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Organizational toxicity has a negative impact on labour productivity and the employees' psychological well-being. In an empirical study, the author explored major factors in high toxicity of workplaces, such as: toxic organizational culture, toxic staff, and toxic management. The author studied the correlation of the main factors in organizational toxicity with the level of employee psychological well-being and such components as positive interpersonal relations, autonomy, personal growth, life goals and self-acceptance. The study used quantitative and qualitative research methods: survey, semi-structured interview, psycho-diagnostic tools. The respondents were divided into three groups depending on the degree of their workplace toxicity. The study found that the majority of the respondents are faced with various toxins of the organizational environment when performing their professional duties. The results show that employees with high values of individual components of the psychological well-being scale, namely, self-acceptance and autonomy, are less susceptible to the toxicity of the organizational environment. The semi-structured interview allowed the author to identify three main strategies that employees choose when confronted with a highly toxic organizational environment: active rejection, passive rejection, and escape. The study found that employees with high levels of psychological well-being are more likely to make decisions about changing jobs in case the toxicity of the organizational environment increases. The study results led the author to the conclusions about the importance of complex work with staff personal resources and managerial culture to reduce the workplace toxicity. In conclusion, the authors make recommendations how to prevent and counteract a toxic organizational culture and create a culture of respectful engagement in the organization. This study contributes to the theory of social pollution and will be of interest to experts in organizational behaviour, leadership and human resource management. © 15th European Conference on Management, Leadership and Governance, ECMLG 2019. All rights reserved.

DOI: 10.1590/2179-8966/2017/26702 Resumo O objetivo deste artigo e revisar a literatura sobre a utilizacao da tecnica de pesquisa conhecida como analise fluxo do Sistema de Justica Criminal (SJC). Para tanto, procuramos analisar as principais pesquisas publicadas nos ultimos anos, que fizeram uso dessa metodologia. Detectamos que os estudos selecionados tinham como objetivo tanto a seletividade relacionada aos acusados e ocorrencias pelo SJC como o transcurso do tempo e consequente morosidade processual. Nos ultimos anos os estudos vem se dirigindo a tramitacao das investigacoes, por meio do inquerito policial, e a tramitacao dos processos criminais. Notamos que tanto a seletividade quanto o tempo/morosidade foram temas que, em sua grande maioria, foram analisados com base em pesquisas que usaram metodologias predominantemente quantitativas. Ha, assim, extenso campo para a realizacao de pesquisas que contemplem tecnicas qualitativas e quantitativas. Palavras-chave: Fluxo do Sistema de Justica; Sistema de justica criminal; Seletividade; Tempo; Pesquisas quantitativas e qualitativas. Abstract The objective of this article is to review the literature about the use of a research technique named as the analysis of the flux of the criminal justice system. In order to do that, we analyzed the most relevant published researchesthat used this methodology. We identified that the selected papers had focused both on the selectivity based on cases and defendants by the criminal justice system and the time spent on the criminal lawsuits. We noticed that the selectivity and the time were topics that, mostly, were analyzed based on this quantitative technique. Recently, we have observed new researches focused on the criminal investigation ( inquerito policial ) and on criminal procedures. There is, therefore, a large research Field to be explored by qualitative and quantitative researches. Keywords: Flux of the System of Justice; Criminal Justice System; Selectivity; Time; Quantitative and qualitative researches.

DOI: 10.1590/2179-8966/2017/26702ResumoO objetivo deste artigo é revisar a literatura sobre a utilização da técnica de pesquisa conhecida como análise fluxo do Sistema de Justiça Criminal (SJC). Para tanto, procuramos analisar as principais pesquisas publicadas nos últimos anos, que fizeram uso dessa metodologia. Detectamos que os estudos selecionados tinham como objetivo tanto a seletividade relacionada aos acusados e ocorrências pelo SJC como o transcurso do tempo e consequente morosidade processual. Nos últimos anos os estudos vêm se dirigindo à tramitação das investigações, por meio do inquérito policial, e a tramitação dos processos criminais. Notamos que tanto a seletividade quanto o tempo/morosidade foram temas que, em sua grande maioria, foram analisados com base em pesquisas que usaram metodologias predominantemente quantitativas. Há, assim, extenso campo para a realização de pesquisas que contemplem técnicas qualitativas e quantitativas.Palavras-chave: Fluxo do Sistema de Justiça; Sistema de justiça criminal; Seletividade; Tempo; Pesquisas quantitativas e qualitativas.AbstractThe objective of this article is to review the literature about the use of a research technique named as the analysis of the flux of the criminal justice system. In order to do that, we analyzed the most relevant published researchesthat used this methodology. We identified that the selected papers had focused both on the selectivity based on cases and defendants by the criminal justice system and the time spent on the criminal lawsuits. We noticed that the selectivity and the time were topics that, mostly, were analyzed based on this quantitative technique. Recently, we have observed new researches focused on the criminal investigation (inquérito policial) and on criminal procedures. There is, therefore, a large research Field to be explored by qualitative and quantitative researches. Keywords: Flux of the System of Justice; Criminal Justice System; Selectivity; Time; Quantitative and qualitative researches.

The article focuses on discussion of methodological requirements for the research conducted by a doctoral student, which is the main quality indicator of doctoral thesis. Though such research is usually carried out following contemporary research methodology, additional methodological requirements are established for a doctoral thesis because the novelty and theoretical significance of the theme of the doctoral thesis and defended statements are evaluated officially.The topicality of the research theme is a primary task of every Doctoral student; a novice researcher needs support of an experienced scientist. The theme is considered to be topical, if: 1) the research object really exists and is worth cost of research work allotted to its cognition; 2) the research problem is sufficiently substantiated; 3) a doctoral student is capable to develop the research design, which may ensure a solution to the established problem.The novelty of the research results is identified at the end of the research and three levels of such novelty may be pointed out. Novel conclusions at concretisation level are the ones, which concretise statements of education theory under conditions of a separate country; conclusions at supplement level specify, expand statements of the theory or practical activity, whose certain aspects were analysed by a researcher; doctoral students strive for novelty of conclusions at conceptual level very rarely. Theoretical significance of results is evaluated following the proposition that a conclusion made by a researcher may be referred to as scientific result only when this conclusion may find its place in the system of previously proved scientific statements and research conclusions.The education parameters defined in the article (education as interaction between an educator and a learner, information and stochastic processes) implicate a conclusion that quantitative and qualitative researches, regardless of their differences, actually supplement each other. On the other hand, such strategies realise observational cognition of education, which may be contrasted to the researcher‘s activity aimed of improving the research object (interventional cognition). In the process of studies it is important to encourage doctoral students to conduct interventional researches and to include them into the design of their dissertational research.The question arises how to combine application of interventional and observational strategies in dissertation research. Classical experiment is methodologically substantiated best but it is not a typical method of dissertational research; one-alternative and model experiments are more frequently applied in reality as well as education projects and activity research. The essence of the project embraces the search for or creation of new (or at least relatively new but topical) education components; such variant of educational process is created under researcher‘s initiative and by joint efforts of education and its participants. Research on activity strategy refers to theoretical actualisation of educational activity; it acquires scientific nature, when it is based on the principle to research while performing and perform while conducting research.Generalising, it can be concluded that the content of scientific methodological training of doctoral students in educational science should also implicate training of doctoral students to employ a trinomial methodological system, which consists of application of interventional, qualitative and quantitative strategies, on the basis of the chosen scientific problem.