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The focus of this research project is on the effectiveness of Collaborative Design activities of practitioners. More specifically, the research project focuses to interaction and knowledge exchange between two specific practitioners, Architects and Contractors, with a different educational background working together to create Integral Designs for roofs. Integral Designs are designs that can fulfill the requirements from the built environment and comprise realization-knowledge. The contribution of realization-knowledge in the design is necessary because it will prevent failures, realization costs and affects durability of the building and the built environment. The choice for roofs is based on the fact that roofs became an important location for the placement of ‘innovative’ renewable energy systems and solutions to improve the performance and sustainability of buildings. However, despite the growing importance of the roof to the building design, there is a lack of practical knowledge about roofs by Architects, and Collaborative Design scenes were practitioners, Architects and Contractors, work together and interact to exchange the necessary knowledge. So, a knowledge gap between design and construct exists that prevent the creation of Integral Designs for roofs. The Problem Definition for this research project is therefore formulated as follows: there is a lack in practice of Collaborative Design scenes were practitioners – Architects and Contractors – can interact and exchange object- and realization-knowledge working on design tasks to produce Integral Designs that comprise realization knowledge. The need for this research project is twofold: First; widely published studies on practice point to a general lack of Collaborative Design teams working on complex building projects. Second, when multidisciplinary Collaborative Design teams have worked on complex building projects, the final design concepts often proved inadequate to deliver an integral designed solution. The result of this unsatisfactory practice is the risk to an increasing amount of failure costs in the Dutch Building &Construction Industry. Recent studies of Collaborative Design teams in the Netherlands show that poor interaction and knowledge exchange are key factors contributing to the failures mentioned above. This is especially true for Collaborative Designs for roofs as shown by literature-studies and the Case Studies presented in this research project. Previous research and literature studies about Design Teams confirmed that workshops are suitable practical scenes for practitioners to be used for observation and analyses in executing semi-experimental research. The contention of this research project is that a specific scene for Collaborative Design - the Collaborative Design Workshop – leads; first: to interaction and knowledge exchange between the practitioners involved and second: stimulates interaction and knowledge exchange for Integral Designs for roofs by incorporating realization knowledge. The Design Research Methodology (DRM) is used for this research project to observe, analyze and find possibilities to stimulate interaction and knowledge exchange between Architects and Contractors in a Collaborative Design scene. The DRM is suitable for this research project because of its iterative nature that allows the researchers to improve their research method during the research process and producing a Technological Design as a result. A workshop with a specific setting: a Collaborative Design Workshop was developed and tested in a Practice Setting. Key-components were identified that affect the design activities in such a workshop: the Design Task, the Collaborative Design Team, the Practice Setting and the Design Support Tool. As Design Support Tool, the Morphological Overview (MO) is used because it provides an opportunity to design teams to collect, notate and discuss all aspects of the design task, like function-types and related sub-solutions with different levels of abstraction, in a methodical and structured way. During the DRM research process, which is executed in four stages, analyzing formats were developed for the data of observation of the design activities and the interaction and knowledge exchange between the two practitioners: Architects and Contractors. The output of the Collaborative Design Workshops was evaluated with the participants using specific evaluation forms and questionnaires developed by the researchers. This evaluation took place directly after the workshop and six months later to observe the affect of the workshop and the use of the MO on Architects and Contractors in practice. Based on the outcomes of analyzes and evaluations the, so called: Definitive Collaborative Design Workshop was defined and finally tested in the last stage of the DRM. In this final stage also the four analyzing and evaluation formats were tested: the Video Observation Format, the Video Interaction Format, the Morphological Analyzing Format and Evaluation Formats. The results of this research project show that a variety of media was used by both Architects and Contractors throughout the different design-task settings in the Definitive Collaborative Design Workshops. To determine the type of knowledge that is necessary a reference-list was compiled based on the competence-profiles of the practitioners. The outcomes show a wide variety of object and realization-knowledge that is notated by the practitioners in such a Collaborative Design scene, notated as so called function-types and sub-solutions related to the reference-list. The outcomes show that realization-knowledge was used by notations in the MO of both practitioners: Architect and Contractor in three out of seventeen Collaborative Teams. This indicates that the MO, when being loosely introduced in a design team, is suitable as a supportive tool to stimulate interaction and knowledge exchange however its effect decreases after using the MO for the second time. Regarding collaboration aspects, the outcomes show that in some Design Task Settings the Architects play amore dominant role compared to the Contractors. However, the analyses of the Contractors role in design tasks showed they could communicate a substantial amount of function-types and subsolutions in all settings. Significant about this is that although the Architect’s notations showed a majority, the Contractors could put forward additional notations. These outcomes indicate and provide some evidence that the developed Collaborative Design Workshop can provide for Architects and Contractors, an effective scene to interact and exchange realization-knowledge besides object knowledge. The final result of this research project is the Technological Design as presented: the Collaborative Design Workshop and the CD Protocol for its use. This CD Protocol consists of two parts: The first part concerns the organizing and management aspects for executing the Collaborative Design Workshop. The second part concerns the description for the observation and analyzes to execute and the judgment of the outcomes of the analyzes using the formats that are developed. These formats are: the VOF (Video Observation Format), the VIF (Video Interaction Format), the MAF (Morphological Analyzing Format) and Evaluation Formats. Finally it might be concluded that the outcomes of this research project, using the DRM and a design support, provide evidence that, by the application of the Technological Design guided by the CD Protocol, it is possible to stimulate interaction and knowledge exchange – especially realization knowledge– between Architects and Contractors to realize Integral Designs in the early design phase.

Transparante dakconstructies bij gevelaanbouwen of serres bieden veel voordelen voor daglichttoetreding en passieve zonneverwarming. Deze toepassingen nemen daarom toe bij nieuwbouw en renovatie. Maar vooral in de zomer zijn er problemen met oververhitting. Optimalisatie gedurende het gehele jaar is gewenst. Zo ontstaat de meest comfortabele en energiezuinige situatie. Gebruikers eisen duurzame, energiezuinige en comfortabele woningen en kantoren. Hierdoor zijn de afgelopen decennia gebouwen overmatig geïsoleerd, waardoor de gebruiker vervreemd is geraakt van zijn natuurlijke omgeving. Goed bouwen met glas of andere transparante materialen maakt optimale benutting van daglicht mogelijk. Ook kan gedurende grote delen van het jaar de zonnewarmte benut worden. Hoe realiseer je een afgestemde ontwerpmethodiek en afwegingsmodel voor innovatieve transparante dak/gevel-concepten en producten die een meerwaarde hebben voor daglicht, comfort en energiegebruik?

In the (Dutch) Building Industry sub optimal use of knowledge by participants during the design phase causes damage and failure costs, as well as it hinders innovative sustainable solutions. Therefore a design tool was developed to support design knowledge exchange between different design team members. Based on experiments in the period of 2006-2009 a workshop method was developed to support professionals, architects, installers and roofers, in collaborative design teams to share, use and develop collectively knowledge for innovative roofs. The set up of the final collaborative design workshop is explained as well as some results are discussed.

During the period of 2006-2009 a workshop setting to train Collaborative Design Teams was developed as part of the Dutch Program for Permanent Education for Professionals. This Collaborative Design Workshop has to stimulate members of collaborative design teams, Architects, Roofers and Installers, to share, use and develop collectively specific information of innovative roofs. The aim of the workshop is to support design activities by the use of Integral design method with its design tool Morphological Overviews (MO) to structure information and knowledge exchange between and with commitment of all participants to optimize design solutions. The paper describes the set up for analysing design team’s explicit knowledge exchange and knowledge development. By using the Design Research Methodology a step by step approach is executed to develop the supportive method. First the development of the analysing approach is described. The second part shows the final procedure; how the data are collected and the different ways to analyse them; the Morphological Analysis and the Functional Sub-solution Video Analysis. First results of the analyzis of the Collaborative Design Workshop are presented and discussed.

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In the Dutch Building Industry sub optimal use of knowledge by participants during the design- and engineering phase causes building damage and hinders innovative designs and solutions. Therefore the attitude, the mindset of the different design participants has to change as well as that they have to work on new skills. First experiments to find a format for supporting Design Collaboration, started in 2004 with workshops for design- teams including participants with the same educational background. In 2005, a first set up was done for design teams with participants with different educational backgrounds. These workshops are coupling a concrete task from practice and research focusing on the roofs where there is a lack of innovative designs, caused by a sub-optimal interaction between solutions and application in design practice. The process where professionals from different disciplines work together to design a (new) product is called Collaborative Design (CD). Based on the experiments in the period of 2006-2009 a workshop method was developed for stimulating professionals, Architects and Roofers, to work in collaborative design teams and to share, use and develop collectively specific information for innovative roofs. By using the Design Research Methodology a step by step approach for the development of the workshop-model is described. The result was a Collaborative Design Workshop that aims to support design activities using a specific design method – Morphological Overviews (MO). A team that uses this method is able to structure the design process concerning the information and knowledge exchange between and with commitment of all participants to optimize design solutions. The paper explains the evolution and the set up of the Collaborative Design Workshop as well as the final method. The first feed-back results by professionals related to the practical use and relevance of the Collaborative Design Workshop are discussed.

Within the present context of the Dutch Sustainable Building Practice it is hard for the different involved building design disciplines to give a good answer to sustainability. Especially this is the case for the application solar energy either in passive or active form. As traditional methods did not work out adequately a new approach within the building industry is proposed: Integral Design, a "thinking in levels" approach based on the use Morphological charts. Since year 2001 'integral approach' has been propagated within Dutch building design practice, through continuously developing 'learning by doing' workshops by the Royal Institute of Dutch Architects (BNA) and Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. The workshops renewable energy for multidisciplinary professional design-teams gave some interesting and valuable recommendations and conclusions. Some designs will be presented in the final paper. The workshops became part of the permanent professional educational program for BNA since 2006, in which some 200 professionals already participated. This research was part of the Knowledge Centre Building & Systems (KCBS), in which Eindhoven University of Technology and TNO Environment and Geosciences cooperate. The use of solar energy was stimulated by an Integral design approach for architects which is being tought in workshops for professionals. This lead to more generated possible solutions in the conceptual phase of the design process, thus increasing the application of solar energy. Copyright © (2009) by the International Solar Energy Society.

Design involves multi-disciplinary design teams to support this highly complex process. A reflective design approach is developed: Integral Design. This design process approach results in transparency of the design steps and the design decisions. We regard the activities which make these changes obvious to an external observer as the core elements of designing (design as process). Within the design process, the prescriptive methodology of Integral Design is used as a framework for reflection on the design process itself by the use Morphological Overviews (MO). Morphology provides a structure to give an overview and to structure the communication and reflection between design team members.

The development in (Dutch) building practice necessitates developments in other aspects, besides specialized and professional skills. Important is the knowledge exchange between different participants in design teams. Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e) started the ‘Duaal traject’ (route), in which students merge (combine) working in the practice and studying at the university at the same time. The results of the combined education of students in a professional context and the university is presented and discussed. Within the Technische Universiteit Eindhoven study is done into possible differences by organizing trainingworkshops for students with different educational backgrounds; middle and higher professional education and academic education.

Lack of collaboration in design teams often results in a low mutual level of understanding about the design to produce. This is due to the following intertwined aspects: a lack of integration in the team, knowledge gaps between team members and failing flows of information and communication between team members. Especially the collaboration between designers and contractors is difficult, resulting in sub-optimal design solutions and problems in construction. Within the Dutch building industry the roofing industry is aware that better collaboration and knowledge exchange between designers and contractors is strongly needed. Exchange and integration of technical, engineering and design knowledge is most effective in the beginning of the design process. To improve that design phase was one of the aims of the 6th European Research Project ‘Euractive Roofer: develop tools to support designers and specialized roof-contractors in the setting of collaborative design to create innovative ‘active’ roofs. One of the tools developed in concept is presented in this paper: a web-based database. This tool-concept has the potential to stimulate team members, Architects and Roofers, to use collectively qualified and shared specific information of innovative ‘active’ roofs. By using a structuring method, Morphological Charts, a web-based database was designed for use by design teams. By using this tool a team is able to store and maintain the existing knowledge and also can add new knowledge about active roofs. This offers opportunities for design parties that are contributing to the database, to use the latest knowledge for the design of ‘active’ roofs. The concept of the web-based database is explained by its lay-out and functioning and is discussed through the results and insights gained by the Euractive Roofer-workshop with practitioners from the Dutch Construction Industry. Also is discussed how this support tool is related to knowledge sharing and management. The paper concludes with recommendations for further research and development.

The building is no longer shaped solely by the will of an architect, but the design rather emerges from the necessities for sustainability and requirements of the assignment. AEC organizations recognize the necessity of change and in the Netherlands the royal Dutch society of Architects (BNA) and the Dutch society of technical consultant (ONRI) support initiatives for Integral approach of the planning process. The BNA decided to support specific courses on Integral design in their program for permanent professional education. This paper will focus on the changing role of the members of AEC organisations in the building design process due to the necessity for a more sustainable built environment.

The cooperation between the various disciplines interacting in an architectural design process is often inadequate or lacking. This is due to the growing complexity of building design processes involving many experts from different disciplines, having a different knowledge background, view and approach to solutions for design and construction. This lack of collaboration is usually shown by the next aspects; a lack of integration in the team, knowledge gaps between design and construction, failing flows of information and communication and feedback between designers and practitioners. In order to increase the potential of creating better integral design concepts, practitioners tend to use support tools. A design management approach to support design teams integrally in order to improve collaboration and affecting communication needs to focus better on the process aspects of conceptual design. Such a design management approach should easily link all necessary information and knowledge of the involved disciplines (architects, engineers, contractors). To that account in this paper, a support tool is presented that stimulates members of design teams to use collectively a specific method for collaborative design that incorporates the characteristics of an integrated product model. The aim of the management intervention is to support design activities by the use of a framework for the design process to structure information and knowledge exchange between and with commitment of all participants to optimize design solutions. This method, the so called Morphological Overviews, is based on Morphological Charts. The concept will be explained on its functioning and be discussed by the results and insights gained through a series of Workshops executed in the period 2005-2008 with practitioners from the Dutch construction Industry. Also is discussed how partly, elements of this approach can be used in architectural design management. The paper finalizes with conclusions and recommendations for further research.

The application of photo-voltaic elements is the most economical on the roof. Still this often leads to severe problems due to poor coordination of all the design and practical aspects involved. This paper describes the research methodology, based on Methodical Design, as used in a design approach related to practice and the 6th European framework research project EURACTIVE ROOF-er. This research was part of the Knowledge Centre Building & Systems (KCBS), in which Eindhoven University of Technology and TNO Environment and Geosciences cooperate. The research methodology - as quasi-experimental design - uses the structuring method of Methodical Design to investigate how this specific design method and associated design tools can support the collaboration between designers and roofers when designing PV- roof applications. Based on the found and verified functionalities / needs for each abstraction lever an overview of the most successful support tools and scenario's can be generated as part of the developed methodology. More insight is generated in the necessary knowledge exchange between architect and roofers. Requirements for the design support tools become clear and can be modified stepwise. Final results of the research methodology is insight into the needed knowledge / skills of architects and roofers in designing Active Roofs, as part of the total building design. Copyright © (2009) by the International Solar Energy Society.

Traditionally, the installation of accessories on roofs is the domain of roofers, having the traditional knowledge and experience of successful mounting and integrating existing roof products in both new and renovated roofs. In the current roofing situation, many new products are added to the building design and building process. As a result many problems occurred, resulting in poor quality, unsafe working conditions and high repair costs. Today there is a need from the roofers for a more active role not only in the constructing process, but also in the design process; Collaborative Engineering. The active role for the roofer is therefore related to the several aspects of the context in which the roofer has to participate. The result should lead to innovative roofs, roofs that are producing sustainable energy and are active in the interaction with the thermal environment. First experiments to find a format for supporting Design Collaboration, started in 2004 with workshops for design- teams including participants with the same educational background. In 2005, a first set up was done for design teams with participants with different educational backgrounds. These workshops are coupling a concrete task from practice and research focusing on the roofs where there is a lack of innovative designs, caused by a sub-optimal interaction between solutions and application in design practice. The process where actors from different disciplines work together to develop a (new) product is called Collaborative Engineering (CE). Workshops are used to offer a collaborative context to professionals and to determine in steps an adaptive method to analyse and improve the design collaboration related to knowledge exchange. The project, as part of the European 6th framework research EURACTIVE ROOFer, resulted in a series of workshops for architects and roofers to develop active roofs for integral sustainable comfort (HVAC)- system design, engineering and installation. The workshops gave first insights into the knowledge exchange and knowledge development between the participants. This paper describes the methodical backgrounds, the set-up of the EURACTIVE ROOFer-workshop and first results related to the knowledge management aspects.

Roofs play an essential role in buildings. Their value and impact often significantly surpass the cost ratio they represent in the total investment cost of the building. Traditionally, roofs have a protecting function and their basic design has changed little over hundreds of years. Nowadays however, they are increasingly used as preferred location for mounting additional functions such as photovoltaic systems, roof lights, ventilation devices, insulation and safety devices. The roof will contain more and more aspects which are strongly related with the comfort of the building as a whole. Looking in a wider context, the build environment is dominated by the circumstances related to energy use. A wide variety of new products, such as photovoltaic (PV) systems and solar collectors, roof lights, ventilation devices and insulation are introduced as adaptable elements related to the roof. Many problems arouse in implementing these products or combinations of products into the total roof, the roofing industry and the integration into the building design. Introduction of a broader variety of products causes a more complex process of designing and engineering, to be organized and developed with more participants with different backgrounds. These recent developments lead in practice up to a number of sticking points: - The new products have been seldom developed on the roof to be applied. For this reason there are no uniform standards and building specific performance assess. For this reason frequently own solutions are developed, which have to be adapted on the site itself. - Good products are installed by not-qualified people. This leads to leakage caused by rain or snow, but also to wind damage and condensation problems.

Design is a complex process depending on the information about the design task to perform. At the early design stages, usually only conceptual sketches and schematics are available, often rough and incomplete. Still at the early stages of design the most important decisions have to be taken. This leads to an information contradiction: almost no information s available and yet most of the decisions have to be taken. Integral Design Methodology is meant to support all disciplines in the design process with information about the tasks and the decisions of the other design disciplines involved in the design process. Supplying and exchanging explanations about the decisions taken during the design process improves understanding of the combined efforts by all the designer parties. In particular the use of the morphological overviews combined with the Kesselring method as a decision support tool helps to structure the early conceptual steps within the design process and make decisions taken during the design process more transparent for all the people involved. This method is used in different MSc theses at the Technische Universiteit Eindhoven.

Sustainable building will be the major guiding principle for renewal of building and spatial planning practice. Kropman being one of the major Dutch building services contractors is aware of this trend. It is because of this rowing awareness of sustainability that the company puts effort towards knowledge transfer and research with the Dutch knowledge and research institutes. The principles of sustainable building within the IFD (Industrial Flexible Dismountable) concept are applied in the planning of a new building for the Kropman Utrecht department. Aim was an integrated approach within the design process to reach a maximum level of integration between building elements and climate conditioning elements. A newly developed methodology for structuring and documenting integral design processes enables verification and reproduction of decisions made during designing. Its conscious use by professionals results in iteration cycles within and between their own domains. The gradual emergence of a design language that helps structuring design tasks and solutions further stimulates the multidisciplinary exchange of ideas and concepts. This approach of structuring tasks and solutions is tested within a professional context of a building design project. Investigated is if the approach improves and supports the building design process. Besides its added value for building design process, the integral design methodology directly stimulates application of sustainable energy in the built environment.

The roof is the part of building which normally gets minimal attention during the early stages of the building design process. This neglect of focus to the roof is strange as the roof can be used for integration with the energy system of buildings. The roof is an interesting possibility for integrating it with sustainable energy systems. A gap exists between theoretical possible solutions and practical application in design practice. Offering design teams and product developers an appropriate methodology will results in decision support. Within the 6th framework, this Pan-European EURACTIVE ROOFer project aims at development of methodology for supporting new opportunities for increased quality of roofs and the possible contribution of the roof to sustainability. An integral design methodology supportive within the design process of active roofs is developed. This integral design methodology acts as a "bridge" between the architect, who designs architectural roof elements, and the roofer engineer, who engineers sustainable energy application into the roof. By using case studies knowledge-skill profiles are generated for the main design team-participants in the collaborative setting; architect and roofer. These competence profiles will be validated in case studies from practice, master classes and workshops.

In the world of design and engineering, gaps of knowledge between these disciplines are recognized [1, 2, 3, 4]. The learning capacity of the building industry – as well as in other industries – is becoming a main issue, also within Architect-organizations [5, 6]. A model for structuring knowledge on different abstraction levels is found in Methodical Design, a system theory based on the combination of the German design school [7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12] and the Anglo-American school [13, 14]. Methodical Design is a problem oriented model based on functional hierarchy, which can be applied on several levels of abstraction and makes it possible to link these levels of abstraction with the phases in the design process itself [15, 16, 17, 18]. This paper describes the research methodology, based on Methodical Design, as used in a doctoral design related to practice and the 6th European framework research project EURACTIVE ROOF-er. The research methodology – as quasi-experimental design – uses the structuring method of the Methodical Design to investigate how this specific design method and associated design tools can support the collaboration between designers and engineers [19].

"One of the core problems within construction industry is knowledge exchange between the different participants during the design- and engineering process (Lechner 1991, Cross 1992, Reymen 2001, van Aken 2005). To link the parts of the knowledge-triangle practice, education and research forms the basis for possible solutions - in the context of the building design-engineering (Quanjel a. Zeiler 2003). This context can be represented by the Product-Process-Organization model (Bax a. Trum 2000). At the Technische Universiteit Eindhoven (TU/e) in collaboration with TNO Built Environment and Geosciences, first experiments to find a format for supporting Design Collaboration, started in 2000. Set up where training workshops for the members of BNA/ONRI (Royal Dutch Organization of Architects / Dutch Organization of Advisory Consultants), for design- teams including participants with the same educational background. More recent, a firs set up was done for design teams with participants with different educational backgrounds. These quasi-experiments (Campell a. Stanley 1971) are coupled on the basis of a concrete task from the practice and the PhD-research EURACTIVE ROOFer by E. Quanjel at the TU/e-TNO. The objective of this project is to improve the knowledge exchange between design participants of active roofs in product development as part of the total building design and its comfort-systems. Salter and Gann (2002) found that face-to-face interaction and the use of sketching are still the most important elements for developing new ideas and solving problems. Given this aspect and the characteristics of the problem definition, a methodology to support the design team during the development of the building design is introduced. This method is based on the Methodical design methodology; a matrix orientated approach used in the mechanical engineering domain (van den Kroonenberg 1978). Within the setting of Methodical Design several design-support tools are used: the Morphological Overview and the Kesselring method (Zwicky 1969, Kesselring 1954). These practical tools from the theoretical method are connected with the design practice, as reflexive practice, through quasi-experiments for architects and roofer engineers (Schoen 1983). The experiments will be done in a serial with feed-back; the Kesselring-method as well as the results of the quasi experiments itself. To distinguish the knowledge-exchange aspects, Bales' Interaction Process Analysis model is used (Bales 1950, Emmit a. Gorse, 2007). The result of these experiments is a design decision support tool for both architects and roofer-engineers in the setting of Collaborative Design

Integral Building Design is done by multi disciplinary design teams and aims at integrating all aspects from the different disciplines involved in a design for a building such as; archtitecture, construction, building physics and building services. It involves information exchange between participants within the design process in amounts not yet known before. To support this highly complex process an Integral Building Design methods is developed based on the combination of a prescriptive approach, Methodical Design, and a descriptive approach, Reflective practice. Starting from the Methodical Design approach by van den Kroonenberg, a more reflective approach is developed. The use of Integral Design within the design process results in a transparency on the taken design steps and the design decisions. Within the design process, the extended prescriptive methodology is used as a framework for reflection on design process itself. To ensure a good information exchange between different disciplines during the conceptual phase of design a functional structuring technique can be used; Morphological Overviews (MO). Morphology provides a structure to give an overview of the consider functions and their solution alternatives. By using this method it is presumed that it helps to structure the communication between the design team members and a such forms a basis for reflection on the design results by the design team members. This method is used in the education program at the Technische Universiteit Eindhoven and was tested in workshops for students and for professionals from the Royal Institute of Dutch Architects (BNA) and the Dutch Association of Consulting Engineers (ONRI). Over 250 professionals participated in these workshops.

In the world of design and engineering, gaps of knowledge between these disciplines are recognized. The learning capacity of the building industry – as well as in other industries – is becoming a main issue, also within Architect-organizations. To link the parts of the knowledge-triangle practice, education and research forms the basis for possible solutions – within the context of the building design-engineering. This context can be represented by the Product-Process-Organization model. This integral approach is the basis for integral solutions, by structuring knowledge of design and engineering within the design team. A model for structuring knowledge on different abstraction levels is found in Methodical Design, a system theory based on the combination of the German design school (Pahl, Beitz and others) and the Anglo-American school ( Archer, Krick, Jones and others). Methodical Design is a problem oriented model based on functional hierarchy, which can be applied on several levels of abstraction and makes it possible to link these levels of abstraction with the phases in the design process itself. This paper describes the research methodology, based on Methodical Design, as used in a doctoral design related to practice and the 6th European framework research project EURACTIVE ROOF-er. The research methodology – as quasi-experimental design – uses the structuring method of the Methodical Design to investigate how this specific design method and associated design tools can support the collaboration between designers and engineers.

Since 2001 an `integral approach' to building design has been propagated within Dutch building design practice, through continuously developing `learning by doing' workshops. The organization of workshops started during `Integral Design' project in 2000 that was conducted by the Dutch Society for Building Services (TVVL), the Royal Institute of Dutch Architects (BNA) and Delft University of Technology (TUD). The main focus of the project, which ended in 2003, was to raise the awareness of different disciplines about each others positions and problems in relation to building design, and to give an overview of issues influencing design integration and possible solution directions. The used workshops create a setting where the knowledge can be generated and regenerated in relationship to the knowledge development-triangle, in a realistic setting; the Reflexive Practice. In this paper we will explain the results of workshops, give an overview of participants' assessments (more than 180 professionals took part in TVVL-BNA-TUD workshops) and reflect on preliminary results / conclusions.

Design is a complex process that depends very much on the information about the design task to perform. At the early design stages, usually only conceptual sketches and schematics are available, often rough and incomplete. Still at the early stages of design the most important decisions have to be taken. This leads to an information contradiction: almost no information s available and yet most of the decisions have to be taken. Integral design is meant to overcome this problem of lacking information at the start of the design process by providing methods to communicate the consequences of design steps across the different disciplines involved in the design process. The Integral Design Methodology, based on the Methodical Design approach, is meant to support all disciplines in the design process with information about the tasks and the decisions of the other design disciplines involved in the design process. Supplying and exchanging explanations about the decisions taken during the design process will improve understanding of the combined efforts by all the designer parties. In particular the use of the morphological overviews combined with the Kesselring method as a decision support tool will help to structure the early conceptual steps within the design process and make decisions taken during the design process more transparent for all the people involved. This method is used in 2 workshops and in different MSc theses at the Technische Universiteit Eindhoven and shows promising results.

Tectonics is an important parameter of quality within the building world. Tectonics covers the co-evolution of the design and production. The technology employed in the making involves multi-disciplinary design teams in order to integrate the contributions from different disciplines. The information exchange between participants within the design process is increasingly becoming more and more intense. In our recent work we aim to support design activities within this highly complex process with a framework for structuring the design process - the ID (Integral Design). This method is based on working with Morphological Overviews (MO) and forms the basis for supporting the generation of conceptual ideas by structuring ever increasing communication between design team members and stimulating multi-disciplinary knowledge exchange to be implemented in the design results. Testing this theoretical idea in practice was done through workshops for professionals from the Royal Institute of Dutch Architects (BNA) and the Dutch Association of Consulting Engineers (ONRI), wherein over the last 5 years more than 250 professionals have participated. By discussing the concept and results of some of these workshops and showing how some of the elements of this approach are (implicitly) used in architectural practice, the paper focuses on how other disciplines than architecture can add their knowledge and experience to tectonics.

A wide variety of new products, such as photovoltaic (PV) systems and solar collectors, roof lights, ventilation devices, insulation and safety devices, is finding its way into the roofing industry. As a result many problems occurred, resulting in poor quality, unsafe working conditions and high repair costs. The 6th framework Pan- European EUR-ACTIVE ROOFer project aims to improve roof quality and reduce failure costs. Application of a new design methodology for active roofs makes development and innovation of systems and products easier. As a result new concepts for energy generating, active roofs will be developed. In the paper the design methodology will be described and the first results of the collaborative approach will be presented

Traditional roofs have primary, passive, functions such as protection against rain, wind, snow etc.. Nowadays, roofs are more and more used as preferred location for additional functions such as photovoltaic systems, roof lights and safety devices. New approaches, on designing as well as assembling the roof, are necessary; tools for innovative roofs or Active Roofs. New ways of exchanging knowledge is therefore neccesary. This research offers an integral approach for knowledge exchange which is dynamic – related to the specific situation. Based on a domain dependant design method, complemented with morphological matrices, a toolbox for dynamic briefing is developed. In order to implement and train the knowledge for the several users, ‘learning by doing’ workshops are proposed. The knowledge generated in this project will benefit the Building Services research and education at Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Delft University of Technology and the TNO Building and Construction Research. The developed methodology will also be implemented in the 6th European framework program; EUR-ACTIVE ROOF-er, with partners in industry and professional organizations throughout Europe

Normally the roof is the part of building which gets minimal attention to use for integration with the comfort system of the building. This is striking, as the roof is an important possible building component for containing sustainable energy systems. The sustainable energy possible options are often only considered in a final stage of the design project, when there are almost no possibilities left. Within the 6th framework Pan-European EUR-ACTIVE ROOFer projects aims are development of methodology for supporting new opportunities for increased sustainability. A new integral design methodology to support a collaborative design approach is presented

The focus on the needs and drives for adaptation of the building automatically leads to changing needs and demands of the occupants of the building. Building should really take care of its occupants and show adaptable behaviour and reaction to the changing outdoor environment during the day. Design for adaptability should start with the occupants needs for comfort and indoor air quality. These are partly influences by the changing environmental forces as wind and sun. Weather predictions and the aggegated voting of users about their thermal comfort, should be the leading parameters to adaptable comfort and the adaptable building.

The main objective of this part of the 6th framework Pan-European EUR-ACTIVE ROOF-er project is to improve the interaction between design participants of dynamic adaptable Active Roofs in product development and Active Roofs from an architects/ customers perspective. Improvements in Active Roof design on the basis of those technological product requirements that architects / customers deem to be the most important product / system benefits. This requires a common framework for information exchange that is scaleable with respect to the level of sophistication of each of the organisations and designers / engineers involved. Moreover, the desired information to be shared must be interpretable (language, terminology and definition) by all designers/ engineers [EURACTIVEROOFer 2005]. Especially conditions for developing a design method for innovative roof-concepts are an essential result of the research. Part of the project is focussed on special roofs which are adaptable in function, structure or in material. Properties of these active roofs are: tensile / membrane, inflatable or retractable structures. Subscription of the several aspects of design (i.e. building physics), - sustainable energy and use (i.e. maintenance, safety, assembly), is information needed for better innovative products. The knowledge generated in this project directly benefits the Building Services research and education at Eindhoven University of Technology, Delft University of Technology and the department of innovation of renewable energy systems at TNO Building and Construction Research. The developed methodology is also implemented in the 6th European framework program; EUR-ACTIVE ROOF-er.

"Integraal Ontwerpen is een zeer actueel concept binnen onze sector. Optimale afstemming bij ontwerpen, bouwen en installeren levert toegevoegde waarde op.", aldus Kees van der Hoeven, oud voorzitter van de BNA in zijn uitnodigingsbrief voor het symposium Integraal Ontwerpen [1]. Op 26 januari 2006 is in Zeist, symposium ‘Integraal ontwerpen: naar optimale synergie tussen de partners in de bouw’ gehouden. Het symposium is georganiseerd door BNA, Bouwend Nederland, ONRI en UNETO-VNI. Dat alleen al is uniek te noemen, omdat het de eerste keer betreft dat die vier organisaties gezamenlijk, in nauw overleg met de Regieraad Bouw, de organisatie op zich namen. De Regieraad Bouw is in 2004 in het leven geroepen door de ministers van Economische Zaken, Volkshuisvesting, Ruimtelijke Ordening en Milieubeheer en Verkeer en Waterstaat. De voor een periode van vier jaar meegegeven opdracht voor de Regieraad Bouw is om de noodzakelijke vernieuwing in de bouw op gang te brengen, de verhoudingen te normaliseren en het onderlinge vertrouwen te herstellen. Het uiteindelijke doel is het bewerkstelligen van een cultuuromslag naar een transparante, innovatieve en marktgerichte bouwsector. Tijdens het symposium hebben de partijen hun intentie uitgesproken om in de komende jaren hun samenwerking te intensiveren, wat samengevat is in een gemeenschappelijk actieprogramma 2006-2007.

Om de bouw nieuwe positieve impulsen voor ontwikkeling te geven is in 2002 “Het nieuwe bouwen in Nederland” gepresenteerd door Hennes de Ridder [1]. Dit model gaat uit van kale, transparant gemaakte kosten en sturen op maximaal nut. Dit sturen is dynamisch, een “open begin”, in plaats van een open einde. Dit met als doel gezamenlijk te sturen op maximaal nut, met rendement voor vrager en aanbieders[2]. In de bouw wordt hiervoor het begrip “de nieuwe dynamiek” gehanteerd. Het initiatief sluit aan bij de oude stroming in de architectuur uit de jaren twintig, bekend als het Nieuwe Bouwen of het Functionalisme. Uitgangspunt was de functie van het gebouw, verantwoord materiaal gebruik en goede bruikbaarheid. Deze stroming heeft een belangrijke invloed gehad en heeft tot vele internationaal befaamde gebouwen geleid, waaronder de door Jan Duiker (1890-1935) ontworpen “open lucht” school aan de Cliostraat te Amsterdam. Om een optimale licht- en luchttoetreding te bereiken, week Duiker radicaal af van de “landelijke” bouwstijl die de Amsterdamse scholen kenmerkte. Hij creëerde door minimalisering van de constructie een maximum aan openheid. De openlucht school vormt een hoogtepunt in het (internationale) Nieuwe Bouwen [3]. Karakteristiek is de transparantie in de bouw, de ontwerpers verzetten zich tegen het gesloten traditionele. De hoop is dat de huidige nieuwe stroming eenzelfde positieve verandering in de bouw tot stand weet te brengen. Belangrijk hierbij is de relatie met het onderwijs

In order to develop support for integral building design processes in the context of sustainable comfort systems, a designers’ working environment in the form of workshops is created. Within this ‘learning by doing’ approach actual design processes performed by experienced designers are observed and newly developed process models are applied, tested and evaluated while professionally qualified designers carry out several design assignments in repeated series of workshops. By changing the course of design processes, cooperation between building design disciplines in conceptual design phase can be made more effective and efficient. This enhancement in communication, accompanied with use of ‘methodical design’ aspects, potentially increases amount of integration in both building design products and processes. The ultimate goal of this research project is development of a design methodology that provides a suitable foundation for improvement of integration of activities of a building design team as well as integration of sustainable comfort systems in the conceptual phase of design process. This paper explains in detail the research aim concerning the above, together with applied research methodology.

Methodology for the dynamic briefing of the client by the design team during the development of the building design is of great importance as during the design process the initial design requirements change. The initial set of requirements is seen as a first step in a series of interpretations of the clients’ needs. The interpretation by the designers or interpretation of the client evolves during the design process. To support the design of large-scale, complex design processes, such as one has in the building industry, a domain-independent theory based on Methodical Design is presented. Based on the preliminary design proposals, the Methodical design methodology by iteration cycles to the refinement/adjustment of the program of requirements. This mutual enhancement is the main aim of methodology for dynamic briefing of adaptable buildings.

A wide variety of new products, such as photovoltaic (PV) systems and solar collectors, roof lights, ventilation devices, insulation and safety devices, is finding its way into the roofing industry. As a result many problems occurred, resulting in poor quality, unsafe working conditions and high repair costs. The 6th framework Pan- European EUR-ACTIVE ROOFer project aims to improve roof quality and reduce failure costs. Application of a new design methodology for active roofs makes development and innovation of systems and products easier. As a result new concepts for energy generating, active roofs will be developed. In the paper the design methodology will be described and the first results of the collaborative approach will be presented.

No abstract.

The main objective of this part of the 6th framework Pan-European EUR-ACTIVE ROOF-er project is to improve the interaction between design participants of dynamic adaptable Active Roofs in product development and Active Roofs from an architects/ customers perspective. Improvements in Active Roof design on the basis of those technological product requirements that architects / customers deem to be the most important product / system benefits. This requires a common framework for information exchange that is scaleable with respect to the level of sophistication of each of the organisations and designers / engineers involved. Moreover, the desired information to be shared must be interpretable (language, terminology and definition) by all designers/ engineers [EURACTIVE ROOFer 2005]. Especially conditions for developing a design method for innovative roof-concepts are an essential result of the research. Part of the project is focussed on special roofs which are adaptable in function, structure or in material. Properties of these active roofs are: tensile / membrane, inflatable or retractable structures. Subscription of the several aspects of design (i.e. building physics), - sustainable energy and use (i.e. maintenance, safety, assembly), is information needed for better innovative products. The knowledge generated in this project directly benefits the Building Services research and education at Eindhoven University of Technology, Delft University of Technology and the department of innovation of renewable energy systems at TNO Building and Construction Research. The developed methodology is also implemented in the 6th European framework program; EUR-ACTIVE ROOF-er.

Er is behoefte aan verbetering van de samenwerking tussen de ontwerpende disciplines die gezamenlijk verantwoordelijk zijn voor de totstandkoming van gebouwontwerpen. Optimaal lijkt hierbij Integraal Ontwerpen, waarbij alle disciplines vanaf een zo vroeg mogelijk moment in het ontwerpproces met elkaar samenwerken en de totale levenscyclus in beschouwing wordt genomen. Door de betere samenwerking ontstaan kwalitatief beter doordachte en innovatieve ontwerpen die efficiënter in goede gebouwen kunnen worden omgezet. Hierbij ligt de focus meer op kwalitatief hoogwaardige oplossingen / oplossingsrichtingen creëren dan op het sec oplossen van problemen. Door deze gecombineerde aanpak wordt het mogelijk om de hoge faalkosten in de bouw te vermijden, die volgens verschillende onderzoeken 5-10 % van de totale omzet bedragen.

It is more and more necessary to look for new ways to generate more sustainable energy. Integral design shows promise to lead to new opportunities. The Royal Institute of Dutch Architects (BNA), the Dutch Society for Building Services (TVVL) and Delft University of Technology (TUD) started a project on Integral Design in 2000. This project was succeeded in 2005 by new research within the Knowledge Centre Building & Systems (KCBS), in which Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e) and TNO Bouw & Ondergrond cooperated. The ongoing workshop series, in which already over 200 professionals from BNA and the Dutch Association of Consulting Engineers (ONRI) participated, was used for development and evaluation of integral design methodology in the domain of sustainable comfort systems. In current building practice sustainable energy systems intended for roof application are treated like add-on components to the already completed conceptual building design. The 6th framework Pan- European EUR-ACTIVE ROOFer project aims at development of a methodology for supporting not only the architect but the whole design team in the early phase of the design process on integrating active roofs, as energy generating integrated building components.

Methodology to support the design team during the development of the building design is of great importance as the design problems are open and ill structured. To support the design of large-scale, complex design processes, such as one has in the building industry, a domain-independent theory is presented based on the Methodical design methodology; a matrix orientated approach is presented.

In 2000, the Royal Institute of Dutch Architects (BNA), the Dutch Society for Building Services (TVVL) and Delft University of Technology (TUD) started a research project on Integral Design, resulting in a series of workshops for architects and HVAC consultants. This project was succeeded by new research within the Knowledge Centre Building & Systems (KCBS), in which Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e) and TNO Environment and Geosciences cooperate. The ongoing workshop series, in which already over 200 professionals from BNA and the Dutch Association of Consulting Engineers (ONRI) participated, is used for development and evaluation of integral design methodology in the domain of sustainable comfort systems. Besides its added value for building design, this integral design methodology directly stimulates application of sustainable energy in the built environment. Er is behoefte aan verbetering van de samenwerking tussen de ontwerpende disciplines die gezamenlijk verantwoordelijk zijn voor de totstandkoming van gebouwontwerpen. Optimaal lijkt hierbij Integraal Ontwerpen, waarbij alle disciplines vanaf een zo vroeg mogelijk moment in het ontwerpproces met elkaar samenwerken en de totale levenscyclus in beschouwing wordt genomen. Door de betere samenwerking ontstaan kwalitatief beter doordachte en innovatieve ontwerpen die efficiënter in goede gebouwen kunnen worden omgezet. Hierbij ligt de focus meer op kwalitatief hoogwaardige oplossingen / oplossingsrichtingen creëren dan op het sec oplossen van problemen. Door deze gecombineerde aanpak wordt het mogelijk om de hoge faalkosten in de bouw te vermijden, die volgens verschillende onderzoeken 5-10 % van de totale omzet bedragen.