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Metaphire daliensis Yuan & Dong sp. nov. Type material Holotype. One clitellate specimen (YN201006-03 A): China, Yunnan, Dali city (25.94° N, 100.17° E), 2010 m elevation, corn field by the stream, 10 August 2011, Y. Yang. Other materials. Three clitellate specimens (YN 201006 -03 B) with the same data as for holotype; three clitellate specimens (YN 201101 -12): China, Yunnan, Yuanjiang National Nature Reserve (23.67° N, 101.85° E), 854 m elevation, brown loam under orchard beside the stream, 16 July 2013, J.B. Jiang, J. Sun, X.D. Lei and H.W. Feng; eight clitellate specimens (YN201103 -01) and one clitellate specimen (YN201103 -04): China, Yunnan, Yuanjiang National Nature Reserve (23.55° N, 101.92° E), 649 m elevation, black brown soil under the banana trees, 16 July 2013, J.B. Jiang, J. Sun, X.D. Lei and H.W. Feng; two clitellate specimens (YN201107 -05): China, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna Nature Reserve (21.61° N, 101.58° E), 694 m elevation, red soil in tropical rain forest, 20 July 2013, J.B. Jiang, J. Sun, X.D. Lei and H.W. Feng; four clitellate specimens (YN201624 -02): China, Yunnan, Pu’ er (24.55° N, 100.53° E), 1150 m asl, yellow soil, 29 July 2016, X. Gao, Y.F. Lu, J.Z. Jiang; one clitellate specimens (YN201731 -01): China, Yunnan, Ruili, Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve (26.57° N, 98.91° E), 1429 m asl, 9 August 2017, J.B. Jiang, Y. Dong, Q. Zhao, Z. Yuan; one clitellate specimens (YN201733 -04): China, Yunnan, Ruili, Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve (25.71° N, 98.84° E), 1279 m asl, 10 August 2017, J.B. Jiang, Y. Dong, Q. Zhao, Z. Yuan; two clitellate specimens (YN201735 -09): China, Yunnan, Ruili, Tongbiguan Nature Reserve (24.15° N, 98.03° E), 957 m asl, 11 August 2017, J.B. Jiang, Y. Dong, Q. Zhao, Z. Yuan; four clitellate specimens (YN201751 -01): China, Yunnan, Ruili, Yongdedaxueshan Nature Reserve (24.03° N, 99.39° E), 1125 m asl, 15 August 2017, J.B. Jiang, Y. Dong, Q. Zhao, Z. Yuan. Etymology The species is named after its type locality. Diagnosis Dimensions 110–143 mm by 3.9–7.2 mm; segments 111–150. Setae numbering 28–40 at III, 30–44 at V, 46–64 at VIII, 58–74 at XX, 64–74 at XXV; 18–24 (XVIII) between male pores; 18–26 (VIII) between spermathecal pores. Spermathecal pores two pairs in 7/8-8/9, about 1/3 body circumference ventrally apart. Male pores in copulatory chambers at XVIII, opening of copulatory chambers about 1/3 body circumference ventrally apart, and a slightly extended papilla on the top, surrounded with 3–5 circular folds. Prostate glands located at XVII-XIX, underdeveloped. Spermathecae two pairs, in VIII and IX, about 3.3 mm. Ampulla heart-shaped, about 3.0 mm, ampulla duct short and thick. The length of diverticulum about 3.0 mm, terminal 1/2 slightly dilated into an elongated oval-shaped seminal chamber. External characters Dimensions 110–143 mm by 3.9–7.2 mm; segments 111–150. No pigment anterior to segment VIII, ochre in posterior segments. First dorsal pore in 11/12. Prostomium 1/2 epilobous. Clitellum in segments XIV-XVI, beige, smooth and swollen, no setae. Setae numbering 28–40 at III, 30–44 at V, 46–64 at VIII, 58–74 at XX, 64–74 at XXV; 18–24 (XVIII) between male pores; 18–26 (VIII) between spermathecal pores. Setal formula: AA = 1.2–1.4 AB, ZZ = 1.6–2.0 ZY. Spermathecal pores two pairs in 7/8-8/9, about 1/3 circumference ventrally apart from each other. Female pore single in XIV. Male pores one pair in XVIII, about 1/3 circumference ventrally apart from each other, each located in the oval copulatory chamber, and a slightly extended papilla on the top, surrounded with 3–5 circular folds. In the copulatory chambers and male pores, two papillae on the left, one papilla on the right. Copulatory chambers with stalked glands. Internal characters Septa 5/6-7/8, thick and muscular, 10/11-12/13 slightly thickened, 8/9-9/10 absent. Gizzard bucket-shaped, in VIII-X. Intestine enlarged distinctly at XV. Intestine caeca start at XXVII, end in XXIII, between simple and complex, yellowish brown, smooth with two processes. Hearts four pair in X-XIII, the first pair relatively small, the others larger. The testis sacs minimum. Seminal vesicles two pairs, in XI-XII, the posterior pair is a little more developed than the anterior one. Prostate glands located at XVII-XIX, underdeveloped, ducts U-shaped, thicker at the distal part. Spermathecae two pairs, in VIII and IX, about 3.3 mm. Ampulla heart-shaped, about 3.0 mm, ampulla duct short and thick. The length of diverticulum about 3.0 mm, terminal 1/2 slightly dilated into an elongated oval-shaped seminal chamber. Remarks Metaphire daliensis sp. nov. belongs to the Metaphire insulana -group, in which there are only two species (Metaphire insulana (Gates, 1930) and Metaphire leonoris (Chen, 1946)) according to Sims and Easton (1972). A comparison of the three species (Table 4), we observed that the spermathecal pores are two pairs, in 7/8-8/9, about 1/3-1/2 circumference apart ventrally; the shape of the ampulla is roughly the same with a short stalk. However, the first dorsal pore of M. daliensis is in 11/12, but M. insulana and M. lenoris are in 12/13; intestinal caeca of M. daliensis and M. insulana are between simple and complex, while M. leonoris is simple; the accessory glands near the prostate of M. daliensis and M. insulana are invisible, but M. leonoris is sessile in large masses. We also should compare the new species to the common species Metaphire californica (Kinberg, 1867), which belongs to the Metaphire javanica -group. In the analysis of the K2P distances of combined COI and 12S sequences, the distance between M. daliensis and M. californica is 14.0% (Table 5). However, the two species are in the same clade with 70% bootstrap support (Figure 4). The two species have two pairs of spermathecal pores, in 7/8-8/9 and the first dorsal pores of both species are in 11/12. But, the most obvious differences between the species are the shape of the male pores and intestinal caeca. In the former, male pores are surrounded with three to five circular folds and the papillae in the interior of the copulatory chambers are small, and copulatory chambers are with stalked glands; the intestinal caeca are between simple and complicated. Male pores of M. californica are in simple lateral slits and copulatory chambers are without stalked glands; the intestinal caeca are simple, smooth on both edges.

Amynthas hiatus Qiu & Yuan sp. nov. Type material Holotype. One clitellate specimen (YN201107-14): China, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna Nature Reserve (21.61° N, 101.58° E), 694m elevation, red soil in tropical rain forest, 20 July 2013, J.B. Jiang, J. Sun, X.D. Lei and H.W. Feng. Etymology The species is named after its characteristic dentate-shaped caecum. Diagnosis Dimensions 156 mm by 5.5 mm at clitellum, segments 130. Setae numbering 26 at III, 34 at V, 44 at VIII, 64 at XX, 66 at XXV; 9 between male pores (XVIII); 14 between spermathecal pores (VIII). Spermathecal pores in 7/8-8/9, about 1/3 body circumference ventrally apart. Male pores in XVIII, about 1/3 body circumference ventrally apart, each on top of a large raised pulvinate pad, surrounded with four circular folds. Prostate glands at XVI-XIX, moderately developed, thick, massive leaf composition. Spermathecae two pairs in VIII- IX; ampulla heart-shaped, ampulla duct thick and short, length about 2/5 of the ampulla. The length of diverticulum as long as the main pouch (duct and ampulla together), terminal 1/3 dilated into an ovoid seminal chamber. External characters Puce dorsal pigment, no pigment on ventrum. Dimensions 156 mm by 5.5 mm; segments 130. Prostomium 1/3 epilobous. First dorsal pore in 12/13. Clitellum in XIV-XVI, smooth, no setae and dorsal pores. Setae numbering 26 at III, 34 at V, 44 at VIII, 64 at XX, 66 at XXV, 9 between male pores (XVIII), 14 between spermathecal pores (VIII); setal formula: AA = AB, ZZ = 1.8 ZY. Spermathecal pores two pairs in 7/8-8/9, ventral, about 0.33 circumference ventrally apart from each other, pores not clear. Female pore single mid-ventral in XIV, oval. Male pores one pair in XVIII, about 0.33 circumference ventrally apart from each other, each on top of a lager raised pulvinate pad, surrounded with four circular folds. Between male pore level, post-setal in XVII and presetal in XIX, one pair of round flat papillae with depressed centres, and spacing about 1/4 perimeter. The area surrounded by four papillae and two chamber present large and slightly swollen glandular region. Internal characters Septa 5/6-6/7 thick, 7/8 and 10/11-13/14 slightly thick, 8/9-9/10 absent. Gizzard in VIII-X, barrel-shaped. Intestine enlarged gradually in XVIII, XV-XVIII very fine, enlarged again in XIX. Intestine caeca start from XXVII and end in XX, transitional between simple and complex, ventral and dorsal edges with obvious small serrated. Hearts four pair in X-XIII, the first pair long and thin, the others are larger. Testis sacs two pairs, in X-XI, oval, developed, separated from each other. Seminal vesicles two pairs, extending in XI-XII, not developed. Prostate glands at XVI-XIX, moderately developed, thick, massive leaf composition. Prostatic duct C-shaped, at XVIII. Spermathecae two pairs, at VIII-IX, the first pair about 1.9 mm, the second pair about 2.2 mm. Ampulla heart-shaped, ampulla duct thick and short, length about 2/5 of the ampulla. The length of diverticulum as long as the main pouch (duct and ampulla together), terminal 1/3 dilated into an ovoid seminal chamber. Remarks Amynthas hiatus sp. nov. belongs to the Amynthas aeruginosus -group in Sims and Easton (1972). In appearance, A. hiatus is somewhat similar to Amynthas triastriatus (Chen, 1946) which is one of the key species in the A. aeruginosus -group. The first dorsal pore of A. hiatus is in 12/13, the setae are uniformly thick and the rear body denser, the male pores area is complicated, the prostate glands are moderately developed. However, the first dorsal pore of A. triastriatus is in 10/11, the setae longer before VIII and the rear body is uniformly dense, the papillae in the male pore area only present medial to each male pore in XVIII, the ampulla duct is wide, and the prostate glands are absent. Another similar species is Amynthas robustus (Perrier, 1872). Amynthas robustus is a common species in Asia. This species and the new species share some similar characters: normal or developed prostate, and no accessory glands near the prostate. But, the differences are obvious; for example, the body size of the new species is larger than A. robustus; pigment of the new species is puce on the dorsum and no pigment on ventrum, but light red or reddish brown in A. robustus; locality of the first dorsal pore; intestine caeca of the new species is between simple and complicated, while that of A. robustus is simple. A comparison of characters between this new species and two other similar species has been given in Table 2. According to the molecular data, the K2P distances of COI sequences and combined COI and 12S sequences between A. hiatus and the other similar species in the A. aeruginosus -group are shown in Table 5. The distances were > 15%, but A. hiatus is more similar to A. robustus than A. triastriatus. In the NJ tree (Figure 4), the three species were not in the same clade., Published as part of Yuan, Zhu, Dong, Yan, Jiang, Jibao & Qiu, Jiangping, 2019, Three new species of earthworms belonging to the genera Amynthas and Metaphire (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Yunnanı China, pp. 1961-1974 in Journal of Natural History 53 (31) on pages 1961-1974, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1680760, http://zenodo.org/record/3654511, {"references":["Sims RW, Easton EG. 1972. A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the royal society north borneo expedition. Biol J Linn Soc. 4: 169 - 268. doi: 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1972. tb 00694. x"]}

Amynthas recavus Yuan & Jiang sp. nov. Type material Holotype. One clitellate specimen (YN201109-09): China, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, Mengla County (21.40° N, 101.62° E), 722 m elevation, red soil in forest, 20 July 2013, J. B. Jiang, J. Sun, X.D. Lei and H.W. Feng. Other materials. Two clitellate specimens (YN201739 -07): China, Yunnan, Ruili, Tongbiguan Nature Reserve (24.10° N, 98.01° E), 830 m asl, 11 August 2017, J.B. Jiang, Y. Dong, Q. Zhao, Z. Yuan. Etymology The species is named after its characteristic male pores. Diagnosis Dimensions 58–64 mm by 2.1–2.3 mm at clitellum, segments 82–84. Setae numbering 21–22 at III, 22–24 at V, 34–36 at VIII, 34–36 at XX, 36–40 at XXV; 9–10 (XVIII) between male pores; 11–12 (VI), 10–12 (VII), 12 (VIII) between spermathecal pores. Spermathecal pores in 5/6-8/9, about 2/5 body circumference ventrally apart. Male pores in XVIII, about 1/3 body circumference ventrally apart, each on top of a raised, elliptic, collapse-topped porophore, surrounded with one circular folds. Prostate glands at 1/2XVII-XIX, relatively small, one lump. Spermathecae four pairs, at VI-IX. The ampulla elongated oval-shaped; the ampulla duct uniformly thick, about 4/5 of the ampulla. The length of diverticulum about 3/5 of the main pouch (duct and ampulla together), terminal 1/4 slightly dilated into an ovoid seminal chamber. External characters Pigment on dorsum presents pink before clitellum, light brown on dorsum after clitellum, no pigment on ventrum. Dimensions 58–64 mm by 2.1–2.3 mm at clitellum, segments 82–84. Prostomium 1/2 epilobous. First dorsal pore in 12/13. Clitellum in XIV-XVI. S Setae numbering 21–22 at III, 22–24 at V, 34–36 at VIII, 34–36 at XX, 36–40 at XXV; 9–10 (XVIII) between male pores; 11–12 (VI), 10–12 (VII), 12 (VIII) between spermathecal pores; setal formula: AA = 1.0–1.1 AB, ZZ = 1.8 ZY. Spermathecal pores four pairs in 5/6-8/9, ventral, about 2/5 circumference ventrally apart from each other, eye-shaped. Female pore single mid-ventral in XIV. Male pores one pair in XVIII, about 1/3 circumference ventrally apart from each other, each on top of a raised, elliptic, collapse-topped porophore, surrounded with one circular fold. One pair of oval, flat papillae in pre-setal XVII, and three oval, flat papillae in pre-setal XIX. Internal characters Septa 5/6-6/7 thick and muscular, 7/8 and 10/11-14/15 slightly thick, 8/9-9/10 absent. Gizzard in VIII-X, ball-like; intestine enlarged gradually from XVI. Intestine caeca start in XXVII, end in XXV, simple, finger-shaped, smooth ventral and dorsal margins. Hearts four pair in X-XIII, the first pair long and thin, the others are larger. Testis sacs two pairs, in X-XI, oval, developed, separated from each other. Seminal vesicles two pairs, extending in XI-XII, relatively small. Prostate glands at 1/2XVII-XIX, relatively small, one single dense racemose mass, prostatic duct C-shaped. Spermathecae four pairs, about 1.4 mm, in VI-IX. Ampulla thin heart-shaped, ampulla duct uniformly thick, the length of the duct about 4/5 of the ampulla. The length of diverticulum about 3/5 of the main pouch (duct and ampulla together), terminal 1/4 slightly dilated into an ovoid seminal chamber. Remarks Amynthas recavus sp. nov. belongs to the Amynthas corticis -group in Sims and Easton (1972). We compare it to Amynthas corticis (Kinberg, 1867) as described in Chang et al. (2009). Both species have four pairs of spermathecal pores in 5/6-8/9. However, the two species differ in body size, male pore and spermathecal pore regions. The body size of A. recavus is smaller than in A. corticis. The male pores of A. recavus are surrounded with one circular fold and about 1/3 body circumference ventrally apart with one pair of papillae in pre-setal XVII and three papillae in pre-setal XIX, but the male pores of A. corticis are surrounded with one or two circular folds with or without papillae. Both species have no genital markings in the spermathecal pore region, but the distance between spermathecal pores of A. recavus is about 2/5 circumference ventrally apart each other, that of A. corticis is about 0.28. A. recavus also appears to be closely related to Amynthas yunlongensis (Chen & Xu, 1977) (Table 3), a similar species was found from Yunlong in Yunnan Province. The prostate glands trend to degradation: the prostate of A. recavus is relatively small with only one lump; A. yunlongensis has prostatic duct only, no prostate gland. There are some differences between these species: the body of A. recavus is more slender, and its setae are more intensive; the distance between male pores of A. recavus is about 2/5 circumference ventrally apart each other, the distance between male pores of A. yunlongensis is about 1/3; papilla around male pores of the two species have a different spatial distribution; testis sacs and seminal vesicles in XI of A. recavus are independent of each other, but in A. yunlongensis, testis sacs wrap seminal vesicles in XI; the spermathecae of A. recavus are developed, while A. yunlongensis only 4 pairs of granulation porophores could be seen. When compared to the new species with Amynthas exiguus (Gates, 1930), the COI gene region of A. exiguus is 92% similar using a BLAST search (https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ Blast.cgi), yet we observed that A. recavus has a larger size body; the spermathecal pores of A. recavus are eye-shaped, while spermathecal pores of A. exiguus are minute and superficial; moreover, the characters of the male pores are different, details presented in Table 3. According to the molecular data (Table 5), the K2P distances of combined COI and 12S sequences between A. recavusı A. yunlongensis and A. corticis are 15.9% and 14.9% respectively. Amynthas recavus and A. hiatus are in the same clade with 70% bootstrap support. But, A. recavusı A. yunlongensis and A. corticis were in different clades (Figure 4).

Metaphire reclusa Yuan & Dong sp. nov. (Figure 3) Type material. Holotype. Clitellate specimen (YN 201109 -03 A): China, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, Mengla County (21.40389° N, 101.62417° E), 722 m asl, red soil in forest, 20 July 2011, J.B. Jiang, J. Sun, X.D. Lei and H.W. Feng. Paratypes. one clitellate specimen (YN 201109 -03 B) and one clitellate specimen (YN 201109 -06) with the same data as for holotype; two clitellate specimens (YN201739-07): China, Yunnan, Ruili, Tongbiguan Nature Reserve (24.07276° N, 97.81889° E), 1159 m asl, 11 August 2017, J.B. Jiang, Y. Dong, Q. Zhao, Z. Yuan. NCBI accession numbers of some of the type specimens are listed in Table 2. Etymology. The species is named after its characteristic absence of male pores. Diagnosis. Dimensions 110–149 mm by 4.2–4.6; segments 113–132. Setae numbering 28–36 at III, 32–38 at V, 46–62 at VIII, 61–74 at XX, 64–75 at XXV; 8–10 between male pores. No spermathecal pores. Male pores in copulatory chambers in XVIII, openings of copulatory chambers about 1/3 body circumference ventrally apart, each adjacent to a transverse tubercle and surrounded by two rhombus folds. Prostate glands located in XVII–XVIII, undeveloped. Prostate gland on the right side bigger than on the left side in all specimens, ducts U-shaped. A round accessory gland on the root of each prostate gland. External characters. Tawny dorsal pigment, no pigment on ventrum. Dimensions 110–149 mm by 4.2–4.6; segments 113–132. First dorsal pore in 11/12. Prostomium 1/2 epilobous. Clitellum in 9/10XIII–1/10XVII, brown on dorsum, no pigment on ventrum, setae absent, dorsal pores absent. Setae numbering 28–36 at III, 32–38 at V, 46–62 at VIII, 61–74 at XX, 64–75 at XXV; 8–10 between male pores. Setal formula: AA = 1.9–2.0 AB, ZZ = 1.8–2.0 ZY. Five specimens dissected, no spermathecal pores. Female pore single in XIV. Male pores in copulatory chambers in XVIII, openings of copulatory pouches about 1/3 body circumference ventrally apart, each adjacent to a transverse tubercle and surrounded by two rhombus folds. Internal characters. Septa 5/6–6/7 thick and muscular, 7/8 and 10/11–14/15 slightly thickened, 8/9–9/10 absent. Gizzard bucket-shaped, in VIII–X. Intestine enlarged distinctly from XV. The intestinal caeca started from XXVII and ended in XXIII, simple, smooth, finger-shaped. Hearts four pair in X–XIII, the first pair relatively small, the others larger. Testis sacs two pairs in X–XI, ovoid, developed, joined with each other. Seminal vesicles two pairs in XI and XII, the second pair extending in XIII, separated from each other. Prostate glands located in XVII–XVIII, undeveloped, gland on the right side bigger than the left in all specimens, ducts U-shaped. A round accessory gland on the root of each prostate gland. No spermathecae. Remarks. Metaphire reclusa sp. nov. cannot be placed in any of Metaphire species-groups in Sims and Easton (1972), because those groups are mainly characterized and distinguished by the presence of spermathecae in different numbers and positions. M. reclusa is closely related to M. anomala (Michaelsen, 1907). According to Gates (1925, 1972), many specimens of M. anomala show large variability of sexual organs due to parthenogenetic degeneration, including absense of male pores (see above, A. demptus, remarks) and absence of spermathecae. M. reclusa may therefore be confused with athecate morphs of M. anomala, a species of similar body size. Differences of M. anomala to M. reclusa (other than the spermathecae and male pores structures) are as follows (Table 4): 1st dorsal pore in 12/13 (11/ 12 in M. reclusa), clitellum in XIV–XVI, (9/10XIII–1/10XVII in M. reclusa). Also, setal numbers before clitellum of M. anomala are much higher and setae are more closely spaced than in M. reclusa. Based on setal formula, ZZ is often slightly smaller than ZY in M. anomala; AA = 1.9–2.0 AB, ZZ = 1.8–2.0 ZY in M. reclusa., Published as part of Yuan, Zhu, Dong, Yan, Jiang, Jibao, Zhao, Qi & Qiu, Jiangping, 2019, Three new species of earthworms (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Yunnan Province, China, pp. 390-400 in Zootaxa 4664 (3) on page 397, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4664.3.6, http://zenodo.org/record/3385587, {"references":["Sims, R. W. & Easton, E. G. (1972) A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society of London, 4, 169 - 268. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1972. tb 00694. x","Gates, G. E. (1925) Some notes on Pheretima anomala Mich., and a related species new to India and Burma. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 9, 15, 538 - 550. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222932508633244","Gates, G. E. (1972) Burmese earthworms: an introduction to the systematics and biology of Megadrile Oligochaetes with special reference to southeast Asia. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, New Series, 62, 166 - 169. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1006214"]}

Amynthas stabilis Dong & Jiang, sp. nov. (Figure 2, Table 3) Material. Holotype. Clitellate specimen (C-GX201305-06A), China, Guangxi Province, Shiwan Mountain Nature Reserve, N 21.50396��, E 107.53350��, 494 m asl, red sandy soil under bryophytes besides road, 13th May, 2013, J. P. Qiu, Y, Hong, J. B. Jiang, L. L. Zhang and Y. Dong coll. Paratypes. 4 clitellate specimens, C-GX201305-06B, same date as for holotype. Etymology. The species is named after its stable number, location and size of genital papillae in spermathecal pore and male pore region. Diagnosis. Dimensions 61���68 mm by 3.0��� 3.2 mm at clitellum, segments 87���103. First dorsal pore in 12/13. Setae numbering 10���14 at?, 17���20 at?, 23���26 at?, 36���38 at XX, 32���38 at XXV; 6���8 between male pores; 6���8 at VII, 6 at? between spermathecal pores. Spermathecal pores three pairs in 6/7���8/9. Four presetal genital papillae in VIII and IX, 0.25 circumference ventrally apart from each other (Fig. 2A). Male pores one pair in XVIII, 0.33 circumference apart ventrally, each on the top of an elliptic porophore surrounded by 1���2 circular ridges, with four big intersegmental genital papillae at 17/18 and 18/19, flat-topped and collapsed in the middle, 0.25 circumference apart ventrally (Fig. 2B). Ampulla elongate, oval-shaped, stout duct, as long as 1/2 ampulla. Diverticulum slightly shorter than main pouch, terminal 1/4 dilated into a club-shaped seminal chamber (Fig. 2C). Prostate glands welldeveloped (Fig. 2D). No accessory glands observed in male pore region. External characters. Tan pigment on middle dorsum of the whole body, no pigment on ventral and lateral sides. Dimensions 61���68 mm by 3.0��� 3.2 mm at clitellum, segments 87���103. Prostomium 1/2 epilobous. First dorsal pore in 12/13. Setae numbering 10���14 at?, 17���20 at?, 23���26 at?, 36���38 at XX, 32���38 at XXV; 6���8 between male pores; 6���8 at VII, 6 at? between spermathecal pores. Setae formula: AA=1.4���2.2AB, ZZ=3.6���4.0ZY. Clitellum annular, in XIV���XVI, setae invisible externally. Spermathecal pores three pairs in 6/7���8/ 9, small. Four presetal genital papillae observed in VIII and IX, 0.33 circumference ventrally apart from each other. Male pores one pair in XVIII, 0.33 circumference apart ventrally, each on the top of an elliptic porophore surrounded by 1���2 circular ridges, with four big intersegmental collapse-topped genital papillae between XVII���XIX, 0.33 circumference apart ventrally. Female pore single in XIV. Internal characters. Septa 5/6���7/8 thick, 10/11���13/14 slightly thickened, 8/9���9/10 absent. Gizzard bucketshaped, in IX���XI. Intestine enlarged distinctly from XV. Intestinal caeca paired in XXVII, simple, smooth, extending anteriorly to XXII. Esophageal hearts in X���XIII, the first pair tiny, the last three pairs developed. Ovaries in IX. Spermathecae three pairs in VII���IX, small, about 1.5 mm long. Ampulla long oval-shaped, stout duct as long as 1/2 ampulla. Diverticulum a little shorter than main pouch (ampulla and duct), terminal 1/4 dilated into a club-shaped seminal chamber (Figure 2B). One nubbly accessory gland observed near the distal part of the last two pair spermathecal duct. Holandric: Testis sacs two pairs, in X���XI, well-developed. Seminal vesicles two pairs, in XI���XII. Prostate glands well-developed, inserting in XVIII and extending from 1/2XV to XX, nubbly lobate, prostate duct U-shaped, slightly thicker at the distal part. No accessory glands observed in male pore region. Remarks. Amynthas stabilis sp. nov. is somewhat similar to Amynthas nubilus (Chen, 1946), Amynthas dactilicus (Chen, 1946), Amynthas hupeiensis (Michaelsen, 1895) (Chang et al. 2009) and Amynthas dongyinensis Shen, 2014 considering body size, segment number, distance of spermathecal and male pores and intestinal caeca. These species all belong to the sieboldi -group (Sims & Easton 1972). An in-depth comparison table is shown to illustrate more clearly the distinct characters of these four species (Table 3). TABLE ��. A comparison of characters of Amynthas stabilis sp. nov., A. nubilus (Chen, 1946), A. dactilicus (Chen, 1946), A. hupeiensis (Michaelsen, 1895) anđ A. dongyinensis 4hen, 2014. 565 7 character unknown. ������continued on the next page TABLE ��. (Continueđ) Amynthas stabilis sp. nov. is easily distinguished from Amynthas nubilus (Chen, 1946) and Amynthas dactilicus (Chen, 1946) by its darker body pigment and intersegmental collapse-topped papillae in male pore region. In addition, in Amynthas dactilicus (Chen, 1946), a spermathecal diverticulum is absent, and there are no preclitellar papillae. Amynthas stabilis is similar to Amynthas hupeiensis (Michaelsen, 1895) with respect to intersegmental collapse-topped papillae in male pore region. However, Amynthas hupeiensis differs from the new species in dark-green body pigment, absence of preclitellar papilla and accessory glands, while its slender spermathecal diverticulum is longer than twice the length of the spermatheca. Amynthas dongyinensis Shen, 2014 differs from the new species in higher setae number (up to 57), absence of papillae near spermathecal pore and male pore, and in the spermathecal diverticulum which is longer than the main pouch., Published as part of Dong, Yan, Yuan, Zhu, Jiang, Jibao, Zhao, Qi & Qiu, Jiangping, 2018, Two new species of earthworms belonging to the genus Amynthas (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Guangxi Province, China, pp. 259-268 in Zootaxa 4496 (1) on pages 263-266, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4496.1.21, http://zenodo.org/record/1446797, {"references":["Chen, Y. (1946) On the terrestrial Oligochaeta from Szechuan III. Journal of the West China Border Research Society, 16, 83 - 141.","Chang, C. H., Shen, H. P. & Chen, J. H. (2009) Earthworm fauna of Taiwan. National Taiwan University Press, Taipei.","Shen, H. P., Chang, C. H. & Chih, W. J. (2014) Five new earthworm species of the genera Amynthas and Metaphire (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) from Matsu, Taiwan, Journal of Natural History, 48, 495 - 522. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2013.826742","Sims, R. & Easton, E. (1972) A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 4, 169 - 268. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1972. tb 00694. x"]}

Amynthas crassitubus Qiu & Dong, sp. nov. (Figure 1, Table 2) Material. Holotype. Clitellate specimen (C-GX201302-13A), China, Guangxi Province, Shiwan Mountain Nature Reserve, N 21.50594��, E 107.54579��, 242 m asl, black soil under bryophytes in subtropical evergreen forest, 12th May, 2013, J. P. Qiu, Y, Hong, J. B. Jiang, L. L. Zhang and Y. Dong coll. Paratypes. 6 clitellate specimens C- GX201302 -13B, same date as for holotype. 1 clitellate specimen C-GX201302-09, same date as for holotype. 1 clitellate specimen, C-GX201303-02, China, Guangxi Province, Shiwan Mountain Nature Reserve, N 21.50527��, E 107.54595��, 290 m asl, other data same as for holotype. Etymology. The species is named after its stout diverticulum of spermathecae. Diagnosis. Dimensions 78���130 mm by 4.2���4.5 mm at clitellum, segments 70���130. First dorsal pore in 12/13. Setae numbering 27���32 at?, 32���42 at?, 41���48 at?, 46���50 at XX, 60���62 at XXV; 12 between male pores; 20���22 at VII, 22���24 at? between spermathecal pores. Spermathecal pores three pairs in 6/7���8/9, 0.4 circumference ventrally apart from each other (Fig. 1A). Male pores one pair in XVIII, 0.4 circumference apart ventrally, each on the top of a middle, round porophore (Fig. 1C). Ampulla long-oval; stout duct extremely short. Diverticulum about 1.5 mm long, terminal 1/5 dilated into a ball-shaped seminal chamber (Fig. 1B). Prostate glands well-developed (Fig. 1D). No accessory glands observed. Description. External characters. Pigment from fuchsia to light yellowish brown on dorsum, no pigment on ventrum, clitellum light yellowish brown. Dimensions 7.8���130 mm by 4.2���4.5 mm at clitellum, segments 70���130. Prostomium 1/2 epilobous. First dorsal pore in 12/13. Setae numbering 27���32 at?, 32���42 at?, 41���48 at?, 46���50 at XX, 60���62 at XXV; 12 between male pores; 20���22 at VII, 22���24 at? between spermathecal pores. Setae formula: AA=1.4���2.2AB, ZZ=1.0���2.0ZY. Clitellum annular, rough, in XIV���XVI, dense setae on ventral middle line. Spermathecal pores three pairs in 6/7���8/9, eye-like, 0.4 circumference ventrally apart from each other. Three or four postsetal elliptic genital papillae, flat-topped and collapsed in the middle, present on VIII and IX, about 0.4 circumference apart ventrally. Male pores one pair in XVIII, 0.4 circumference apart ventrally, each on the top of a middle, round porophore surrounded by 3���4 circular ridges, with two presetal genital papillae on ventrum of XVIII and XIX, some specimens with an additional papilla on right ventrum of XX. Female pore single in XIV, grey, ovoid. Internal characters. Septa 5/6��� 7/8, 10/11���13/14 thick, 8/9���9/10 absent. Gizzard bucket-shaped, in IX���X. Intestine enlarged distinctly from XIV. Intestinal caeca paired in XXVII, simple, smooth, extending anteriorly to XXIII. Esophageal hearts four pairs in X���XIII, developed. Ovaries in IX. Spermathecae three pairs in VII���IX, small, about 1.6���3.8 mm long, the first pair is larger than the last two pairs. Ampulla spherical-shaped; duct extremely short. Diverticulum about 1.5 mm, terminal 1/5 dilated into ball-shaped seminal chamber (Fig. 1B). No accessory glands observed. Holandric: Testis sacs two pairs, in X���XI, developed. Seminal vesicles two pairs, in XI���XII, developed. Prostate glands well-developed, inserting in XVIII, and extending from 1/2XVI to 1/2XX, prostate duct twist at frontend, dilated at the middle part. No accessory glands observed. Remarks. Amynthas crassitubus sp. nov. from Shiwan Mountain National Nature Reserve belongs to the sieboldi -group in Sims and Easton (1972). It is similar to Amynthas taipeiensi s (Tsai, 1964), Amynthas leucocircus (Chen, 1933), and Amynthas szechuanensis (Chen, 1931) from China. Those four species share the following character combination: 3 pairs of spermathecal pores intersegmental in 6/7���8/9, papillae observed on postclitellum, short ampullar duct, developed seminal vesicles and prostate glands. Table 2 gives details of the differences among these species. Amynthas taipeiensis (Tsai, 1964) differs from the new species in green pigment on dorsum, wider distance between spermathecal and male pores, fewer papillae in the spermathecal pore region and zigzagged or coiled diverticulum stalk. Amynthas leucocircus (Chen, 1933) differs from Amynthas crassitubus in larger body size, and presence of accessory glands in the regions of spermathecae and prostate glands. Amynthas szechuanensis (Chen, 1931) differs in four further characters from the new species: no papilla observed in preclitellar region, the number and position of papillae in male pore region are more numerous and complex, but accessory glands appear in both regions; besides, its intestinal caeca are between simple and complex., Published as part of Dong, Yan, Yuan, Zhu, Jiang, Jibao, Zhao, Qi & Qiu, Jiangping, 2018, Two new species of earthworms belonging to the genus Amynthas (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Guangxi Province, China, pp. 259-268 in Zootaxa 4496 (1) on pages 260-263, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4496.1.21, http://zenodo.org/record/1446797, {"references":["Sims, R. & Easton, E. (1972) A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 4, 169 - 268. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1972. tb 00694. x","Tsai, C. F. (1964) On some earthworms belonging to the genus Pheretima Kinberg collected from Taipei area in North Taiwan. Quarterly journal of the Taiwan Museum, 17, 1 - 35.","Chen, Y. (1933) A preliminary survey of the earthworms of the Lower Yangtze valley. Contributions from Biological Laboratory of the Science Society of China, Zoological Series, 9, 178 - 296.","Chen, Y. (1931) On the terrestrial Oligochaeta from Szechuan. Contributions from Biological Laboratory of the Science Society of China, Zoological Series, 7, 117 - 171."]}

Amynthas eumorphus Qiu & Zhao, sp. nov. (Figure 3) Type material. Holotype. One clitellate specimen (HN201516 -02), China, Hainan Province, Longmen Town, the way from Longmen Town to Huangzhu Town (18°40'59"N, 108°51'46"E), 110 m a.s.l., soil, coll. J.P. Qiu, Q. Zhao, J.B. Jiang, L.L. Zhang, Y. Dong, M.S. Chen, 4 June, 2015. Paratypes. 17 clitellate specimens (HN201516 -04), same data as for holotype; 24 clitellate (HN201511 -01), China, Hainan Province, Dongfang City, Nanya Farm (19°26'35"N, 110°21'41"E), 660 m a.s.l., June 2, 2015, other data as for holotype; 9 clitellate (HN201509 -01), China, Hainan Province, Lanyang Town, near the lake of Lanyang Farm (19°30'06"N, 109°41'06"E), 170 m a.s.l., May 31, 2015, other data as for holotype; 1 clitellate (HN201508 -01), China, Hainan Province, Qiongzhong County, near Heaven Village (19°21'49"N, 109°27'27"E), 210 m a.s.l., May 31, 2015, other data as for holotype; 18 clitellate (HN201503 -01), China, Hainan Province, Haikou City, 3303 Feishu Village (19°38'58"N, 110°00'01"E), 90 m a.s.l., May 30, 2015, other data as for holotype. Locality and habitat. The specimens were collected in the brown, or yellow, or yellow sandy soil under rubber plantation almost all over Hainan province, China. Etymology. This species is named because of its beautiful appearance. Diagnosis. Three pairs of spermathecal pores in 6/7–8/9, eye-like, about 0.33 circumferences ventrally apart. Male pores each on a pulvinate protuberance in XVIII, about 0.33 body circumferences apart, surrounded by three skin folds. Description. Preserved specimens dark brown dorsally, light brown ventrally. Each segment has 2 annuli after IX, dorsal line unclear. Dimensions 221–300 mm by 6.0–8.0 mm at clitellum, segments 100–145; body cylindrical in cross section. Prostomium 1/2 epilobous. Setae multiple, narrowly placed, numbering 26– 38/III, 26– 38/V, 44– 58/VIII, 44–58/XX, 44–60/XXV; 8–10 between male pores; 18–24 (VIII) between spermathecal pores. Setal formula AA=2.0–2.5 AB, ZZ=1.0–1.2 ZY. Clitellum annular XIV–XVI, khaki, smooth, setae invisible. First dorsal pore 6/7. Three pairs of spermathecal pores in 6/7–8/9, ventral, eye-like, about 0.33 body circumferences apart (Fig. 3A). Male pores each on a pulvinate protuberance in XVIII, about 0.33 body circumferences apart, surrounded by three skin folds (Fig. 3B). Septa 8/9 thin, 9/10 threadlike, before 8/9 thick and muscular, 10/11 thin, 11/12–12/13 thick. Esophageal hearts in X–XIII. Gizzard in IX–X, ball-shaped. Intestine enlarged distinctly from XV. Intestinal caeca simple, originating in XXVII and extending forward to XXIV, smooth ventrally, several finger-shaped incisions dorsally. Spermathecae paired in VII–IX; ampulla heart-shaped, spermathecal duct half as long as ampulla, diverticulum in VII and IX equal to spermathecal duct, terminal half enlarged as a sharp-pointed seminal chamber (Fig. 3C); diverticulum in VIII straight. Male sexual system holandric, testis sacs two pairs in X–XI, developed; seminal vesicles paired in XI–XII, developed. Prostates in XVI–XVIII, developed, coarsely lobate, prostatic duct U-shaped in 1/2XVII–1/2XVIII (Fig. 3D). Remarks. Amynthas eumorphus sp. nov. keys to the sieboldi -group according to Sims & Easton (1972). Among all the species in the same group, including 51 species in China and Southeast Asia (Beddard, 1912; Chen 1930, 1931, 1933, 1936, 1946; Cognetti 1908; Gates 1930, 1932, 1933, 1935; Goto & Hatai 1989; Hatai 1930; Michaelsen 1895, 1896, 1900, 1907, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1928, 1931, 1934; Ohfuchi 1951, 1956; Qiu 1992; Qiu et al. 1993; Rosa 1890, 1892, 1896, 1901; Tsai 1964), A. eumorphus sp. nov. is most similar to Amynthas daulis fanjinmontis (Qiu 1992). Both of them have the first dorsal pore before 10/11 and simple intestinal caeca. The shape of spermathecae and diverticulum of them are also much the same. However, they have distinct differences in body length, position of the first dorsal pore, genital papillae, septa in 8/9–9/10 and accessory glands. A. eumorphus sp. nov. is a large species with a length of 221–300 mm compared to the small individuals of A. daulis fanjinmontis with only 34–44 mm body length. The first dorsal pore in A. daulis fanjinmontis is in 3/4 or 4/5 while it is positioned in 6/ 7 in the new species. There are no genital markings or papillae nor accessory glands in A. eumorphus sp. nov. The septa in 8/9–9/10 of A. daulis fanjinmontis are absent while they are membrane-like in the new species. As a result, we decided to give new species status to our specimens.

Amynthas accessorius Qiu & Zhao, sp. nov. (Figure 2) Type material. Holotype. One clitellate specimen (HN201515 -01A), China, Hainan Province, Longmen Town, Longmen Mountain (19��41'44"N, 110��44'06"E), 30 m a.s.l., soil, coll. J.P. Qiu, Q. Zhao, J.B. Jiang, L.L. Zhang, Y. Dong, M.S. Chen, 4 June, 2015. Paratype. One clitellate specimen (HN201515 -01B), same data as for holotype. Locality and habitat. The specimens were collected in yellow soil under a rubber plantation, Longmen Mountain, Longmen Town, Hainan province, China. Etymology. This species is named for its accessory glands. "Accessorius" is medieval Latin and means "helper". Diagnosis. Three pairs of spermathecal pores in 5/6���7/8, eye-like, about 0.33 circumferences ventrally apart. Male pores each on a round pulvinate protuberance in XVIII, about 0.33 body circumferences apart, paired ovoid genital papillae present above and below the setae circle in the inner side of the pore, surrounded by several skin folds. Description. Preserved specimens without pigment. No secondary annulation, dorsal line conspicuous. Dimensions 78 and 80 mm by 2.7 and 3.0 mm at clitellum, segments 140 and 148; body cylindrical in cross section. Prostomium 1/2 epilobous. Setae numbering 44 and 48/III, 50 and 68/V, 66 and 76/VIII, 42 and 44/XX, 60 and 66/XXV; 8 between male pores; 24 and 26 (VII), 22 and 26 (VIII) between spermathecal pores. Setal formula AA=1.0���1.1 AB, ZZ=1.0���1.1 ZY. Clitellum annular XIV���XVI, whitish, smooth, setae visible. First dorsal pore 12/ 13. Three pairs of spermathecal pores in 5/6���7/8, ventral, eye-like, about 0.33 body circumferences apart (Fig. 2A). Male pores each on a round pulvinate protuberance in XVIII, about 0.33 body circumferences apart, paired ovoid genital papillae present pre- and post- setae in the inner side of the pore, both male pores and genital papillae are surrounded by several skin folds separately (Fig. 2B). Septa 8/9, 9/10 absent, before 8/9 thick and muscular, 10/11���13/14 thick. Esophageal hearts in X���XIII. Gizzard in IX���X, barrel-shaped. Intestine distinctly enlarged from XIII. Intestinal caeca simple, originating in XXVII, extending anteriorly to XXIII. Spermathecae paired in VI���VIII; the first pair is smaller than the other two pairs. All ampullae ovoid, spermathecal duct slender, twice as long as ampulla. Diverticula differing: The seminal chamber could not been found in the first pair; the second diverticulum as long as 0.75 of main pouch, terminal half enlarged as irregular ovoid seminal chamber (Fig. 2C); the terminal half of the third diverticulum enlarged as zigzag seminal chamber (Fig. 2D). Male sexual system holandric, testis sacs invisible; seminal vesicles paired in XI���XII, the first pair invisible, the second pair invisible in right, degenerate in left. Prostates degenerated completely, only S-(holotype) or U-(paratype) shaped prostatic duct in XVIII (Fig. 2E). Two large massive accessory glands present in XVII and XIX on the right side, closely attached to the body wall (Fig. 2F); accessory glands lacking on the left side in both holotype and paratype. Remarks. The testis sacs and seminal vesicles are almost invisible in Amynthas accessorius sp. nov. Its prostates are completely degenerate, only the prostatic duct is left. Therefore, A. accessorius sp. nov. may be considered as a parthenogenetic species. The new species belongs to the hawayanus -group with three pairs of spermathecal pores in 5/6���7/8 (Sims & Easton 1972). After comparing the new species with all other species in this group (Beddard 1892; Chen 1933, 1936, 1938, 1946; Chen & Hsu 1977; Cognetti 1909; Gates 1930, 1931, 1932, 1935, 1936; Goto & Hatai 1898, 1899; Hatai 1930; Kinberg 1867; Kobayashi 1934, 1936, 1938; Michaelsen 1892, 1922, 1923, 1934; Rosa 1891, 1896; Ude 1925; Zhao et al. 2009), we found that the present species is most similar to Amynthas bouchei (Zhao et al. 2009). They share the following characters: similar characteristics of male pore region, first dorsal pore in 12/13, septa 8/9���9/10 absent, intestinal caeca simple. However, there are also obvious differences between these two species. Individuals of A. accessorius sp. nov. are small, with a body length of 78 and 80 mm, while individuals of A. bouchei are larger, 225���286 mm long. The diverticulum of A. bouchei is longer than the main pouch, and the ental half is dilated and enlarged as seminal chamber. However, in the new species, the diverticulum, although variable, is never longer than the main pouch. The first pair is smaller than the other two pairs. The ampullae are all of same shape, ovoid, and with a slender spermathecal duct twice as long as the ampulla. However, the diverticula differ: In the first pair, the seminal chamber could not been found; in the the second pair, the diverticulum is 3/4 as long as the main pouch, and the terminal half is enlarged as an irregularly ovoid seminal chamber (Fig. 2C); in the third pair, the terminal half of the diverticulum is enlarged as a zigzagshaped seminal chamber (Fig. 2D). Although the prostates of these two species are not developed, the prostate is small in A. bouchei, while only the prostatic duct is left in the new species. There are accessory glands in A. accessorius sp. nov., but they are absent in A. bouchei. Both testis sacs and seminal vesicles are degenerate in the new species. Considering the differences in characters, we decided to give new species status to our specimens., Published as part of Zhao, Qi, Yao, Xuanzhu, Lan, Yaqiong, Xu, Junxian & Qiu, Jiangping, 2018, New earthworm species of the genus Amynthas from Hainan Island, China (Megascolecidae, Clitellata), pp. 279-286 in Zootaxa 4496 (1) on pages 281-282, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4496.1.23, http://zenodo.org/record/1446811, {"references":["Sims, R. & Easton, E. (1972) A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 4 (3), 169 - 268. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1972. tb 00694. x","Beddard, F. E. (1892) On some species of the genus Perichaeta (sensu stricto). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 60 (1), 153 - 172.","Chen, Y. (1933) A preliminary survey of earthworm of the Yangtze valley. Contributions from Biological Laboratory of the Science Society of China, Zoological Series, 9, 178 - 296.","Chen, Y. (1936) On the terrestrial Oligochaeta from Szechuan, II: with the notes on Gates' types. Contributions from Biological Laboratory of the Science Society of China, Zoological Series, 11 (8), 269 - 306.","Chen, Y. (1938) Oligochaeta from Hainan, Kwangtung. Contributions from Biological Laboratory of the Science Society of China, Zoological Series, 12, 375 - 427.","Chen, Y. (1946) On the terrestrial Oligochaeta from Szechuan III. Journal of the West China Border Research Society, 16, 83 - 141.","Chen, Y. & Hsu, Z. F. (1977) On some new earthworms from China. ACTA Zoologica Sinica, 23 (2), 175 - 181.","Cognetti de M., L. (1909) Diagnosi preliminari di due nuove Pheretima e di due nuove Eudrilini. Bollettino del Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia Comparata della R. Universita di Torino, 24 (604), 1 - 3.","Gates, G. E. (1930) The earthworms of Burma. I. Records of the Indian Museum, 32 (3), 257 - 356.","Gates, G. E. (1931) The earthworms of Burma. II. Records of the Indian Museum, 32 (3), 327 - 442.","Gates, G. E. (1932) The earthworms of Burma. III. The Megascolecidae. Records of the Indian Museum, 34, 357 - 549.","Gates, G. E. (1935) New earthworms from China with notes on the synonymy of some Chinese species of Drawida and Pheretima. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 93, 1 - 19.","Gates, G. E. (1936) On some earthworms from the Cameron highlands, Pahang. Bulletin of the Raffles Museum, 12, 87 - 117.","Goto, S. & Hatai, S. (1898) New or imperfectly known species of earthworms. No. 1. Annotations Zoologicae Japanenses, 2, 65 - 78.","Goto, S. & Hatai, S. (1899) New or imperfectly known species of earthworms. No. 2. Annotations Zoologicae Japanenses, 3, 13 - 24.","Hatai, S. (1930) Note on Pheretima agrestis (Goto & Haitai), together with the description of four new species of the genus Pheretima. Science Reports of the Tohoku University, 5, 651 - 667.","Kinberg, J. G. H. (1867) Annulata nova. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar, 23, 97 - 103.","Kobayashi, S. (1934) Three new Korean earthworms belonging to the genus Pheretima, together with the wider range of the distribution of Pheretima hilgendorfi (Michaelsen). Journal of Chosen Natural History Society, 19, 1 - 11.","Kobayashi, S. (1936) Earthworms from Koryo, Korea. The Science Reports of the Tohoku Imperial University, Series 4 (Biology), 11 (1), 139 - 184.","Kobayashi, S. (1938) Earthworms of Korea I. Science Report of the Tohoku Imperial University, 13 (2), 89 - 170.","Michaelsen, W. (1892) Terricolen der Berliner Zoologischen Sammlung, II. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 58, 209 - 261. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 8321","Michaelsen, W. (1922) Oligochaten aus dem Rijks Museum van Natuurlijke Historie zu Leiden. Capita Zoologica, 1, 1 - 72.","Michaelsen, W. (1923) Oligochaten aus der Umgegend von Medan in Nordwest-Sumatra. Arkiv for Zoologi, 15 (14), 1 - 20.","Michaelsen, W. (1934) Oligochaeta from Sarawak. Quart. Journal of Microscopical Science, 77, 1 - 47.","Rosa, D. (1891) Die exotischen Terricolen des k. k. naturhistorischen Hofmuseums. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, 6, 379 - 406.","Rosa, D. (1896) I Lombrichi raccolti a Sumatra dal dott Elio Modigliani. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale ' Giacomo Doria', 16, 502 - 532.","Ude, H. (1925) Regenwurmer von Borneo. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 63, 103 - 109.","Zhao, Q., Sun, J. & Qiu, J. P. (2009) Three new species of Amynthas hawayanus - group (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Hainan Island, China. Journal of Natural History, 43, 1027 - 1041. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930902767433"]}

Amynthas wenchangensis Qiu & Zhao, sp. nov. (Figure 1) Type material. Holotype. One clitellate specimen (HN201518 -04), China, Hainan Province, Tanniu Town, Hanjiapo (19��41'44"N, 110��44'06"E), 30 m a.s.l., soil, coll. J.P. Qiu, Q. Zhao, J.B. Jiang, L.L. Zhang, Y. Dong, M.S. Chen, June 4, 2015. Paratypes. Four clitellate specimens (HN201518 -02, HN201518 -03, HN201518 -05, HN201518 -06), same data as for holotype. Locality and habitat. The specimens were collected in brown sandy soil on the edge of a grassland, Hanjiapo, Tanniu Town, Wenchang City, Hainan province, China. Etymology. This species is named after the city where the species was found, Wenchang City. Diagnosis. Two pairs of spermathecal pores in 5/6���6/7, eye-like, about 0.33 circumferences ventrally apart. Male pores each on a round protuberance in XVIII, about 0.33 body circumferences apart, six small genital papillae above and four below the setae circle in XVIII between male pores, another 4 small papillae in the middle of XIX above the setae circle, sometimes five genital papillae present between male pores and another four small papillae above and below the setae circle in XIX. Description. Preserved specimens dark brown dorsally, light brown ventrally before XXV, light brown dorsally, no pigment ventrally after XXV. Dorsal line invisible. Dimensions 78���83.5 mm by 3.0 mm at clitellum, segments 119���148; body cylindrical in cross section. Prostomium 1/2 epilobous. Setae numbering: 32��� 36/III, 36��� 40/V, 40��� 44/VIII, 40/XX, 44/XXV; 0 between male pores; 16 (VII) between spermathecal pores. Setal formula AA=2.0 AB, ZZ=1.0 ZY. Clitellum annular XIV���XVI, dark brown, setae and dorsal pore visible. First dorsal pore in 9/10. Two pairs of spermathecal pores in 5/6���6/7, ventral, eye-like, about 0.33 body circumferences apart (Fig. 1B). Male pores each on a round protuberance in XVIII, about 0.33 body circumferences apart, surrounded by several skin folds (Fig. 1A,B). Seven small genital papillae above and four below the setae circle in XVIII between male pore, another four small pre-setal papillae in the middle of XIX (Fig. 1A). In two paratype specimen (HN201518 -02, HN201518 -03), five genital papillae present between male pores and four small papillae in XIX, pre- and post-setal (Fig. 1B). Septa 8/9, 9/10 absent, before 8/9 thick and muscular, 10/11 thick. Esophageal hearts in X���XIII. Gizzard in IX���X, ball-shaped. Intestine enlarged distinctly from XV. Intestinal caeca simple, originating in XXVII, extending anteriorly to XXIV. Spermathecae small, paired in VI���VII; the first ampulla bean-sprout like, spermathecal duct slender, as long as 0.6 of main pouch, diverticulum in zigzag fashion, as long as 0.75 of main pouch (Fig. 1D); the second ampulla heart-shaped, spermathecal duct slender, as long as ampulla, diverticulum in zigzag fashion, equal to main pouch; or spermathecae very large, ampulla heart-shaped, spermathecal duct half as long as ampulla, diverticulum straight, half as long as main pouch, terminal third enlarged as club-shaped seminal chamber (HN201518 -02) (Fig. 1E); or diverticulum straight, as long as 1.25 of main pouch, terminal 0.6 enlarged as zonal seminal chamber (HN201518 -03) (Fig. 1F). Male sexual system holandric, testis sacs two pairs in X���XI, slender, undeveloped; seminal vesicles paired in XI���XII, the first pair developed, the second pair small. Prostates degenerated in XVIII (on the right of holotype), or disappeared (on the left of holotype), or prostates developed in XVII���XVIII (some of paratypes), prostatic duct U-shaped in XVIII (Fig. 1G). Remarks. Amynthas wenchangensis sp. nov. keys to the Amynthas morrisi -group as defined by Sims & Easton (1972). All species in this group were compared, including 49 Amynthas species listed from China and Southeast Asia (Beddard 1892; Chen 1933, 1936, 1938, 1946; Gates 1968; Jiang et al. 2015; Kobayashi 1936, 1938; Michaelsen 1927; Sun et al. 2015; Zhao et al. 2009, 2013, 2015). The new species is most similar to Amynthas endophilus Zhao et al., 2013. They share the following characters: moderately large individuals, septa 8/9���9/10 absent, male pores each on a round protuberance in XVIII, surrounded by several skin folds. No genital markings, intestinal caeca simple. Furthermore, the spermathecae of A. endophilus are similar to those of one paratype (Fig. 1F). However, there are also distinct differences between them. Irregular genital papillae are present in the new species while they are absent in A. endophilus. The first dorsal pore in the new species is forward in 9/10. No pigmentation in A. endophilus compared to the dark or light brown pigmentation of new species. Prostates are developed in A. endophilus, however, they are degenerate in XVIII or absent, or developed in XVII���XVIII in the new species. Interestingly, sperm was observed in the seminal chambers of all specimens, which suggests that the new species might evolve in the direction of parthenogenesis under severe environment. In view of slight but nonetheless clear-cut differences, we decided to give new species status to our specimens., Published as part of Zhao, Qi, Yao, Xuanzhu, Lan, Yaqiong, Xu, Junxian & Qiu, Jiangping, 2018, New earthworm species of the genus Amynthas from Hainan Island, China (Megascolecidae, Clitellata), pp. 279-286 in Zootaxa 4496 (1) on pages 279-281, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4496.1.23, http://zenodo.org/record/1446811, {"references":["Sims, R. & Easton, E. (1972) A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 4 (3), 169 - 268. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1972. tb 00694. x","Beddard, F. E. (1892) On some species of the genus Perichaeta (sensu stricto). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 60 (1), 153 - 172.","Chen, Y. (1933) A preliminary survey of earthworm of the Yangtze valley. Contributions from Biological Laboratory of the Science Society of China, Zoological Series, 9, 178 - 296.","Chen, Y. (1936) On the terrestrial Oligochaeta from Szechuan, II: with the notes on Gates' types. Contributions from Biological Laboratory of the Science Society of China, Zoological Series, 11 (8), 269 - 306.","Chen, Y. (1938) Oligochaeta from Hainan, Kwangtung. Contributions from Biological Laboratory of the Science Society of China, Zoological Series, 12, 375 - 427.","Chen, Y. (1946) On the terrestrial Oligochaeta from Szechuan III. Journal of the West China Border Research Society, 16, 83 - 141.","Gates, G. E. (1968) On a new anthropochorus species of the earthworm genus Pheretima (Megascolecidae, Oligochaeta). Journal of Natural History, 2, 253 - 261. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222936800770911","Kobayashi, S. (1936) Earthworms from Koryo, Korea. The Science Reports of the Tohoku Imperial University, Series 4 (Biology), 11 (1), 139 - 184.","Kobayashi, S. (1938) Earthworms of Korea I. Science Report of the Tohoku Imperial University, 13 (2), 89 - 170.","Michaelsen, W. (1927) Oligochaten aus Yun-nan gesammelt von Prof. F. Silvestri. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agrariadella R. Scoula Superiore d'Agricoltura Portici, 21, 84 - 90.","Zhao, Q., Sun, J. & Qiu, J. P. (2009) Three new species of Amynthas hawayanus - group (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Hainan Island, China. Journal of Natural History, 43, 1027 - 1041. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930902767433","Zhao, Q., Sun, J. Jiang, J. B. & Qiu, J. P. (2013) Four new species of genus Amynthas (Oligochaeta, Megascolecidae) from Hainan Island, China. Journal of Natural History, 47 (33 - 34), 2175 - 2192. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2013.775374"]}