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The question of what generates conscious experience has mesmerized thinkers since the dawn of humanity, yet its origins remain a mystery. The topic of consciousness has gained traction in recent years, thanks to the development of large language models that now arguably pass the Turing test, an operational test for intelligence. However, intelligence and consciousness are not related in obvious ways, as anyone who suffers from a bad toothache can attest-pain generates intense feelings and absorbs all our conscious awareness, yet nothing particularly intelligent is going on. In the hard sciences, this topic is frequently met with skepticism because, to date, no protocol to measure the content or intensity of conscious experiences in an observer-independent manner has been agreed upon. Here, we present a novel proposal: Conscious experience arises whenever a quantum mechanical superposition forms. Our proposal has several implications: First, it suggests that the structure of the superposition determines the qualia of the experience. Second, quantum entanglement naturally solves the binding problem, ensuring the unity of phenomenal experience. Finally, a moment of agency may coincide with the formation of a superposition state. We outline a research program to experimentally test our conjecture via a sequence of quantum biology experiments. Applying these ideas opens up the possibility of expanding human conscious experience through brain-quantum computer interfaces.

This article begins with an interdisciplinary review of a hydrodynamic approach to understanding the origins and nature of macroscopic quantum phenomena in high-temperature superconductivity, superfluidity, turbulence and biological systems. Building on this review, we consider new theoretical insights into the origin and nature of pointer states and their role in the emergence of quantum systems. The approach includes a theory of quantum coherence underpinned by turbulence, generated by a field of pointer states, which take the form of recirculating, spin-1/2 vortices (toroids), interconnected via a cascade of spin-1 vortices. Decoherence occurs when the bosonic network connecting pointer states is disrupted, leading to their localisation. Building further on this work, we explore how quantum particles (in the form of different vortex structures) could emerge as the product of a causal dynamic process, within a turbulent (fractal) spacetime. The resulting particle structures offer new insights into intrinsic spin, the probabilistic nature of the wave function and how we might consider pointer states within the standard "point source" representation of a quantum particle, which intuitively requires a more complexed description. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mitochondrion is a vital intracellular organelle that is responsible for ATP production. It utilizes both the concentration gradient and the electrical potential of the inner mitochondrial membrane to drive the flow of protons from the intermembrane space to the matrix to generate ATP via ATP-synthase. However, the proton leak flow, which is mediated via the inner mitochondrial membrane and uncoupling proteins, can reduce the efficiency of ATP production. Protons can exhibit a quantum behavior within biological systems. However, the investigation of the quantum behavior of protons within the mitochondria is lacking particularly in the contribution to the proton leak. In the present study, we proposed a mathematical model of protons tunneling through the inner mitochondrial membrane and the mitochondrial carrier superfamily MCF including uncoupling proteins UCPs and the adenine nucleotide translocases ANTs. According to the model and its assumptions, the quantum tunneling of protons may contribute significantly to the proton leak if it is compared with the classical flow of protons. The quantum tunneling proton leak may depolarize the membrane potential, hence it may contribute to the physiological regulation of ATP synthesis and reactive oxygen species ROS production. In addition to that, the mathematical model of proton tunneling suggested that the proton-tunneling leak may depolarize the membrane potential to values beyond the physiological needs which in turn can harm the mitochondria and the cells. Moreover, we argued that the quantum proton leak might be more energetically favorable if it is compared with the classical proton leak. This may give the advantage for quantum tunneling of protons to occur since less energy is required to contribute significantly to the proton leak compared with the classical proton flow.

Abstract The spread of the COVID-19 virus has become a global health crisis, and finding effective treatments and preventions is a top priority. The field of quantum biology primarily focuses on energy or charge transfer, with a particular emphasis on photosynthesis. However, there is evidence to suggest that cellular receptors such as olfactory or neural receptors may also use vibration-assisted electron tunnelling to enhance their functions. Quantum tunnelling has also been observed in enzyme activity, which is relevant to the invasion of host cells by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Additionally, COVID-19 appears to disrupt receptors such as olfactory receptors. These findings suggest that quantum effects could provide new insights into the mechanisms of biological systems and disease, including potential treatments for COVID-19. We have applied the open quantum system approach using Quantum State Diffusion to solve the non-linear stochastic Schrödinger equation (SSE) for COVID-19 virus infection. Our model includes the mechanism when the spike protein of the virus binds with an ACE2 receptor is considered as dimer. These two entities form a system and then coupled with the cell membrane, which is modelled as a set of harmonic oscillators (bath). By simulating the SSE, we find that there is vibration-assisted electron tunnelling happening in certain biological parameters and coupling regimes. Furthermore, our model contributes to the ongoing research to understand the fundamental nature of virus dynamics. It proposes that vibration-assisted electron tunneling could be a molecular phenomenon that augments the lock-and-key process for olfaction. This insight may enhance our understanding of the underlying mechanisms governing virus-receptor interactions and could potentially lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies.

The spread of the COVID-19 virus has become a global health crisis, and finding effective treatments and preventions is a top priority. The field of quantum biology primarily focuses on energy or charge transfer, with a particular emphasis on photosynthesis. However, there is evidence to suggest that cellular receptors such as olfactory or neural receptors may also use vibration-assisted electron tunnelling to enhance their functions. Quantum tunnelling has also been observed in enzyme activity, which is relevant to the invasion of host cells by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Additionally, COVID-19 appears to disrupt receptors such as olfactory receptors. These findings suggest that quantum effects could provide new insights into the mechanisms of biological systems and disease, including potential treatments for COVID-19. We have applied the open quantum system approach using Quantum State Diffusion to solve the non-linear stochastic Schrödinger equation (SSE) for COVID-19 virus infection. Our model includes the mechanism when the spike protein of the virus binds with an ACE2 receptor is considered as dimer. These two entities form a system and then coupled with the cell membrane, which is modelled as a set of harmonic oscillators (bath). By simulating the SSE, we find that there is vibration-assisted electron tunnelling happening in certain biological parameters and coupling regimes. Furthermore, our model contributes to the ongoing research to understand the fundamental nature of virus dynamics. It proposes that vibration-assisted electron tunneling could be a molecular phenomenon that augments the lock-and-key process for olfaction. This insight may enhance our understanding of the underlying mechanisms governing virus-receptor interactions and could potentially lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physics is living an era of unprecedented cross-fertilization among the different areas of science. In this perspective review, we discuss the manifold impact that state-of-the-art cold and ultracold-atomic platforms can have in fundamental and applied science through the development of platforms for quantum simulation, computation, metrology and sensing. We illustrate how the engineering of table-top experiments with atom technologies is engendering applications to understand problems in condensed matter and fundamental physics, cosmology and astrophysics, unveil foundational aspects of quantum mechanics, and advance quantum chemistry and the emerging field of quantum biology. In this journey, we take the perspective of two main approaches, i.e., creating quantum analogues and building quantum simulators, highlighting that independently of the ultimate goal of a universal quantum computer to be met, the remarkable transformative effects of these achievements remain unchanged. We wish to convey three main messages. First, this atom-based quantum technology enterprise is signing a new era in the way quantum technologies are used for fundamental science, even beyond the advancement of knowledge, which is characterised by truly cross-disciplinary research, extended interplay between theoretical and experimental thinking, and intersectoral approach. Second, quantum many-body physics is unavoidably taking center stage in frontier's science. Third, quantum science and technology progress will have capillary impact on society, meaning this effect is not confined to isolated or highly specialized areas of knowledge, but is expected to reach and have a pervasive influence on a broad range of society aspects: while this happens, the adoption of a responsible research and innovation approach to quantum technologies is mandatory, to accompany citizens in building awareness and future scaffolding. Following on all the above reflections, this perspective review is thus aimed at scientists active or interested in interdisciplinary research, providing the reader with an overview of the current status of these wide fields of research where cold and ultracold-atomic platforms play a vital role in their description and simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mitochondrion is a vital intracellular organelle that is responsible for ATP production. It utilizes both the concentration gradient and the electrical potential of the inner mitochondrial membrane to drive the flow of protons from the intermembrane space to the matrix to generate ATP via ATP-synthase. However, the proton leak flow, which is mediated via the inner mitochondrial membrane and uncoupling proteins, can reduce the efficiency of ATP production. Protons can exhibit a quantum behavior within biological systems. However, the investigation of the quantum behavior of protons within the mitochondria is lacking particularly in the contribution to the proton leak. In the present study, we proposed a mathematical model of protons tunneling through the inner mitochondrial membrane and the mitochondrial carrier superfamily MCF including uncoupling proteins UCPs and the adenine nucleotide translocases ANTs. According to the model and its assumptions, the quantum tunneling of protons may contribute significantly to the proton leak if it is compared with the classical flow of protons. The quantum tunneling proton leak may depolarize the membrane potential, hence it may contribute to the physiological regulation of ATP synthesis and reactive oxygen species ROS production. In addition to that, the mathematical model of proton tunneling suggested that the proton-tunneling leak may depolarize the membrane potential to values beyond the physiological needs which in turn can harm the mitochondria and the cells. Moreover, we argued that the quantum proton leak might be more energetically favorable if it is compared with the classical proton leak. This may give the advantage for quantum tunneling of protons to occur since less energy is required to contribute significantly to the proton leak compared with the classical proton flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioinformatics has revolutionized biology and medicine by using computational methods to analyze and interpret biological data. Quantum mechanics has recently emerged as a promising tool for the analysis of biological systems, leading to the development of quantum bioinformatics. This new field employs the principles of quantum mechanics, quantum algorithms, and quantum computing to solve complex problems in molecular biology, drug design, and protein folding. However, the intersection of bioinformatics, biology, and quantum mechanics presents unique challenges. One significant challenge is the possibility of confusion among scientists between quantum bioinformatics and quantum biology, which have similar goals and concepts. Additionally, the diverse calculations in each field make it difficult to establish boundaries and identify purely quantum effects from other factors that may affect biological processes. This review provides an overview of the concepts of quantum biology and quantum mechanics and their intersection in quantum bioinformatics. We examine the challenges and unique features of this field and propose a classification of quantum bioinformatics to promote interdisciplinary collaboration and accelerate progress. By unlocking the full potential of quantum bioinformatics, this review aims to contribute to our understanding of quantum mechanics in biological systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Defining life is an arduous task that has puzzled philosophers and scientists for centuries. Yet biology suffers from a lack of clear definition, putting biologists in a paradoxical situation where one can describe at the atomic level complex objects that remain globally poorly defined. One could assume that such descriptions make it possible to perfectly characterize living systems. However, many cases of misinterpretation put this assumption into perspective. In this article, we focus on critical parameters such as time, water, entropy, space, quantum properties, and electrostatic potential to redefine the nature of living matter, with special emphasis on biological coding. Where does the DNA double helix come from, why cannot the reproduction of living organisms occur without mutations, what are the limitations of the genetic code, and why do not all proteins have a stable three-dimensional structure? There are so many questions that cannot be resolved without considering the aforementioned parameters. Indeed, (i) time and space constrain many biological mechanisms and impose drastic solutions on living beings (enzymes, transporters); (ii) water controls the fidelity of DNA replication and the structure/disorder balance of proteins; (iii) entropy is the driving force of many enzymatic reactions and molecular interactions; (iv) quantum mechanisms explain why a molecule as simple as hydrocyanic acid (HCN) foreshadows the helical structure of DNA, how DNA is stabilized, why mutations occur, and how the Earth magnetic field can influence the migration of birds; (v) electrostatic potential controls epigenetic mechanisms, lipid raft functions, and virus infections. We consider that raising awareness of these basic parameters is critical for better understanding what life is, and how it handles order and chaos through a combination of genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. Thus, we propose to incorporate these parameters into the definition of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an era defined by energy security, healthcare advancements, and the pursuit of clean energy solutions, nuclear energy emerges as a potent candidate. However, a major bottleneck in its growth is the hindrance posed by the extrapolation of risk due to high-dose radiation to the low-dose region (< 100 mSv), according to the linear no-threshold (LNT) model. This creates undue radiophobia among the members of public leading to resistance against the applications of radiation for societal uses. This perspective article proposes a quantum approach to augment a hormesis or threshold model as an alternative to the LNT model while also discussing the LNT's fallacies. To provide a more fundamental explanation to the several nonlinear biological processes underpinning such alternative models, this article suggests a quantum biology approach. Drawing inspiration from celebrated quantum biology examples across photosynthesis, magnetoreception and olfaction, this article discusses ways in which nontrivial quantum phenomena can explain nonlinear low doses processes such as upregulation of reactive oxygen species, DNA repair mechanisms, and other adaptive responses. By presenting quantum biology as a fundamental basis for nonlinearity, this article tries to underscore the potential of scientifically driven hormesis/threshold model to challenge the LNT model and maximize the numerous peaceful societal applications of nuclear energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biological magnetic field sensing that gives rise to physiological responses is of considerable importance in quantum biology. The radical pair mechanism (RPM) is a fundamental quantum process that can explain some of the observed biological magnetic effects. In magnetically sensitive radical pair (RP) reactions, coherent spin dynamics between singlet and triplet pairs are modulated by weak magnetic fields. The resulting singlet and triplet reaction products lead to distinct biological signaling channels and cellular outcomes. A prevalent RP in biology is between flavin semiquinone and superoxide (O2•−) in the biological activation of molecular oxygen. This RP can result in a partitioning of reactive oxygen species (ROS) products to form either O2•−or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Here, we examine magnetic sensing of recombinant human electron transfer flavoenzyme (ETF) reoxidation by selectively measuring O2•− and H2O2 product distributions. ROS partitioning was observed between two static magnetic fields at 20 nT and 50 μT, with a 13% decrease in H2O2 singlet products and a 10% increase in O2•−triplet products relative to 50 µT. RPM product yields were calculated for a realistic flavin/ superoxide RP across the range of static magnetic fields, in agreement with experimental results. For a triplet born RP, the RPM also predicts about three times more O2•−than H2O2, with experimental results exhibiting about four time more O2•−produced by ETF. The method presented here illustrates the potential of a novel magnetic flavoprotein biological sensor that is directly linked to mitochondria bioenergetics and can be used as a target to study cell physiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantum biology studies span multiple disciplines including physics, engineering, and biology with the goal of understanding the quantum underpinnings of living systems. Recent findings have brought wide attention to the role of quantum mechanisms in the function and regulation of biological processes. Moreover, a number of activities have been integral in building a vibrant quantum biology community. Due to the inherent interdisciplinary nature of the field, it is a challenge for quantum biology researchers to integrate and advance findings across the physical and biological disciplines. Here we outline achievable approaches to developing a shared platform—including the establishment of standardized manipulation tools and sensors, and a common scientific lexicon. Building a shared community framework is also crucial for fostering robust interdisciplinary collaborations, enhancing knowledge sharing, and diversifying participation in quantum biology. A unified approach promises not only to deepen our understanding of biological systems at a quantum level but also to accelerate the frontiers of medical and technological innovations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mechanisms occurring at the atomic level are now known to drive processes essential for life, as revealed by quantum effects on biochemical reactions. Some macroscopic characteristics of organisms may thus show an atomic imprint, which may be transferred across organisms and affect their evolution. This possibility is considered here for the first time, with the aim of elucidating the appearance of an animal innovation with an unclear evolutionary origin: migratory behaviour. This trait may be mediated by a radical pair (RP) mechanism in the retinal flavoprotein cryptochrome, providing essential magnetic orientation for migration. Isotopes may affect the performance of quantum processes through their nuclear spin. Here, we consider a simple model and then apply the standard open quantum system approach to the spin dynamics of cryptochrome RP. We changed the spin quantum number (I) and g‐factor of hydrogen and nitrogen isotopes to investigate their effect on RP's yield and magnetic sensitivity. Strong differences arose between isotopes with I = 1 and I = 1/2 in their contribution to cryptochrome magnetic sensitivity, particularly regarding Earth's magnetic field strengths (25–65 µT). In most cases, isotopic substitution improved RP's magnetic sensitivity. Migratory behaviour may thus have been favoured in animals with certain isotopic compositions of cryptochrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of magnetic fields on cellular function is diverse but can be described at least in part by the radical pair mechanism (RPM), where magnetic field intervention alters reactive oxygen species (ROS) populations and downstream cellular signaling. Here, cellular migration within three-dimensional scaffolds was monitored in an applied oscillating 1.4 MHz radiofrequency (RF) magnetic field with an amplitude of 10 µT and a static 50 µT magnetic field. Given that cellular bioenergetics can be altered based on applied RF magnetic fields, this study focused on a magnetic field configuration that increased cellular respiration. Results suggest that RF accelerated cell clustering and elongation after 1 day, with increased levels of clustering and cellular linkage after 7 days. Cell distribution analysis within the scaffolds revealed that the clustering rate during the first day was increased nearly five times in the RF environment. Electron microscopy provided additional topological information and verified the development of fibrous networks, with a cell-derived matrix (CDM) visualized after 7 days in samples maintained in RF. This work demonstrates time-dependent cellular migration that may be influenced by quantum biology (QB) processes and downstream oxidative signaling, enhancing cellular migration behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of noise assisted-transport in quantum systems is essential in a wide range of applications, from near-term NISQ devices to models for quantum biology. Here, we study a generalized XXZ model in the presence of stochastic collision noise, which allows describing environments beyond the standard Markovian formulation. Our analysis through the study of the local magnetization, the inverse participation ratio (IPR) or its generalization, and the inverse ergodicity ratio (IER) showed clear regimes, where the transport rate and coherence time could be controlled by the dissipation in a consistent manner. In addition, when considering various excitations, we characterized the interplay between collisions and system interactions, identifying regimes in which transport was counterintuitively enhanced when increasing the collision rate, even in the case of initially separated excitations. These results constitute an example of an essential building block for the understanding of quantum transport in structured noisy and warm-disordered environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well established that cells, tissues, and organisms exposed to low doses of ionizing radiation can induce effects in non-irradiated neighbors (non-targeted effects or NTE), but the mechanisms remain unclear. This is especially true of the initial steps leading to the release of signaling molecules contained in exosomes. Voltage-gated ion channels, photon emissions, and calcium fluxes are all involved but the precise sequence of events is not yet known. We identified what may be a quantum entanglement type of effect and this prompted us to consider whether aspects of quantum biology such as tunneling and entanglement may underlie the initial events leading to NTE. We review the field where it may be relevant to ionizing radiation processes. These include NTE, low-dose hyper-radiosensitivity, hormesis, and the adaptive response. Finally, we present a possible quantum biological-based model for NTE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biological magnetic field sensing that gives rise to physiological responses is of considerable importance in quantum biology. The radical pair mechanism (RPM) is a fundamental quantum process that can explain some of the observed biological magnetic effects. In magnetically sensitive radical pair (RP) reactions, coherent spin dynamics between singlet and triplet pairs are modulated by weak magnetic fields. The resulting singlet and triplet reaction products lead to distinct biological signaling channels and cellular outcomes. A prevalent RP in biology is between flavin semiquinone and superoxide (O2•−) in the biological activation of molecular oxygen. This RP can result in a partitioning of reactive oxygen species (ROS) products to form either O2•− or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Here, we examine magnetic sensing of recombinant human electron transfer flavoenzyme (ETF) reoxidation by selectively measuring O2•− and H2O2 product distributions. ROS partitioning was observed between two static magnetic fields at 20 nT and 50 μT, with a 13% decrease in H2O2 singlet products and a 10% increase in O2•− triplet products relative to 50 µT. RPM product yields were calculated for a realistic flavin/superoxide RP across the range of static magnetic fields, in agreement with experimental results. For a triplet born RP, the RPM also predicts about three times more O2•− than H2O2, with experimental results exhibiting about four time more O2•− produced by ETF. The method presented here illustrates the potential of a novel magnetic flavoprotein biological sensor that is directly linked to mitochondria bioenergetics and can be used as a target to study cell physiology.

There is increasing interest in the study of chiral degrees of freedom occurring in matter and in electromagnetic fields. Opportunities in quantum sciences will likely exploit two main areas that are the focus of this Review: (1) recent observations of the chiral-induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect in chiral molecules and engineered nanomaterials and (2) rapidly evolving nanophotonic strategies designed to amplify chiral light-matter interactions. On the one hand, the CISS effect underpins the observation that charge transport through nanoscopic chiral structures favors a particular electronic spin orientation, resulting in large room-temperature spin polarizations. Observations of the CISS effect suggest opportunities for spin control and for the design and fabrication of room-temperature quantum devices from the bottom up, with atomic-scale precision and molecular modularity. On the other hand, chiral-optical effects that depend on both spin- and orbital-angular momentum of photons could offer key advantages in all-optical and quantum information technologies. In particular, amplification of these chiral light-matter interactions using rationally designed plasmonic and dielectric nanomaterials provide approaches to manipulate light intensity, polarization, and phase in confined nanoscale geometries. Any technology that relies on optimal charge transport, or optical control and readout, including quantum devices for logic, sensing, and storage, may benefit from chiral quantum properties. These properties can be theoretically and experimentally investigated from a quantum information perspective, which has not yet been fully developed. There are uncharted implications for the quantum sciences once chiral couplings can be engineered to control the storage, transduction, and manipulation of quantum information. This forward-looking Review provides a survey of the experimental and theoretical fundamentals of chiral-influenced quantum effects and presents a vision for their possible future roles in enabling room-temperature quantum technologies.

Cardiac arrhythmias are serious myocardial electrical disturbances that affect the rate and rhythm of heartbeats. Despite the rapidly accumulating data about the pathophysiology and the treatment, new insights are required to improve the overall clinical outcome of patients with cardiac arrhythmias. Three major arrhythmogenic processes can contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiac arrhythmias; 1) enhanced automaticity, 2) afterdepolarization-triggered activity and 3) reentry circuits. The mathematical model of the quantum tunneling of ions is used to investigate these mechanisms from a quantum mechanical perspective. The mathematical model focuses on applying the principle of quantum tunneling to sodium and potassium ions. This implies that these ions have a non-zero probability of passing through the gate, which has an energy that is higher than the kinetic energy of ions. Our mathematical findings indicate that, under pathological conditions, which affect ion channels, the quantum tunneling of sodium and potassium ions is augmented. This augmentation creates a state of hyperexcitability that can explain the enhanced automaticity, after depolarizations that are associated with triggered activity and a reentry circuit. Our mathematical findings stipulate that the augmented and thermally assisted quantum tunneling of sodium and potassium ions can depolarize the membrane potential and trigger spontaneous action potentials, which may explain the automaticity and afterdepolarization. Furthermore, the quantum tunneling of potassium ions during an action potential can provide a new insight regarding the formation of a reentry circuit. Introducing these quantum mechanical aspects may improve our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias and, thus, contribute to finding more effective anti-arrhythmic drugs.

This article begins with an interdisciplinary review of a hydrodynamic approach to understanding the origins and nature of macroscopic quantum phenomena in high-temperature superconductivity, superfluidity, turbulence and biological systems. Building on this review, we consider new theoretical insights into the origin and nature of pointer states and their role in the emergence of quantum systems. The approach includes a theory of quantum coherence underpinned by turbulence, generated by a field of pointer states, which take the form of recirculating, spin-1/2 vortices (toroids), interconnected via a cascade of spin-1 vortices. Decoherence occurs when the bosonic network connecting pointer states is disrupted, leading to their localisation. Building further on this work, we explore how quantum particles (in the form of different vortex structures) could emerge as the product of a causal dynamic process, within a turbulent (fractal) spacetime. The resulting particle structures offer new insights into intrinsic spin, the probabilistic nature of the wave function and how we might consider pointer states within the standard “point source” representation of a quantum particle, which intuitively requires a more complexed description.

The question of what generates conscious experience has mesmerized thinkers since the dawn of humanity, yet its origins remain a mystery. The topic of consciousness has gained traction in recent years, thanks to the development of large language models that now arguably pass the Turing test, an operational test for intelligence. However, intelligence and consciousness are not related in obvious ways, as anyone who suffers from a bad toothache can attest—pain generates intense feelings and absorbs all our conscious awareness, yet nothing particularly intelligent is going on. In the hard sciences, this topic is frequently met with skepticism because, to date, no protocol to measure the content or intensity of conscious experiences in an observer-independent manner has been agreed upon. Here, we present a novel proposal: Conscious experience arises whenever a quantum mechanical superposition forms. Our proposal has several implications: First, it suggests that the structure of the superposition determines the qualia of the experience. Second, quantum entanglement naturally solves the binding problem, ensuring the unity of phenomenal experience. Finally, a moment of agency may coincide with the formation of a superposition state. We outline a research program to experimentally test our conjecture via a sequence of quantum biology experiments. Applying these ideas opens up the possibility of expanding human conscious experience through brain–quantum computer interfaces.

Physics is living an era of unprecedented cross-fertilization among the different areas of science. In this perspective review, we discuss the manifold impact that state-of-the-art cold and ultracold-atomic platforms can have in fundamental and applied science through the development of platforms for quantum simulation, computation, metrology and sensing. We illustrate how the engineering of table-top experiments with atom technologies is engendering applications to understand problems in condensed matter and fundamental physics, cosmology and astrophysics, unveil foundational aspects of quantum mechanics, and advance quantum chemistry and the emerging field of quantum biology. In this journey, we take the perspective of two main approaches, i.e., creating quantum analogues and building quantum simulators, highlighting that independently of the ultimate goal of a universal quantum computer to be met, the remarkable transformative effects of these achievements remain unchanged. We wish to convey three main messages. First, this atom-based quantum technology enterprise is signing a new era in the way quantum technologies are used for fundamental science, even beyond the advancement of knowledge, which is characterised by truly cross-disciplinary research, extended interplay between theoretical and experimental thinking, and intersectoral approach. Second, quantum many-body physics is unavoidably taking center stage in frontier’s science. Third, quantum science and technology progress will have capillary impact on society, meaning this effect is not confined to isolated or highly specialized areas of knowledge, but is expected to reach and have a pervasive influence on a broad range of society aspects: while this happens, the adoption of a responsible research and innovation approach to quantum technologies is mandatory, to accompany citizens in building awareness and future scaffolding. Following on all the above reflections, this perspective review is thus aimed at scientists active or interested in interdisciplinary research, providing the reader with an overview of the current status of these wide fields of research where cold and ultracold-atomic platforms play a vital role in their description and simulation.

Quantum biology studies span multiple disciplines including physics, engineering, and biology with the goal of understanding the quantum underpinnings of living systems. Recent findings have brought wide attention to the role of quantum mechanisms in the function and regulation of biological processes. Moreover, a number of activities have been integral in building a vibrant quantum biology community. Due to the inherent interdisciplinary nature of the field, it is a challenge for quantum biology researchers to integrate and advance findings across the physical and biological disciplines. Here we outline achievable approaches to developing a shared platform—including the establishment of standardized manipulation tools and sensors, and a common scientific lexicon. Building a shared community framework is also crucial for fostering robust interdisciplinary collaborations, enhancing knowledge sharing, and diversifying participation in quantum biology. A unified approach promises not only to deepen our understanding of biological systems at a quantum level but also to accelerate the frontiers of medical and technological innovations.

One possible explanation for magnetosensing in biology, such as avian magnetoreception, is based on the spin dynamics of certain chemical reactions that involve radical pairs. Radical pairs have been suggested to also play a role in anesthesia, hyperactivity, neurogenesis, circadian clock rhythm, microtubule assembly, etc. It thus seems critical to probe the credibility of such models. One way to do so is through isotope effects with different nuclear spins. Here we briefly review the papers involving spin-related isotope effects in biology. We suggest studying isotope effects can be an interesting avenue for quantum biology.

Magnetoreception, the remarkable ability of organisms to perceive and respond to Earth's magnetic field, has captivated scientists for decades, particularly within the field of quantum biology. In the plant science, the exploration of the complicated interplay between quantum phenomena and classical biology in the context of plant magnetoreception has emerged as an attractive area of research. This comprehensive review investigates into three prominent theoretical models: the Radical Pair Mechanism (RPM), the Level Crossing Mechanism (LCM), and the Magnetite-based MagR theory in plants. While examining the advantages, limitations, and challenges associated with each model, this review places a particular weight on the RPM, highlighting its wellestablished role of cryptochromes and in-vivo experiments on light-independent plant magnetoreception. However, alternative mechanisms such as the LCM and the MagR theory are objectively presented as convincing perspectives that permit further investigation. To shed light on these theoretical frameworks, this review proposes experimental approaches including cutting-edge experimental techniques. By integrating these approaches, a comprehensive understanding of the complex mechanisms driving plant magnetoreception can be achieved, lending support to the fundamental principle in the RPM. In conclusion, this review provides a panoramic overview of plant magnetoreception, highlighting the exciting potential of quantum biology in unraveling the mysteries of magnetoreception. As researchers embark on this captivating scientific journey, the doors to decipher ing the diverse mechanisms of magnetoreception in plants stand wide open, offering a profound exploration of nature's adaptations to environmental cues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The detection and processing of environmental information is a fundamental attribute of all living systems. This article approaches the question of how efficiently plants process that information, considering it likely that differential efficiency among different species may help explain differential survival. The primary routes of information transfer, that is, signal transduction, are relatively well understood. It is pointed out, based on current understanding, that erasure of such information may be of equal importance to its acquisition. This in turn could provide a simple means of quantifying the acquisition of information by a plant and the efficiency in doing so. However, wild plants live in an environment that is noisy. A useful analogy to deal with such situations can be found in quantum theory of open systems, wherein processes are both well-characterized and well understood, unlike those in plants. This paper develops this theme from quantum information processing and provides a mean of transferring such quantum characterization to biological dynamical situations. The article concludes with discussion on communication theory, indicating that there is a dearth of experimental results that can currently be used to investigate information processing but suggesting how progress can be made in this important programme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Defining life is an arduous task that has puzzled philosophers and scientists for centuries. Yet biology suffers from a lack of clear definition, putting biologists in a paradoxical situation where one can describe at the atomic level complex objects that remain globally poorly defined. One could assume that such descriptions make it possible to perfectly characterize living systems. However, many cases of misinterpretation put this assumption into perspective. In this article, we focus on critical parameters such as time, water, entropy, space, quantum properties, and electrostatic potential to redefine the nature of living matter, with special emphasis on biological coding. Where does the DNA double helix come from, why cannot the reproduction of living organisms occur without mutations, what are the limitations of the genetic code, and why do not all proteins have a stable three-dimensional structure? There are so many questions that cannot be resolved without considering the aforementioned parameters. Indeed, (i) time and space constrain many biological mechanisms and impose drastic solutions on living beings (enzymes, transporters); (ii) water controls the fidelity of DNA replication and the structure/disorder balance of proteins; (iii) entropy is the driving force of many enzymatic reactions and molecular interactions; (iv) quantum mechanisms explain why a molecule as simple as hydrocyanic acid (HCN) foreshadows the helical structure of DNA, how DNA is stabilized, why mutations occur, and how the Earth magnetic field can influence the migration of birds; (v) electrostatic potential controls epigenetic mechanisms, lipid raft functions, and virus infections. We consider that raising awareness of these basic parameters is critical for better understanding what life is, and how it handles order and chaos through a combination of genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. Thus, we propose to incorporate these parameters into the definition of life.

Understanding biological systems in terms of scientific materialism has arguably reached a frontier, leaving fundamental questions about their complexity unanswered. In 1998, Friedrich Cramer proposed a general resonance theory as a way forward. His theory builds on the extension of the quantum physical duality of matter and wave to the macroscopic world. According to Cramer' theory, agents constituting biological systems oscillate, akin to musical soundwaves, at specific eigenfrequencies. Biological system dynamics can be described as "Symphonies of Life" emerging from the resonance (and dissonance) of eigenfrequencies within the interacting collective. His theory has potential for studying biological problems of increasing complexity in a fast‐changing Anthropocene from a new and transdisciplinary angle. Despite data becoming increasingly available for analyses, Cramer's theory remains ignored and therefore untested a quarter century after its publication. This paper discusses how the theory can move to quantitative assessments and application. Cramer's general resonance theory deserves revival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiac arrhythmias are serious myocardial electrical disturbances that affect the rate and rhythm of heartbeats. Despite the rapidly accumulating data about the pathophysiology and the treatment, new insights are required to improve the overall clinical outcome of patients with cardiac arrhythmias. Three major arrhythmogenic processes can contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiac arrhythmias; 1) enhanced automaticity, 2) afterdepolarization-triggered activity and 3) reentry circuits. The mathematical model of the quantum tunneling of ions is used to investigate these mechanisms from a quantum mechanical perspective. The mathematical model focuses on applying the principle of quantum tunneling to sodium and potassium ions. This implies that these ions have a non-zero probability of passing through the gate, which has an energy that is higher than the kinetic energy of ions. Our mathematical findings indicate that, under pathological conditions, which affect ion channels, the quantum tunneling of sodium and potassium ions is augmented. This augmentation creates a state of hyperexcitability that can explain the enhanced automaticity, after depolarizations that are associated with triggered activity and a reentry circuit. Our mathematical findings stipulate that the augmented and thermally assisted quantum tunneling of sodium and potassium ions can depolarize the membrane potential and trigger spontaneous action potentials, which may explain the automaticity and afterdepolarization. Furthermore, the quantum tunneling of potassium ions during an action potential can provide a new insight regarding the formation of a reentry circuit. Introducing these quantum mechanical aspects may improve our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias and, thus, contribute to finding more effective anti-arrhythmic drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Could nature be harnessing quantum mechanics in cilia to optimize the sensitivity of the mechanism of left–right symmetry breaking during development in vertebrates? I evaluate whether mechanosensing — i.e., the detection of a left-right asymmetric signal through mechanical stimulation of sensory cilia, as opposed to biochemical signalling — might be functioning in the embryonic left–right organizer of the vertebrate bodyplan through quantum mechanics. I conclude that there is a possible role for quantum biology in mechanosensing in cilia. The system may not be limited by classical thermal noise, but instead by quantum noise, with an amplification process providing active cooling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By utilizing the concept of quantum decoherence, augmented by the novel theory of quantum Darwinism, to understand the transition from the quantum to the classical worlds, the scaling up of the concept of quantum entanglement2018 to the biological level offers a fascinating metaphor for the presence of the creative spirit in nature and the "flesh" of Incarnation. This in turn provides helpful theological metaphors for articulating divine presence at the level of life in theistic evolution, partially addressing the issue of evolutionary theodicy by supporting the concept of deep Incarnation. The point of understanding the Incarnation as deeply entangled enfleshment is that it brings the suffering of creation into the life of the Redeemer as well as the Creator, facilitating redemption and hope through the divine life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of noise assisted-transport in quantum systems is essential in a wide range of applications, from near-term NISQ devices to models for quantum biology. Here, we study a generalized XXZ model in the presence of stochastic collision noise, which allows describing environments beyond the standard Markovian formulation. Our analysis through the study of the local magnetization, the inverse participation ratio (IPR) or its generalization, and the inverse ergodicity ratio (IER) showed clear regimes, where the transport rate and coherence time could be controlled by the dissipation in a consistent manner. In addition, when considering various excitations, we characterized the interplay between collisions and system interactions, identifying regimes in which transport was counterintuitively enhanced when increasing the collision rate, even in the case of initially separated excitations. These results constitute an example of an essential building block for the understanding of quantum transport in structured noisy and warm-disordered environments.

The impact of magnetic fields on cellular function is diverse but can be described at least in part by the radical pair mechanism (RPM), where magnetic field intervention alters reactive oxygen species (ROS) populations and downstream cellular signaling. Here, cellular migration within three-dimensional scaffolds was monitored in an applied oscillating 1.4 MHz radiofrequency (RF) magnetic field with an amplitude of 10 µT and a static 50 µT magnetic field. Given that cellular bioenergetics can be altered based on applied RF magnetic fields, this study focused on a magnetic field configuration that increased cellular respiration. Results suggest that RF accelerated cell clustering and elongation after 1 day, with increased levels of clustering and cellular linkage after 7 days. Cell distribution analysis within the scaffolds revealed that the clustering rate during the first day was increased nearly five times in the RF environment. Electron microscopy provided additional topological information and verified the development of fibrous networks, with a cell-derived matrix (CDM) visualized after 7 days in samples maintained in RF. This work demonstrates time-dependent cellular migration that may be influenced by quantum biology (QB) processes and downstream oxidative signaling, enhancing cellular migration behavior.

It is well established that cells, tissues, and organisms exposed to low doses of ionizing radiation can induce effects in non-irradiated neighbors (non-targeted effects or NTE), but the mechanisms remain unclear. This is especially true of the initial steps leading to the release of signaling molecules contained in exosomes. Voltage-gated ion channels, photon emissions, and calcium fluxes are all involved but the precise sequence of events is not yet known. We identified what may be a quantum entanglement type of effect and this prompted us to consider whether aspects of quantum biology such as tunneling and entanglement may underlie the initial events leading to NTE. We review the field where it may be relevant to ionizing radiation processes. These include NTE, low-dose hyper-radiosensitivity, hormesis, and the adaptive response. Finally, we present a possible quantum biological-based model for NTE.

We present a short overview of quantum entanglement generation and preservation in a steady state. In addition to the focus on quantum entanglement stabilization, we briefly discuss the same objective for steadystate quantum coherence. The overview classifies the approaches into two main categories: hybrid drive and dissipation methods and purely dissipative schemes. Furthermore, purely dissipative schemes are discussed under two subclasses of equilibrium and nonequilibrium environments. The significance of the dissipative route to sustained quantum entanglement and challenges against it are pointed out. Besides the value of steady-state entanglement for existing quantum technologies, quantum computation, communication, sensing, and simulation, its unique opportunities for emerging and future quantum technology applications, particularly quantum heat engines and quantum energy processing, are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The metaphorical appropriation of quantum entanglement (non‐local relational holism) helps to conceptualize the physical relationship of God to creation in a way which can support the understanding of deep incarnation. The relational holism of Divine entanglement helps clarify how deep incarnation is possible. Deep incarnation in turn assists with the understanding of God's connectivity and ongoing relationality to a suffering world, bringing hope and love in the midst of the pain and loss of evolutionary biology gone awry, including in cancer. The Logos of creation is also a suffering Logos, a Logos Pathos, that makes hope possible at such times and gives rise to what may be referred to as an Analeptic Cross, the cross embracing and "taking up" all of evolutionary suffering from the beginning. The Analeptic Cross is a way of revealing or making manifest the Logos Pathos. The article concludes with the role of faith in grounding hope in the midst of loss, providing resilience and courage in the midst of uncertainty. Deep incarnation means that God is with us even in the midst of malignancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sensitivity to the earth's magnetic field is the least understood of the major sensory systems, despite being virtually ubiquitous in animals and of widespread interest to investigators in a wide range of fields from behavioral ecology to quantum physics. Although research on the use of magnetic cues by migratory birds, fish, and sea turtles is more widely known, much of our current understanding of the functional properties of vertebrate magnetoreception has come from research on amphibians. Studies of amphibians established the presence of a light-dependent magnetic compass, a second non-light-dependent mechanism involving particles of magnetite and/or maghemite, and an interaction between these two magnetoreception mechanisms that underlies the "map" component of homing. Simulated magnetic displacement experiments demonstrated the use of a high-resolution magnetic map for short-range homing to breeding ponds requiring a sampling strategy to detect weak spatial gradients in the magnetic field despite daily temporal variation at least an order of magnitude greater. Overall, reliance on a magnetic map for short-range homing places greater demands on the underlying sensory detection, processing, and memory mechanisms than comparable mechanisms used by long-distance migrants. Moreover, unlike sea turtles and migratory birds, amphibians are exceptionally well suited to serve as model organisms in which to characterize the molecular and biophysical mechanisms underlying the light-dependent 'quantum compass'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fact that an ever-increasingly number of research attention has focused on quantum biology demonstrates that it is, by no means, new to works in physic and mathematics, but to molecular biologists, geneticists, and biochemists. This is owing to that quantum biology serves as a distinctive discipline, by using quantum theory to study life sciences in combination with physics, mechanics, mathematics, statistics, and modern biology. Notably, quantum mechanics and its fundamental principles have been employed to clarify complex biological processes and molecular homeostasis within the organic life. Consequently, using the principles of quantum mechanics to study dynamic changes and energy transfer of molecules at the quantum level in biology has been accepted as an unusually distinguishable way to a better explanation of many phenomena in life. It is plausible that a clear conceptual quantum theoretical event is also considered to generally occur for short-term picoseconds or femtoseconds on microscopic nano- and subnanometer scales in biology and biosciences. For instance, photosynthesis, enzyme -catalyzed reactions, magnetic perception, the capture of smell and vision, DNA fragmentation, cellular breathing, mitochondrial processing, as well as brain thinking and consciousness, are all manifested within quantum superposition, quantum coherence, quantum entanglement, quantum tunneling, and other effects. In this mini-review, we describe the recent progress in quantum biology, with a promising direction for further insights into this field. [Display omitted] • Quantum biology developed originally from quantum mechanics. • Quantum biology provides significant evidence for the evolution of life. • Quantum biology makes theoretical support for the development of disease. • Quantum biology gives a mechanistic interpretation of photosynthesis and enzymatic reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent advances of quantum biology suggest a potential role in biomedical research. Studies related to electromagnetic fields, proton pumping in mitochondrial respiratory chain, quantum theory of T-cell receptor (TCR)-degeneracy, theories on biophotons, pyrophosphates or tubulin as possible carriers for neural information, and quantum properties of ions and protons, might be useful for understanding mechanisms of some serious immune, cardiovascular, and neural pathologies for which classic biomedical research, based on biochemical approach, is struggling to find new therapeutic strategies. A breakthrough in medical knowledge is therefore needed in order to improve the understanding of the complex interactions among various systems and organs typical of such pathologies. In particular, problems related to immune system over-activation, to the role of autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysfunction in the obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) syndrome, to the clinical consequences of ion channels dysfunction and inherited cardiac diseases, could benefit from the new perspective provided by quantum biology advancement. Overall, quantum biology might provide a promising biophysical theoretic system, on which to base pathophysiology understanding and hopefully therapeutic strategies. With the present work, authors hope to open a constructive and multidisciplinary debate on this important topic.

Introduction: Is Primo Vascular System (PVS) a paradox? Finding the connection between PVS as a carrier of information and the body’s reactions at the micro and macro levels will be the starting point in understanding the meaning of life as such. Before the past of PVS knowledge: The initial phase of medicine in all cultures is reduced to the transfer of specific energy by special pathways throughout the body! This is the case in China, India, Japan, Korea, Tibet, etc. Undoubtedly, the five articles by B. H. Kim published in the early 1960s are considered to be the past of PVS. Strange present: PVS studies after 2002 are accepted as a present. Most of the articles on the topic are in journals with editors-in-chief originating and/or accepting the achievements of Eastern medicine. Is the science of PVS local since its research is in journals that publish mainly articles on Eastern medicine? Why few of the articles concerning PVS are in Western medicine journals? PVS: after the future or some conclusions and proposals: All substances, objects, biological objects generate a weak electromagnetic radiation typical for each of them which is a passport of the information. PVS has all the data to be the main carrier of information. Information medicine and Quantum Biology can serve as a basis for medicine and biomedical sciences, and it should explain the processes that exist for the change of DNA and organisms in

Inflammation as a biological concept has been around a long time and derives from the Latin “to set on fire” and refers to the redness and heat, and usually swelling, which accompanies injury and infection. Chronic inflammation is also associated with ageing and is described by the term “inflammaging”. Likewise, the biological concept of hormesis, in the guise of what “does not kill you, makes you stronger”, has long been recognized, but in contrast, seems to have anti-inflammatory and age-slowing characteristics. As both phenomena act to restore homeostasis, they may share some common underlying principles. Thermodynamics describes the relationship between heat and energy, but is also intimately related to quantum mechanics. Life can be viewed as a series of self-renewing dissipative structures existing far from equilibrium as vortexes of “negentropy” that ages and dies; but, through reproduction and speciation, new robust structures are created, enabling life to adapt and continue in response to ever changing environments. In short, life can be viewed as a natural consequence of thermodynamics to dissipate energy to restore equilibrium; each component of this system is replaceable. However, at the molecular level, there is perhaps a deeper question: is life dependent on, or has it enhanced, quantum effects in space and time beyond those normally expected at the atomistic scale and temperatures that life operates at? There is some evidence it has. Certainly, the dissipative adaptive mechanism described by thermodynamics is now being extended into the quantum realm. Fascinating though this topic is, does exploring the relationship between quantum mechanics, thermodynamics, and biology give us a greater insight into ageing and, thus, medicine? It could be said that hormesis and inflammation are expressions of thermodynamic and quantum principles that control ageing via natural selection that could operate at all scales of life. Inflammation could be viewed as a mechanism to remove inefficient systems in response to stress to enable rebuilding of more functional dissipative structures, and hormesis as the process describing the ability to adapt; underlying this is the manipulation of fundamental quantum principles. Defining what “quantum biological normality” is has been a long-term problem, but perhaps we do not need to, as it is simply an expression of one end of the normal quantum mechanical spectrum, implying that biology could inform us as to how we can define the quantum world.

Quantum neurobiology is concerned with potential quantum effects operating in the brain and the application of quantum information science to neuroscience problems, the latter of which is the main focus of the current paper. The human brain is fundamentally a multiscalar problem, with complex behavior spanning nine orders of magnitude-scale tiers from the atomic and cellular level to brain networks and the central nervous system. In this review, we discuss a new generation of bio-inspired quantum technologies in the emerging field of quantum neurobiology and present a novel physics-inspired theory of neural signaling (AdS/Brain (anti-de Sitter space)). Three tiers of quantum information science-directed neurobiology applications can be identified. First are those that interpret empirical data from neural imaging modalities (EEG, MRI, CT, PET scans), protein folding, and genomics with wavefunctions and quantum machine learning. Second are those that develop neural dynamics as a broad approach to quantum neurobiology, consisting of superpositioned data modeling evaluated with quantum probability, neural field theories, filamentary signaling, and quantum nanoscience. Third is neuroscience physics interpretations of foundational physics findings in the context of neurobiology. The benefit of this work is the possibility of an improved understanding of the resolution of neuropathologies such as Alzheimer’s disease.

• Prostate cancer is the most common solid cancer in men globally. • Age, diet, ethnicity, sexual activity and circadian rhythm disruptions, are identified as contributors to prostate cancer risk. • Magnetic fields (MF) and electromagnetic fields (EMF) may amplify prostate cancer risks. • Magnetic fields may potentially affect the behaviour of quantum systems within biological molecules. Prostate cancer is the most common solid cancer in men worldwide. Various lifestyle factors have been established as contributors to cancer risk, and prostate cancer is no exception. Elements such as advanced age, diet, obesity, smoking, alcohol consumption, circadian rhythm disruptions, Afro-Caribbean ethnicity, and sexual activity have all been linked to an increased risk of prostate cancer. Notably, famous male guitarists from bands spanning the last few decades are now entering the age demographic most closely associated with prostate cancer. It is not surprising that they may fall into the 'at-risk' category. Media speculation has hinted at a potentially higher incidence of prostate cancer among guitarists compared to their bandmates, although no tangible correlation has been established. This speculation piqued our curiosity and prompted an exploration into potential reasons why musicians, particularly guitarists, might be at an elevated risk of developing prostate cancer. We hypothesise the electromagnetic fields generated by the electric guitar may in part explain the possible increase in prostate cancer risk among electric guitarists. This study delves into these intriguing possibilities, shedding light on an area of research that remains speculative but warrants further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling regulates cell behaviors and tissue growth in development, regeneration, and cancer. Commonly, ROS are modulated pharmacologically, which while effective comes with potential complications such as off-target effects and lack of drug tolerance. Thus, additional non-invasive therapeutic methods are necessary. Recent advances have highlighted the use of weak magnetic fields (WMFs,