Forewing basal membrane yellow. Hindwing plaga yellow. Opercula More or less confluent with distal margin of tympanal cavity, well developed towards abdominal midline with sharply rounded apices facing midline. Opercula extending but not reaching posterior border of StII. Opercula distally yellow, dark-brown at base. Meracanthus triangular, following same colour pattern as opercula. Tymbals Tymbals lacking a tymbal cover. Five ribs, four of which arising from top of a large basal dome, covering about half the tymbal width, and expanding in width towards the posterior side. Fifth rib as an extension of basal dome more or less defined, varying between specimens. First and second anterior ribs, slender, with a transverse break at about halfway of basal dome. Tymbal plate light-grey, ribs and basal dome brownish-grey. Abdomen Abdomen with somewhat scattered white pilosity. T1 uniformly dark-brown; T2 uniformly darkbrown with a transversal stripe, slightly pointed towards posterior end of abdomen on each side; T3 to T7 darkbrown anteriorly becoming lighter on posterior side; T8 dark-brown. StI mainly dark-brown, yellow posterior margin; StII mainly dark-brown, with yellow lateral borders. StIII to StVI light brown, with a brown spot at midline, forming a well-defined stripe. StVII large, brown, as long as or slightly longer than StVIII; StVIII brown, densely covered in pilosity. Epipleurites brown with yellow posterior border. Genitalia (Figures 2 E to 2H) Pygophore dark-brown on dorsal surface and brown on lateral sides. Pygophore distal shoulder not developed. Pygophore inner tooth absent. Upper lobe flat and moderately developed, distant from dorsal beak with a sharply rounded tip; Basal lobe present, moderately developed and rounded in lateral view. Dorsal beak present and part of chitinized pygophore. Claspers dark-brown, medium-sized, closely aligned ending on a rounded, sharp tip. Uncus brown, duck-bill shaped, small and flat, not dominant. Uncus lateral lobes absent. Aedeagus basal plate, in lateral view, with an undulated ventral surface skewed towards the proximal end; In ventral view, apically broad with a small constriction mid-ventrally expanding afterwards with a midgroove between two longitudinally expanded lobes; Basal portion of basal plate directed forwards and away from thecal shaft; Basal plate ventral rib not apparent; Basal plate attached with a functional membranous “hinge”. Theca, in lateral view, curved into a gentle arc; Thecal pseudoparamers present, dorsal of theca, originating closer to theca than its base; Endothecal ventral support present; Thecal aperture upper diagonal in lateral view. Female morphology Females overall slightly darker than males. Pronotal posterior border light-brown. Mesonotal “crown-like” mark much more faded and smaller than males. Scutellum light-brown. Meso- and metatarsi lighter in colour, light-brown turning brown towards claws. Opercula almost reaching posterior border of StII but much smaller. T1 and T2 totally dark-brown. Abdominal ventral midline fascia dark-brown very well defined. StVII yellowish and split, with a light-brown groove on each side. Stigma dorsal beak dark-brown. Ovipositor brown with dark-brown tip. Body measurements for T. afroamissa males (n=10) Total length: 27.17 ± 1.25 mm; Pronotal length: 2.79 ± 0.13 mm; Mesonotal length: 4.35 ± 0.26 mm; Forewing length: 21.26 ± 0.97 mm; M+CuA length: 1.26 ± 0.19 mm. Female and additional body measurements can be found on Table 3. Bioacoustics The male acoustic signals here described are based on the analysis of the calling song of six males recorded at T= 38–40 °C (see Figure 3). The typical calling song is composed by the repetition of a phrase subdivided into two parts: A—a first single, short echeme and B—a longer group composed of 9 ± 7.461 echemes (6–50, n=124) and the interval between parts A and B has a duration of 155±53 ms (112–539 ms; n=99). In 23.6% of the phrases part A was absent. We also report a single calling song with a continuous phrase without any apparent pauses. Peak frequency of all calling songs is at 11.72 ± 0.79 kHz, maximum and minimum frequencies are 18.45 ± 1.74 kHz and 4.14 ± 0.44 kHz, respectively. Additional temporal and frequency-based variables are indicated in Table 4. Because of the similarities in frequencies of parts A and B, these were grouped in the same analysis. Diagnosis T. afroamissa is morphologically similar to all other Tettigettalna spp. but presents some peculiarities, allowing for its ready separation from its closest relatives. With an average total body length of 27 mm, it seems to be the genus’ largest species (Mendes et al. 2014, Simões et al. 2014, Puissant & Sueur 2010). T. afroamissa shows unique colour traits: all examined specimens have a black stripe running across the entire length of the ventral surface of the abdomen and an olive-green arrow-shaped stripe in the pronotum midline, which, upon death, fades over time to a paler shade of green in dry specimens (see image S5 for a live male bearing the typical olive-green stripe on the pronotum). T. afroamissa B. dimelodica Male (n=10) Female (n=3) Male (n=13) Female (n=1) Bođy region Cođe Mean ± SD Min%Max Mean ± SD Min%Max Mean ± SD Min%Max Heađ anđ thorax TL 27.31 ± 1.11 25.93%29.21 25.84 ± 1.16 24.72%27.03 16.99 ± 0.78 15.59%18.30 17.30 HL 2.05 ± 0.12 1.86%2.20 1.98 ± 0.06 1.93%2.02 1.47 ± 0.11 1.24%1.61 - HW 5.97 ± 0.21 5.72%6.29 5.64 ± 0.32 5.41%5.86 3.86 ± 0.15 3.56%4.13 - EO 0.77 ± 0.04 0.71%0.84 0.76 ± 0.03 0.73%0.78 0.54 ± 0.05 0.46%0.61 - OO 1.37 ± 0.05 1.3%1.46 1.34 ± 0.18 1.22%1.47 0.89 ± 0.04 0.81%0.96 - LrL 1.15 ± 0.11 1.01%1.37 1.05 ± 0.16 0.94%1.16 0.85 ± 0.08 0.76%1.04 - LiL 2.92 ± 0.14 2.66%3.10 2.62 ± 0.07 2.57%2.67 1.97 ± 0.11 1.70%2.15 - VW 2.91 ± 0.12 2.71%3.10 2.82 ± 0.25 2.64%2.99 1.91 ± 0.12 1.68%2.06 - FR 0.62 ± 0.05 0.55%0.69 0.6 ± 0.03 0.59%0.62 0.40 ± 0.06 0.31%0.52 - PC 2.36 ± 0.11 2.23%2.50 2.28 ± 0.01 2.28%2.29 1.54 ± 0.09 1.36%1.66 - PL 2.82 ± 0.09 2.67%2.95 2.66 ± 0.25 2.48%2.83 1.74 ± 0.15 1.46%1.98 - PW 6.71 ± 0.37 6.20%7.34 6.31 ± 0.43 6.01%6.62 4.31 ± 0.26 3.65%4.58 - ML 4.40 ± 0.19 4.15%4.68 4.12 ± 0.52 3.76%4.49 2.67 ± 0.11 2.43%2.85 - Abđomen OP 3.92 ± 0.17 3.64%4.17 1.76 ± 0.22 1.60%1.91 2.55 ± 0.16 2.09%2.73 - LS 1.62 ± 0.09 1.52%1.77 - - 1.32 ± 0.13 1.03%1.49 - TyL 1.53 ± 0.06 1.43%1.64 - - 0.99 ± 0.07 0.90%1.14 - TyW 2.84 ± 0.06 2.76%2.95 - - 1.93 ± 0.10 1.67%2.06 - Legs PF 3.20 ± 0.11 3.05%3.36 3.08 ± 0.06 3.04%3.13 2.10 ± 0.15 1.78%2.26 - Wings FwL 21.37 ± 0.85 20.16%22.84 20.28 ± 0.91 19.42%21.23 13.39 ± 0.54 12.42%14.27 13.59 FwW 7.50 ± 0.27 7.13%7.88 7.11 ± 0.48 6.67%7.62 5.37 ± 0.84 4.87%8.10 5.10 BCL 1.85 ± 0.14 1.68%2.06 1.72 ± 0.10 1.62%1.81 1.23 ± 0.11 1.09%1.42 1.24 McuA 1.26 ± 0.18 0.92%1.48 1.34 ± 0.21 1.10%1.50 1.21 ± 0.18 0.94%1.41 1.22 RCL 8.53 ± 0.36 7.93%9.16 8.32 ± 0.39 7.95%8.72 6.12 ± 0.36 5.20%6.59 6.24 afroamissa Phrase Part A Part B variables Mean±SD Min%Max n Mean±SD Min%Max n Mean±SD Min%Max n Duration (ms) 726 ± 582 314%3749 124 10 ± 4.5 5%27 97 720 ± 580 309%3733 124 Echeme đuration (ms) - - - Same as above 20.97 ± 8.26 5%43 1364 Echeme rate (echeme.s -1) - - - - - - 16.21 ± 1.73 10.88%19.42 1364 Cicada barbara 12.0 18.6 19.6 18.6 18.9 20.0 19.5 19.6 19.4 19.5 19.3 18.4 19.4 19.1 19.4 19.9 20.2 Cicada orni 13.3 17.2 19.3 19.3 19.1 20.0 19.7 19.5 19.4 20.6 18.4 19.3 19.2 18.9 18.7 19.0 18.7 Hilaphura varipes 21.5 19.6 11.4 12.4 11.2 11.7 12.4 12.3 12.0 12.0 11.2 10.9 11.3 11.4 10.9 12.9 9.8 Euryphara contentei 22.9 22.4 12.5 9.6 8.1 10.8 10.7 10.6 10.3 9.7 10.0 9.2 9.0 9.6 9.4 11.4 9.8 Tympanistalna gastrica 21.5 22.4 13.8 10.4 9.8 12.4 13.5 13.2 13.3 12.7 11.4 11.4 11.6 12.4 11.3 12.4 11.5 Tettigettacula baenai 21.9 22.2 12.3 8.7 10.7 10.4 10.6 10.6 10.3 9.6 11.0 9.0 8.6 9.0 8.9 11.5 9.7 Tettigettalna estrelae 23.4 23.3 12.9 11.7 13.7 11.3 7.7 7.4 7.8 5.3 9.2 5.8 5.1 5.4 4.8 9.5 11.8 Tettigettalna argentata 22.7 23.0 13.7 11.7 15.0 11.6 8.3 1.7 1.9 7.4 9.6 6.3 6.6 6.4 7.3 10.4 11.1 Tettigettalna mariae 22.8 22.7 13.7 11.6 14.7 11.6 8.0 1.8 1.2 7.1 9.4 6.1 6.2 6.1 6.9 10.8 10.7. Tettigettalna aneabi 22.7 22.6 13.3 11.2 14.8 11.2 8.4 1.9 1.2 7.3 8.8 5.9 6.7 6.0 7.2 10.4 10.0. Tettigettalna boulardi 22.8 24.2 13.2 10.5 14.0 10.3 5.6 7.9 7.6 7.8 9.2 5.6 4.3 5.4 4.9 9.8 11.6. Tettigettalna josei 22.5 21.1 12.2 10.7 12.5 11.9 10.0 10.4 10.2 9.5 10.0 8.0 8.7 7.9 8.5 9.6 10.0. T. helianthemi helianthemi 21.3 22.4 11.9 9.9 12.5 9.7 6.1 6.7 6.4 6.3 5.9 8.5 3.4 5.2 5.2 9.2 10.5. T. helianthemi galantei 22.6 22.3 12.4 9.6 12.7 9.2 5.3 7.0 6.6 7.1 4.5 9.4 3.6 5.0 4.3 9.0 11.0. Tettigettalna armandi 22.2 21.9 12.5 10.4 13.7 9.6 5.7 6.8 6.5 6.4 5.7 8.5 5.5 5.2 3.7 9.0 10.4. Tettigettalna defauti 22.7 21.6 11.9 10.1 12.3 9.5 5.0 7.8 7.3 7.7 5.2 9.1 5.5 4.5 3.9 8.3 10.9 Acoustic analysis enables easy and accurate identification of all Tetigettalna species. T. afroamissa is no exception. Its calling song is structurally different from all other Tettigettalna spp., although reminiscent of T. argentata (Olivier, 1790) and T. boulardi Puissant, 2010. The song of T. afroamissa can be distinguished from T. argentata for it has higher echeme rate (t= 16.21 ± 1.73 echemes.s -1 vs t= 12.82 ± 1.49 echemes.s -1) and a shorter inter-echeme interval (t= 51.20 ± 7.07 ms vs t= 71.00 ± 13.00 ms) (Mendes et al. 2014). T. boulardi has a typical calling song with a short echeme (t= 200 ± 110 ms) followed by a long echeme (t= 2.17 ± 0.30 s), whereas in T. afroamissa this initial echeme is even shorter (t= 10 ± 4.5 ms), followed by a succession of very short echemes (t=720 ± 580 ms), instead of a single one. Inter-phrase interval is also much shorter for T. afroamissa (t= 326 ± 116 ms) than for T. boulardi (t= 3270 ± 680 ms). For additional time and frequency measurements regarding T. boulardi see Puissant & Sueur (2010). DNA barcoding Males from all sampled locations were sequenced for COI. Four haplotypes were recovered in a total of 10 sequences. The dataset includes one non-synonymous mutation and a total of 14 polymorphic sites, corresponding to a nucleotide diversity of π=0.1075. All T. afroamissa sequences grouped in a fully supported monophyletic clade (Figure 4) and intraspecific pairwise distances (K2P) varied from 0.5 to 2.1 %. This clade clusters with remaining Tettigettalna spp. in an unresolved polytomy. Mean genetic distances among T. afroamissa and all other species of the genus are shown in Table 5, and vary from 8.9% (with T. defauti) to 11.9 % (with T. mariae). Thus, the genetic distance associated with the fragment of COI used here, the “barcode gap”, is high enough to be used for DNA barcoding of T. afroamissa. Habitat (Figure 5) An arboreal species, inhabiting open Mediterranean-type woodland and tall scrubland. This species has been scored singing mainly on holm-oak trees (Quercus rotundifolia) and bushes such as Pistacia lentiscus and Cistus spp. but locally, in the Rif, it was found on pine trees (Pinus spp.) (Figure 5 B), Abies pinsapo var. marocana and Cedrus atlantica (Figure 5 C) and almond trees (Prunus dulcis). Distribution Northern Morocco, along the Rif Mountains and nearby Mediterranean coastline between Tetuan and Al Hoceima. Also found in the northern parts of the Middle Atlas, near Taza (Figure 1). Not found near Ceuta or Tangier. Etymology Specific epithet formed by combining the suffix afro (pertaining to Africa) and the prefix amissa, feminine of the latin āmissus, meaning “having been lost” or “let go”. Literal translation would be “cicada (of the genus Tettigettalna) left / lost in Africa” as this new species is the only Tettigettalna spp. known so far to occur in Africa, the remaining being European., Published as part of Costa, Gonçalo João, Nunes, Vera L., Marabuto, Eduardo, Mendes, Raquel, Laurentino, Telma G., Quartau, José Alberto, Paulo, Octávio S. & Simões, Paula Cristina, 2017, Morphology, songs and genetics identify two new cicada species from Morocco: Tettigettalna afroamissa sp. nov. and Berberigetta dimelodica gen. nov. & sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Cicadettini), pp. 517-544 in Zootaxa 4237 (3) on pages 522-530, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/344747, {"references":["Puissant, S. & Sueur, J. (2010) A hotspot for mediterranean cicadas (Insecta: Hemiptera: Cicadidae): new genera, species and songs from southern Spain. Systematics and Biodiversity, 8 (4), 555 - 574."]}

Berberigetta dimelodica sp. nov. Costa, Nunes, Marabuto, Mendes & Simões Material examined Paratypical series consists of a total of 14 specimens (13 males and one female). Designated holotype is SP19_3795 (♂), and female paratype is SP19_3787 (♀). See Table 2 for additional information on paratypical series, specimen IDs, collection sites and GPS data. See Figure 6 for images on male holotype, female paratype (see supplementary image, S6 for live specimens) and details of the male genitalia. Male morphology Head Supra-antennal plate produced into a pointed lobe; Supra-antennal plate nearly meeting the eye. Postclypeus subquadrate to round in front view; Postclypeus transversely grooved towards distal ends. Rostrum brown, reaching the center of mid-trochanters when in resting position. Antennae brown, 7-segmented. Postclypeus dark brown, with apical yellowish-brown spot, grooves light-brown or yellowish; Anteclypeus yellowish with a brown central spot. Gena and lorum brown to light-brown covered with white long pilosity. Supra-antennal plates light brown distally near the eye, becoming dark-brown towards midline. Three red ocelli. Eyes light-brown. Dorsal surface of head dark-brown, supraocular border brown, with yellowish stripe on epicranial suture. Thorax Pronotal collar broad, slightly greater than eye width; Pronotal lateral development ampliate, sloping in lateral view, evenly rounded in dorsal view. Pronotal mid-lateral tooth absent. Scutellum wider than long. Epimeral lobe not reaching operculum. Metanotum partly visible at dorsal midline, not expanded over tymbals. Pronotum brown with a dark-brown stripe along dorsal midline, ending posteriorly in dark-brown spot. Mesonotum with two yellowish fasciae bordering between parapsidal suture and submedian sigillae prolonging to anterior arms of scutellum; Mesonotal lateral dorsal margins yellowish. Central area of scutellum brown with yellowish arms. Metanotum yellowish, brown at dorsal midline. Legs Profemur with a large primary erect spine plus two smaller secondary spines dark-brown/ brownish in colour, some individuals with a much smaller fourth spine. Meracanthus triangular. Tarsal formula 3-3-3. General brown to yellowish in colour. Metatibiae with four long fine reddish spurs on inner side and two smaller reddish spurs on outer side. Coxae yellowish, with a central dark-brown stripe, becoming gradually browner and less yellowish towards metacoxae. Trochanters brown. Meso and metafemurs yellowish with dark-brown to brownish stripes. Tarsi and tibia light-brown. Wings Forewing with eight apical and four subapical cells. Ulnar cell 3 angled to radial cell. Costal vein parallel-sided to node. Pterostigma present becoming darker towards distal end. CuA weakly bowed. M and CuA meeting at basal cell with stems completely fused. RA1 slightly diverging from subcostal at subapical region before crossvein. C and R+Sc close together. CuP and 1A non-fused at their bases. Forewing outer margin developed for its total length. Membrane hyaline. Hindwing vein 2A with an infuscation running alongside total length of vein. First cubital cell width at distal end much greater than second cubital cell. Anal lobe broad, with vein 3A bowed at distal end. Larger forewing proximal veins yellowish with smaller apical veins brown, same vein colour pattern for hindwing. Costal vein yellowish. Basal membrane and plaga yellowish. Opercula More or less confluent with distal margin of tympanal cavity, well developed towards abdominal midline with sharply rounded apices facing midline. General opercula colour yellowish becoming brown at the base. Meracanthus following the same colour pattern as opercula. Tymbals Tymbal covers absent. Four to five ribs, broadening apically, three of which arising from anterior proximal part of a large basal dome covering over half total length of tymbal. First anterior rib is slender, with a break at about a third of its length. Fourth rib arising from anterior distal side of basal dome more or less evident amongst individuals. Some specimens present a fifth less defined rib arising from posterior distal end of the basal dome, transversal to fourth rib and converging in a sharp end. Tymbal ribs and basal dome brownish-grey; tymbal plate light-grey. Abdomen Tergites T2 and T3 much enlarged accounting for about a third of total abdominal length. StVIII greater in length than StVII. T1 and T2 dark-brown; T4–7 dark-brown on dorsal midline, sides red and covered in fine silvery pubescence; T8 dark-brown on dorsal midline, sides yellowish. Sternite I brown; StII yellowish with a brown patch on elevated central area; StIII–VIII yellowish. Epipleurites yellowish. Genitalia (Figure 6 C to 6F) Pygophore distal shoulder not developed; Pygophore inner tooth absent; Upper lobe present, small and rounded, distant from dorsal beak; Basal lobe small to moderately developed ending in a sharp, rounded tip, in lateral view. Dorsal beak well developed, sharp and part of chitinized pygophore. Ventrobasal pocket absent. Claspers small-medium sized, hooked slightly outwards on distal end, rounded tip. Uncus duck-bill shaped, small and flat, not dominant and retractable within pygophore; Uncus lateral lobes absent. Aedeagal basal plate, undulated in lateral view, weakly depressed on dorsal midline; Basal plate apically broad, flat and rounded in ventral view, with a medial small sharp-tipped lobe on both sides, followed by a tubelike constriction leading to theca, gradually narrowing, slight medial lateral depression; Basal plate bearing a ripple-like pattern in dorsal view. Basal portion directed forwards away from thecal shaft; Ventral rib not apparent; Basal plate completely fused to theca without mobility. Theca very long and J-shaped in lateral view. Thecal pseudoparamers lateral of theca, dorsally fused until two thirds of theca length, very flat, as long as endotheca, ending on an upward pointed, sharp tip; Ventral support absent. Pygophore dorsal surface lightbrown to yellow. Claspers dark-brown. Uncus brown. Female morphology Only one female known so far (see supplementary image, S6 for the live specimen). Generally lighter in colour than male. Postclypeus yellowish with brown grooves, genae and lora light brown; Legs generally light brown; Dorsal surface of head light-brown with brown patterns; thorax and scutellum lightbrown. Abdomen light brown laterally, with a lighter brown on dorsal midline. Body measurements for 13 males of B. dimelodica Total length: 16.99 ± 0.78 mm; Pronotal length: 1.74 ± 0.15 mm; Mesonotal length: 2.67 ± 0.11 mm; Forewing length: 13.39 ± 0.54 mm; M+CuA length: 1.21 ± 0.18 mm. Female and additional body measurements can be found on Table 3. Bioacoustics The calling song here described is based on the analysis of recordings of three males singing at T=39–40 °C. A typical phrase is structured into four sequential parts (Figure 7): A, a single echeme; B, a series of 16 ± 2.60 echemes (10–21, n=52) in rapid succession; C, a group of 8 ± 3.68 echemes (5–18, n= 53) ending on D, a single, long echeme. In 21.15% and 9.61% of the phrases part A and part D are missing, respectively. Calling song frequency-based analysis revealed an interesting frequency modulation in part B. Peak frequency for parts A, C and D is 13.88 ± 0.79 kHz, with maximum frequency of 20.65 ± 0.54 kHz. During part B there is an abrupt reduction of the frequency with a peak frequency of 7.91 ± 1.62 kHz, yet, maintaining the maximum frequency at 21.62 ± 1.11 kHz. For additional time and frequency variables consult Table 6. Note that, due to frequency modulation in part B, it was separated from parts A, C and D in our analysis. B. dimelodica Phrase Part A Part B Time variables Mean±SD Min–Max n Mean±SD Min–Max n Mean±SD Min–Max n Duration (ms) 2218 ± 559 1357–3448 52 30 ± 10 15–56 47 335 ± 52 212–411 52 Echeme duration (ms) - - - Same as above 2.14 ± 1.06 0.8–7 849 Echeme rate (echeme.s -1) - - - - - - 49.16 ± 6.08 36.08–72.67 52 Interval (ms) 259 ± 82 195–614 49 - - - 19.55 ± 5.31 2.8–55 797 Part C Part D Time variables Mean±SD Min–Max n Mean±SD Min–Max n Duration (ms) 1364 ± 679 632–2992 53 252. 29 ± 79.23 97–430 41 Echeme duration (ms) 49.2 ±20.6 5–253 487 Same as above Echeme rate (echeme.s -1) 7.10 ± 1.04 3.34–10.32 53 - - - Interval (ms) 108.83 ± 22.24 34–260 435 - - - continued. Frequency variables Peak frequency Min frequency Max frequency Bandwidth Part ACD Mean ± SD 13.88 ± 0.79 4.65 ± 0.96 20.65 ± 0.54 15.94 ± 1.31 Min–Max 11.50–15.50 1.96–6.00 18.70–22.40 12.80–19.78 Part B Mean ± SD 7.91 ± 1.62 4.39 ± 1.01 21.62 ± 1.11 17.14 ± 1.59 Min–Max 5.60–16.50 0.30–5.80 13.92–23.40 9.04–22.80 Frequency variables Quartile 25 Quartile 50 Quartile 75 Quartile (75%–25%) Part ACD Mean ± SD 11.91 ± 0.22 13.48 ± 0.27 14.89 ± 0.32 2.98 ± 0.26 Min–Max 10.70–12.50 12.28–14.40 13.40–15.80 1.87–4.10 Part B Mean ± SD 7.54 ± 0.61 9.57 ± 0.79 11.61 ± 1.26 4.07 ± 0.93 Min–Max 6.30–12.00 7.50–13.50 9.70–17.50 2.70–8.20 DNA barcoding Four haplotypes were recovered among the COI sequences of nine males of B. dimelodica sp. nov., with a nucleotide diversity of π= 0.0164. Sequences were clustered into two well supported sister clades (Figure 4) diverging by 2.9 % (K2P distance). These clades are, according to our currently knowledge, geographically segregated. Among the 18 segregating sites observed, 16 are fixed for each clade, being two of them non-synonymous mutations. Mean interspecific genetic distances for B. dimelodica are presented in Table 5. The new species is clearly distinguishable within the Cicadettini (Tettigettalna, Tettigettacula, Tympanistalna, Euryphara and Hilaphura), with mean pairwise genetic distances>10%. The COI fragment is therefore apparently proficient for DNA barcoding of B. dimelodica, though the genetic structure reported here must be taken into account. Distribution (Figure 1) Morocco, in the northern parts of Middle Atlas Mountains, near Taza and along the eastern Rif mountains (Al Hoceima), eastward to Berkane (Beni-Snassen Mountains), as the extreme western foot of the Tellian Atlas Mountains. On biogeographical grounds it is possible that this species is also in western Algeria. Habitat (Figure 5) Open scrubland or light xerothermophilous woodland dominated by holm-oak (Quercus rotundifolia) in the northern Middle Atlas or mixed pinewoods of Pinus halepensis and Tetraclinis articulata with a rich understory of Pistacia lentiscus, Chamaerops humilis, Rosmarinus officinalis and Stipa spp. Males sing mainly perched on these shrubs, and sometimes on the lower branches of trees (Etymology Specific epithet dimelodica arises from the dual sound production during the calling song of this species, meaning “two melodies”. It consists of two distinct sound patterns, with the second part severely downshifted in frequency and resembling a human-produced unvoiced linguolabial trill, often referred as “Blowing a raspberry”., Published as part of Costa, Gonçalo João, Nunes, Vera L., Marabuto, Eduardo, Mendes, Raquel, Laurentino, Telma G., Quartau, José Alberto, Paulo, Octávio S. & Simões, Paula Cristina, 2017, Morphology, songs and genetics identify two new cicada species from Morocco: Tettigettalna afroamissa sp. nov. and Berberigetta dimelodica gen. nov. & sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Cicadettini), pp. 517-544 in Zootaxa 4237 (3) on pages 530-533, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/344747

Berberigetta nov. gen. Costa, Nunes, Marabuto, Mendes & Simões Diagnosis This genus can be readily distinguished from other morphologically similar genera by the analysis of the male genitalia. The type species has a very large tube-like aedeagus with two pseudoparamers fused until three quarters of total thecal length, ending in a sharp-tip and about of the same length as the endotheca (see Figure 6 F). Therefore, it can be distinguished from the similar genus Tettigettacula (type species: T. baenai (Boulard, 2000)) for the latter has two unfused thick pseudoparamers arising dorsally from base of the theca, and separate from the endotheca (Puissant & Sueur 2010). Berberigetta differs from Cicadetta Kolenati, 1857 (type species: Cicadetta montana (Scopoli, 1772)) in aedeagus morphology: C. montana shows a similarly long aedeagus, yet the pseudoparamers are exceedingly long and partly unfused, surpassing the distal end of theca by about half its length (Moulds 2012). Type species Berberigetta dimelodica designed by monotypy. Etymology Name formed by combining the suffix Berber (pertaining to the Maghrebian Roman region, Barbaria, and the prevailing ethnic group in northern Maghreb) and the prefix –getta, an arbitrary combination of letters associated with small cicada species, as in Tettigetta., Published as part of Costa, Gonçalo João, Nunes, Vera L., Marabuto, Eduardo, Mendes, Raquel, Laurentino, Telma G., Quartau, José Alberto, Paulo, Octávio S. & Simões, Paula Cristina, 2017, Morphology, songs and genetics identify two new cicada species from Morocco: Tettigettalna afroamissa sp. nov. and Berberigetta dimelodica gen. nov. & sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Cicadettini), pp. 517-544 in Zootaxa 4237 (3) on page 530, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/344747, {"references":["Simoes, P. C., Boulard, M., Rebelo, M. T., Drosopoulos, S., Claridge, M. F., Morgan, J. C. & Quartau, J. (2000) Differences in the male calling songs of two sibling species of Cicada (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) in Greece. European Journal of Entomology, 97 (3), 437 - 440.","Puissant, S. & Sueur, J. (2010) A hotspot for mediterranean cicadas (Insecta: Hemiptera: Cicadidae): new genera, species and songs from southern Spain. Systematics and Biodiversity, 8 (4), 555 - 574.","Moulds, M. S. (2012) A Review of the Genera of Australian Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea). Zootaxa, 3287, 1 - 262."]}

Tettigettalna Puissant 2010 Originally described and diagnosed by Puissant & Sueur (2010), encompasses nine European species: T. argentata (Olivier, 1790), T. aneabi (Boulard, 2000), T. armandi Puissant, 2010, T. boulardi Puissant, 2010, T. defauti Puissant, 2010, T. estrellae (Boulard, 1982), T. helianthemi (Rambur, 1840), T. josei (Boulard, 1982) and T. mariae (Quartau & Boulard, 1995). Only T. argentata is widespread, reaching, France, Italy, Switzerland and Slovenia to the east. The remaining are (rather) narrow Iberian endemics (see Figure 1)., Published as part of Costa, Gonçalo João, Nunes, Vera L., Marabuto, Eduardo, Mendes, Raquel, Laurentino, Telma G., Quartau, José Alberto, Paulo, Octávio S. & Simões, Paula Cristina, 2017, Morphology, songs and genetics identify two new cicada species from Morocco: Tettigettalna afroamissa sp. nov. and Berberigetta dimelodica gen. nov. & sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Cicadettini), pp. 517-544 in Zootaxa 4237 (3) on page 522, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/344747, {"references":["Puissant, S. & Sueur, J. (2010) A hotspot for mediterranean cicadas (Insecta: Hemiptera: Cicadidae): new genera, species and songs from southern Spain. Systematics and Biodiversity, 8 (4), 555 - 574.","Simoes, P. C., Boulard, M., Rebelo, M. T., Drosopoulos, S., Claridge, M. F., Morgan, J. C. & Quartau, J. (2000) Differences in the male calling songs of two sibling species of Cicada (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) in Greece. European Journal of Entomology, 97 (3), 437 - 440."]}

Histograms of the total number of raw reads, mean depth and proportion of missing data per individual and of the R2 values for each colour-associated SNP comparison; scatterplots of the number of SNPs in the model as a function of the Bayes factor for each pairwise comparison in multi-SNP association tests; and number of RAD loci hits with genome and transcriptome. (PDF 1411 kb)

1. Colour polymorphisms are common across animals and are often the result of complex selection regimes. Philaenus spumarius (Linnaeus) (Hemiptera, Aphrophoridae) shows a widely studied dorsal colour polymorphism with several described phenotypes whose variation in their occurrence and frequency, as well as their maintenance across time, have been reported. Several selective influences have been suggested to play a role, but the mechanisms underlying the maintenance of this polymorphism are still poorly understood. 2. To explore the adaptive significance of the colour polymorphism of P. spumarius, an experiment was conducted in captivity under semi-natural conditions to measure survival, reproductive success, and duration of egg maturation. 3. It was found that there was higher longevity, a higher number of oviposition events, and a higher number of eggs laid by trilineatus phenotype females than by typicus and marginellus, supporting previous reports of an increase in trilineatus frequency during the season. The duration of egg maturation did not differ among phenotypes. 4. The higher longevity and fertility of the trilineatus phenotype may compensate, for example, the higher rate of attack by parasitoids and/or higher solar radiation reflectance in this phenotype, which have already been reported in previous studies, constituting a possible mechanism for the maintenance of this polymorphism. FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The introduction of exotic species in islands is recognized as a major threat to native biota and ecosystems. In this contribution we list thirteen widespread exotic invertebrate species (two Araneae, one Orthoptera, four Hemiptera, four Coleoptera and two Diptera) that were recorded from the Azorean Islands in the last few years for the first time. In addition, we list another ten invertebrate species (two Araneae, one Orthoptera, two Phasmatodea, one Hemiptera, three Coleoptera and one Diptera) that expanded their known range in the archipelago. The pathways of entrance for species in the Azores, their impact on the local economy and biodiversity, as well as strategies to halt the introduction of alien species are discussed.

Pinto-Juma, Gabriela A., Quartau, José A., Bruford, Michael W. (2009): Mitochondrial DNA variation and the evolutionary history of the Mediterranean species of Cicada L. (Hemiptera, Cicadoidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 155 (2): 266-288, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00437.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00437.x

Simões, Paula Cristina, Boulard, Michel, Quartau, José Alberto (2006): On the taxonomic status of Cicada orni Linnaeus (Hemiptera, Cicadidae) from Lesbos island in Greece. Zootaxa 1105 (1): 17-25, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1105.1.2, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1105.1.2

Copyright © Springer 2005. Nineteen areas in seven of the nine Azorean islands were evaluated for species diversity and rarity based on soil epigean arthropods. Fifteen out of the 19 study areas are managed as Natural Forest Reserves and the remaining four were included due to their importance as indigenous forest cover. Four of the 19 areas are not included in the European Conservation network, NATURA 2000. Two sampling replicates were run per study area, and a total of 191 species were collected; 43 of those species (23%) are endemic to the archipelago and 12 have yet to be described. To produce an unbiased multiple-criteria index (importance value for conservation, IV-C) incorporating diversity and rarity based indices, an iterative partial multiple regression analysis was performed. In addition, an irreplaceability index and the complementarity method (using both optimisation and heuristic methods) were used for priority-reserves analyses. It was concluded that at least one well-managed reserve per island is absolutely necessary to have a good fraction of the endemic arthropods preserved. We found that for presence/absence data the suboptimal complementarity algorithm provides solutions as good as the optimal algorithm. For abundance data, optimal solutions indicate that most reserves are needed if we want that at least 50% of endemic arthropod populations are represented in a minimum set of reserves. Consistently, two of the four areas not included in the NATURA 2000 framework were considered of high priority, indicating that vascular plants and bird species used to determine NATURA 2000 sites are not good surrogates of arthropod diversity in the Azores. The most irreplaceable reserves are those located in older islands, which indicates that geological history plays an important role in explaining faunal diversity of arthropods in the Azores. Based both on the uniqueness of species composition and high species richness, conservation efforts should be focused on the unmanaged Pico Alto region in the archipelago’s oldest island, Santa Maria.

Copyright © 2003 Município do Funchal. As a result of an ecological project on the existing native laurel forests (laurisilva) in the Azores, Aphrodes hamiltoni n. sp. was collected using the pitfall technique. The new species was always found beneath the surface litter of these woods and on the following islands: S. Maria, S. Miguel, Terceira, S. Jorge, Pico, Faial and Flores. It appears as an endemic species for the Azores, being readily distinguished from all remaining taxa within Aphrodes Curtis by the typical spines in the apical part of the aedeagus. Compared with other endemic Azorean arthropods sampled recently, Aphrodes hamiltoni n. sp. is a common species not particularly under threat and appears as a good indicator of sites rich in endemic arthropods. Consequently, the new species will be highly valued in monitoring programmes to evaluate the conservation status of the native forests of the Azores.

Nesta contribuição pretendemos avaliar a aplicação dos modelos RESTAN, "Relação entre o número de Espécies e o número de Táxones de Alto Nível", à fauna de artrópodes de vários habitats das ilhas dos Açores. Utilizámos várias bases de dados recentemente obtidas baseadas em amostragens estandardizadas de artrópodes epígeos do solo em florestas de áreas protegidas, artrópodes fitófagos e predadores de pastagens semeadas e semi-naturais e artrópodes da copa da árvore endémica Juniperus brevifolia. Os modelos RESTAN são aplicados não só usando dados puramente taxonómicos, mas igualmente agrupando os taxa em termos de estratégias ecológicas (e.g. herbívoros, predadores) e de colonização das ilhas (e.g. endémicos). Deste modo pensamos poder avaliar a aplicabilidade destes modelos em estudos de estrutura de comunidades e de conservação. Para os Açores, a aplicação dos modelos RESTAN constitui uma forma muito prática e eficaz de obter estimativas de diversidade. De facto, em todas as matrizes de dados analisadas a riqueza de espécies pode ser estimada eficazmente usando apenas a riqueza em géneros, sendo a relação linear. Ao nível da família, os modelos estimadores possuem um menor poder explicativo e são melhor explicados por uma função exponencial. O escalonamento de Reservas Florestais Naturais dos Açores em termos de biodiversidade de artrópodes endémicos pode ser efectuado usando informação taxonómica ao nível do género. A aplicação de métodos de estimativa rápida de biodiversidade fica assim facilitada, podendo usar-se parataxonomistas bem treinados para o processo de triagem do grande número de amostras geralmente necessárias em estudos ecológicos. Discute-se igualmente a aplicabilidade dos modelos RESTAN a dados de diversidade alfa, beta e gama. ABSTRACT: In this contribution we examine the predictive power of numbers of higher taxa (orders, families and genera) as surrogates of species richness ("RESTAN" models – models based on linear relationship between species and higher taxa numbers) for the Azorean arthropod fauna. Recently, two large entomological and ecological studies were performed in the Azores, using standardized sampling protocols to estimate the diversity of arthropods in grassland and native forests. We use datasets available from those studies to address a few technical questions: A. what is the impact of using several measures of diversity (alpha, gamma and beta species diversity; Shannon-Wiener index of diversity; Evenness) based on numbers of families and genera for canopy arthropods? For instance, could be predicted that values of beta-diversity decrease with the use of higher-taxa estimates. All the measures of diversity could be used, being the genera the best predictor; B. how well behave the RESTAN models for functional groups of species like grass-feeding and web-building spiders in grasslands? The predictive power of higher-taxa is low using web-building spiders, due to few families being envolved and some genera having many species locally represented; C. assuming at least one sample with no species then there will be also no highertaxa in that sample. Consequently, the curve of the relationship between highertaxa richness and species richness should be anchored to the origin (y= bx). What is the predictive value of this model in comparison with the linear (y =a + bx), log-log (log y = a + b log x) and exponential (y = A • e b x) models? The best fit was obtained with the linear model for the genus-species relationship, but the variables are not normally distributed and the log-log model should be preferable. For the family-species relationship the exponential model is the best. The linear model anchored to the origin (y =bx) has some statistical pitfalls and was of less predictive value; D. in conservation studies what is the predictive value of higher-taxa in ranking protected areas? We found that the numbers of arthropod genera could successfully rank the Natural Forest Reserves as well as numbers of species (using endemic species dataset). We found that in the Azores the predictions of species richness using higher-taxa are quite reasonable, mainly because of low levels of diversity. Therefore, costeffective studies could use only genera, since the species richness of arthropods could be predicted reasonably closely from their genus-level richness. Family and order-level data were less informative for all datasets. We suggest that in the Azores as a consequence of the low levels of species diversification with a great proportion of monospecific genera, the use of parataxonomists trained in genus-level identification could be appropriate for sorting large numbers of ecological samples.

Copyright © 2000 Sociedade Afonso Chaves. A fauna de artrópodes das pastagens de três ilhas dos Açores (S. Maria, Terceira e Pico) foi alvo de uma amostragem detalhada usando várias técnicas de amostragem (armadilhas pitfall, aspirador entomológico VORTIS e colheitas directas). Um total de 63 espécies de insectos herbívoros sugadores, 65 espécies de insectos herbívoros mastigadores e 117 espécies de artrópodes predadores foram amostrados durante cinco períodos de amostragem cobrindo três estações do ano em 1994 (primavera, Verão e Outono) e duas em 1995 (primavera e Verão). A presente contribuição serve para listar 85 novidades: 22 espécies são novas para o arquipélago, sendo cinco delas (quatro de S. Maria e Uma da Terceira) endémicas; 63 espécies constituem novidade para S. Maria, 21 são novas para a Terceira e 28 são novas para O Pico. Para cada espécie apresenta-se alguns comentários sobre a sua distribuição e ecologia. ABSTRACT: The pasture arthropod fauna of three Azorean islands (S. Maria, Terceira and Pico) was surveyed through several sampling methods (pitfall traps, VORTIS suction machine, direct searching). Sucking (63 species) and chewing (65 species) arthropod herbivores and 117 species of predatory arthropods were sampled during five sampling periods covering three seasons in 1994 (Spring, Summer and Autumn) and two in 1995 (Spring and Summer). In the present contribution, 85 species of arthropods are listed as new records: 22 species were not previously known from any of the Azorean islands, five of which are considered endemic (four from S. Maria and one from Terceira) and will be described elsewhere; 63 species are recorded for the first time for S. Maria, 21 for Terceira and 28 for Pico. For each species some comments are made on their distribution and ecology.

Copyright © 2000 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Endemic arthropods were used to evaluate the conservation value of the 16 Natural Forest Reserves (NFRs) of the Azores (Macaronesia). For each of the 280 known Azorean endemic species of arthropods, a rarity index was calculated, using distribution and abundance data obtained from the literature. In addition, several scoring indices were used to rank the 16 NFRs. Frequency distributions of the rarity index indicated that there was a tendency for a greater proportion of the commonest species being represented in the NFRs in contrast with a lower representation of the rarest species. About 60% of the endemic arthropod species that were recorded from the NFRs are single NFR endemics , that is, are known from only one of the 16 NFRs. Species richness was considered to be a very good surrogate measure of the conservation value of the 16 NFRs under study. The fact that the six highest ranked NFRs (using a composite multi-criteria index) are located in different islands has some important conservation management implications; to preserve a large proportion of the Azorean arthropod biodiversity there is a need to protect sites in all islands. If the five highest ranked NFRs are correctly managed in terms of conservation, then at least 80% of the endemic arthropods known from the NFRs could be protected. Most of the tested taxa (Acari-Oribatei; Lepidoptera; Diptera; Coleoptera) are good surrogates of the overall total set of species present in the 16 NFRs when using a species richness index.