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Preserving many kinds of rice resources and rich variations, Guizhou Province is one of the districts with the highest genetic diversity of cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) in China. In the current research, genetic diversity and structure of 537 accessions of cultivated rice from Guizhou were studied using 36 microsatellite markers and 39 phenotypic characters. The results showed that the model-based genetic structure was the same as genetic-distance-based one using SSRs but somewhat different from the documented classification (mainly based on phenotype) of two subspecies. The accessions being classified into indica by phenotype but japonica by genetic structure were much more than that being classified into japonica by phenotype but indica by genetic structure. Like Ding Ying's taxonomic system of cultivated rice, the subspecific differentiation was the most distinct differentiation within cultivated rice. But the differentiation within indica or japonica population was different: japonica presented clearer differentiation between soil-watery ecotypes than indica, and indica presented clearer differentiation between seasonal ecotypes than japonica. Cultivated rices in Guizhou revealed high genetic diversity at both DNA and phenotypic levels. Possessing the highest genetic diversity and all the necessary conditions as a center of genetic diversity, region Southwestern of Guizhou was .,suggested as the center of genetic diversity of O. sativa L. from Guizhou. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the glycinin and β-conglycinin induced intestinal damage and α-ketoglutarate alleviating the damage of glycinin and β-conglycinin in intestine. Carp were randomly divided into six dietary groups: containing fish meal (FM) as the protein source, soybean meal (SM), glycinin (FMG), β-conglycinin (FMc), glycinin+1.0% α-ketoglutarate (AKG) (FMGA), β-conglycinin+1.0% AKG (FMcA). The intestines were collected on 7 th , and the hepatopancreas and intestines were collected on 56 th . Fish treated with SM and FMc displayed reduced weight gain, specific growth rate, and protein efficiency. On 56 th day, Fish fed on SM, FMG and FMc presented lower superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities. FMGA and FMcA had higher SOD activity than those fed on the FMG and FMc, respectively. In intestine, fish fed on the SM diets collected on 7 th presented upregulated the expression of transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ1), AMP-activated protein kinase beta (AMPKβ), AMPKγ, and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC). Fish fed FMG presented upregulated expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), caspase9, and AMPKγ, while downregulated the expression of claudin7 and AMPKα. FMc group presented upregulated expression of TGFβ1, caspase3, caspase8, and ACC. Fish fed FMGA showed upregulated expression of TGFβ1, claudin3c, claudin7, while downregulating the expression of TNF-α and AMPKγ when compared to fish fed FMG diet. FMcA upregulated the expression of TGFβ1, claudin3c than fed on the FMc. In intestine, the villus height and mucosal thickness of the proximal intestine (PI) and the distal intestine (DI) were decreased and crypt depth of the PI and mid intestine (MI) were increased in SM, FMG and FMc. In addition, fish fed on SM, FMG and FMc presented lower citrate synthase (CS), isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICD), α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (α-KGDHC) Na + /K + -ATPase activity in DI. FMGA had higher CS, ICD, α-KGDHC, and Na + /K + -ATPase activity in PI and MI than those fed on the FMG. FMcA had higher Na + /K + -ATPase activity in MI. In conclusion, dietary soybean meal destroys the intestine's health, the adverse effects are related to the presence of β-conglycinin and glycinin, especially glycinin. AKG may regulate intestinal energy via tricarboxylic acid cycle, thereby alleviating the damage intestinal morphology caused by the dietary soybean antigen proteins., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Luo, Qian, Qiu, Yamamoto, Du, Lin, Zhao and Xu.)